Epidural fibrosis (EF) is a common complication after laminectomy. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a major bioactive component of a traditional Chinese medical agent, Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has shown anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-proliferative properties. The object of this study was to investigate the effect of Sal B on the prevention of epidural fibrosis in laminectomy rats. A controlled double-blinded study was conducted in sixty healthy adult Wistar rats that underwent laminectomy at the L1-L2 levels. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20: (1) Sal B treatment group; (2) Vehicle group; (3) Sham group (laminectomy without treatment). All rats were sacrificed 4 weeks post-operatively. The extent of epidural fibrosis, fibroblast proliferation and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inflammatory factors were analyzed. The recovery of all rats was uneventful. In the laminectomy sites treated with Sal B, the dura mater showed no adhesion. Collagen

Danshensu (DSU) and salvianolic acid B (SAB) are the primary water-soluble compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae). In this study, we analyzed the effects of DSU, SAB and a S. miltiorrhiza extract (SME) on cell proliferation. Additionally, the effects of DSU and SAB on collagen synthesis in Detroit 551 human normal fibroblast cells and on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells were verified. The results demonstrated that SME can enhance the proliferation of Detroit 551 cells and that this boost may be caused by DSU and SAB. This research showed that SME, DSU and SAB all have the ability to increase the production of collagen in Detroit 551 cells. The results also confirmed that DSU and SAB can attenuate the α-MSH-stimulated melanin production of B16 cells by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Therefore, SME, DSU and SAB each have the potential to be utilized as active ingredients in wound healing or cosmetic treatments. In the future, DSU and SAB could also be used as functional components

Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound, is the most abundant bioactive compound extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.

Usnic acid is a dibenzo-furandione which is uniquely found in lichen (Usnea) species, which are distributed worldwide. In vitro usnic acid has antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities, and lichen extracts containing usnic acid have been used in folk medicine externally for wound healing and athletes foot and internally for sore throat, toothache and fever. Usnic acid has also found several commercial uses, largely in perfumery and cosmetic products, but also in medicinal creams. However, usnic acid appears to be toxic when taken orally in high doses and, for instance, can cause ataxia and paralysis in animals grazing on lichen contaminated crops and grains. Usnic acid has been purified and extensively studied in vitro and has been shown to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria, which may account for its broad antimicrobial activity. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by decreasing the efficacy of energy use and causing increased thermogenesis has been ...

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ABSTRACTThe annual variations of wet deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in atmosphere were measured at two sites (A and B) near two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in southern Taiwan. Results showed that particle scavenging dominates in the wet deposition processes for the removal of PCDD/Fs from the atmosphere, the highest value was observed at the highest chlorinated congener. The ambient temperature and the amount of precipitation played an important role in the variation of PCDD/F deposition fluxes. It was found that temperature was inversely associated with the existence of particulate PCDD/Fs, indicating PCDD/Fs are scavenged most efficiently in cold weather. PCDD/F wet deposition fluxes in rainy seasons (from June to August) were significantly higher than those in dry seasons (from December to February), revealing a positive relationship between wet deposition flux and monthly rainfall. Additionally, the annual total (dry + wet) deposition

Results of recent studies showed that 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are equipotent in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) while PeCDF is more potent than TCDD in ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). To elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying these differences in relative potency of PeCDF among avian species, we tested the hypothesis that this is due to species-specific differential binding affinity of PeCDF to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 1 (AHR1). Here, we modified a cell-based binding assay that allowed us to measure the binding affinity of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) to avian AHR1 expressed in COS-7 (fibroblast-like cells). The results of the binding assay show that PeCDF and TCDD bind with equal affinity to chicken AHR1, but PeCDF binds with greater affinity than TCDD to pheasant (3-fold) and Japanese quail (5-fold) AHR1. The current report introduces a COS-7 whole-cell binding ...

In vitro analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PCDF) cellular toxicity in PLC/PRF/5 cell proliferation--the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid, inchin-gorei-san and shou-saiko-to on cell toxicity.

Mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been shown to be useful in the analysis of environmental samples for low (ppt) levels of compounds like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in cases where interfering materials present in the samples made analysis by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) difficult or impossible. While the technique shows promise because of its high selectivity, researchers have reported stability problems with mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry instruments and other questions regarding the reproducibility of analytical results exist. This study was undertaken to develop an MS/MS method for the analysis of PCDD/Fs, determine the stability of an MS/MS instrument over a period of months and to compare analytical results obtained by MS/MS with those obtained by HRMS. The results demonstrated that by following the protocol developed in the study, an MS/MS instrument can generate reproducible analytical results over a period of months and ...

Title: Dronedarone: A Safety Comparison to Amiodarone. VOLUME: 5 ISSUE: 3. Author(s):James R. Clem, Debra K. Farver, Janet R. Fischer and Thomas J. Johnson. Affiliation:South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy, 4801 North Career Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA.. Keywords:Dronedarone, SR 33589, amiodarone, atrial fibrillation, safety. Abstract: Dronedarone is an oral Class III antiarrhythmic agent which was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in nonpermanent atrial fibrillation. Structurally similar to amiodarone, dronedarone is a benzofuran derivative but it lacks the iodine moiety attached to amiodarone. Based upon the investigational clinical trials to date, it appears that dronedarone has an established efficacy when compared to placebo along with exhibiting a minimal adverse effect profile. The efficacy of dronedarone will need to be further evaluated in comparison trials with established antiarrhythmics for atrial fibrillation. The adverse profile of ...

Dronedarone is a novel synthetic noniodinated benzofuran derivative that has been developed to eliminate the adverse effects of the most effective and commonly used antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone. Dronedarones electrophysiological spectrum is largely similar to that of multichannel inhibitor//multitarget amiodarone. Some prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trials (DAFNE, EURIDIS/ADONIS, ERATO, ATHENA) have already suggested safety (low proarrhythmic potential, and lack of organ toxicity), sinus rhythm maintaining and/or ventricular rate controlling efficacy of dronedarone (800 mg/day). Opposing these, ANDROMEDA and PALLAS trials raised safety concerns for patients with systolic/congestive heart failure (CHF) and severe left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF ≤ 35%; NYHA III-IV) by doubling the cardiovascular mortality. Dronedarone could be useful second- or third-line agent for some of low-risk symptomatic intermittent (paroxysmal/persistent) AF patients who require rhythm control. ...

NTP MEAN BODY WEIGHTS AND SURVIVAL TABLE REPORT: EISRPT41 LAB: Battelle Columbus TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR EVALUATION(PECDF) DATE: 07/14/03 EXPERIMENT: 96007 TEST: 05 TIME: 14:21:29 CAGES FROM 0000 TO LAST CAGE PAGE: 1 TEST TYPE: CHRONIC ROUTE: GAVAGE NTP: C96007F ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REASONS FOR REMOVAL: ALL REMOVAL DATE RANGE: ALL TREATMENT GROUPS: INCLUDE ALL NTP MEAN BODY WEIGHTS AND SURVIVAL TABLE REPORT: EISRPT41 LAB: BATTELLE COLUMBUS TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR EVALUATION(PECDF) DATE: 07/14/03 EXPERIMENT: 96007 TEST: 05 TIME: 14:35:48 SPECIES: RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY TEST TYPE: TWO YEAR ROUTE: ORAL GAVAGE NTP: 96007F CONT: NO1-ES-75411 CAS: 57117-31-4 MEAN BODY WEIGHTS AND SURVIVAL OF FEMALE RATS IN THE TWO YEAR ORAL GAVAGE STUDY OF TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR EVALUATION(PECDF) ...

Other data set: Additional PCB congeners are reported under data file name PCBPOL_F. Among these PCB congeners PCB 105, 114, 118, 156, 157, 167 and 189 has a toxic equivalence factor (TEF) and may be used with this data set for calculating a total TCDD equivalence.. Subsample Weights. PCDDs, PCDFs, and cPCBs were measured in a one-third subsample of participants 12 years and older. Special sample weights are required to analyze these data properly. Specific sample weights for this subsample are included in this data file and should be used when analyzing these data.. Samples were pooled in groups of 8 samples per pool within 40 demographic groups. The analysis of NHANES 2009-2010 pooled-sample data must be conducted with the basic demographic variables provided in this data file. This pooled-sample data file cannot be linked to other NHANES 2009-2010 data. Because each sample person does not have an equal probability of selection, sample weighting is needed to produce correct population ...

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The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) has prepared this memo in response to your January 28, 2003, request for guidance on dioxin, as well as to identify a consistent approach for agencies and programs to assess the carcinogenic health risks from exposure to dioxin-like compounds. Guidance for assessing the noncancer health risks is still under development and will not be addressed in this memo. Because of the uncertainties associated with the toxicities of dioxin mixtures, MDH uses a conservative approach to evaluate potential risks. As more data become available, MDH re-evaluates and revises its risk assessment methods and procedures, as appropriate. Dioxin-like Compounds. The term dioxins is used to refer to a family of complex but related chlorinated compounds with similar chemical structures and biological activity. The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) include 75 individual compounds, the polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) include 135 individual compounds, and the ...

Provides information to potential participants on the following clinical trial: Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of Brutons Tyrosine Kinase (Btk) Inhibitor PCI-32765 in Recurrent B Cell Lymphoma

Usnic acid, a lichen secondary metabolite inhibits Group A Streptococcus biofilms.: Group A Streptococci (GAS) are involved in a number of life threatening dise

Breast cancer is the most common cancer types among women. Recent researches have focused on determining the efficiency of alternative molecules and miRNAs in breast cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of usnic acid response-miR-185-5p on proliferation in the breast cancer cell and to determine its relationship with apoptosis pathway. The cell proliferation and cell apoptosis rate were significantly increased following the ectopic expression of miR-185-5p in BT-474 cells. Furthermore, the results of cell cycle assay performed by flow cytometry revealed that the transfection with miR-185-5p induced G1/S phase arrest. The apoptosis-related genes expression analysis was performed by qRT-PCR and the direct target of miR-185-5p in BT-474 cells was identified by western blot and luciferase reporter assay. Our data showed that miR-185-5p can cause significant changes in apoptosis-related genes expression levels, suggesting that cell proliferation was suppressed by miR-185-5p via

(7-acetyloxy-1,3-dioxo-2-benzofuran-4-yl) acetate 124511-82-6 safety info, (7-acetyloxy-1,3-dioxo-2-benzofuran-4-yl) acetate chemical safety search, Chemical (7-acetyloxy-1,3-dioxo-2-benzofuran-4-yl) acetate safety technical specifications ect.

N-[3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9-xanthene]-5-yl]-2-iodoacetamide 136538-85-7 Precursor and Downstream products, N-[3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9-xanthene]-5-yl]-2-iodoacetamide Precursor products, N-[3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9-xanthene]-5-yl]-2-iodoacetamide Downstream products ect.

NTP Experiment-Test: 96007-05 NEOPLASMS BY INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL Report: PEIRPT04 Study Type: CHRONIC TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR EVALUATION(PECDF) Date: 07/14/03 Route: GAVAGE Time: 14:46:46 31 WEEK SSAC RATS Facility: Battelle Columbus Laboratory Chemical CAS #: 57117-31-4 Lock Date: 07/25/02 Cage Range: All Reasons For Removal: 25017 Scheduled Sacrifice Removal Date Range: 11/03/99 - 11/04/99 Treatment Groups: Include All Note: Animals arranged according to CID number Page 1 NTP Experiment-Test: 96007-05 NEOPLASMS BY INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL Report: PEIRPT04 Study Type: CHRONIC TOXIC EQUIVALENCY FACTOR EVALUATION(PECDF) Date: 07/14/03 Route: GAVAGE Time: 14:46:46 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, , , DAY ON TEST , 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, , , , 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, , , ...

High levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in edible fish in the Baltic Sea have raised health concerns in the Baltic region and the rest of Europe. Thus, there are urgent needs to characterize sources in order to formulate effective mitigation strategies. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of past and present sources of PCDD/Fs in the Baltic Sea environment by exploring chemical fingerprints in sediments, air, and biota. The spatial and temporal patterns of PCDD/F distributions in the Baltic Sea during the 20th century were studied in Swedish coastal and offshore sediment cores. The results showed that PCDD/F levels peaked in 1975 (± 7 years) in coastal and 1991 (± 5 years) in offshore areas. The time trends of PCDD/Fs in the sediment cores also showed that environmental half-lives of these pollutants have been shorter in coastal than in offshore areas (15 ± 5 and 29 ± 14 years, respectively). Consequently, ...

Title:Novel Benzo[B]Furans with Anti-Microtubule Activity Upregulate Expression of Apoptotic Genes and Arrest Leukemia Cells in G2/M Phase. VOLUME: 19 ISSUE: 3. Author(s):Karolina Królewska-Golińska, Marcin J. Cieślak*, Milena Sobczak, Rafał Dolot, Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura, Mariola Napiórkowska, Iwona Wybrańska and Barbara Nawrot. Affiliation:Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Str., 90-363 Lodz, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Str., 90-363 Lodz, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Str., 90-363 Lodz, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Str., 90-363 Lodz, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112 Sienkiewicza Str., 90-363 Lodz, Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 3 Oczki Str., 02-007 Warsaw, ...

Salvianolic acid B inhibits growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivovia cyclooxygenase-2 and apoptotic pathways. International Journal of Cancer. Vol.124, No.9 (1 May 2009): 2200-2209. Yubin Hao, Tianpei Xie, Alexandru Korotcov, Yanfei Zhou, Xiaowu Pang, Liang Shan, Hongguang Ji, Rajagopalan Sridhar, Paul Wang, Joseph Califano, Xinbin Gu.. ...

Salvianolic acid B inhibits growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivovia cyclooxygenase-2 and apoptotic pathways. International Journal of Cancer. Vol.124, No.9 (1 May 2009): 2200-2209. Yubin Hao, Tianpei Xie, Alexandru Korotcov, Yanfei Zhou, Xiaowu Pang, Liang Shan, Hongguang Ji, Rajagopalan Sridhar, Paul Wang, Joseph Califano, Xinbin Gu.. ...

The main air pollutants in the sintering process of iron ore are polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and harmful dust. Ore sintering on sinter strands is one of the first technology steps in the ironworks. It is a process in which iron ore is crushed, subjected to annealing and mixed with appropriate additives, and then sintered in order to produce sinter which is the main component of iron in the blast furnace process. PCDD/Fs emissions were measured and the addition of ammonium sulfate as an inhibitor of the synthesis of dioxins in the sintering process of iron ore was studied ...

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This medicine reminder is a simple smartphone app, cleocin bv dose and one that can help manage numerous peoples medications thanks to multiple profiles. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals! In fact, cleocin cost there are many conditions that either can cause pulmonary fibrosis or are associated with it? Apraclonidine: (Minor) Alpha blockers as a class may reduce heart rate and blood pressure. Furthermore, breast-high fosamax canada the term aryl includes multicyclic aryl groups, eg, tricyclic, bicyclic, eg, naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline, isoquinoline, napthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, or indolizine. Patients who take take blood thinning medication (Coumadin, Heparin, Plavix, Ticlid, Fragmin, Orgaran, Lovenox, Innohep, high-dose aspirin) may need to stop taking it several days ...

Yusho Disease is a condition caused by poisoning with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). This primarily refers to a specific mass poisoning with PCBs and PCDFs in rice bran oil, which occurred in northern Kyushu, Japan, in 1968. About 14,000 people who had consumed the contaminated rice oil in Japan were affected. Common symptoms included some abnormalities on the skin and eye tissues, irregular menstrual cycles and a lowered immune system. Other symptoms included fatigue, headache, cough, and unusual skin sores. Additionally, in children, there were reports of poor cognitive development.. An almost identical case occurred in Taiwan a decade later in 1979, known as Yu-cheng disease.. ...

Prucalopride is an orally active enterokinetic compound that has been launched as a therapy for laxative-resistant chronic constipation. Prucalopride acts

Single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 33 healthy volunteers with 2 sessions. Each session consisted of a run-in day for baseline assessments, 8 treatment days and 5 additional days for followup assessments. Subjects were randomised to start with either the prucalopride or placebo session. The prucalopride dose was consecutively escalated in 2 mg steps per day, starting from 2 mg up to 10 mg once daily If a subject did not tolerate the 10- or 8-mg dose, 1 step back in the dosage scheme was allowed, from 10 to 8 mg on Day 6, or from 8 to 6 mg on Day 5. Subjects with intolerance for doses of less than 6 mg, were withdrawn from the study. Repeated dosing (6, 8 or 10 mg) was continued once daily until Day 8, to achieve steady-state. During placebo, the number of placebo tablets was consecutively escalated in an identical way as described for prucalopride. Between the 2 sessions, there was a washout period of 14 to 21 days, to avoid any carry-over effect ...

Single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 33 healthy volunteers with 2 sessions. Each session consisted of a run-in day for baseline assessments, 8 treatment days and 5 additional days for followup assessments. Subjects were randomised to start with either the prucalopride or placebo session. The prucalopride dose was consecutively escalated in 2 mg steps per day, starting from 2 mg up to 10 mg once daily If a subject did not tolerate the 10- or 8-mg dose, 1 step back in the dosage scheme was allowed, from 10 to 8 mg on Day 6, or from 8 to 6 mg on Day 5. Subjects with intolerance for doses of less than 6 mg, were withdrawn from the study. Repeated dosing (6, 8 or 10 mg) was continued once daily until Day 8, to achieve steady-state. During placebo, the number of placebo tablets was consecutively escalated in an identical way as described for prucalopride. Between the 2 sessions, there was a washout period of 14 to 21 days, to avoid any carry-over effect ...

Kombucha contains multiple species of yeast and bacteria, along with the amino acids, enzymes, organic acids and polyphenols they produce.. It is also rich in B-complex vitamins and vitamin C (about 750mg per 500ml - the exact quantities vary between samples.). The chance of contamination by airborne moulds or bacterial spores is very low because of the mild alcoholic element (less than 0.5%) and its acidity; acetic acid, ethanol, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glycerol, lactic acid and usnic acid. Usnic acid possesses a wide range of intersecting biological properties.. It has been shown to have potent antibiotic effective against harmful bacteria, such as E. Coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Pneumococcus ...

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2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-benzofuran-6-amine | C15H11N3O | CID 13573186 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

Benzofuran-4-carbonitrile | C9H5NO | CID 13307980 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

3H-Spiro[1-benzofuran-2,4-piperidine]/ACM71916739 can be provided in Alfa Chemistry. We are dedicated to provide our customers the best products and services.

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Previous investigations suggest that DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a promising multifaceted drug for the treatment of stroke. It is not clear whether NBP can treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) and what could be the mechanisms of therapeutic benefits. To address these issues, TBI was induced by a controlled cortical impact in adult male mice. NBP (100 mg/kg) or saline was intraperitoneally administered within 5 min after TBI. One day after TBI, apoptotic events including caspase-3/9 activation, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation into the nucleus in the pericontusion region were attenuated in NBP-treated mice compared to TBI-saline controls. In the assessment of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) pathway, NBP ameliorated the p65 expression and the p-IκB-α/IκB-α ratio, indicating reduced NF-κB activation. Consistently, NBP reduced the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor ...

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Italy and #OperationGreenRights are still working on the data, about the chemical agents, contained in the dumps of Ilvas and Riva Groups database (www.ilvataranto.com & www.rivagroup.com). The chemical agents tables, sometimes, are not easy to read, sometimes is not possible to understand which is the real grade of production, of these materials, but is sure that some values are not crossable. Another certain is that these limits are applied by the law. The factories, which produce chemical agents over the limits set by the law, make this work dangerous for all the people who works in these places and for who lives in these cities. The limits are decided by the law, so are not changeable by the owners of these factories. One of the most dangerous chemical agent produced is furan (C4H4O). The furan is an organic persistent enviromental pollutant which naturally becames benzofuran polychlorinated, whom is associated to dioxins. Also normally, the furan is highly volatile close to room ...

You may also wish to search for items by Trinajstic. 11 matching references were found. Dewar, M.J.S.; Harget, A.J.; Trinajstic, N.; Worley, S.D., Ground states of conjugated molecules-XXI.Benzofurans and benzopyrroles, Tetrahedron, 1970, 26, 4505. [all data] Klasinc, L.; Trinajstic, N.; Knop, J.V., Application of photoelectron spectroscopy to biologically active molecules and their constituent parts. VIII. Thalidomide, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 1980, 7, 403. [all data] Galasso, V.; Klasinc, L.; Sabluic, A.; Trinajstic, N.; Pappalardo, G.C.; Steglich, W., Conformation and photoelectron spectra of 2-(2-Furyl)pyrrole and 2-(2-tThienyl)pyrrole, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1981, 127. [all data] Lucic, B.; Nikolic, S.; Trinajstic, N.; Juric, A.; Mihalic, Z., A structure-property study of the solubility of aliphatic alcohols in water, Croat. Chem. Acta, 1995, 68, 417-34. [all data] Randic, M.; Plavsic, D.; Trinajstic, N., Aromaticity in polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbon dianions, THEOCHEM, 1989, 54, ...

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are compounds that are highly toxic environmental persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They are mostly by-products of various industrial processes - or, in case of dioxin-like PCBs and PBBs, part of intentionally produced mixtures. They include: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins. PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin. There are 75 PCDD congeners, differing in the number and location of chlorine atoms, and seven of them are especially toxic, the most dangerous being 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), or furans. PCDFs are derivatives of dibenzofuran. There are 135 isomers, ten have dioxin-like properties. Polychlorinated/polybrominated biphenyls (PCBs/PBBs), derived from biphenyl, of which twelve are dioxin-like. Under certain conditions PCBs may form dibenzofurans/dioxins through partial oxidation. Finally, dioxin may refer to 1,4-Dioxin proper, the basic chemical unit of the ...

Dive into the research topics of Development of toxic equivalency factors for PCB congeners and the assessment of TCDD and PCB mixtures in rainbow trout. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

Since 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) carried out global surveys on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk. This study presents a review of the three most recent surveys from 2000 to 2010, including DDT. The objective was to identify global quantitative differences and provide baseline information for 52 countries or provide time-trends for countries with previous data. Individual human milk samples were collected following a WHO-designed procedure and combined to form a national pooled sample. Here, we report global levels for PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and the sum of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDD (ΣDDTs). A concise risk-benefit evaluation related to human milk contamination with these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was also done. Large global and regional differences were observed. Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs were highest in India and some European and ...

POLYCHLORINATED NAPHTHALENE (PCN) AND DIBENZOFURAN (PCDF) CONGENER PATTERNS FROM PHENOL PRECURSORS IN THERMAL PROCESS: [II] EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM DICHLOROPHENOLS (DCPs) - Municipal waste incinerator;Thermal process;Combustion;Polychlorinated Naphthalenes;Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans;Chlorophenol;

Dioxins refers to a group of persistent chlorinated chemical compounds that have similar chemical structures and properties, and have similar biological characteristics, including toxicity. Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) has conducted an analytical survey of dioxins in a range of food sampled in Australia with the purpose of assessing the level of risk to human health associated with the dietary exposure of the Australian population to dioxins. The overall conclusion of this report is that, on the basis of the available data, taking into account all the inherent uncertainties and limitations, the public health and safety risk for all Australians from exposure to dioxins from foods is very low.. Dioxins includes the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs or dioxins), the closely related polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs or furans) and polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs, or PCBs). These compounds can accumulate in the body fat of animals and humans and have a tendency ...

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW), particularly the role of incineration, is currently a subject of public debate. Incineration shows to be a good alternative of reducing the volume of waste and eliminating certain infectious components. Moreover, Municipal Waste Incinerators (MWI), are reported to be highly hygienic and apart from that MWIs are immediately effective in terms of transport (incinerators can be built close to the waste sources) and incinerations nature. Nevertheless, the emissions of many hazardous substances make the Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) plants to be unpopular. Metals (especially lead, manganese, cadmium, chromium and mercury) are concentrated in fly and bottom ashes. Furthermore, incomplete combustion produces a wide variety of potentially hazardous organic compounds, such as aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlorinated hydrocarbons including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), and even acid gases, ...

0069]Particularly preferred compounds according to formula (I) include: [0070]N-[1-cyano-1-(5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)ethyl]-4-[(trif- luoromethyl)thio]benzamide, [0071]N-{(1R*)-1-cyano-1-[(2R*)-5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]eth- yl}-4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]benzamide, [0072]N-{(1R)-1-cyano-1-[(2R)-5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]ethyl- }-4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]benzamide, [0073]N-{(1S)-1-cyano-1-[(2S)-5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]ethyl- }-4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]benzamide, [0074]N-{(1R*)-1-cyano-1-[(2S*)-5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]eth- yl}-4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]benzamide, [0075]N-{(1R)-1-cyano-1-[(2S)-5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]ethyl- }-4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]benzamide, [0076]N-{(1S)-1-cyano-1-[(2R)-5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]ethyl- }-4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]benzamide, [0077]N-[1-cyano-1-(5-cyano-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)ethyl]-4-(trifl- uoromethoxy)benzamide, ...

Hormonal therapy resistance remains a considerable barrier in the treatment of breast cancer. Activation of the Akt-PI3K-mTOR pathway plays an important role in hormonal therapy resistance. Our recent preclinical and clinical studies showed that the addition of a histone deacetylase inhibitor re-sensitized hormonal therapy resistant breast cancer to tamoxifen. As histone deacetylases are key regulators of Akt, we evaluated the effect of combined treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor PCI-24781 and tamoxifen on Akt in breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that while both histone deacetylase and estrogen receptor inhibition down regulate AKT mRNA and protein, their concerted effort results in down regulation of AKT activity with induction of cell death. Histone deacetylase inhibition exerts its effect on AKT mRNA through an estrogen receptor-dependent mechanism, primarily down regulating the most abundant isoform AKT1. Although siRNA depletion of AKT modestly induces cell death, when combined with

Mink are known to be very sensitive to the toxic effects of planar polychlorinated biphenyls (pPCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), collectively known as planar halogenated hydrocarbons (PHHs). Previously, we reported the reproductive effects in mink fed a diet containing 10, 20, or 40% fish taken from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. The present study reports the chemical characterization of the diets and the adult mink livers, along with a comparison of an additive model of toxicity with the results of the H4IIE bioassay on these samples. The assessment of dietary or tissue-based exposure of the mink to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds revealed that TCDD equivalents of the PHH mixtures largely followed an additive model of toxicity as compared with the H4IIE bioassay. Consistent dietary and liver tissue-based threshold concentrations for reproductive toxicity in mink were determined regardless of whether PHHs were

We explored the effects of combination of acupuncture and Chinese medicinal herbs in treating model rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to explore whether acupuncture has positive effects on the absorption of salvianolic acid B in the extracts of a Chinese medicine formula when treating the model rats. 60 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into Groups A, B, C, D, E and F, with ten rats in each group. Except Group F, all of the other rats were induced to PCOS with oral administration of letrozole. The rats in Group F served as normal controls. Group A was treated with acupuncture. Group B was treated with oral administration of the extracts of the Chinese medicine formula. Group C was treated with a combination of oral administration of the extracts of Chinese medicine and acupuncture. Group D received western medicine as positive controls. After treatment, the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH) and testosterone (T) in each ...

Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic chemicals that persist in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Their presence in the environment in Europe has declined since the 1970s, following concerted efforts by public authorities and industry.. In the context of EFSAs work, dioxins refers to two groups of compounds: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Dioxins have no technological or other use, but are generated in a number of thermal and industrial processes as unwanted and often unavoidable by-products. In contrast to dioxins, PCBs had widespread use in numerous industrial applications, and were produced in large quantities for several decades with an estimated total world production of 1.2-1.5 million tonnes, until they were banned in most countries by the 1980s.. Dioxins and PCBs are found at low levels in many foods. Longer-term exposure to these substances has been shown to cause a range of adverse effects on the nervous, immune ...

Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic chemicals that persist in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Their presence in the environment in Europe has declined since the 1970s, following concerted efforts by public authorities and industry.. In the context of EFSAs work, dioxins refers to two groups of compounds: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Dioxins have no technological or other use, but are generated in a number of thermal and industrial processes as unwanted and often unavoidable by-products. In contrast to dioxins, PCBs had widespread use in numerous industrial applications, and were produced in large quantities for several decades with an estimated total world production of 1.2-1.5 million tonnes, until they were banned in most countries by the 1980s.. Dioxins and PCBs are found at low levels in many foods. Longer-term exposure to these substances has been shown to cause a range of adverse effects on the nervous, immune ...

High quality reference standard solutions for use in environmental/analytical testing and toxicological research. Wellington Laboratories offers an extensive inventory of individual certified reference standards and solution mixtures of native and mass-labelled halogenated organic compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, halogenated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds. Wellington Laboratories also offer a variety of calibration sets and support solutions designed to be used for common regulatory methods or modified in-house methods

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply dioxin) with the chemical formula C 12H 4Cl 4O 2. TCDD is a colorless solid with no distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as a side product in organic synthesis and burning of organic materials. TCDD is the most potent compound (congener) of its series (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, known as PCDDs or simply dioxins) and became known as a contaminant in Agent Orange, a herbicide used in the Vietnam War. TCDD was released into the environment in the Seveso disaster. It is a persistent environmental contaminant usually present in a complex mixture of dioxin-like compounds, and is a carcinogen. The Expert Group of the World Health Organization considered developmental toxicity as the most pertinent risk of dioxins to human beings. Because people are usually exposed simultaneously to a number of dioxin-like chemicals, a more detailed ...

Purpose: Few studies have investigated the relationship between risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and residential proximity to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emitted from industrial combustion and manufacturing sources. Methods: We evaluated this relationship among participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, a prospective cohort (N = 548,845) in 6 states and 2 cities in the U.S. We linked geocoded enrollment addresses (1995-1996) with a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency database of 4,478 historical PCDD/F sources, which contained toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ) emissions estimates from 1995. Exposure metrics indicated presence/absence of any facility within 3 and 5km of participant homes, overall and by type of facility (e.g., coal-fired power plants, waste incinerators), which vary in emissions levels and constituency. We also calculated exposure as a distance- and toxicity-weighted average emissions index (AEI [g TEQ]). We used Cox regression to ...

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Furthermore, the term aryl includes multicyclic aryl groups, eg, tricyclic, bicyclic, eg, naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxophenyl, quinoline, isoquinoline, naphthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, or indolizine! It can take up to six weeks for shingles pain to go away completely? Attorney John Durham assembled an investigative team of experienced professionals to recommend to the Attorney General whether a full investigation was warranted into whether the law was violated in connection with the interrogation of certain detainees Following a two year investigation, on June 30, 2011, the Justice Department announced that it was opening a full criminal investigation into the deaths of two individuals in CIA custody overseas, and that it had concluded that further investigation into the other cases examined in the preliminary investigation was not warranted? Sancycline (2A) is treated with NaNO 2 ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A method performance evaluation and lessons learned after analyzing more than 5,000 human adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk samples for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). AU - Patterson, D. G.. AU - Turner, W. E.. AU - Isaacs, S. G.. AU - Alexander, L. R.. PY - 1990. Y1 - 1990. N2 - Over the past 5 years, the Centers for Disease Control had analyzed more than 5,000 adipose tissue and serum samples for PCDDs and PCDFs. These samples have been collected under strict protocols for large-scale studies including: 1) The Agent Orange Vietnam Veteran Validation Study; 2) The Missouri Adipose Tissue Study; 3) The Air Force Ranch Hand Study; 4) The NIOSH Worker Study; as well as several smaller studies. Because of our extensive quality assurance program over the years, we have been able to identify several major areas of potential analytical contamination that should be avoided by laboratories performing analyses of biological samples. We also ...

Phthalides by rhodium-catalyzed ketone hydroacylation.: Phthalides are biologically relevant five-membered lactones found in herbs, fruits, and vegetables. Here

Article Congener-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl in human blood from Japanese. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) of whole blood sam...

Fulminant Liver Failure Due to Usnic Acid for Weight Loss. Durazo, Francisco A.; Lassman, Charles; Han, Steven H.B.; Saab, Sammy; Lee, Nancy P.; Kawano, Marvin; Saggi, Bob; Gordon, Sherilyn; Farmer, Douglas G.; Yersiz, Hasan; Goldstein, R. Leonard I.; Ghobrial, Mark; Busuttil, Ronald W. // American Journal of Gastroenterology;May2004, Vol. 99 Issue 5, p950 The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in developed countries has increased significantly over the years. Among the most popular are the weight loss supplements or“fat burners.†Liver failure due to these popular remedies has been widely recognized. Usnic acid has... ...

Histamine H3 receptor antagonists are being developed to treat a variety of neurological and cognitive disorders that may be ameliorated by enhancement of central neurotransmitter release. Here, we present the in vitro pharmacological and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles for the nonimidazole, benzofuran ligand ABT-239 [4-(2-{2-[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidinyl]ethyl}-benzofuran-5-yl)benzonitrile] and compare it with several previously described imidazole and nonimidazole H3 receptor antagonists. ABT-239 binds to recombinant human and rat H3 receptors with high affinity, with pKi values of 9.4 and 8.9, respectively, and is over 1000-fold selective versus human H1, H2, and H4 histamine receptors. ABT-239 is a potent H3 receptor antagonist at recombinant human and rat receptors, reversing agonist-induced changes in cAMP formation (pKb = 7.9 and 7.6, respectively), guanosine 5′-O-(3-[35S]thio) triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding (pKb = 9.0 and 8.3, respectively), and calcium mobilization (human pKb = ...

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Ethiopian True Blue is a lighter roast that has a fruity aroma, an earthy start with both a blueberry finish (more like blueberry pie as espresso). This natural processed coffee has a bright acidity level. Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee and grows in the forests of the Kaffa region. 12 ounce bag. Lighter roast. Whole beans. ...

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) induce the expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc which has a role in cellular growth and proliferation programs. The c-myc up-regulates the telomerase reverse transcriptase which adds the telomeres repeating sequences to the chromosomal ends to compensate for the progressive loss of telomeric sequence. We performed multivariate linear regression to analyze the association of PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in the adult population (n = 2413) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. LTL was natural log-transformed and the results were re-transformed and presented as percent differences. Individuals in the 3rd and 4th quartiles of the sum of PCBs were associated with 8.33% (95% CI: 4.08-13.88) and 11.63% (95% CI: 6.18-17.35) longer LTLs, respectively, compared with the lowest quartile, with evidence of a dose-response relationship (p-trend < 0.01). The ...

It only seems logical to see how existing municipal waste incinerators are doing. After all, the past is the best prediction of the future. In the last few weeks alone, 3 incinerators have made headlines. Harrisburg, PAs incinerator is about to go into receivership because the city can no longer pay for it; Hudson Falls, NY is trying to sell their incinerator; and most troubling, Spokane, WAs incinerator violated air pollution limits for mercury in June. Why did it take until September for the violation to surface? Apparently, the permit for Spokanes incinerator only requires continuous monitoring for three pollutants. Nine other pollutants, including mercury, are only tested for annually. Much like the proposed Frederick incinerator, the Spokane incinerator purports to have state of the art pollution controls. Officials think that there was something that was going through the system that was high in mercury. That is precisely the problem when permits only require an annual snapshot of ...

Figure 6: Hypothetical diagrams of the effect of Bakumondo-to. (a) After ligation of dioxins to the AhR, the receptor translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus, binds to DRE, and activates transcription of CYP1A1, mucin and other genes in bronchiolar Clara cells. Excess mucin production from Clara cells by dioxins is supposed to be responsible at least in part for respiratory symptoms of Yusho patients. (b) Active ingredients in Bakumondo-to would block activation of the AhR by competitive interference with the interaction between dioxins and the AhR, and inhibit transcription of mucin in Clara cells, leading to improvement of respiratory symptoms of Yusho patients ...

The report contains a validated database of pollutant emission factors applicable to the disposal of energetic-containing materials through open-air burning in burn pans and unconfined detonation processes (OB/OD). The emission factors in the database were compiled using data from studies, which measured the quantities of particles, semivolatile organic compounds, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, toxic metals, volatile organic compounds, and inorganic gases released when 0.22 kg of energetic materials were detonated and 2.2 kg of these materials were burned in 930 cu/m chambers called BangBoxes. The actions taken in validating and databases are also described. Summary statistics were calculated and compared to the results from smaller (0.02 kg) and larger (250-3,200 kg) scale detonations and burns of energetic materials ...

As the measurements of PCDD/PCDFs are complex, there is no reliable estimation of emissions in most of low- and middle-income countries. In order to help countries identify sources of emissions and to estimate release of PCDD/PCDFs, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has established a Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) [21, 22]. The main objective of the Toolkit is to estimate the PCDD/PCDFs emissions from existing sources to the air, water, land, residue, and other products [22]. Therefore, emissions of PCDD/PCDFs were estimated by the methods proposed by the UNEP Toolkit, which consists of five-steps [21-23]. They are 1) the use of screening matrix to identify the major source categories of PCDD/PCDFs, 2) controlling subcategories to determine present activities and sources in the country, 3) collection of detailed information on the processes and classifying processes into similar ...

Darifenacin is a medication that can be prescribed to treat symptoms of an overactive bladder. This eMedTV resource explains how the medication works, offers dosing guidelines and tips for darifenacin, and describes its effects.

Demand for the development of non\antibiotic growth promoters in animal production has increased in recent years. separation of the feeding organizations (CON, LAC, PRO and SYN), showing different microbial compositions relating to different feed additives or their combination. These results suggest that individual materials and their combination have unique actions and independent mechanisms for changes in the distal gut microbiota. Intro In the animal industry, much\improved farming systems and Salvianolic acid A IC50 cost\effective techniques for the production of pathogen\free high\quality meat are important goals of current study (Lalls NCIMB 11181 (Pajarillo NCIMB 11181 within the microbial diversity of weaned piglets and to compare the unexplored synergistic effect against the individual effects of the prebiotic and probiotic within the structure and composition of faecal microbiota, using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Results DNA sequence data and quality control Seventy\nine ...

Demand for the development of non\antibiotic growth promoters in animal production has increased in recent years. separation of the feeding organizations (CON, LAC, PRO and SYN), showing different microbial compositions relating to different feed additives or their combination. These results suggest that individual materials and their combination have unique actions and independent mechanisms for changes in the distal gut microbiota. Intro In the animal industry, much\improved farming systems and Salvianolic acid A IC50 cost\effective techniques for the production of pathogen\free high\quality meat are important goals of current study (Lalls NCIMB 11181 (Pajarillo NCIMB 11181 within the microbial diversity of weaned piglets and to compare the unexplored synergistic effect against the individual effects of the prebiotic and probiotic within the structure and composition of faecal microbiota, using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Results DNA sequence data and quality control Seventy\nine ...

INTRODUCTION: Given prior safety experience with other 5-HT4 agonists for chronic constipation, an observational, population-based cohort study in five data sources from Germany, Sweden, and the UK was conducted to evaluate the cardiovascular safety of prucalopride.

The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. prucalopride ligand page. Quantitative data and detailed annnotation of the targets of licensed and experimental drugs.

PubMed journal article: IRFI 042, a novel dual vitamin E-like antioxidant, inhibits activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and reduces the inflammatory response in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android

Article The physical, chemical and microbial characteristics of biodegradable municipal waste derived composts. A comparative study of the physical, chemical and microbial properties of 12 composts sourced from United Kingdom commercial composting pl...

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Dioxins and PCBs can be carcinogenic at minimal here levels of exposure eventually. These substances are determined and measured in a single of two classes, dioxin-like PCBs and full PCBs. Even though the U.S. FDA has not established a limit for PCBs in supplements, the worldwide Business for EPA and DHA (GOED) has founded a guideline making it possible for for no more than three picograms of dioxin-like PCBs for each gram of fish oil ...

Thallus: fruticose, shrubby, quite stiff, up to 7(-15) cm long branching: moderately branched from a narrow holdfast branches: solid, plane, ciliate cilia: black, marginal, often branching, sometimes simple but may be squarrose or furcate, up to 3(-5) mm wide surface: greenish gray to greenish yellow, smooth, shiny, without soredia pseudocyphellae: ellipsoid to short linear, flat or +depressed cortex: thin; chondroid strands: continuous, smooth, never forming bundles of hyphae Apothecia: common, mostly laminal, up to 6 mm in diam. disc: concave, with bluish white pruina; margin: cartilaginous, entire, often with black pigmentation forming a black lip around the disc, usually with conspicuous pseudocyphellae asci: elongate-clavate, 8-spored ascospores: hyaline, 1-septate, narrowly fusiform, 15-17 x 3-3.5 µm Pycnidia: not observed Spot tests: cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K-, C-, KC- P- Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid (major); medulla: none detected. Substrate and ecology: ...

Gerard B. Fox, Timothy A. Esbenshade, Jia Bao Pan, Richard J. Radek, Kathleen M. Krueger, Betty B. Yao, Kaitlin E. Browman, Michael J. Buckley, Michael E. Ballard, Victoria A. Komater, Holly Miner, Min Zhang, Ramin Faghih, Lynne E. Rueter, R. Scott Bitner, Karla U. Drescher, Jill Wetter, Kennan Marsh, Martine Lemaire, Roger D. Porsolt, Youssef L. Bennani, James P. Sullivan, Marlon D. Cowart, Michael W. Decker and Arthur A. Hancock ...