TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular evolution of the pathogenicity island of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis strains. AU - Franco, Augusto A.. AU - Cheng, Rodney K.. AU - Chung, Gyung Tae. AU - Wu, Shaoguang. AU - Oh, Hee Bok. AU - Sears, Cynthia Louise. PY - 1999/11. Y1 - 1999/11. N2 - Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains, which produce a 20- kDa zinc metalloprotease toxin (BFT), have been associated with diarrheal disease in animals and young children. Studying a collection of ETBF and nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) strains, we found that bft and a second metalloprotease gene (mpII) are contained in an ~6-kb pathogenicity island (termed B. fragilis pathogenicity island or BfPAI) which is present exclusively in all 113 ETBF strains tested (pattern I). Of 191 NTBF strains, 100 (52%) lack both the BfPAI and at least a 12-kb region flanking BfPAI (pattern II), and 82 of 191 NTBF strains (43%) lack the BfPAI but contain the flanking region (pattern III). The nucleotide sequence flanking ...

Bacteroides species, saccharolytic Gram-negative obligate anaerobes, are frequently isolated from human infections such as peritonitis, abscesses and bacteremia. Among the species in the genus Bacteroides, thespecies called B. fragilis group areparticularly involved inhuman infections andaremedically important because they account for a major part of anaerobic isolates from clinical specimens. The purpose of this study was to develop PCR primers that specifically and simultaneously amplify theβ-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene leuB in B. fragilis group species. We determined partial nucleotide sequences of leuB genes and compared them in seventeen strains of nine B. fragilis group species, and the regions that are conserved among Bacteroides strains but different from other species were used as a B. fragilis group-specific PCR primer set, BacLBF-BacLBR. Specificity tests of the primer set using 52 phenotypically characterized strains and 75 isolates from rat feces showed only one case each ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - A single chromosome assembly of Bacteroides fragilis strain BE1 from Illumina and MinION nanopore sequencing data. AU - Risse, Judith. AU - Thomson, Marian. AU - Patrick, Sheila. AU - Blakely, Garry. AU - Koutsovoulos, Georgios. AU - Blaxter, Mark. AU - Watson, Mick. PY - 2015/12/4. Y1 - 2015/12/4. N2 - BACKGROUND: Second and third generation sequencing technologies have revolutionised bacterial genomics. Short-read Illumina reads result in cheap but fragmented assemblies, whereas longer reads are more expensive but result in more complete genomes. The Oxford Nanopore MinION device is a revolutionary mobile sequencer that can produce thousands of long, single molecule reads.RESULTS: We sequenced Bacteroides fragilis strain BE1 using both the Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms. We were able to assemble a single chromosome of 5.18 Mb, with no gaps, using publicly available software and commodity computing hardware. We identified gene rearrangements and the state of ...

We identified enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in stool specimens of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal disorders. The organism was detected in 11 (13.2%) of 83 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Of 57 patients with active disease, 19.3% were toxin positive; none of those with inactive disease had specimens positive for enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis gene sequences.

The results of a multicenter US survey using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards currently recommended methodology for measuring in vitro susceptibility of 2673 isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group species were compared from 1997 to 2000. The test panel consisted of 14 antibiotics: 3 carbapenems, 3 β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors, 3 cephamycins, 2 fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and metronidazole. Declines in the geometric mean minimum inhibitory concentrations were seen with imipenem, meropenem, ampicillin-sulbactam, and the cephamycins. Increased geometric means were observed with the fluoroquinolones and were usually accompanied by an increase in resistance rates. Bacteroides distasonis shows the highest resistance rates among β-lactam antibiotics, whereas Bacteroides vulgatus shows the highest resistance levels among fluoroquinolones. B. fragilis shows the lowest resistance rates for all antibiotics. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol ...

Of 1284 Bacteroides strains collected in Europe in 2000 for antibiotic susceptibility surveillance, 65 isolates displayed imipenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) , or =1 mg/L and were chosen for a thorough analysis of their resistance mechanism. Twenty-five of the isolates were positive for the cfiA carbapenem resistance gene. The resistance rates were 0.8% and 1.3% for imipenem and meropenem, respectively. In six of the strains, insertion sequence (IS) elements (IS613, IS614B, IS1186 and IS1187) activated the cfiA gene. However, other strains displayed at least elevated carbapenem MICs or were carbapenem resistant and produced measurable carbapenemase activities but did not harbour IS elements in the region upstream of the cfiA gene. The major determinant of carbapenem resistance in Bacteroides fragilis is production of CfiA metallo-beta-lactamase via activation of the cfiA gene by IS elements (higher level resistance) or by activation of its putative own promoter.. ...

Second and third generation sequencing technologies have revolutionised bacterial genomics. Short-read Illumina reads result in cheap but fragmented assemblies, whereas longer reads are more expensive but result in more complete genomes. The Oxford Nanopore MinION device is a revolutionary mobile sequencer that can produce thousands of long, single molecule reads.|br| We sequenced |em|Bacteroides fragilis|/em| strain BE1 using both the Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore MinION platforms. We were able to assemble a single chromosome of 5.18 Mb, with no gaps, using publicly available software and commodity computing hardware. We identified gene rearrangements and the state of invertible promoters in the strain. |br| The final assembly and annotations are available from the public archives (EBI/NCBI/DDBJ) and additionally here we provide the assemblies done for comparison from each of the individual technologies and the alignments of the original raw reads to the final assembly.|br|

The polysaccharide capsule of Bacteroides fragilis has been shown to be important in the virulence of the organism. The capsular polysaccharide (CP) of B. fragilis has been extensively purified. Using a murine model of intraabdominal abscess formation, we have been able to demonstrate cellular immunity to the capsular polysaccharide of B. fragilis. Immunization of C57BL/10J mice with the CP over 5 wk prevents abscess formation when the mice are challenged with B. fragilis intraperitoneally. This immunity can be transferred to naive mice with spleen cells from immune animals. The immune cells bear Thy-1.2 and Ly-2.2 antigens. The immune response has been shown to be antigen specific, but not H-2 restricted. The possibility that these immune cells are suppressor T cells is discussed. The experimental system presented provides a model for the examination of the cellular interactions responsible for abscess formation and the cellular response to bacterial pathogens. ...

We identified enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in stool specimens of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal disorders. The organism was detected in 11 (13.2%) of 83 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Of 57 patients with active disease, 19.3% were toxin positiv …

Small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of 16 strains of Bacteroides fragilis were determined and compared with previously published sequences. Three phylogenetic methods (the neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood, and maximum-parsimony methods) as well as a bootstrap analysis were used to assess the robustness of each topology. All phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the B. fragilis strains were clearly divided into two robust monophyletic units which corresponded to the cfiA-negative and cfiA-positive groups. Strains of two previously identified DNA homology groups separated similarly into the two monophyletic units. According to the intensity of the hybridization signal with a cfiA probe, the cfiA-positive cluster could be further divided into two groups. This difference might reflect the existence of two, probably closely related cfiA-type genes. In the strongly hybridizing cfiA-positive strains, the gene is capable of conferring high-level resistance to the carbapenems and to most ...

Accepted name: 4-O-β-D-mannosyl-D-glucose phosphorylase. Reaction: 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose + phosphate = D-glucose + α-D-mannose 1-phosphate. Glossary: 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose = β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose. Other name(s): mannosylglucose phosphorylase. Systematic name: 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose:phosphate α-D-mannosyltransferase. Comments: This enzyme forms part of a mannan catabolic pathway in the anaerobic bacterium Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343.. Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number: References:. 1. Senoura, T., Ito, S., Taguchi, H., Higa, M., Hamada, S., Matsui, H., Ozawa, T., Jin, S., Watanabe, J., Wasaki, J. and Ito, S. New microbial mannan catabolic pathway that involves a novel mannosylglucose phosphorylase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 408 (2011) 701-706. [PMID: 21539815]. ...

Bacteroides fragilis is a Gram-negative member of the normal human gut microbiota. The Bacteroidetes constitutes one of the major bacterial phyla in the healthy human gut [1]. However, B. fragilis is also an important opportunistic pathogen, and it is the most frequently isolated anaerobic bacterium in clinical specimens, including abdominal abscesses and bloodstream infections [2]. Indeed, while B. fragilis accounts for only 4 to 13% of the normal human fecal microbiota, it is responsible for 63 to 80% of Bacteroides infections [3]. Only a few virulence factors have been described for B. fragilis, with the best characterized being the polysaccharide (PS) capsule [4] and a secreted metalloprotease, fragilysin [5]. The capsule, which displays antigenic variation, promotes the formation of abscesses [4], and the reduction of pro-inflammatory responses to B. fragilis[4, 6]. The metalloprotease fragilysin, which has been linked to diarrheal disease [5], has activity against the zonula junctions ...

p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

ETBF rapidly induces immune cell pStat3, which is independent of epithelial pStat3. This occurs before ETBF-induced mucosal permeability, suggesting that ETBF, likely through B. fragilis toxin and its action on the colonic epithelial cell, triggers mucosal immune cell Stat3 activation. Peak mucosal …

Author(s): Ngo, Alice; Fong, Kai T; Cox, Daniel L; Chen, Xi; Fisher, Andrew J | Abstract: Uridine 5-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) acyltransferase (LpxA) catalyzes a reversible reaction for adding an O-acyl group to the GlcNAc in UDP-GlcNAc in the first step of lipid A biosynthesis. Lipid A constitutes a major component of lipopolysaccharides, also referred to as endotoxins, which form the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Ligand-free and UDP-GlcNAc-bound crystal structures of LpxA from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343, the most common pathogenic bacteria found in abdominal abscesses, have been determined and are presented here. The enzyme crystallizes in a cubic space group, with the crystallographic threefold axis generating the biological functional homotrimer and with each monomer forming a nine-rung left-handed β-helical (LβH) fold in the N-terminus followed by an α-helical motif in the C-terminus. The structure is highly similar to LpxA from other

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The C10 family of cysteine proteases includes enzymes that contribute to the virulence of bacterial pathogens, such as SpeB in Streptococcus pyogenes. The presence of homologues of cysteine protease genes in human commensal organisms has not been examined. Bacteroides fragilis is a member of the dominant Bacteroidetes phylum of the human intestinal microbiota, and is a significant opportunistic pathogen. Four homologues of the streptococcal virulence factor SpeB were identified in the B. fragilis genome. These four protease genes, two were directly contiguous to open reading frames predicted to encode staphostatin-like inhibitors, with which the protease genes were co-transcribed. Two of these protease genes are unique to B. fragilis 638R and are associated with two large genomic insertions. Gene annotation indicated that one of these insertions was a conjugative Tn-like element and the other was a prophage-like element, which was shown to be capable of excision. Homologues of the B. fragilis C10

Bacteroides fragilis is an obligately anaerobic bacterium that can be isolated from a variety of human infections (2). In the mid-1980s it was recognized that some strains produce an enterotoxin (ET) that can cause acute diarrhea in humans, young lambs, calves, pigs, and foals (6,7). Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) strains have also been isolated from the feces of children with diarrhea (9). Kato et al. (4) showed that B. fragilis blood culture isolates were more likely to be ETBF and suggested that ETBF strains are more virulent than enterotoxin-negative strains. Recently, the enterotoxin gene of B. fragilis has been cloned, sequenced, and identified as producing a zinc metalloprotease of 44.4 kDa (5).. In order to determine the relative frequency of ETBF in different geographic locations, 93 B. fragilis clinical isolates from Germany and Southern California were analyzed. Two PCR assays were used to detect two independent genetic sequences of the B. fragilis enterotoxin gene. In addition, ...

We have cloned the Bacteroides fragilis TAL2480 neuraminidase (NANase) structural gene, nanH, in Escherichia coli. This was accomplished by using the cloning shuttle vector pJST61 and a partial Sau3A library of TAL2480 chromosomal inserts created in E. coli. The library was mobilized into the NANase-deficient B. fragilis TM4000 derivative TC2. NANase-producing colonies were enriched by taking advantage of the inability of TC2, but not the wild-type of NANase+ revertant, to grow in vitro in fluid aspirated from the rat granuloma pouch. Plasmids pJST61-TCN1 and pJST61-TCN3, containing inserts of 9.1 and 4.5 kilobases (kb), respectively, were found in the TC2 derivatives that grew in the rat pouch medium. In B. fragilis, NANase production from the two plasmids was inducible by free N-acetylneuraminic acid or sialic acid-containing substrates, just as in the parental TAL2480 strain. However, when these plasmids were transferred back to E. coli, NANase activity was barely detectable. A 3.5-kb portion ...

Bacteroides fragilis ATCC ® 25285™ Designation: VPI 2553 TypeStrain=True Application: Media testing Quality control strain Susceptibility testing Quality control strain for BBL and MicroScan ® products Pharmaceutical and Personal Care

Bacteroides fragilis ATCC ® 25285™ Designation: VPI 2553 TypeStrain=True Application: Media testing Quality control strain Susceptibility testing Quality control strain for BBL and MicroScan ® products Pharmaceutical and Personal Care

[Biological activity of Bacteroides fragilis].: The investigation was performed with 9 strains of B. fragilis isolated from pregnant women in their 38th week of

Electron microscopic studies of laboratory-passaged and animal-passaged isolates of Bacteroides fragilis showed significantly more capsular material around the latter. This observation correlated with increased survival of animal-passaged bacteria in rabbit intraperitoneal chambers and increased resistance to phagocytosis and opsonophagocytic killing by neutrophils. With an initial inoculum of 2.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units/ml, the number of bacteria surviving after incubation for 2 hr with neutrophils and pooled normal human serum was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater for animal-passaged than for laboratory-passaged bacteria. Neutrophil uptake of 14C-labeled animal-passaged and laboratory-passaged bacteria after incubation for 20 min was 45% and 63%, respectively (P less than 0.05). No significant difference in survival was found between animal-passaged and laboratory-passaged isolates of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. These findings suggest that on mechanism whereby the capsule of B. ...

Significantly more reads were assigned to the Bacteroidetes phylum in the experimental sample (36%) as compared to the control sample (8.2%). At the class level, Bacteroidia (1.3% in the control sample vs. 24.4% in the experimental sample) and Sphingobacteria (1.1% in the control sample vs. 7.8% in the experimental sample) contributed to higher percentages of the microbiota in the experimental sample than in the control sample. The significant elevation of Bacteroidetes in the intestinal community of the starved seabass sample is in agreement with some other studies [2, 34, 35] on dietary shifts. For example, in mice [34], fasting was associated with a significant increase in the proportional representation of the Bacteroidetes [from 20.6% (fed) to 42.3% (fasted)]. Bacteroides with a much larger genome size (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis Strain NCTC9343: 5,205,140 bp) are normally mutualistic in the animal gastrointestinal flora. A large part of the proteins made by the Bacteroides genome are able ...

AM-1155 is a new quinolone with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against various bacteria including anaerobes and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. AM-1155 was 2- to 16-fold more active than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis; its MICs for 90% of strains tested were 0.10 to 0.78 micrograms/ml. The activity of AM-1155 was comparable to that of ciprofloxacin against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but was fourfold less than that of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Against Xanthomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Campylobacter jejuni, AM-1155 was two- to fourfold more active than ciprofloxacin. At a concentration of 1.56 micrograms/ml, AM-1155 inhibited 90% of Bacteroides fragilis strains tested; its activity was 8- to 10-fold higher than those ...

The immune system protects against infection and disease, but there are numerous examples where it has switched sides, as in autoimmune diseases and in cancer. Cells become cancerous when they acquire genetic mutations that enable them to evade the regular controls on growth. In addition, stomach (Helicobacter pylori) and liver (hepatitis viruses B and C) cancers have been associated with infection-induced inflammation, which involves immune cells, such as macrophages, and inflammation signaling molecules that can promote tumorigenesis. Research on the mechanisms of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis has focused mainly on the innate branch of the immune system, primarily the NF-κB intracellular signaling pathway.. Colorectal cancer has been linked to inflammation of the colon (colitis), which can be caused by bacterial infections. Wu et al. have found that the human bacterium enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF), which induces colitis, can promote colon cancer in a mouse model of the ...

The results of the study demonstrated a decrease in the sensitivity of bacteria in the B.fragilis group to modern anti-anaerobic drugs: cefoxitin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin, imipenem, piperacillin / tazobactam and metronidazole.

Akhi, Mohammad Taghi and Jedari Seifi, Sirus and Asgharzadeh, Mohammad and Ahangarzadeh Rezaee, Mohammad and Abdoli Oskuei, Shahram and Pirzadeh, Tahereh and Memar, Mohammad Yousef and Alizadeh, Naser and Seifi Yarijan Sofla, Hasan (2016) Role of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age with Diarrhea in Tabriz, Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, Inpres (Inpres). ISSN 2008-3645 Akhi, Mohammad Taghi and Ghotaslou, Reza and Beheshtirouy, Samad and Asgharzadeh, Mohammad and Pirzadeh, Tahereh and Asghari, Babak and Alizadeh, Naser and Toloue Ostadgavahi, Ali and Sorayaei Somesaraei, Vida and Memar, Mohammad Yousef (2015) Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria Isolated From Surgical Site Infection of Hospitalized Patients. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 8 (7). ISSN 2008-3645 Akhi, Mohammad Taghi and Ghotaslou, Reza and Beheshtirouy, Samad and Asgharzadeh, Mohammad and Pirzadeh, Tahereh and Asghari, Babak and Alizadeh, Naser ...

Work in the Cynthia Sears Laboratory focuses on the bacterial contributions to the development of human colon cancer and the impact of the microbiome on other cancers and the therapy of cancer. The current work involves mouse and human studies to define how enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, pks+ Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, biofilms and the colonic microbiota induce chronic colonic inflammation and colon cancer. Prospective human studies of the microbiome and biofilms in screening colonoscopy are in progress as are studies to determine if and how the microbiome impacts the response of individuals with cancer to immunotherapy and other cancer therapies ...

Akhi, Mohammad Taghi and Jedari Seifi, Sirus and Asgharzadeh, Mohammad and Ahangarzadeh Rezaee, Mohammad and Abdoli Oskuei, Shahram and Pirzadeh, Tahereh and Memar, Mohammad Yousef and Alizadeh, Naser and Seifi Yarijan Sofla, Hasan (2016) Role of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age with Diarrhea in Tabriz, Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, Inpres (Inpres). ISSN 2008-3645 ...

The karyotypes of diploid P. fragilis subsp. villosus (2n = 2x = 14) and tetraploid subsp. secaliformis (2n = 4x = 28) were studied by Giemsa C- and N-banding, and AgNO3 staining and compared with the karyotype of subsp. fragilis (2x). The complements of subsp. villosus and subsp. fragilis were similar, with 8 metacentric and 6 SAT-chromosomes, one metacentric and two submetacentric pairs, with small to minute, polymorphic, heterochromatic satellites. The complement of subsp. secaliformis on the whole agreed with a doubling of the complement of diploid P. fragilis, suggesting autopolyploidy. Only the presence of 12 nucleoli in interphases identified 6 SAT-chromosome pairs. In subsp. villosus one or two extra micronucleoli indicated a chromosome pair with very low nucleolus-forming activity, bringing the number of SAT-chromosome pairs to 4. This number may be a characteristic of Psathyrostachys. Besides very small, inconsistently observed bands, the C-banding pattern consisted of 0-3 small bands ...

Synonyms for Bacillus fragilis in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for Bacillus fragilis. 1 synonym for bacillus: B. What are synonyms for Bacillus fragilis?

Our laboratories are particularly well placed to conduct this interdisciplinary study. The PI, Dr Abratt at the University of cape Town, has specialised anaerobic growth facilities available, and a proven track record of research in the areas of anaerobic microbiology and molecular genetics, particularly of the Bacteroides nitrogen metabolism.. In addition, we have established the capability to determine protein structure in Africa for the first time through a grant by the Carnegie Corporation of New York to B.T. Sewell (co-investigator). This grant has enabled the creation of the joint UCT/UWC Masters programme in Structural Biology and has, in particular led to the establishment of a facility for protein X-ray crystallography at the University of the Western Cape and the establishment of a protein NMR facility at the University of Stellenbosch. Six masters students have been recruited to the programme in its first year (2003). Each student cohort will take two years, including a year of ...

Introduction. Most peritoneal infections are caused by gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria, specially Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis,. Escherichia coli predominates during the acute phase of the process, whereas in the chronic phase, when abscess formation occurs, the predominance is of anaerobic bacteria, mainly Bacteroides fragilis and enterococci, which act synergistically1,2. The association between sepsis and peritonitis has not been fully clarified. During the acute phase, after invasion by gram-negative bacteria, the organism recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its major molecule, lipid A, as signals of bacterial penetration. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) transfers LPS to CD14 on the surface of monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils3. This phenomenon induces the production and release of mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukins 1, 6 and 8, generating the amplification of the LPS signal in plasma and its transmission to other cells ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Twenty-eight divergent polysaccharide loci specifying within and amongst strain capsule diversity in three strains of Bacteroides fragilis. AU - Patrick,S.. AU - Blakely,G.W.. AU - Houston,S.. AU - Moore,J.. AU - Abratt,V.R.. AU - dos Santos,Marcelo Bertalan Quintanilha. AU - Cedeño-Tárraga,A.M.. AU - Corton,N.. AU - Corton,C.. AU - Bignell,A.. AU - Barron,A.. AU - Clark,L.. AU - Bentley,S.D.. AU - Parkhill,J.. PY - 2010. Y1 - 2010. N2 - Comparison of the complete genome sequence of Bacteroides fragilis 638R originally isolated in the USA, was made with two previously sequenced strains isolated in the UK (NCTC 9343) and Japan (YCH46). The presence of 10 loci containing genes associated with polysaccharide biosynthesis, each including a putative Wzx flippase and Wzy polymerase, was confirmed in all three strains, despite a lack of cross-reactivity between NCTC 9343 and 638R surface polysaccharide-specific antibodies by immunolabelling and microscopy. Genomic comparisons revealed ...

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p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...

Opens the Highlight Feature Bar and highlights feature annotations from the FEATURES table of the record. The Highlight Feature Bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately. Links in the FEATURES table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence. More... ...

Alpha-galactosidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. It is encoded by the GLA ge

免疫過敏：無菌老鼠一出生就被放入無菌箱中，腸道中沒有半隻腸道菌，這種無菌鼠生活在無菌箱中確實愉快，吃得比一般有菌鼠多，體脂肪反而低，活得又比有菌鼠久，可惜免疫系統不健全，出了無菌箱便無法生存。許多研究都顯示無菌鼠，或以抗生素打亂腸道菌的老鼠，血清中免疫球蛋白IgE濃度顯著高於正常鼠，全身呈現發炎過敏現象；如果給無菌鼠餵食特定的腸道菌，例如脆弱擬桿菌（Bacteroides fragilis），則有助於減輕發炎與過敏現象。許多科學家懷疑，近年來自體免疫疾病發生率快速上升，與抗生素濫用而導致許多人腸道菌嚴重失衡有關 ...

Dynamics of the metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis in the presence and absence of a tight-binding inhibitor.: A significant determinant for the br

Avila-Campos, Mario Julio et al. Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid detection in strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, Feb 1993, vol.35, no.1, p.107-110. ISSN 0036- ...

To study the development of these immune cells in the context of gut microbes, researchers monocolonized germ-free mice with a model human commensal, Bacteroides fragilis, and demonstrated that this single species of bacteria could restore the development of PLZF+ innate and innate-like lymphocytes in the thymus of infant mice.. In further proof-of-concept studies, they showed that a mutant B. fragilis lacking expression of Polysaccharide A (PSA) was unable to do the same, suggesting that specific microbial antigens could regulate this early life developmental process.. A similar deficit in these cells was observed in mutant mice that lacked the expression of Toll like receptor 2, a receptor that recognizes bacteria and bacterial components, including B. fragilis PSA, to initiate host protective immune responses.. To understand how this microbial message was delivered to developing thymic cells, Jains group used a novel mouse model to track the migration of cells from the colon to the thymus. ...

Another way this website groups species is by Group - species that look alike somehow, but are not necessarily related to each other. In some cases, a Group of species may overlap a Family, in other cases, not ...

购买Fragilis兔多克隆抗体(ab15592)，Fragilis抗体经WB,IP验证，可与小鼠,大鼠样本反应。17篇文献引用，2个独立用户反馈。中国现货速达。

As the appreciation for anaerobic bacteriology has grown, it has become apparent that the isolation of Bacteroides species from clinical isolates is a significant finding. Studies by Redondo et al. (15) and Nguyen et al. (14) have linked Bacteroides bacteremia to higher mortality rates, which can be further affected by the use of inactive antimicrobials in the treatment regimen.. The class of 5-nitroimidazole drugs (metronidazole, tinidizole, and ornidizole) exerts antimicrobial actions via inhibition of DNA synthesis (19). This action requires intracellular reduction of the nitro group of these prodrugs to produce reactive radical species. Although the 5-nitroimidazole drugs were introduced into clinical practice in 1960, resistance of B. fragilis to these drugs was not described until 1978 (10) and remains rare (1, 20-22). The first metronidazole-resistant Bacteroides isolates were found to have altered end products of glucose metabolism that conferred distinctive biochemical and growth ...

Bacillus cereus from the Bacillus cereus group species, which consist of: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus pseudomycoides is one of the most frequently isolated bacterial foodborne pathogens. Growth of B. cereus results in production of several highly active toxins therefore, consumption of food containing 105-106 bacteria (spores)/g or toxins, is sufficient to cause emetic and diarrhoeal syndromes. The most common source of this bacterium is milk and mixed food products that include milk powder, thus is of particular concern in the baby formula industry. In this study 138 strains of B. cereus group spp. were characterized based on their phenotypic and genotypic features. The study developed unique DNA primers for use in PCR and these were then tested via real-time PCR (RT-PCR): (i) the motB gene encoding the flagellar motor protein MotB was used as a PCR primer target. (ii) New primers and probes, targeting ...

Probiotic yogurts and pills promise better health, but the bacteria we ingest find a complex and challenging environment when they enter our gut. Food sources shift with every meal we eat, and the threat of pathogens is ever-present. In this competitive landscape, theres a clear winner already on the field: the genus Bacteroides makes up 30 percent of the bacteria in the human gut, the single most abundant genus.. Bacteroides are a successful bacterium in our gut microbiome. By offering metabolic capabilities that humans dont have, it helps us to obtain important nutrients. So why are Bacteroides so resilient? If we can understand their success, it will ultimately allow us to design probiotic formulations for human health and aid patients with an imbalance of gut bacteria, said Blanca Barquera, an associate professor of biological sciences at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and lead researcher on a new project investigating Bacteroides.. With support from a four-year $3 million grant from ...

Define Bacteroides salivosus. Bacteroides salivosus synonyms, Bacteroides salivosus pronunciation, Bacteroides salivosus translation, English dictionary definition of Bacteroides salivosus. Noun 1. Bacteroides - type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in...

cannot utilise lactose. One possible approach to get around this problem would be to clone the genes responsible for lactose utilisation from a lactose utilising yeast (in this case the genes LAC4 and LAC12 from K.marxianus var.fragilis) into S.cerevisiae. As a preliminary step in the cloning LAC4 and LAC12 into S.cerevisiae a genomic library of an industrial strain of the lactose-utilising yeast, K.marxianus var. fragilis was constructed. Partially Sau3AI digested, size selected fragments of K.marxianus var.fragilis DNA were cloned into the Saccharomyces-Eschericia coli shuttle vector, YEp 13 and the resulting recombinant plasmids were transformed into E.coli DH5α. The resulting library was found to contain approximately 15 000 recombinant plasmid bearing clones with an average insert size of 7.7kb. This library thus contains approximately 116 OOOkb of DNA which is equivalent to approximately 8 times the genome size of K.marxianus var. fragilis. The two genes of interest, LAC4 (which encodes ...

Dezesseis eqüinos adultos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (GI, GII, GIII e GIV) constituídos por quatro animais, recebendo cada grupo o seguinte inóculo por via intraperitoneal: GI (100 X 10(7) unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) de Escherichia coli diluídos em 500 ml de solução salina 0,9% estéril); GII (100 X 10(7) UFC de Bacteroides fragilis diluídos em 500 ml de solução salina 0,9% estéril); GIII (100 X 10(7) UFC de Escherichia coli associados a 100 X 10(7) UFC de Bacteroides fragilis diluídos em 500 ml de solução salina 0,9% estéril); GIV (testemunho - 500 ml de solução salina 0,9% estéril). Leucopenia ocorreu em todos os animais inoculados com bactérias, nas primeiras seis horas após as inoculações. Posteriormente a este período, verificou-se em alguns eqüinos inoculados leucocitose. Os eqüinos inoculados com culturas puras de E. coli ou B. fragilis apresentaram peritonites brandas e autolimitantes, enquanto os inoculados com a associação destas ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - An anaerobic bacterium, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, uses a consortium of enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide. AU - Mishra, Surabhi. AU - Imlay, James A.. PY - 2013/12. Y1 - 2013/12. N2 - Summary: Obligate anaerobes are periodically exposed to oxygen, and it has been conjectured that on such occasions their low-potential biochemistry will predispose them to rapid ROS formation. We sought to identify scavenging enzymes that might protect the anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron from the H2O2 that would be formed. Genetic analysis of eight candidate enzymes revealed that four of these scavenge H2O2in vivo: rubrerythrins 1 and 2, AhpCF, and catalase E. The rubrerythrins served as key peroxidases under anoxic conditions. However, they quickly lost activity upon aeration, and AhpCF and catalase were induced to compensate. The AhpCF is an NADH peroxidase that effectively degraded low micromolar levels of H2O2, while the catalytic cycle of catalase enabled it to quickly degrade ...

Bacteroides spp. are dominant components of the phylum Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota and prosper in glycan enriched environments. However, knowledge of the machinery of specific species isolated from humans (like Bacteroides uniformis) contributing to the utilization of dietary and endogenous sources of glycans and their byproducts is limited. We have used the cutting-edge nanopore-based technology to sequence the genome of B. uniformis CECT 7771, a human symbiont with a proven pre-clinical efficacy on metabolic and immune dysfunctions in obesity animal models. We have also used massive sequencing approaches to distinguish the genome expression patterns in response to carbon sources of different complexity during growth. At genome-wide level, our analyses globally demonstrate that B. uniformis strains exhibit an expanded glycolytic capability when compared with other Bacteroides species. Moreover, by studying the growth and whole-genome expression of B. uniformis CECT 7771 in response to different

M1.MC.15.75) A 36-year-old male suffered a gun-shot wound to the abdomen that required an emergent exploratory laparotomy to repair and resect damaged portions of the bowel. Four days later, the patient reports increased generalized abdominal pain. His vital signs are as follows: T 38.5, HR 110, BP 110/60, RR 18, SpO2 96%. Physical exam reveals extreme tenderness to palpation of the abdomen as well as rebound tenderness, worse in the bilateral lower quadrants. The abdomen is mildly distended with guarding and decreased bowel sounds. The surgical and bullet-entrance wounds appear intact without any evidence of leakage/drainage, erythema, or warmth. Initial lab-work shows an elevated white blood cell count of 17.1 x 10^9 cells/L. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a 4 cm abscess in the left lower quadrant. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of this patients current presentation? Tested Concept ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The use of parenteral clindamycin in the treatment of obstetric gynecologic patients with severe infections. A comparison of a clindamycin kanamycin combination with penicillin kanamycin. AU - Ledger, W. J.. AU - Kriewall, T. J.. AU - Sweet, Richard L. AU - Fekety, F. R.. PY - 1974. Y1 - 1974. N2 - Using a system of random selection in patients with severe obstetric gynecologic infections, parenteral penicillin kanamycin was given to 23 women and clindamycin kanamycin was given to 21. Therapeutic response to the two antibiotic regimens was similar; no significant differences were noted in either the posttreatment fever index or the numbers of women requiring other therapy. There was a failure of response to the penicillin kanamycin regimen in those women with Bacteroides fragilis infection and to the clindamycin kanamycin regimen in some of the women with an Enterococcus infection. The implications of these findings for the future selection of antibiotics for patients with severe ...

Bacteroides é un xénero de bacterias gramnegativas, con forma de bacilo. As especies de Bacteroides non forman esporas, son anaeróbicas, e hai especies móbiles e inmóbiles.[1] A composición de bases do seu ADN ten un contido GC do 40-48%. Bacteroides ten esfingolípidos nas súas membranas, o que é infrecuente nas bacterias. Tamén conteñen ácido meso-diaminopimélico na capa de peptidoglicano da súa parede celular. As especies de Bacteroides son normalmente mutualistas, e constitúen a parte principal da flora intestinal dos mamíferos,[2] onde xogan un papel fundamental no procesamento de moléculas complexas noutras máis simples no intestino do hóspede.[3][4][5] Nas feces humanas informouse dunha cantidade de 1010-1011 células por gramo.[6] Aínda que poden utilizar azucres simples cando dispoñen deles, as principais fontes de enerxía para Bacteroides no intestino son os glicanos (polisacáridos) complexos derivados do hóspede ou de plantas.[7] Certos estudos indican que a ...

Rutin and quercitrin are hydrolysed to quercetin, and robinin is hydrolysed to kaempferol, by faecal flora from healthy subjects. The enzymes required for these hydrolyses, namely alpha-rhamnosidase and beta-galactosidase, were produced by some strains of Bacteroides distasonis; other strains, however, synthesized beta-glucosidase. The last-named enzyme was also elaborated by Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides ovatus. All the enzymes were produced constitutively. A cell-free extract of B. distasonis containing beta-glucosidase displayed an enzymic activity of 1 mumol/10 min per 10 mg of protein. ...

Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria. Bacteroides species are non-endospore-forming, anaerobes, and may either be motile or non-motile, depending on the species.[1] The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer. Bacteroides are normally commensal, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora,[2] where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine. As many as 1010-1011 cells per gram of human feces have been reported.[3] They can use simple sugars when available, but the main source of energy is polysaccharides from plant sources. ...

A molecular method, termed hierarchical oligonucleotide primer extension (HOPE), was used to determine the relative abundances of predominant Bacteroides spp. present in fecal microbiota and wastewaters. For this analysis, genomic DNA in feces of healthy human adults, bovines, and swine and in wastewaters was extracted and total bacterial 16S rRNA genes were PCR amplified and used as the DNA templates for HOPE. Nineteen oligonucleotide primers were designed to detect 14 Bacteroides spp. at different hierarchical levels (domain, order, cluster, and species) and were arranged into and used in six multiplex HOPE reaction mixtures. Results showed that species like B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. caccae, B. uniformis, B. fragilis, B. eggerthii, and B. massiliensis could be individually detected in human feces at abundances corresponding to as little as 0.1% of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Minor species like B. pyogenes, B. salyersiae, and B. nordii were detected only collectively using a primer ...

Humans excrete between 50 to 100 mg of volatile phenols per day, predominantly in the form of 4-cresol and phenol (mainly as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates) with lower amounts of 4-ethylphenol (20). The production of cresols from tyrosine in mammals has been attributed to various species of Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides fragilis. Other bacteria such as E. coli are associated with phenol production. Altered levels of 4-cresol metabolites in human urine have been associated with diverse physiological and pathological conditions from weight loss to inflammatory bowel disease. These conditions are also associated with altered microbiota composition, namely a reduction in the diversity of the microbiota because of loss of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides species in the case of inflammatory bowel disease (21) and differences in the ratio of the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes species in the case of weight loss (22).. Dietary fiber (complex carbohydrates) can be digested and subsequently ...

Bacteroides barnesiae has a size of 0.5-1.4 micrometer wide and 0.8-10.6 micrometer long that is completely anaerobic and grows at temperature of about 37C which does not require oxygen to survive. It has a cellular fatty acids including C15:0 and iso-C15:0 and in cultured media appears to be circular, raised and grayish-white colonies. Bacteroides barnesiae is predominantly found in gastrointestinal tract of humans as well as in vertebrate animals where bile is present. It gives benefits to the host if this bacterium strictly retained in the gut by hindering pathogenic microorganisms from forming colonies in the intestines. Bacteroides barnesiae play a basic role in the breakdown of polysaccharides a complex molecule into small molecules that is used by the bacterium as well as the host in order to utilize the nitrogenous substances and biotransformation of steroids and bile acids. Scientific classification: ...

Microbiota. The development and function of the intestinal immune system is influenced by the gut microbiota, including bacteria with the capacity to induce specific lineage differentiation in immune cells. Germ-free mice have an underdeveloped intestinal immune system, signifying a role for MAMPs in its establishment (21). Some commensal bacteria such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFBs) preferentially induce a Th17 response in T cells (22, 23). Other commensals or their products guide an IL-10 Treg response. The capsular polysaccharide-A moiety on Bacteroides fragilis promotes expansion of Foxp3+ Tregs through a TLR2/MyD88 mechanism (24), while Clostridium species can induce Treg formation independent of MyD88, potentially through TGF-β (25). Bacterial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii also influence immunity. For instance, butyrate from these organisms increases the differentiation of Tregs in the colon ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

This HMM describes a set of proteins related to but longer than DNA-binding protein HU. Its distinctive domain architecture compared to HU and related histone-like DNA-binding proteins justifies the designation as superfamily. Members include, so far, one from Bacteroides fragilis, a gut bacterium, and ten from Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral anaerobe ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

Zithromax is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin which is effective against majority of species of gram positive and gram negative microorganisms such as genus Staphylococcus; S. aureus, S. pneumoiane, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae and parainfluenzae, Moraxela catarrhalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Bordetella ssp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus ducreui, Nisseria gonorrhoeae Ø Chlamidia trachomati. In vitro it showed activity against Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoia Ø hominis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Ureaplasma urealiticum. As a Macrolide antibiotic Zithromax inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and prevents bacteria from growth and propagation. It is used to treat infections of upper and low respiratory organs (tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia), urogenital infections (urethritis, prostatitis, cervicitis, adnexitis caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, early syphilis), intestinal ...

Cefpodoxime is an oral, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Notable exceptions include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides fragilis. Currently, it is only marketed as generic preparations in the USA, according to the FDA Orange Book. It is commonly used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and gonorrhea. It also finds use as oral continuation therapy when intravenous cephalosporins (such as ceftriaxone) are no longer necessary for continued treatment.. Zoetis markets cefpodoxime proxetil under the trade name Simplicef for veterinary use. The dose range in dogs is 5-10 mg/kg body weight, administered orally, once a day.. Finecure, India markets the products under trade name Cefpo.. Cefpodoxime inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in cell walls. It has well established pharmacokinetic profile with absorption of 50%. It is ...

Alpod-CV from Altar LS, Cefpodoxime - Cafage-Cl-P to Cefage O | Cefpodoxime (marketed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil by Pharmacia & Upjohn under the trade name Vantin and under the name Orelox by Sanofi-Aventis), is an oral third generation cephalosporin. Use of Alpod-CV from Altar LS, Pregnancy, lactation in childrens and special precautions for Alpod-CV from Altar LS, prices of Alpod-CV from Altar LS . It is active against most Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. Notable exceptions include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides fragilis. It is commonly used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. It also finds use as oral continuation therapy when intravenous cephalosporins (such as ceftriaxone) are no longer necessary for continued treatment., drugsupdate.com - Indias leading online platform for Doctors and health care professionals. Updates on Drugs, news, journals, 1000s of videos, national and international events, product-launches and much more..

Asthma is an increasingly common chronic inflammatory airway disorder with phenotypic heterogeneity driven by age, gender, atopy, lung function, lifestyle, body mass indexes, and the underlying cellular and molecular pathways. In asthma, T helper (Th) cells drive inflammatory cascades via cytokine/inflammatory mediators and recruit leukocytes into the airway. While treatments are available, such as inhaled corticosteroids, individuals with severe asthma are often steroid resistant and have a poor quality of life. It is therefore important to develop our understanding of the underlying T cell driven mechanisms leading to pulmonary inflammation such that novel therapies may be developed. Previous work from our lab has demonstrated the importance of commensal microbiota in the development and maintenance of peripheral homeostasis. Exposure to bacterial polysaccharides, such as PSA from Bacteroides fragilis, inhibits Th1 and Th2 activity in murine models by activation of CD4+ FoxP3− CD45Rblo ...

The association between S. bovis group infection (particularly endocarditis) and concurrent colorectal neoplasia has been known for some time.

While doing geological research in the Namibian desert, scientists believe they uncovered proof of the first animal to have existed on Earth. The sponge-like fossil,…. ...

After several months the gut microbiomes between the two set of infants became more similar with one striking difference - the c-section babies had significantly lower levels of Bacteroides, a strain vital to human health.. Bacteroides are a key strain when it comes to health challenges modern societies face. A number of studies have shown Bacteroides levels are lower in people with obesity. Studies in both mice and humans show that when gut bacteria from thin subjects are transplanted into the colons of obese subjects, most subjects lose weight.. Bacteroides has also been linked with preventing anxiety, and boosting and regulating immunity to prevent inflammatory disorders. This may explain why people who were born via c-section are at increased risk for obesity and asthma.. The study is part of a larger Baby Biome study that is following thousands of newborns through childhood. ...

Bacteroides, Bacterial Identification and Bacteria Treatment are considered an interesting alternative to the traditional indicator organisms such as E.coli

Comment: Dshi_1655 (A8LLL9) was identified using fitness data, is very important for growth on glucose and several glucose-containing disaccharides; and functional residues seem to be conserved. The related protein PGA1_c05420 (I7DXX1) also seems to be glk. Q5GAN8 = hexA from B. fragilis is a broad-specificity hexokinase (PMID:15659667). Q5GBH5 = rokA = MONOMER-19002 from B. fragilis is a glucose/mannose/NAG kinase (PMID:15659667). (MetaCyc lists it as NAG kinase only but it is just as active on glucose.) CH_123431 is nearly identical to a characterized broad-specificity hexose kinase, so ignore. SCO5059 (Q9ADE8) is reported to have ATP-glucokinase activity (PMID:24200789), so ignore ...

7.0 7.1 Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Ginkuhà 24 september 2012. ...

Members of the order Siphonophorae include A-form hydroids. Life cycle: The zygote develops into planula inside the gonophore and is later released as an actinula which metamorphoses into polyp stage (Ref. 833). ...

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Biological classification is how biologists group organisms. The classification has its root in the work of Aristotle who invented a multi-ranked system. A great influence was Carolus Linnaeus, who popularized the idea of binomial nomenclature using a two-part name indicating the genus, and the species. The human species is named Homo sapiens. Names of species are often printed in italics, although there is no obligation to do so (this also goes for names of genera, etc., etc.) Biological classification is also known as taxonomy. It is a science, and like most sciences has evolved over time. At various times different principles were adopted, and it is not rare for different scientists to use different methods. Since the early 20th century, groupings are supposed to fit the Darwinian principle of common descent. These days, molecular evolution studies, which use DNA sequence analysis as data, are popular. This is often called phylogenetics, a branch or form of cladism. This approach creates an ...

[좌측부터 체질 1형 2형 3형] 1) 박테로이데스(Bacteroides) : 탄수화물을 분해하고 비타민 B2, B5, C, H를 만드는 것이 주된 기능이다. 박테리오데스 세균이 많은 속에 속하는 피실험자들 중에는 비만을 겪는 사...