Livestock producers are being urged to step up their vigilance and biosecurity, following a series of outbreaks of bluetongue disease in sheep and cattle in northern Europe.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Bluetongue disease in dogs associated with contaminated vaccine [1]. AU - Akita, G. Y.. AU - Ianconescu, M.. AU - Maclachlan, Nigel J. AU - Osburn, Bennie. AU - Greene, R. T.. PY - 1994. Y1 - 1994. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0028345261&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0028345261&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 8197702. AN - SCOPUS:0028345261. VL - 134. SP - 283. EP - 284. JO - Veterinary Record. JF - Veterinary Record. SN - 0042-4900. IS - 11. ER - ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of and risk factors for Bluetongue serotype 1 epidemics in sheep Extremadura (Spain), 2007-2011. AU - Pascual-Linaza, Ana V.. AU - Martinez Lopez, Beatriz. AU - Pfeiffer, Dirk U.. AU - Moreno, José Carlos. AU - Sanz, Cristina. AU - Sánchez-Vizcaíno, José Manuel. PY - 2014/10/1. Y1 - 2014/10/1. N2 - Extremadura has been one of the regions in Spain most severely affected by Bluetongue (BT) epidemics. The first incursion of BTV, which was successfully eradicated one year later, occurred in 2004, involving the BTV-serotype 4. However, a second incursion occurred in September 2007, this time involving serotype 1. Since then, the implementation of intensive vaccination programs have significantly reduced BTV-1 occurrence, but the disease has not been completely eradicated yet.This study aimed to provide, for the first time, a complete description of the spatial and temporal patterns of BTV-1 occurrence in sheep in Extremadura from ...

UK - Take advantage and vaccinate your animals before turning them out to protect them from the threat of bluetongue. This is the message from the JAB campaign which aims to keep up the pressure on livestock farmers to vaccinate for the coming season ...

In this episode we will be interviewing Joe Ball. Joe is the owner of Bluetonguelizard.com.au and is arguably the Australian authority in their captive management and care. Joe is working on numerous bluetongue skink projects at present, some of which are world firsts! We will also be finding out more about some of Joes other interesting and rare projects. This show is a must for all of you who own, or want to own bluetongue skinks! We will also cover the latest industry news and give some feedback about the Goldcoast Reptile Expo!

CANADA – Bluetongue disease has been confirmed in three beef cattle in Ontario, reports the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) reports after serology testing.

Bluetongue is a viral disease of sheep and deer that is spread by the Culicoides species of gnat. However, there is some evidence that...

In 2007 information about bluetongue was distributed to veterinarians, farmers, stakeholders and other people dealing with farm animals.. A surveillance program for vectors was established during the summer 2007, and a surveillance program for cattle started in 2008.. Two dairy herds infected with BTV 8 were detected in the southern part of Norway, in Vest-Agder county, in February 2009. A following comprehensive investigation of the outbreak was carried out before the vector season began late April 2009, and two more infected herds were detected. One of these herds, a beef herd, was situated close to one of the index herds, and the other one, a dairy herd, was located in the neighbouring county, Aust- Agder. Based on the low virus level in the infected animals the Institute of Animal Health in Pirbright estimated the most probable time for infection of the herds to be between August and October 2008.. On the basis of the results from the investigation, monitoring and surveillance, and the fact ...

... First batch of bluetongue Bovilis BTV8 vaccine released to supply Nor... European countries ...BOXMEER Netherlands April 30 /-Intervet/Sche... Within the animal health sector there has been a recent emphasis on...,Intervet/Schering-Plough,Animal,Health,Outlines,Strength,of,the,Combination,biological,advanced biology technology,biology laboratory technology,biology device technology,latest biology technology

ITALY – Southern and central Italian livestock farms have been hit hard by a wave of over 1300 Bluetongue cases this month resulting in 459 sheep deaths.

ITALY – Southern and central Italian livestock farms have been hit hard by a wave of over 1300 Bluetongue cases this month resulting in 459 sheep deaths.

Gardiner, M R. (1968) Bluetongue of sheep, Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 9 : No. 2 , Article 5 ...

Bluetongue vaccine could begin arriving at wholesalers next week in readiness for distribution to veterinary surgeons and their clients, Farmers Weekly has learned.

Has anyone ever dealt with this with their goats? Im asking simply because one of my does (Misty), started out with excessive salivation about 4-6weeks...

Human beings are sero-negative toward bluetongue infections (BTVs) since BTVs usually do not infect regular human cells. potential human being cancer therapy coupled with current anti-cancer irradiation and agents. Neratinib distributor (Solid et al., 1998). This proof-of-principle demo was a book breakthrough and offers raised wish that reovirus particularly and other infections (Kim et al., 2006) with oncolytic potentials could be getting rid of machines against human being malignancies (Kikuchi et al., 1997; Rodgers et al., 1997; Liu, 2006; Holtz, 2007). Through extensive exploration and analysis, the oncolytic potentials of infections have been found out in six main viral family members, reovirus type 3, papillomaviruses, herpesviruses, hepadnaviruses, flaviviruses, and retroviruses (Norman and Lee, 2005; Alain et al., 2006, 2007; Kim et al., 2006; Nemunaitis and Shen, 2006; Vidal et al., 2006; Burroughs et al., 2007; Qi et al., 2007; Cripe et al., 2009; Ou and Yen, 2010). Since each one of ...

The miniaturization of the current technology of storage media is hindered by fundamental limits of quantum mechanics. A new approach consists in using so-called spin-crossover molecules as the smallest possible storage unit. Similar to normal hard drives, these special molecules can save information via their magnetic state. A research team from Kiel University has now managed to successfully place a new class of spin-crossover molecules onto a surface and to improve the molecules storage capacity. The storage density of conventional hard drives could therefore theoretically be increased by more than one hundred fold. The study has been published in the scientific journal Nano Letters. ...

Farmers should act now to avoid ‘feeling blue’ this autumn Bluetongue vaccines for sheep & cattle are now available a

Read this full essay on Impact of Digital Marketing on Food Service Industry. Statement of the Problem In the contemporary world, every type of business is...

Looking for online definition of bluetongue disease in the Medical Dictionary? bluetongue disease explanation free. What is bluetongue disease? Meaning of bluetongue disease medical term. What does bluetongue disease mean?

Jeggo, M. H., Wardley, R. C. and Brownlie, J. 1985, Importance of ovine cytotoxic T cells in protection against bluetongue virus infection, Progress in clinical and biological research, vol. 178, pp. 477-487. ...

The capability of the recently emerged European strain of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) to cross the ruminant placenta has been established in experimental and field studies in both sheep and cattle. Seroprevalence rates in goats in North-Western Europe were high during the recent outbreak of BTV-8; however the capability of the virus to infect goats through the transplacental route has not been established.. In the present study, four Saanen goats were inoculated with the European strain of BTV-8 at 62 days of gestation; this resulted in mild clinical signs, however gross lesions observed post mortem were more severe. Viral RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR in blood and tissue samples from three fetuses harvested from two goats at 43 days post infection. Conventional RT-PCR and genome sequencing targeting viral segment 2 confirmed infection of brain tissue with BTV-8 in two of these fetuses. In total, five of six fetuses demonstrated lesions that may have been associated with ...

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and was previously confined to tropical and sub-tropical regions but is now endemic in several Southern European countries, including Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy and France (Corsica). Epidemiological studies and phylogenetic analyses (primarily by members of the PALE-Blu consortium) have identified new introductions or discoveries of the virus in Europe each year since 1998, involving eleven distinct BTV serotypes (BTV-1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 25, and 27).. Bluetongue disease (BT) represents an important threat to livestock health and food production in Europe and neighbouring countries. The continuing arrival of new exotic strains from neighbouring regions, suggests that incursions by BTV (and possibly by related orbiviruses and other arboviruses) are likely to continue in Europe for the foreseeable future.. BTV Outbreaks: The first outbreak of bluetongue (BT) ever recorded in Northern Europe (caused by BTV8) ...

Summary The complete sequence of the RNA segment that codes for a major outer capsid protein (VP5) of bluetongue virus serotype 10 has been determined from overlapping cDNA clones inserted into pBR322. The segment 5 RNA of the virus (M5 RNA) is deduced to be 1638 base pairs long (1.05 × 106 daltons) and has an open reading frame in one strand capable of coding for a protein with a calculated size of 59163 daltons (526 amino acids) and a net charge of -4.5 at neutral pH.

Maan, S, Maan, NS, Ross-Smith, N, Batten, CA, Shaw, AE, Anthony, SJ, Samuel, AR, Darpel, KE, Veronesi, E, Oura, CAL et al, Singh, KP, Nomikou, K, Potgieter, AC, Attoui, H, van Rooij, E, van Rijn, P, De Clercq, K, Vandenbussche, F, Zientara, S, Breard, E, Sailleau, C, Beer, M, Hoffman, B, Mellor, PS and Mertens, PPC. (2008) Sequence analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 8 from the Netherlands 2006 and comparison to other European strains ...

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae (1, 2), that exists as at least 27 distinct serotypes (3, 4). The BTV can infect most ruminants, causing severe bluetongue disease (BT). The BTV particle is icosahedral and nonenveloped and is composed of a three-layered protein capsid surrounding 10 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome segments ranging in size from 3,944 to 822 bp. The genome segments, identified as segments 1 to 10 (Seg-1 to Seg-10) in order of decreasing size (2), encode 7 structural proteins (VP1 to VP7) and 5 nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2, NS3/3a, NS4, and NS5) (5-9).. BTV strains from different continents have evolved separately, acquiring multiple point mutations, developing characteristic regional variants/topotypes of each genome segment. Full-genome sequence data are available for BTV-2 from Taiwan (10), belonging to the major eastern (e) topotype; a reassortant-strain of BTV-2 carrying a western (w) Seg-5 (11); and five BTV-2(w) ...

Since 1998, Bluetongue virus (BTV)-serotypes 1, 2, 4, 9, and 16 have invaded European countries around the Mediterranean Basin. In 2006, a huge BT outbreak started after incursion of BTV serotype 8 (BTV8) in North-Western Europe. IN 2008, BTV6 and BTV11 were reported in the Netherlands and Germany, and in Belgium, respectively. In addition, Toggenburg orbivirus (TOV) was detected in 2008 in Swiss goats, which was recognized as a new serotype of BTV (BTV25). The (re-)emergency of BTV serotypes needs a rapid response to supply effective vaccines. Reverse genetics has been developed for BTV1 and more recently also for BTV6. This latter strain, BTV6/net08, is closely related to live-attenuated vaccine for serotype 6 as determined by full genome sequencing. Here, we used this strain as backbone and exchanged segment 2 and 6, respectively Seg-2 (VP2) and Seg-6 (VP5), for those of BTV serotype 1 and 8 using reverse genetics. These so-called serotyped vaccine viruses, as mono-serotype and ...

Understanding where and how fast an infectious disease will spread during an epidemic is critical for its control. However, the task is a challenging one as numerous factors may interact and drive the spread of a disease, specifically when vector-borne diseases are involved. We advocate the use of simultaneous autoregressive models to identify environmental features that significantly impact the velocity of disease spread. We illustrate this approach by exploring several environmental factors influencing the velocity of bluetongue (BT) spread in France during the 2007-2008 epizootic wave to determine which ones were the most important drivers. We used velocities of BT spread estimated in 4,495 municipalities and tested sixteen covariates defining five thematic groups of related variables: elevation, meteorological-related variables, landscape-related variables, host availability, and vaccination. We found that ecological factors associated with vector abundance and activity (elevation and ...

Bluetongue virus (BTV) VP6 is often resolved into two closely migrating bands by SDS-PAGE (VP6 and VP6a). RNA segment 9 of BTV-serotype 1 South Africa (encoding VP6) has been cloned as cDNA, and the complete sequence has been determined. Expression of this clone both in vitro and in tissue culture produced the same polypeptide doublet as seen previously in extracts from BTV-infected cells. Modification of the cDNA, including the removal of the first initiation codon, demonstrated that the two forms of VP6 are derived from initiation of protein synthesis at two distinct sites and not by post-translational modification.

1.A.93 The Bluetongue Virus Non-Structural Protein 3 Viroporin (NS3) Family NS3 possesses properties commonly associated with viroporins. Han and Harty 2004 reported that: (i) NS3 localizes to the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane, (ii) NS3 can homo-oligomerize in transfected cells, (iii) targeting of NS3 to the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane correlates with the enhanced permeability of cells to the translation inhibitor hygromycin B (hyg-B), (iv) amino acids 118-148 comprising TMS1 of NS3 are critical for Golgi targeting and hyg-B permeability, and (v) deletion of amino acids 156-181 comprising transmembrane region 2 (TM2) of NS3 has little to no affect on Golgi targeting and hyg-B permeability. These viroporin-like properties may contribute to the role of NS3 in virus release and may have important implications for pathogenicity of bluetongue virus infections.. Bluetongue, an arthropod-borne non-contagious hemorrhagic disease of small ruminants, is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). ...

Bluetongue virus, type 10 ATCC ® VR-1231AF™ Designation: Bluetongue virus type 10 immune ascitic fluid [V-519-701-562] Application:

Reassortment contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses with segmented genomes, including Bluetongue virus (BTV). Recently, co-circulation of natural and vaccine BTV variants in Europe, and their ensuing reassortment, were proposed to promote appearance of novel European BTV strains, with potential implications for pathogenicity, spread and vaccination policies. Similarly, the geographical features of the Mediterranean basin, which spans over portions of three continents, may facilitate the appearance of clinically relevant reassortants via co-circulation of BTV strains of African, Asian and European origins. In August–October 2017, BTV serotype 6 (BTV-6) was identified in young animals exhibiting classical clinical signs of Bluetongue (BT) at Israeli sheep and cattle farms. Sequencing and pairwise analysis of this Israeli BTV-6 isolate revealed the closest sequence homology of its serotype-defining Segment 2 was with that of South African reference BTV-6 strain 5011 (93.88% identity). In

The spread of bluetongue virus (BTV) is most successfully controlled by vaccination of susceptible ruminant populations. Currently two different types of BTV vaccines are used for this purpose; inactivated, mostly monovalent vaccine formulations and modified live virus vaccines (MLVs). Clinical signs and viraemia in Dorset Poll sheep vaccinated with BTV-4 and BTV-16 MLVs or inoculated with homogenates of midges (C. sonorensis and C. nubeculosus) previously infected with BTV-4 MLV are presented. All sheep vaccinated with the two MLVs mounted an infectious viraemia lasting for a minimum of 9 up to 23 days post vaccination and developed a range of clinical signs associated with BTV infection. Peak viraemia titres recorded in individual sheep ranged from 3.5 to 6.83 log(10)TCID(50)/ml indicating a high potential for infection of vector insects and onward transmission. The implications of these results are discussed with reference to the current outbreaks of BTV occurring in northern Europe and in ...

Genetic exchange by a process of genome-segment reassortment represents an important mechanism for evolutionary change in all viruses with segmented genomes, yet in many cases a detailed understanding of its frequency and biological consequences is lacking. We provide a comprehensive assessment of reassortment in bluetongue virus (BTV), a globally important insect-borne pathogen of livestock, during recent outbreaks in Europe. Full-genome sequences were generated and analysed for over 150 isolates belonging to the different BTV serotypes that have emerged in the region over the last 5 decades. Based on this novel dataset we confirm that reassortment is a frequent process that plays an important and on-going role in evolution of the virus. We found evidence for reassortment in all ten segments without a significant bias towards any particular segment. However, we observed biases in the relative frequency at which particular segments were associated with each other during reassortment. This ...

Bluetongue disease is a viral infection that has killed approximately 2 million cattle in Europe over the past two decades. A new study has revealed the atomic structure of the Bluetongue virus, including the means by which it infects healthy host cells. Scientists hope to use this information to aid in the creation of vaccines and drug treatments for bluetongue disease.. A team led by Hong Zhou, a professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics and faculty director of the Electron Imaging Center for Nanomachines at UCLAs California Nanosystems Institute, collaborated on the research with a team led by Polly Roy, professor of virology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The research was published in the journal Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.. Using cryo-electron microscopy, the researchers discovered the Bluetongue viruss two-step process for infecting healthy cells. The virus has sensor proteins on its surface that detect changes in the acidity of its ...

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has confirmed a positive case of Bluetongue virus in Ontario as part of routine surveillance testing.. Bluetongue is not contagious, but is spread by biting midges and can infect cattle, bison, deer, goats and sheep. There is no human health or food safety risk and the virus cannot survive outside the biting midge or animal host. The virus also cannot be spread through contact with animal carcasses or other animal products (meat, fibre).. Cattle and goats show very few clinical signs of infection. Cattle may exhibit a mild to moderate fever, and swelling of the coronary band above the hoof, so they walk stiffly and are reluctant to get up. Other symptoms include: nasal discharge, swelling of the head and neck, runny eyes, swelling and sores in the mouth, and drooling. Goats tend to exhibit mild to moderate fever, runny eyes and drooling. The disease can only be confirmed by a lab test and there is no treatment.. The strain detected in Ontario is native ...

Following the first ever case of bluetongue in Denmark during late 2007, further outbreaks were observed in Denmark during 2008, despite vaccination against bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8) in the southern part of the country. In total, 15 separate outbreaks of infection were identified, mostly as a result of clinical suspicions but also because of surveillance of bulk milk samples. These outbreaks led to extensions of the original vaccination zone planned for 2008. Blood samples from clinical suspects were analysed using ELISA and real-time RT-PCR assays for the presence of anti-BTV antibodies and viral RNA, respectively. A newly infected calf from the primary outbreak in 2008 was studied for a period of three months, during which time it seroconverted to BTV, but the presence of viral RNA in its blood was maintained throughout this time. Each outbreak was caused by BTV-8, as determined by a serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR assay. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence of a portion of ...

Bluetongue (BT) is a disease in ruminants caused by an Orbivirus that is transmitted by midges. There are at least 24 serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV). Wageningen Bioveterinary Research conducts research on this disease.

Compare Australia to your country…if you live in Europe. THs is an accurate map of Australia overlaid over the majority of Europe. This map alone, shows you why there is no risk of Bluetongue Virus reaching the southern states of Australia, and why the zones and Australias NAMP research and continual mapping systems gives your country assurances they need. There has been 1 naturally occurred case of BTV tested in Australia, and that was in 1979. That was in a cattle, at a place called Dumpty Doo, which is approx. near the red oval dot, in the ocean at the top of Norway on the left. I am situated in Melbourne which is approx. in the Mediterranean near Crete. And in between is a huge desert. Lets see how big Australia is - Australia- · 7, 692, 030 square km · (China: 9,597,000 sq km) · Lowest, flattest, geographically uniform continent · very old Land use: 6% arable, 58% pasture, 14% forest, 22% other (mostly desert) · Blue Tongue- Australia 1 Bluetongue is an insect-borne, viral disease ...

The British Veterinary Association has warned of the possibility of the Bluetongue virus taking hold in the UK, following reports of BTV-8 in cattle in northern France.

Evolution and Phylogenetic Analysis of Full-Length VP3 Genes of Eastern Mediterranean Bluetongue Virus Isolates. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

You need to be signed in to access email alerts. If you have an account log in with your user name and password. If you dont have an account you can just enter your email address in the email box below ...

Simply ask us ! One of the most interesting features of EVAgs catalogue is its flexibility, please do not hesitate to contact us by using our contact form. We can add to the catalogue tailor-made products on demand, as well as access to plateforms, or services. With the large panel of virology laboratories in our consortium, there are good chances that we would have what you are looking for. If you are interested in acquiring cell-lines, please visit this page: access-cell-lines.. If you are interested in acquiring insect vectors, please visit this page: access-insect-vectors.. ...

Simply ask us ! One of the most interesting features of EVAgs catalogue is its flexibility, please do not hesitate to contact us by using our contact form. We can add to the catalogue tailor-made products on demand, as well as access to plateforms, or services. With the large panel of virology laboratories in our consortium, there are good chances that we would have what you are looking for. If you are interested in acquiring cell-lines, please visit this page: access-cell-lines.. If you are interested in acquiring insect vectors, please visit this page: access-insect-vectors.. ...

Bluetongue is a viral disease of ruminants which is transmitted by Culicoides midges. Since the late 1990s a series of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes have invaded Mediterranean Europe. In 2006 other BTV serotypes also invaded temperate Europe. This twofold invasion pattern has resulted in large economic loses mainly for sheep farmers. In Mediterranean Europe bluetongue is

Bluetongue is a non-contagious, viral disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants (primarily sheep and including cattle and goats), that is transmitted by insects, particularly biting midges.. The severity of disease varies among different species with symptoms being most severe in sheep resulting in death, weight loss and disruption in wool growth. In highly susceptible sheep, morbidity can be as high as 100%. Mortality averages from 2-30% but can be as high as 70%. Cattle often have a higher infection rate than sheep and demonstration and severity of clinical signs varies depending on the strain of virus.. Where is the disease found?. Blue Tongue has a significant global distribution in regions where the insect vector (ie, biting midges species Culicoides) is present, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. The virus is maintained in areas where the climate will allow biting midges to survive over winter. The geographical distribution of the insect vector species ...

FRANCE - French authorities, veterinarians and farmers have mobilised to manage a recent outbreak of bluetongue virus (BTV), thanks to support from Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Kramps, J.A, et al., Validation of a commercial ELISA for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV)-specific antibodies in individual milk samples of Dutch dairy cows, Vet. Microbiol. (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.004 ...

Testing for foot and mouth disease (FMD) has led to the first confirmed case of the bluetongue virus on a farm near Ipswich. The virus, found in a highland cow on the site, does not harm humans but can be fatal to sheep, and affect the milk yields in cows. It is transferred by midges and other biting insects; Defra has said that the case will not be classified as an outbreak until the virus is found in an insect on the site. The cow, named Debbie, was removed and culled yesterday, and scientists are urging caution from farmers and livestock owners: It remains vitally important that farmers maintain vigilance for this disease and report any suspect cases, particularly as clinical signs may be similar to foot and mouth disease, said Chief Veterinary Officer Debbie Reynolds. Indeed this diagnosis comes as another case of FMD was found on a farm within the control zone in Surrey, and cattle were duly culled there at the weekend, bringing the total number of farms the disease has been found on to ...

TURKEY – Turkish veterinary authorities have vaccinated 30,000 sheep in a bid to put the brakes on the ever spreading Bluetongue virus.

A viral disease is killing deer along the Platte River and possibly over a much wider area, according to the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. There have been reports of dead deer in and near the river in eastern Nebraska.

4.4Posebna opozorila za vsako ciljno živalsko vrsto. Občasno lahko prisotnost maternalnih protiteles pri ovcah minimalne priporočene starosti vpliva na zaščito, ki jo zagotavlja cepivo.. Na voljo ni nobenih informacij o uporabi cepiva pri seropozitivnem govedu niti pri govedu z maternalnimi protitelesi.. Ob uporabi cepiva pri drugih domačih in divjih vrstah prežvekovalcev, ki jih ogroža okužba, je potrebna previdnost; pred množičnim cepljenjem je priporočljivo testno cepljenje manjšega števila živali. Učinkovitost pri drugih vrstah se lahko razlikuje od dokazane učinkovitosti pri ovcah in govedu.. 4.5Posebni previdnostni ukrepi. Posebni previdnostni ukrepi za uporabo pri živalih. Cepite le zdrave živali.. Posebni previdnostni ukrepi, ki jih mora izvajati oseba, ki živalim daje zdravilo. Ni smiselno.. 4.6Neželeni učinki (pogostost in resnost). Povprečno povišanje telesne temperature, ki varira med 0,5 in 1,0 ° C, je pogosta reakcija pri ovcah in govedu. Povišana telesna ...

10.OCHRANNÁ LEHOTA. 0 dní.. 11.OSOBITNÉ BEZPEČNOSTNÉ OPATRENIA NA UCHOVÁVANIE. Uchovávať mimo dohľadu a dosahu detí. Uchovávať a prepravovať v chlade (2 °C - 8 °C). Nezmrazovať.. Chrániť pred svetlom.. Čas použiteľnosti po prvom otvorení obalu: 10 hodín.. Nepoužívať tento veterinárny liek po dátume exspirácie uvedenom na štítku/ škatuli.. 12.OSOBITNÉ UPOZORNENIA. Osobitné bezpečnostné opatrenia pre každý cieľový druh:. Príležitostne môže prítomnosť materských protilátok u oviec v minimálnom odporúčanom veku narúšať ochranu navodenú vakcínou.. Nie sú dostupné žiadne informácie o použití vakcíny u séropozitívneho hovädzieho dobytka vrátane hovädzieho dobytka, ktorý má materské protilátky.. Pri použití v prípade iných domácich a voľne žijúcich prežúvavcov, u ktorých sa predpokladá riziko infekcie, by sa vakcína mala používať obozretne a odporúča sa vyskúšať vakcínu na malom počte zvierat pred hromadným ...

Modumo, Jacob and Venter, Estelle H. Determination of the minimum protective dose for bluetongue virus serotype 2 and 8 vaccines in sheep. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 2012, vol.83, no.1, p.24-30. ISSN 1019- ...

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-borne disease affecting ruminants, causing morbidity and mortality amongst commercial livestock herds. Historically, BTV was not endemic in Europe, however in the past two decades various BTV serotypes have periodically invaded Southern and Eastern Europe. In 2006 the first epizootic of BTV was observed above latitude 50N anywhere in the world, centred near Maastricht.

Urban areas encroachment on wildlife and farms means wild and domestic species are getting closer in proximity all the time. Ontario deer, sheep and cattle are now at risk for an infectious virus, from a specific species of midge thats found a new home in Eastern Canada. Researchers believe climate change has altered the midges windborne movement from the southern U.S. into Ontario, and warmer winters increase their chance to survive. So, now the midge (specifically the specie C. sonorensis) has been found biting and transmitting sometimes fatal diseases such as epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue to livestock.... Read More ...

Linlin Gu is the author of these articles in the Journal of Visualized Experiments: Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus, Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches