TY - JOUR. T1 - The contribution of d-tubocurarine-sensitive and Apamin-sensitive K-channels to EDHF-mediated Relaxation of Mesenteric Arteries from eNOS-/- Mice. AU - Chen, Xiaoliang. AU - Li, Yang. AU - Hollenberg, Morley. AU - Triggle, Christopher. AU - Ding, Hong. PY - 2012/5. Y1 - 2012/5. N2 - The nature of the potassium channels involved in determining endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated relaxation was investigated in first-order small mesenteric arteries from male endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-/-)-knockout and control (+/+) mice. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of small mesenteric arteries of eNOS-/- was resistant to N-nitro-L-arginine and indomethacin and the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H-(1,2,4) oxadiazolo (4,3-a) quinoxalin-1-one. Apamin and the combination of apamin and iberiotoxin or apamin and charybdotoxin induced a transient endothelium-dependent contraction of small mesenteric arteries from both eNOS-/- and +/+ mice. ...

Based on current evidence, the term of endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor should represent a mechanism rather than a specific factor. The mechanism(s) of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (i.e., EDHF-mediated relaxation) seems to be heterogeneous depending on several factors (e.g., size and vascular bed), surrounding environment (oxidative stress, hypercholesterolemia) and demand (compensatory). Different endothelial mediators or pathways involved in EDHF-mediated relaxation may also work simultaneously and/or substitute each other. It implies a reasonable physiological sense, although to some extent and when EDHF acts as backup mechanism for endothelium-dependent relaxation in the present of compromised NO contribution. Thus, alternatives for EDHF-typed responses (H2O2, K+ etc.) will provide a guarantee for compensation of endothelial function. However, once the involvement of a certain endothelium-derived vasodilator for a given vascular bed is confirmed, it is preferred that ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor(s). T2 - Species and tissue heterogeneity. AU - Triggle, C. R.. AU - Dong, H.. AU - Waldron, G. J.. AU - Cole, W. C.. PY - 1999/1/1. Y1 - 1999/1/1. N2 - 1. Endothelium-derivcd relaxing factor is almost universally considered to be synonymous with nitric oxide (NO); however, it is now well established that at least two other chemically distinct species (prostacyclin (PGI2) and a hyperpolarizing factor) may also contribute to endothelium-dependent relaxation. 2. Only relatively few studies have provided definitive evidence that an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), which is neither NO nor PGI2, exists as a chemical mediator. 3. There is a lack of agreement as to the likely chemical identity of this putative factor. Some evidence suggests that EDHF may be a cytochrome P450-derived arachidonic acid product, possibly an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET); conflict-ing evidence supports an endogenous cannabinoid as the mediator and ...

The work presented in this thesis describes the influence of the endothelium on smooth muscle cells, and how the structure of the internal elastic lamina (IEL) affects this relationship in mesenteric and saphenous arteries. This was enabled by the study of functional and confocal microscopy dye transfer experiments. Normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) rats of 12 weeks and 6 months of age were used to assess the effect of hypertension and ageing on endothelial and smooth muscle cell communication. The endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF) response in mesenteric arteries was investigated using wire myography, and the involvement of myoendothelial gap junctions (MEGJs) was assessed using the putative gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone. Carbenoxolone attenuated the EDHF response in the WKY, suggestive of the involvement of myoendothelial gap junctions in EDHF. In the saphenous artery, incubation with L-NAME and indomethacin abolished the relaxation to ACh, indicating that there ...

Background: Whether impaired endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia (HC) impacts on exercise-induced vasodilation, and whether the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) to exercise vasodilation varies in comparison to healthy subjects is unknown. We hypothesized that there is a differential contribution of these two agonists to exercise-induced vasodilation.. Methods: In 26 healthy and 19 HC subjects, we measured forearm blood flow (FBF) using strain gauge plethysmography at rest, during handgrip exercise (performed at 15%, 30% and 45% of maximum grip strength) and after sodium nitroprusside (1.6 and 3.2 μg/min) infusion. Measurements were repeated after either NO blockade with L-NMMA, calcium-dependent potassium channel blockade with tetraethylammonium (TEA, inhibiting EDHF activity), and combined blockade.. Results: Exercise-induced vasodilation produced a stepwise increase in FBF in both groups (p,0.0001). At peak (45%) exercise, there ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Blockade of IK Ca and SK Ca channels inhibits EDHF-mediated vasodilatation, but not endothelial cell calcium changes, in isolated rat mesenteric arteries. AU - McSherry, I N. AU - Garland, C J. AU - Dora, K A. PY - 2003. Y1 - 2003. M3 - Article. JO - ANZMS Meeting. JF - ANZMS Meeting. ER - ...

CYP 2C9 has previously been reported to generate 11,12-EET in coronary endothelial cells and plays a crucial role in EDHF-mediated hyperpolarization and relaxation. In the present study, we have demonstrated that, in both cultured and native porcine coronary endothelial cells, CYP 2C9 is also a physiologically relevant source of ROS. Overexpression of CYP 2C9 in coronary artery endothelial cells markedly increases 11,12- and 8,9-EET16 generation as well as that of ROS. The consequences of superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide production by CYP 2C9 range from the impairment of NO-mediated relaxation to a chronic elevation in the activity of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB and the expression of VCAM-1.. Although accepted to play a role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure, it is not generally appreciated that ROS, such as O2− and hydrogen peroxide, are intracellular signaling molecules that are involved in the regulation of vascular tone ...

The endothelium has emerged as an important regulator of vascular tone.1 2 3 Several soluble mediators released by the endothelium are involved in these vascular effects. These mediators include prostacyclin, EDRF or NO, and EDHF. The activity of EDHF may be distinguished from NO in that EDHF activity is blocked by inhibitors of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, such as TEA or charybdotoxin, or by high [K+]o but is not blocked by arginine analogues that inhibit NOS or glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels.9 14 17 18 Relaxations mediated by EDRF are blocked by arginine analogues. In small coronary arteries, methacholine causes endothelium-dependent relaxations and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells.5 14 15 16 17 18 These relaxations are blocked by TEA and high [K+]o. Thus, it has been proposed that methacholine stimulates coronary endothelial cells to release EDHF, which acts on coronary smooth muscle cells to open K+ channels, hyperpolarize the cell ...

The aim of this study was to characterise vasodilator responses in the perfused ciliary vascular bed of the bovine eye. When bovine eyes were perfused at a constant rate of 2.5 ml min-1, infusion of the powerful vasodilator, papaverine (150 muM), produced a very small reduction in perfusion pressure. Under the same conditions, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L- NAME (100 muM), had no effect but the inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, ODQ (10 muM), produced a small vasoconstrictor response. These results indicate that there is a small component of intrinsic (myogenic) tone that may be suppressed by a basal release of nitric oxide. In the bovine eye, vasodilatation to acetylcholine or bradykinin was unaffected by L- NAME (100 muM), or the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, flurbiprofen (30 muM), but was significantly attenuated following treatment with a high concentration of KC1 (30 muM), or by damaging the endothelium with the detergent, CHAPS (0.3%, 2 min). Thus agonist-induced vasodilatation ...

Although we found that the vasoconstrictor response to l-NMMA was lower in blacks, we did not examine effects of other nonspecific vasoconstrictors to investigate whether this is a reflection of reduced sensitivity of the vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictors. However, the fact that the constrictor response to TEA was similar to whites suggests that the response to l-NMMA is specific for reduced NO bioavailability. The reduced sensitivity to exogenous NO (sodium nitroprusside) complicates the interpretation of the reduced dilator responses observed with acetylcholine and bradykinin in blacks. However, because basal NO and the contribution of NO during exercise is lower in blacks, it is likely that in addition to reduced sensitivity, there is also an endothelial defect in NO release in blacks.. l-NMMA and TEA are competitive inhibitors, and thus our results may underestimate the physiological contribution of both NO and K+Ca channels to vasodilation. Our investigation was conducted on a ...

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Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) metabolites function as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors in rabbit and human arteries. In rabbit arteries, LO metabolites mediate nitric-oxide and prostaglandin-independent relaxations to acetylcholine and AA. Previously, we characterized 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12,15-THETA) as a major vasoactive 15-LO metabolite in rabbit arteries. 11,12,15-THETA requires a specific structure for vascular activity. 11(R),12(S),15(S)-THETA causes concentration-related relaxation whereas 11(R),12(R),15(S)-THETA is without activity. The specific structure requirement suggests a role for a receptor. Therefore, we examined the role of G proteins in 11(R),12(S),15(S)-THETA vascular activity. Western immunoblot verified protein expression of Gαs, Gαi and a Gαo in rabbit endothelial and smooth muscle cells. 11(R),12(S),15(S)-THETA increased GTPγ35S binding to rabbit arterial membranes 280±25% while 11(R),12(S),15(S)-THETA was without effect. In ...

Hypothesis - Rotigaptide will improve endothelial function in the context of endothelial dysfunction.. The lining of blood vessels (endothelium) can react to hormones in the blood stream causing the blood vessel muscle to relax (vasodilatation) and allow more blood to flow. The nitric oxide and prostacyclin pathways are well documented in this process. However, evidence points to the existence of a third powerful relaxant called endothelium derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF) but its identity and mechanism of action have proved elusive. As well as causing blood vessels to relax and more blood to flow, EDHF may be involved in the endothelium signaling, triggering release of a specialised clot dissolving factor called tissue plasminogen activator (t PA). t PA is important to ensure small clots, which are constantly being formed in the circulation, are rapidly dissolved and do not grow large enough to cause heart attacks and strokes.. Evidence points towards the requirement for gap junctions in ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Endothelial influences on cerebrovascular tone. AU - Andresen, Jon. AU - Shafi, Nadeem. AU - Bryan, Robert M.. PY - 2006/1/1. Y1 - 2006/1/1. N2 - The cerebrovascular endothelium exerts a profound influence on cerebral vessels and cerebral blood flow. This review summarizes current knowledge of various dilator and constrictor mechanisms intrinsic to the cerebrovascular endothelium. The endothelium contributes to the resting tone of cerebral arteries and arterioles by tonically releasing nitric oxide (NO • ). Dilations can occur by stimulated release of NO • , endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor, or prostanoids. During pathological conditions, the dilator influence of the endothelium can turn to that of constriction by a variety of mechanisms, including decreased NO • bioavailability and release of endothelin-1. The endothelium may participate in neurovascular coupling by conducting local dilations to upstream arteries. Further study of the cerebrovascular ...

Piezo1 channels are newly discovered ion channels which have come to the fore as players in endothelial biology. They have a key role as sensors of shear stress, a frictional force which arises in vascular biology because of blood flow. Endothelial Piezo1 channels are critical in murine embryonic development, just after the heart starts to beat and drive blood into the nascent endothelial network. In contrast they are not critical at the adult stage but they are important for performance in whole body physical activity where they have a vascular bed-specific effect to cause mesenteric resistance artery vasoconstriction, achieved through opposition to the vasodilatory mechanism of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor mediates bradykinin-stimulated tissue plasminogen activator release in humans. AU - Rahman, Ayaz M.. AU - Murrow, Jonathan R.. AU - Ozkor, Muhiddin A.. AU - Kavtaradze, Nino. AU - Lin, Ji. AU - De Staercke, Christine. AU - Hooper, W. Craig. AU - Manatunga, Amita. AU - Hayek, Salim. AU - Quyyumi, Arshed A.. PY - 2014/1/1. Y1 - 2014/1/1. N2 - Bradykinin (BK) stimulates tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) release from human endothelium. Although BK stimulates both nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) release, the role of EDHF in t-PA release remains unexplored. This study sought to determine the mechanisms of BK-stimulated t-PA release in the forearm vasculature of healthy human subjects. Methods: In 33 healthy subjects (age 40.3 ± 1.9 years), forearm blood flow (FBF) and t-PA release were measured at rest and after intra-arterial infusions of BK (400 ng/min) and sodium nitroprusside (3.2 mg/min). Measurements ...

In WT mice, endothelium-dependent relaxations of small mesenteric arteries were mainly mediated by EDHF, whereas those of the aorta were mediated by NO, a finding that is consistent with our previous studies (2, 4, 14). Interestingly, EDHF-mediated relaxations were progressively reduced in accordance with the number of disrupted NOS genes in mesenteric arteries and were absent in n/i/eNOS−/− mice, indicating that EDHF-mediated relaxations are totally mediated by the endothelial NOSs system in mouse mesenteric arteries.. In this study, after the classical definition of EDHF (1-3), we evaluated EDHF-mediated responses in mouse mesenteric arteries in the presence of indomethacin and l-NNA. It is known that eNOS generates superoxide anions under normal conditions from reductase domain and only when uncoupled (e.g., BH4 and/or l-arginine depletion) from the oxidase domain, and that l-arginine analogues only inhibit the latter process (40). Indeed, we were able to demonstrate that endothelial ...

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Synonyms: Angiopoietin-Like Protein 6, Angiopoietin-Related Protein 5, Angiopoietin-Related Growth Factor, Angiopoietin-Related Protein 6, AGF, ARP5.. ...

Angiopoietin-related protein 4 (406 aa, ~45 kDa) is encoded by the human ANGPTL4 gene. This protein plays a role in the modulation of signaling during hypoxic stress and angiogenesis.

To explore the effects of estrogen on arterial functions we examined endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)- and NO-mediated responses in isolated mesenteric arteries of female rats 4 weeks after sham-operation (CON) ovariectomy (OVX) and OVX plus chronic estrogen treatment (OVX+E2). and hsp90) were unchanged but that of its negative regulator caveolin-1 was decreased. The levels of iNOS in mesenteric artery and aorta and plasma levels of NO metabolites and cholesterol were elevated. In OVX contraction of the Ondansetron HCl Ondansetron HCl artery by phenylephrine was reduced but augmented by nonspecific inhibitor of NOS to the comparable level as that in CON group. The contraction in OVX group unlike that in CON group was augmented Ondansetron HCl by specific iNOS inhibitor and the difference between contractions in the presence of nonspecific and specific inhibitor as an index of eNOS activity was increased. In OVX+E2 all these changes were recovered. In all groups EDHF-mediated ...

The intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 (also known as KCNN4, IK1, or the Ga´rdos channel) plays an important role in the activation of T and B cells, mast cells, macrophages, and microglia by regulating membrane potential, cellular volume, and calcium signaling. KCa3.1 is further involved in the proliferation of dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblast and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization responses in the vascular endothelium. Accordingly, KCa3.1 inhibitors are therapeutically interesting as immunosuppressants and for the treatment of a wide range of fibroproliferative disorders, whereas KCa3.1 activators constitute a potential new class of endothelial function preserving antihypertensives. Here, we report the development of QPatch assays for both KCa3.1 inhibitors and activators. During assay optimization, the Ca2+ sensitivity of KCa3.1 was studied using varying intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. A free Ca2+ concentration of 1 lM was chosen to ...

Definition of endothelial-derived relaxant factor in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is endothelial-derived relaxant factor? Meaning of endothelial-derived relaxant factor as a legal term. What does endothelial-derived relaxant factor mean in law?

Looking for Endothelium-derived relaxing factor? Find out information about Endothelium-derived relaxing factor. in arithmetic, any number that divides a given number evenly, i.e., without any remainder. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. Similarly in... Explanation of Endothelium-derived relaxing factor

Recombinant cytokines and growth factors for cell cultivation. Offered in different quality grades, with standardized research cytokines of highest quality. | Deutschland

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor responses in the rat middle cerebral artery are blocked by inhibiting IKCa channels alone, contrasting with peripheral vessels where block of both IKCa and SKCa is required. As the contribution of IKCa and SKCa to endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization differs in peripheral arteries, depending on the level of arterial constriction, we investigated the possibility that SKCa might contribute to equivalent hyperpolarization in cerebral arteries under certain conditions. METHODS: Rat middle cerebral arteries (approximately 175 microm) were mounted in a wire myograph. The effect of KCa channel blockers on endothelium-dependent responses to the protease-activated receptor 2 agonist, SLIGRL (20 micromol/L), were then assessed as simultaneous changes in tension and membrane potential. These data were correlated with the distribution of arterial KCa channels revealed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: SLIGRL hyperpolarized and relaxed cerebral

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced coronary artery responses have both vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation components. The vasoconstrictive effects of 5-HT have been well studied while the mechanism(s) of how 5-HT causes relaxation of coronary arteries has been less investigated. In isolated rat hearts, 5-HT-induced coronary flow increases are partially resistant to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and are blocked by 5-HT7 receptor antagonists. In the present study, we investigated the role of 5-HT7 receptor in 5-HT-induced coronary flow increases in isolated rat hearts in the absence of L-NAME, and we also evaluated the involvement of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in 5-HT-induced coronary flow increases in L-NAME-treated hearts with the inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism and the blockers of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. In isolated rat hearts, 5-HT and the 5-HT7 receptor agonist 5-carboxamidotryptamine induced coronary flow

TY - JOUR. T1 - Hepatic expression, synthesis and secretion of a novel fibrinogen/angiopoietin-related protein that prevents endothelial-cell apoptosis. AU - Kim, Injune. AU - Kim, Hwan Gyu. AU - Kim, Hyun. AU - Kim, Hong Hee. AU - Park, Sung Kwang. AU - Uhm, Chang Sub. AU - Lee, Zang Hee. AU - Koh, Gou Young. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2000/3/15. Y1 - 2000/3/15. N2 - Using degenerate PCR we isolated a cDNA encoding a novel 406- and 410-amino acid protein from human and mouse embryonic cDNAs and have designated it hepatic fibrinogen/angiopoietin-related protein (HFARP). The N-terminal and C-terminal portions of HFARP contain the characteristic coiled-coil domains and fibrinogen-like domains that are conserved in angiopoietins. In human and mouse tissues, HFARP mRNA is specifically expressed in the liver. HFARP mRNA and protein are mainly present in the hepatocytes. HFARP has a highly hydrophobic region at the N-terminus that is typical of a ...

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Many theories of neural processing focus quite rightly on computational and information processing concerns. While this is entirely sensible, the brain is not an abstract computational device, it generates heat, it is noisy, and requires a high energy-density diet to power it. Much of my work focuses on the role of such biophysical factors. In a series of studies which use simple neural networks/Bayesian models, I and colleagues have found that the remarkably simple notion of do work, whilst being energy efficient can explain multiple properties of the neural organisation of early sensory systems. 27/04/10 11:00 - 12:00. ANC Seminar: Michael Daw (Host: Mark van Rossum). Coordinated development of feedforward inhibition in neonatal cortex. Early changes in the expression of neuronal chloride transporters result in a developmental switch at GABAergic synapses from depolarising transmission to the hyperpolarising transmission which is typical in the adult brain. Studies in a number of brain ...

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The present invention relates to intercellular adhesion inhibitory factors produced by cytokine activated endothelial cells. These factors designated endothelial-derived IL-8 find use in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammation and in the protection of endothelial cells from neutrophil mediated damage.

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With INVIGATE you will find an expert for expression and purification of recombinant cytokines, chemokines and growth factors from different species. INVIGATE developes superior cell-based assay formats for the analysis of cytokine action.

A series of agents were examined to determine whether responses to hyperosmolarity could involve a mediator known or postulated to exist in other organ systems or processes. Responses of vascular muscle to endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor are inhibited by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor proadifen (SKF525A; Eckman et al., 1998). This agent, however, did not antagonize responses to d-M or hyperosmolar NaCl, suggesting that arachidonic acid epoxides are not mediators of the response. Because histamine and leukotrienes are viewed to be important mediators in exercise-induced asthma, the effects of the H1-histamine receptor antagonist diphenhydramine and the CysLT1-receptor antagonist MK 571 were examined, even though there is little likelihood that these contractile substances would mediate relaxation. These blockers had no effect, suggesting that these substances do not serve as intermediaries of the response to hyperosmolar solution, at least in vitro.. Application of hyperosmolar solution ...

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Richardson, Peter M and Iali, Wissam and Roy, Soumya S and Rayner, Peter J and Halse, Meghan E and Duckett, Simon B (2019) Rapid C-13 NMR hyperpolarization delivered from para-hydrogen enables the low concentration detection and quantification of sugars. In: CHEMICAL SCIENCE, 10 (45). pp. 10607-10619. Iali, Wissam and Roy, Soumya S and Tickner, Ben J and Ahwal, Fadi and Kennerley, Aneurin J and Duckett, Simon B (2019) Hyperpolarising Pyruvate through Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE). In: ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, 58 (30). pp. 10271-10275. ...

Graded Potentials - occur in dendrites, cell bodies or axon terminals. Graded potential refers to the post synaptic electrical impulse. Called graded because their size or amplitude is directly proportional to the strength of the triggering event. i.e. a large stimulus leads to the generation of a strong graded response, and a small stimulus leads to the generation of a weak graded response. A depolarising graded potential is known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). A hyperpolarising graded potential is known as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). If graded potentials reaching the axon hillock depolarise the membrane to the threshold voltage, an Action potential is initiated. ...

Tetrabutylammonium bisulfate for ion pair chromatography, LiChropur™, ≥99.0%; CAS Number: 32503-27-8; EC Number: 251-068-5; Synonym: Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate; Linear Formula: C16H37NO4S; find Supelco-86853 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich.

Effect of recombinant cytokines on leucocytes and physiological changes in bovine mammary glands during early involution.: We examined the effects of administer

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Angiopoietin-related protein 2 also known as angiopoietin-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANGPTL2 gene. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 maintains tissue homeostasis by promoting adaptive inflammation and subsequent tissue reconstruction, whereas an excess of ANGPTL2 activation induced by prolonged stress promotes the breakdown of tissue homeostasis due to chronic inflammation, promoting the development of metabolic diseases. ANGPTL2 has a role also in angiogenesis, in tissue repair, in obesity, in atherosclerotic diseases and finally in cancerogenesis. Angiopoietins are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family and the only known growth factors largely specific for vascular endothelium. Angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, and angiopoietin-4 participate in the formation of blood vessels. ANGPTL2 protein is a secreted glycoprotein with homology to the angiopoietins and may exert a function on endothelial cells through autocrine or paracrine action. GRCh38: ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Elevated testosterone levels during rat pregnancy cause hypersensitivity to angiotensin II and attenuation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in uterine arteries. AU - Chinnathambi, Vijayakumar. AU - Blesson, Chellakkan S.. AU - Vincent, Kathleen. AU - Saade, George. AU - Hankins, Gary. AU - Yallampalli, Chandra. AU - Sathishkumar, Kunju. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Elevated testosterone levels increase maternal blood pressure and decrease uterine blood flow in pregnancy, resulting in abnormal perinatal outcomes. We tested whether elevated testosterone alters uterine artery adaptations during pregnancy, and whether these alterations depend on endothelium-derived factors such as nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, and prostacyclin, or endothelium-independent mechanisms such as angiotensin II (Ang-II). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with vehicle (n=20) or testosterone propionate (0.5 mg/kg per day from gestation day 15 to 19; n=20). Plasma ...

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The present study was designed to determine whether or not lipoxygenase-dependent metabolites of arachidonic acid are involved in the endothelium-dependent

Three inhibitors of the release or effects of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), N-nitro-L-arginine, methylene blue and oxyhemoglobin, caused

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The idea of having the cooling exit duct co-axial with the exhaust outlet was very popular in the early 2000s, and the reason is that the flow of exhaust gases can be used the increase the mass-flow rate through the cooling system, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as aspiration. If you pull the flow out of the cooling system more quickly, you can get the same mass-flow rate for a smaller inlet area, and a smaller inlet provides aerodynamic benefits. This concept was studied by Parra and Kontis in their 2006 paper, Aerodynamic effectiveness of the flow of exhaust gases in a generic formula one car configuration, published in the The Aeronautical Journal ...

The idea of having the cooling exit duct co-axial with the exhaust outlet was very popular in the early 2000s, and the reason is that the flow of exhaust gases can be used the increase the mass-flow rate through the cooling system, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as aspiration. If you pull the flow out of the cooling system more quickly, you can get the same mass-flow rate for a smaller inlet area, and a smaller inlet provides aerodynamic benefits. This concept was studied by Parra and Kontis in their 2006 paper, Aerodynamic effectiveness of the flow of exhaust gases in a generic formula one car configuration, published in the The Aeronautical Journal ...