Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba that is known to cause the deadly but rare neurological condition known as Granulomatous amoebic...

A frame from the grouped movie of a Balamuthia mandrillaris ameba within a culture of monkey kidney cells. Accompanying photographs are enlargements o...

A single frame from the movie (CIL:20154) that shows a large rounded monkey kidney cell being penetrated by a pseudopodium followed by the whole Balam...

Sewell DL, Golper TA, et al. Stability of single and combination antimicrobial agents in various peritoneal dialysates in the presence of insulin and heparin. Am J Kidney Dis 1983; 3:209-12.. ...

Authors: MURAT CENGİZ, GÜLÇE HEPBOSTANCI Abstract: In this study, combination antimicrobial therapy, due to its higher potential against resistant bacteria, was evaluated for the inhibition of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains. The influence of pH as an environmental variable on the activity of antimicrobial combinations was evaluated by calculating the factional concentration indexes at pH values 5.0, 6.0, 7.3, and 8.0. The highest synergistic activity rates of ceftriaxone + colistin, danofloxacin + colistin, danofloxacin + ceftiofur, and ceftiofur + gentamicin combinations were 50%, 33%, 100%, and 50%, respectively measured at ≥7.3 pH. The lowest synergistic activity rates for all combinations were observed at the acidic pH values of 5.0 and 6.0. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that acidic pH of the medium impaired the activity of the antimicrobial combinations. Although ceftriaxone and ceftiofur exert optimal activity at acidic pH values, the synergistic activity of the ...

Long-term HIV infection is linked to an increased risk of heart disease in men, a new study of Johns Hopkins researchers finds. Study participants who had more

Case histories are presented of 2 individuals (a 5-year-old girl and 64-year-old man) who developed encephalitis caused by the free-living amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris Both individuals survived after diagnosis and initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy. Immunostaining for Balamuthia-specific antibody levels identified the causative agent of the infections. Antimicrobial therapy with flucytosine, pentamidine, fluconazole, sulfadiazine, and a macrolide antibiotic (azithromycin or clarithromycin) was initiated. Phenothiazines (thioridazine and trifluoperazine) were also used. Both patients recovered, and there was no evidence of recrudescence of the disease at 2 and 6 years after onset of symptoms. Awareness of Balamuthia as the causative agent of encephalitis and early initiation of antimicrobial therapy were critical to the recovery of both patients. Although optimal antimicrobial therapy for Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis has yet to be determined, the antimicrobials used in these 2 ...

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a gastric bacterial pathogen of humans; infection is the cause of type B gastritis and is also strongly associated with gastric carcinoma (intestinal type) and gastric MALT lymphoma. Combination antimicrobial therapy (triple therapy with a bismuth salt, metranidazole and a broad spectrum antibiotic) is successful in 80% of Hp-infected symptomatic patients; treatment failures are expressed as recrudescence of infection and clinical signs and are associated with development of antibiotic-resistant microbes and poor patient compliance. In a previous SBIR, we have demonstrated that parenteral immunization with an Hp proteolytic digest prevents colonization in Hp-challenged gnotobiotic swine. Preliminary data suggest that activated T cells and their products, in particular, interferon gamma (IFNg), are central for this immunoprotective effect. An ideal approach to the problem of recrudescence treatment failure is to combine antimicrobial ...

Buy Zomax Online! Zomax is used for treating mild to moderate infections caused by certain bacteria. It may also be used alone or with other medicines to treat or prevent certain infections in persons with advanced HIV infection.

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Alternating treatment with didanosine and zidovudine versus either drug alone for the treatment of advanced HIV infection: The ALTER study ...

The genus Sappinia with the single species Sappinia pedata was established for an amoeba with two nuclei and pedicellate cysts by Dangeard in 1896. In 1912, Alexeieff transferred an also double nucleated, but apparently sexually reproducing amoeba to this genus as Sappinia diploidea that had been described as Amoeba diploidea by Hartmann and Nägler in 1908. Molecular analyses have confirmed the differentiation between S. pedata and S. diploidea; however, the genus splits into more than two well separated clusters. The genus Sappinia is now classified as a member of the Thecamoebidae and, moreover, as potentially pathogenic. Subacute or chronic CNS infections due to Acanthamoeba spp, Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Sappinia spp., which occasionally cause cerebral abscess, are termed granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE). In 2001, Gelman and colleagues reported a case of severe encephalitis in an immunocompetent young man caused by Sappinia. Another case of GAE and abscess formation was reported ...

Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people with advanced HIV infection) in Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels) was reported at 63.45 % in 2018, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels) - Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people with advanced HIV infection) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the |a href=https://data.worldbank.org/ target=blank>World Bank|/a> on February of 2020.

Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people with advanced HIV infection) in Saudi Arabia was reported at 60 % in 2016, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Saudi Arabia - Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people with advanced HIV infection) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the |a href=https://data.worldbank.org/ target=blank>World Bank|/a> on February of 2020.

تعالى نفصصهم تاني … المرض الأول اسمه Acanthamoeba keratitis: وده بيعمل التهاب في قرنيه العين وده عامل كانه سدلك العدسة اللى بتصور بيها يعنى ممكن يسبب العمى.. المرض التاني Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis: وده بيعمل التهاب في المخ والحبل الشوكي وده معناه انه ممكن يقتل رئيس دولتك يعنى يموت المخ والحبل الشوكي وده معناه انهيار الدولة كلها يعنى يؤدي للموت. المرض التالت واسمه disseminated infection: وده ذي ما قولنا عامل ذي الغزو بينتشر في كل حتة وبيعمل التهابات في كل حتة.. You can say This means that it is dangerous and can kill me and can attack me at any moment and you told me that this enemy lives everywhere… this is scary.. No, dont worry. It is rare to attack you because it is a weak ...

A species of motile, unicellular eukaryotic amoebae within the family of Acanthamoebidae. A. quina is placed in morphological group II with a 18s rRNA gene sequence type of T4. Members of this group are characterized by the presence of wrinkled ectocysts and endocysts which could be stellate, polygonal, triangular, or oval. This species is a human pathogen and may cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis.

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Amoebic encephalitis is an infection of the brain caused by various different amoebae, for example Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba species, Balamuthia mandrillaris, or Entamoeba histolytica.[5] These infections are rare, and usually lethal.[10] Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic encephalitis (PAE), which progresses very rapidly, whereas Acanthamoeba species cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which is also usually lethal, but develops slower than PAE.[10] Acanthamoeba species and Balamuthia mandrillaris usually only cause disease in immunocompromised patients and Entamoeba histolytica can cause encephalitis after infecting another region in the body.[10] There has been only one documented case of pathogenesis involving Sappinia species, which resulted in granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in a non-immunocompromised 38-year-old male from Texas in 1998.[5] The fact that the patient was non-immunocompromised is surprising because there is only one known amoeba (Naegleria fowleri) ...

A 50-year-old African American man with HIV infection had a CD4+ T-cell count of 18/μL (1%), CD8+ cell count of 1035/μL (69%), and CD4:CD8 ratio of 0.01 at the time of diagnosis. He had multiple erythematosquamous skin lesions over his forehead, face, chest, back, and extremities

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It is well-documented that early HIV diagnosis and linkage to care reduces morbidity and mortality as well as HIV transmission. We estimated the median time from HIV infection to diagnosis in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) at 2.9 years in 2016, with regional variation. Despite evidence of a decline in the number of people living with undiagnosed HIV in the EU/EEA, many remain undiagnosed, including 33% with more advanced HIV infection (CD4 < 350 cells/mm3).

Abstract: The free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are widely distributed in nature and are considered potentially pathogenic organisms. Occasionally they can trigger human infections such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and amoebic keratitis. The investigation of differentiating characteristics between pathogenic strains and those not associated with infection may help to determine factors related to pathogenicity and the development of diagnostic tests. In this sense, the aim of this study was to perform a comparative evaluation; by means of physiological, morphological and immunochemical criteria; between clinical and environmental samples of Acanthamoeba. Trophozoites of four isolates were used: a clinical sample, obtained from a confirmed case of amoebic keratitis; an environmental sample, obtained from the dust of the residence of the same patient; and two reference samples A. poliphaga #2, obtained from an amoebic keratitis (ATCC 30641) and A. poliphaga #4, obtained from ...

This study has investigated the relationship between clinical parameters and functional status for activities of daily living (ADL) in 364 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Belém, northern Brazil. In total, 238 men (65.4%) and 126 women (34.6%) were enrolled in this survey. Most participants (87.4%) were considered with functional independence, 11.8% were semi-dependent and 0.8% were fully dependent. Tuberculosis, neurotoxoplasmosis and syphilis were the most common HIV-associated comorbidities and cumulative comorbidities were linked to lower independence. Low CD4+ count and long duration of HIV infection were both related to decreased independence. Women were more affected by low mood/demotivation than men, the last had higher employment rates and more access to higher education, which may have contributed to a better emotional status. We concluded that duration of HIV infection, low CD4+ count and history of HIV-associated comorbidities affects functional status and compromise the independence

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Free-living amebas, usually harmless protozoan residents of soil and water, can cause three distinct, occasionally devastating, human illnesses. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a disease of the previously healthy and is caused by Naegleria fowleri. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) is caused by Acanthamoeba species or Balamuthia mandrillaris, and occurs in both healthy and immunocompromised persons. In wealthier countries, contact lens users may suffer from chronic amebic keratitis, also caused by Acanthamoeba. While these diseases are found worldwide, they are more common in tropical and subtropical regions. ...

Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people living with HIV) in Equatorial Guinea was reported at 35 % in 2019, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Equatorial Guinea - Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people with advanced HIV infection) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the |a href=https://data.worldbank.org/ target=blank>World Bank|/a> on October of 2020.

Free-living amoebae (or FLA) in the Amoebozoa group are important causes of disease in humans and animals. Naegleria fowleri is sometimes included in the group free-living amoebae, and it causes a condition traditionally called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. However, Naegleria is now considered part of the Excavata, not the Amoebozoa, and is considered to be much more closely related to Leishmania and Trypanosoma. Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris are opportunistic free-living amoebae capable of causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in individuals with compromised immune systems. Acanthamoeba spp. have been found in soil; fresh, brackish, and sea water; sewage; swimming pools; contact lens equipment; medicinal pools; dental treatment units; dialysis machines; heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems; mammalian cell cultures; vegetables; human nostrils and throats; and human and animal brain, skin, and lung tissues. B. mandrillaris however, has not been ...