Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat

1. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains neuroendocrine neurons that regulate endocrine secretions by releasing substances which control anterior pituitary hormonal release into the portal blood stream. Many neuroactive substances have been identified in the ARC, but the existence of excit …

In peripheral tissues, insulin signaling involves activation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme system. In the hypothalamus, insulin functions with leptin as an afferent adiposity signal important for the regulation of body fat stores and hepatic glucose metabolism. To test the hypothesis that hypothalamic insulin action involves intracellular PI3K signaling, we used histochemical and biochemical methods to determine the effect of insulin on hypothalamic IRS-PI3K activity. Here, we report that insulin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS-1 and -2, increases binding of activated IRS-1 and -2 to the regulatory subunit of PI3K, and activates protein kinase B/Akt, a downstream target of PI3K. Using an immunohistochemical technique to detect PI 3,4,5-triphosphate, the main product of PI3K activity, we further demonstrate that in the arcuate nucleus, insulin-induced PI3K activity occurs preferentially within cells that ...

For the first time we have identified a nonsteroidal compound, STX, which selectively targets the mER and is more potent than E2 in activating a membrane delimited pathway in hypothalamic arcuate neurons. STX is fully efficacious in ERα and ERβ knock-out mice and has no proliferative effects on reproductive organs, yet it is effective in reducing the weight gain associated with hypoestrogenic states. Although we found that other arcuate neurons express this mER signaling pathway (Qiu et al., 2003), this pathway is involved in heterologous desensitization of the μ-opioid (autoreceptor) and GABAB receptors in POMC neurons and therefore would play a critical role in dictating the level of excitability POMC neurons. These neurons appear to be the critical relay neurons in the melanocortin pathway, and their activity ultimately dictates the level of excitability in feeding circuits (Saper et al., 2002; Jobst et al., 2004; Cone, 2005).. Presently, we have characterized an mER that is Gq-coupled ...

Acta Physiologica Sinica Melatonin attenuates the intensity of β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus of rat hypothalamus 2000 Issue 0371-0874

Psychology definition for Arcuate Nucleus in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading students. Help us get better.

Recently, the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 83 (GPR83) was identified as a new participant in body weight regulation. This receptor is highly expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is regulated in response to nutrient availability. Gpr83 knock-out mice are protected from diet-induced obesity. Moreover, in a previous study, we designed and characterized several artificial constitutively activating mutations (CAMs) in GPR83. A particular CAM was located in the extracellular N-terminal domain (eNDo) that is highly conserved among GPR83 orthologs. This suggests the contribution of this receptor part into regulation of signaling, which needed a more detailed investigation. In this present study, therefore, we further explored the role of the eNDo in regulating GPR83-signaling and demonstrate a proof-of-principle approach in that deletion mutants are characterized by a strong increase in basal Gq/11-mediated signaling, whilst none of the additionally characterized signaling pathways (Gs, Gi,

TY - JOUR. T1 - GLP-1R signaling directly activates arcuate nucleus kisspeptin action in brain slices but does not rescue luteinizing hormone inhibition in ovariectomized mice during negative energy balance. AU - Heppner, Kristy M.. AU - Baquero, Arian F.. AU - Bennett, Camdin M.. AU - Lindsley, Sarah R.. AU - Kirigiti, Melissa A.. AU - Bennett, Baylin. AU - Bosch, Martha A.. AU - Mercer, Aaron J.. AU - Ronnekleiv, Oline. AU - True, Cadence. AU - Grove, Kevin. AU - Smith, M (Susan). PY - 2017/1/5. Y1 - 2017/1/5. N2 - Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) are key components of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis, as they regulate the basal pulsatile release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). ARC Kiss1 action is dependent on energy status, and unmasking metabolic factors responsible for modulating ARC Kiss1 neurons is of great importance. One possible factor is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an anorexigenic neuropeptide produced by brainstem ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The arcuate nucleus as a primary site of satiety effect of leptin in rats. AU - Satoh, Noriko. AU - Ogawa, Yoshihiro. AU - Katsuura, Goro. AU - Hayase, Minoru. AU - Tsuji, Tetsuo. AU - Imagawa, Keiichi. AU - Yoshimasa, Yasunao. AU - Nishi, Shigeo. AU - Hosoda, Kiminori. AU - Nakao, Kazuwa. PY - 1997/4/10. Y1 - 1997/4/10. N2 - The obese (ob) gene encodes a fat cell-derived circulating satiety factor (leptin) that is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In the present study, we examined effects of i.c.v. injection of recombinant human leptin on food intake and body weight gain in rats. We also studied effects of direct microinjections of leptin into the arcuate nucleus (Arc), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and lateral hypothalamus (LH). A single i.c.v. injection of recombinant human leptin (0.25-2.0 μg/rat) reduced significantly and dose-dependently food intake and body weight gain in rats. Microinjections (0.125-0.5 μg/site) into the bilateral Arc, VMH, and LH ...

The aim was to examine the impact of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation on expression of mRNA for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and its ligands in CNS areas of relevance for feeding controls and metabolism. Lipopolysaccharide effects on plasma levels of TSH and CART peptides were also examined. Lipopolysaccharide (150-200 μg/mouse) was injected in C57BL/6J mice and tissue and plasma samples taken after 24 h. To establish if plasma increase in CART peptide levels were prostanoid dependent, indomethacin was given via the drinking water beginning 48 h prior to LPS. We evaluated mRNA expression for CART, TSHR, TSHβ, and thyrostimulin in brain and pituitary extracts. Plasma levels of TSH, CARTp, and serum amyloid P component were analyzed by ELISA. Lipopolysaccharide suppressed TSHR mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and the pituitary. CART mRNA expression was reduced in the arcuate nucleus but elevated in the pituitary of mice

The study explored effects of brexpiprazole (partial D2/5-HT1A agonist, 5-HT2A and α1B/2C-adrenoceptor antagonist) in rats exposed to predator scent stress (PSS), a proposed model of PTSD-like phenotype. Brexpiprazole (3.0mg/kg, PO), escitalopram (5.0mg/kg, IP) and their combination were administered twice daily for 14 days, starting 14 days after exposure to PSS or sham-PSS, shortly after a situational stress reminder. One day after last treatment behavioral responsivity was assessed. Brexpiprazole+escitalopram-treated rats spent more time in open arms, entered open arms more often and exhibited a lower anxiety index in the elevated plus maze than vehicle-treated, PSS-exposed rats ...

Sanathara NM, Moreas J, Mahavongtrakul M, Sinchak K. Estradiol upregulates progesterone receptor and orphanin FQ colocalization in arcuate nucleus neurons and opioid receptor-like receptor-1 expression in proopiomelanocortin neurons that project to the medial preoptic nucleus in the female rat. Neuroendocrinology. 2014;100(2-3):103-18. PMCID: 4225187 ...

Within the hypothalamus, an important role can be attributed to the ARC nucleus, which contains two important populations of cells with antagonistic effects on food intake (7). The first consists of appetite-stimulating cells that express two orexigenic peptides: NPY, an agonist of NPY receptors, and Agouti-related protein (AgRP), the antagonist of the melanocortin receptors (types 3 [MC3-R] and 4 [MC4-R]). These cells project to different hypothalamic nuclei, such as the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the LHA (Fig. 3), which in turn are linked to centers regulating appetite and energy expenditure (7,88). It was mentioned earlier that some of these cells express both GK and GLUT2 and, thus, may be capable of directly monitoring nutrient homeostasis via measurement of plasma glucose levels. A second population of ARC neurons produces the anorectic peptide α-MSH, an end product of POMC processing (89), and the cocaine/amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) ...

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The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight lossLiraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the tr

A new study in the Journal of Clinical Investigation reveals that activation of an enzyme, glucokinase, in a region of the hypothalamus called the arcuate nucleus specifically increases glucose uptake.

Hormonal satiety signals secreted by the gut play a pivotal role in the physiological control of appetite. However, therapeutic exploitation of the gut-brain axis requires greater insight into the interaction of gut hormones with CNS circuits of appetite control. Using the manganese ion (Mn2+) as an activity-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, we showed an increase in signal intensity (SI) in key appetite-regulatory regions of the hypothalamus, including the arcuate, paraventricular, and ventromedial nuclei, after peripheral injection of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin. Conversely, administration of the anorexigenic hormone peptide YY3-36 caused a reduction in SI. In both cases, the changes in SI recorded in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus preceded the effect of these peptides on food intake. Intravenous Mn2+ itself did not significantly alter ghrelin-mediated expression of the immediate early gene product c-Fos, nor did it cause abnormalities of behavior or metabolic ...

Sárvári, Miklós and Kalló, Imre and Hrabovszky, Erik and Solymosi, Norbert and Liposits, Zsolt (2017) Ovariectomy Alters Gene Expression of the Hippocampal Formation in Middle-Aged Rats. Endocrinology, 158 (1). pp. 69-83. ISSN 0013-7227 (print), 1945-7170 (online) Vastagh, Csaba and Rodolosse, Annie and Solymosi, Norbert and Liposits, Zsolt (2016) Altered Expression of Genes Encoding Neurotransmitter Receptors in GnRH Neurons of Proestrous Mice. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 10. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1662-5102, ESSN: 1662-5102 Molnár, Csilla and Sárvári, Miklós and Vastagh, Csaba and Maurnyi, Csilla and Fekete, Csaba and Liposits, Zsolt and Hrabovszky, Erik (2016) Altered gene expression profile of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of male mice suggests profound developmental changes in peptidergic signaling. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. ISSN 0028-3835 (In Press) Bálint, Flóra and Liposits, Zsolt and Farkas, Imre (2016) Estrogen Receptor Beta and 2-arachidonoylglycerol Mediate the Suppressive ...

The aim was to examine the impact of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation on expression of mRNA for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and its ligands in CNS areas of relevance for feeding controls and metabolism. Lipopolysaccharide effects on plasma levels of TSH and CART peptides were also examined.Lipopolysaccharide (150-200 μg/mouse) was injected in C57BL/6J mice and tissue and plasma samples taken after 24 h. To establish if plasma increase in CART peptide levels were prostanoid dependent, indomethacin was given via the drinking water beginning 48 h prior to LPS. We evaluated mRNA expression for CART, TSHR, TSHβ, and thyrostimulin in brain and pituitary extracts. Plasma levels of TSH, CARTp, and serum amyloid P component were analyzed by ELISA.Lipopolysaccharide suppressed TSHR mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and the pituitary. CART mRNA expression was reduced in the arcuate nucleus but elevated in the pituitary of ...

I firmly believe that the medical system is not managing end of life care with compassion and recognition of patients `right to choose a dignified and peaceful death if quality of life is lost and this has been recorded in an advance care directive whilst of sound mind. I find it very difficult to believe that anyone with an ounce of compassion can deny those who have lost quality of life be it degeneration or terminal illness the right to make a choice for a dignified and peaceful death provided this has been documented in an advance care directive whilst of sound mind.. When the end is nigh, it is best to avoid hospital; the health system is geared to actively treating patients, not to recognize the dying.. I would like to have a tattoo on my chest If I should lose quality of life please let me die with dignity. There are thousands of patients in hospitals and nursing homes with no quality of life lingering on indefinitely awaiting the blessing of death to release them from their ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Estradiol protects proopiomelanocortin neurons against insulin resistance. AU - Qiu, Jian. AU - Bosch, Martha A.. AU - Meza, Cecilia. AU - Navarro, Uyen Vy. AU - Nestor, Casey C.. AU - Wagner, Edward J.. AU - Ronnekleiv, Oline. AU - Kelly, Martin. PY - 2018/2/1. Y1 - 2018/2/1. N2 - Insulin resistance is at the core of the metabolic syndrome, and men exhibit a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome than women in early adult life, but this sex advantage diminishes sharply when women reach the postmenopausal state. Because 17β-estradiol (E2) augments the excitability of the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of E2 against insulin resistance in POMC neurons from diet-induced obese (DIO) female and male mice. The efficacy of insulin to activate canonical transient receptor potential 5 (TRPC5) channels and depolarize POMC neurons was significantly reduced in DIO male mice but not in DIO female mice. However, the insulin ...

Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...

Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...

Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...

PWS is frequently associated with a constant, extreme, ravenous, insatiable appetite, which persists no matter how much the patient eats, often resulting in morbid obesity. Caregivers need to strictly limit the patients access to food, usually by installing locks on refrigerators and on all closets and cabinets where food is stored.[20] It is the most common genetic cause of morbid obesity in children.[21] Currently, no consensus exists as to the cause for this symptom, although genetic abnormalities in chromosome 15 disrupt the normal functioning of the hypothalamus.[15] Given that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulates many basic processes, including appetite, a link may well exist. In the hypothalamus of people with PWS, nerve cells that produce oxytocin, a hormone thought to contribute to satiety, have been found to be abnormal. People with PWS have high ghrelin levels, which are thought to directly contribute to the increased appetite, hyperphagia, and obesity seen in this ...

Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Besides lowering blood glucose, liraglutide also reduces body weight. It is not fully understood how liraglutide induces weight loss or to what degree liraglutide acts directly in the brain. Here, we determined that liraglutide does not activate GLP-1-producing neurons in the hindbrain, and liraglutide-dependent body weight reduction in rats was independent of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the vagus nerve, area postrema, and paraventricular nucleus. Peripheral injection of fluorescently labeled liraglutide in mice revealed the presence of the drug in the circumventricular organs. Moreover, labeled liraglutide bound neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and other discrete sites in the hypothalamus. GLP-1R was necessary for liraglutide uptake in the brain, as liraglutide binding was not seen in ...

The nitric oxide (NO) producing enzyme inducible NO synthase isoform (iNOS) is strongly upregulated under inflammatory conditions in the arcuate nucleus, a hypothalamic key structure for the control of food intake and energy balance. This project aims to prove the concept that a pharmacological blockade of iNOS attenuates anorexia and associated disease symptoms induced by the proinflammatory endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also analyzed the association between LPS-induced anorexia and pSTAT3-formation in the arcuate nucleus and in hindbrain feeding centers (AP/NTS region). pSTAT3 is a cytokine dependent transcription factor, which is suggested to control iNOS expression. Findings and conclusions: NO contributes to LPS-induced anorexia because anorexia is attenuated by the specific iNOS-inhibitor 1400W. In addition, 1400W treatment also ameliorates other LPS-induced symptoms (e.g. adipsia, fever, inactivity). LPS treatment induces a time-dependent pSTAT3 formation in the ARC and the ...

Looking for online definition of proopiomelanocortin deficiency in the Medical Dictionary? proopiomelanocortin deficiency explanation free. What is proopiomelanocortin deficiency? Meaning of proopiomelanocortin deficiency medical term. What does proopiomelanocortin deficiency mean?

The protein fragment nesfatin-1 was recently implicated in the control of food intake. Central administration of this fragment results in anorexia and reduced body weight gain, whereas antisense or immunological nesfatin-1 antagonism causes increased food intake and overweight. Nesfatin-1 is derived from the precursor nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2). To identify the neurocircuitry underpinning the catabolic effects of NUCB2/nesfatin-1, we have used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to map the distribution of this protein and its mRNA in the rat CNS and performed double-labeling experiments to localize its expression to functionally defined neuronal populations. These experiments confirm previous observations but also present several novel NUCB2 cell populations. Both NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-like immunoreactivity was most concentrated in the hypothalamus, in the supraoptic, paraventricular, periventricular and arcuate nuclei and the lateral hypothalamic area/perifornical region. Additionally, ...

Cao et al. investigated the effect of enriched housing environments on tumor growth (see also Kappeler and Meaney). Mice living in enriched environments (EE mice) developed fewer, smaller, and slower-growing tumors when subcutaneously injected with B16 melanoma cells than control mice in standard group housing. In addition, EE mice showed altered serum concentrations of various circulating factors, such as increased adiponectin and decreased leptin concentrations. Sera from EE mice inhibited the in vitro proliferation of B16 melanoma cells, an effect also seen with sera from control mice pretreated with a neutralizing antibody directed against leptin. Gene expression analysis of nuclei in the hypothalamus revealed that the abundance of the mRNA encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was higher in the arcuate nuclei of EE mice compared with that in control mice. Overexpression of BDNF in the hypothalamus resulted in decreased serum leptin concentrations and smaller tumors, whereas ...

Health,...Kisspeptin spurs healthy ovulation researchers explain ...TUESDAY March 17 (HealthDay News) -- A hormone called kisspeptin may ...The study included 10 women who were not menstruating and were inferti...The women who received kisspeptin had a 48-fold increase in LH and a 1...,Hormone,Might,Help,Restore,Female,Fertility,,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news

The Aborted Arc trope as used in popular culture. When a Story Arc disappears off the face of the storyline without warning, never to be heard from again.

Looking for online definition of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the Medical Dictionary? dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus explanation free. What is dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus? Meaning of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus medical term. What does dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus mean?

The pulsatile nature of GH release is apparently regulated by alternating sequential changes in two hypothalamic hormones, GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin. Entrainment of this pulsatility appears to involve GH-mediated negative feedback. Recently a new receptor involved in GH release was cloned. Activation of this receptor by GH-releasing peptides and MK-0677 initiates and amplifies GH pulsatility and is associated with increased Fos immunoreactivity and electrical activity in GHRH containing arcuate neurons. We show that pretreating mice with GH blocks activation of these neurons by MK-0677. Similarly, octreotide inhibited the action of MK-0677. To determine whether this GH-mediated negative feedback on GHRH neurons was direct, or by GH stimulation of somatostatin release from periventricular neurons, we selectively inactivated the gene for one of the five specific somatostatin receptor subtypes (subtype 2). In the knockout mice, both GH and octreotide failed to inhibit MK-0677 ...

Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesised only in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene. AgRP is a paracrine signalling molecule made up of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesised in the skin that controls coat colour. AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The murine homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 ...

Ardrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin and the melanotropins (MSHs) are all derived from a single large precursor molecule, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) by individual processing through a series of co- and post-translational modifications. Although the primary site of synthesis is in the pituitary, POMC-derived peptides have been identified in various tissues, notably the brain (see refs 6, 7 for review). A major question concerning brain POMC is whether it is synthesized within the central nervous system (CNS) itself or whether it is taken up from plasma flowing in a retrograde fashion from the pituitary. POMC peptides have been detected immunohistochemically and biochemically in the medial basal hypothalamus, the amygdala and throughout the brain stem. POMC peptide-containing cell bodies have been identified only in two cell groups, however, principally in the periarcuate region of the hypothalamus and to a lesser extent in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. These and other observations

The nucleustractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC- enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to identify NTS POMC neurons. Intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) induced c-fos gene expression in NTS POMC-EGFP neurons, suggesting that they are activated by afferents stimulated by the satiety hormone. We tested the synaptic relationship of these neurons to visceral afferents and their modulation by CCK and opioids using patch recordings in horizontal brain slices. Electrical activation of the solitary tract (ST)

article{957131c7-5da4-4ef9-89f1-411e13214787, abstract = {,p,The progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone (AlloP), is a GABA,sub,A,/sub, receptor modulating steroid and is known to have orexigenic and pro-obesity effects. The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these effects are most likely due to enhanced GABAergic signaling in the lateral arcuate nucleus (ARC) and medial paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Inspired by the finding that GABAergic signaling is also important for the orexigenic effects of the circulating hormone, ghrelin, we sought to determine the extent to which AlloP (one of the most potent endogenous GABA,sub,A,/sub,-receptor modulators) operates alongside ghrelin to enhance food intake. Male rats with ad libitum access to standard chow were injected intravenously with AlloP and/or ghrelin, alone or in combination. The intake of the standard chow was greater after AlloP 1 mg/kg together with ghrelin 30 μg/kg than with 30 μg/kg ghrelin alone. Food intake ...

Follicular development and ovulation are suppressed during lactation in various mammalian species, mainly due to the suppression of pulsatile GnRH/LH secretion. Metastin (kisspeptin-54), a KiSS-1 gene product, is an endogenous ligand for GPR54, a G-protein-coupled receptor, and suggested to play a critical role in regulating the gonadal axis. The present study therefore aims to determine whether metastin (kisspeptin-54)-GPR54 signaling in discrete brain areas is inhibited by the suckling stimulus that causes suppression of LH secretion in lactating rats. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the KiSS-1 mRNA level was significantly lower in the arcuate nucleus (ARC)-median eminence region in lactating ovariectomized (OVX) and estrogen-treated OVX rats than in nonlactating controls. KiSS-1 mRNA in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus was kept at a low level in both lactating and nonlactating rats despite estrogen treatment. GPR54mRNAlevels were significantly lower in lactating than nonlactating ...

According to the study by The TsimTsoum Institute, Krakow, Silesia, Poland, increased sympathetic activity, with increased secretion of catecholamine, cortisol, and serotonin can cause oxidative stress, which may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as the hypothalamus and macrophages, and the liver may release pro-inflammatory cytokines. These, in conjunction with an underlying deficiency in long chain PUFA, may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as neuropeptide-Y and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and insulin receptors in the brain, especially during fetal life, infancy, and childhood, resulting in their dysfunction(32 ...

Although central nervous system has been implicated in glucocorticoid-induced fat mass gain, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of our current study was to investigate the possible involvement of hypothalamic serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in glucocorticoid-increased adiposity. It is well-known that SGK1 expression is induced by acute glucocorticoid treatment, interestingly, we found its expression was decreased in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, including POMC neurons, following chronic dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. To study a role of SGK1 in POMC neurons, mice with development or adult-onset SGK1 deletion in POMC neurons (PSKO) were then produced. As observed in Dex-treated mice, PSKO mice exhibited increased adiposity and decreased energy expenditure. Consistently, mice overexpressing constitutively active SGK1 in POMC neurons (PSOE) had the opposite phenotype and prevented from Dex-increased adiposity. Finally, Dex decreased hypothalamic ...

One of the main actions of ghrelin, which attracted the interest of researchers mainly due to its possible therapeutic potential, is its orexigenic action. It is recognized that ghrelin transmits hunger signals from the periphery to the central nervous system. Thus, it enhances appetite, increases food intake and reduces energy consumption, with consequent weight gain(41). The discovery of GOAT, enzyme responsible for ghrelin acylation(11) was a step forward in understanding the role played by acyl-modification in the physiology of ghrelin. The GOAT-ghrelin system acts as a nutrient sensor informing the body of the presence of nutrients(42). The central site of ghrelin action is the hypothalamus (mainly the arcuate nucleus, with increased expression of NPY and AgRP orexigenic peptide), where ghrelin and leptin exert antagonistic effects, the two molecules being in competitive interaction(43,44). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that ghrelin is involved in meal initiation/promotion of food ...

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): GnRH a neurohormone consisting of 10 amino acids that is produced in the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. GnRH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the two gonadotropins...

Once you have added the Leptin Rx to your ancestral template and you have successfully experienced all the small wins that I mentioned in the Leptin FAQs blog, what should you do next? If you recall reading the blog on how the leptin Rx works, it basically is a plan to make your gastrointestinal tract perform visceral exercises that it is not accustomed to performing, in order to cause neuroplastic changes in your hypothalamus arcuate nucleus. It uses the vagus nerve as the stimulator to send these new messages to the brain. After a period of time, the inflammation will slowly dissipate at the median eminence, and these afferent signals will force expression of certain genes that have been repressed since we were in utero. These genes and pathways are hardwired into our DNA at conception, and used until the child is 12-24 months old. After this time, they are not expressed any longer, because transgenerational epigenetics favors instead the use of the leptin receptor from an evolutionary ...

Once you have added the Leptin Rx to your ancestral template and you have successfully experienced all the small wins that I mentioned in the Leptin FAQs blog, what should you do next? If you recall reading the blog on how the leptin Rx works, it basically is a plan to make your gastrointestinal tract perform visceral exercises that it is not accustomed to performing, in order to cause neuroplastic changes in your hypothalamus arcuate nucleus. It uses the vagus nerve as the stimulator to send these new messages to the brain. After a period of time, the inflammation will slowly dissipate at the median eminence, and these afferent signals will force expression of certain genes that have been repressed since we were in utero. These genes and pathways are hardwired into our DNA at conception, and used until the child is 12-24 months old. After this time, they are not expressed any longer, because transgenerational epigenetics favors instead the use of the leptin receptor from an evolutionary ...

摘要 Ghrelin作为一种具有特殊功能的能量调控因子，在能量代谢平衡以及生殖调控研究中被广泛关注，然而其在小鼠性周期变化过程中发挥调控的机制尚不明确。本研究通过腹腔注射ghrelin研究其对小鼠性周期不同阶段采食量及血清中雌二醇浓度的影响，并运用免疫荧光技术鉴定了ghrelin与弓状核（arcuate nucleus，ARC）区域分布的α型雌二醇受体（estrogen receptor α，ERα）神经元之间的共表达情况。结果表明，ghrelin（50 μg·kg-1）注射后的2 ...

We also found that glucose sensing by POMC neurons became defective in obese mice on a high-fat diet, suggesting that loss of glucose sensing by neurons has a role in the development of type 2 diabetes ...

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This is the number that pops up over and over again in a given work, often in seemingly unrelated contexts. Sometimes the number really is significant; sometimes, its just an in-joke or Stock Shout-Outs. That is, its the numeric equivalent of Arc Words.

Peripheral and hypothalamic mechanisms underlying the hyperphagia of lactation have been investigated in sheep. Sheep were fed ad libitum and killed at 6 and 18 days of lactation; ad libitum-fed nonlactating sheep were killed as controls. Despite increased food intake, lactating ewes were in negative energy balance. Lactation decreased plasma leptin and adipose tissue leptin mRNA concentrations. OB-Rb gene expression, determined by in situ hybridization, was increased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) at both stages of lactation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was increased by lactation in both the ARC and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), although increased gene expression in the DMH was only apparent at day 18 of lactation. Gene expression was decreased for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the ARC and VMH and for proopiomelanocortin in ARC during lactation. Agouti-related peptide gene expression was increased in the ARC, and ...

Recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states as well as feeding behavior and reward processes. Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. In addition, orexin deficiency also cause abnormalities in energy homeostasis and reward systems. Orexin activates waking active monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem regions to maintain a long, consolidated waking period. Orexin neurons receive abundant input from the limbic system. Orexin neurons also have reciprocal links with the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, which regulates feeding. Moreover, the responsiveness of orexin neurons to peripheral metabolic cues, such as leptin and glucose, suggest that these neurons have important role as a link between the energy homeostasis and vigilance states. Orexin neurons also have a link with the dopaminergic reward ...

Kennedy hypothesized nearly 50 y ago that negative feedback regulation of body fat stores involves hormones that circulate in proportion to adiposity and enter the brain, where they exert inhibitory effects on food intake and energy balance. Recent studies implicate leptin and insulin as adiposity …

Prolactin, Arcuate Nucleus, Brain, Cells, Gestation, Hypothalamus, Leptin, Leptin Receptor, Light, Mice, Mouse, Neurons, Nucleus Of The Solitary Tract, Populations, Pregnancy, Preoptic Area, Prolactin Receptors, Rodents, Transducer

These procedures were conducted as described previously (Ibrahim et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008, 2009). Briefly, four 250 μm basal hypothalamic slices were cut on a vibratome and placed in an auxiliary chamber containing oxygenated aCSF. The slices were allowed to recover for 1-2 h in the auxiliary chamber. Thereafter, the arcuate nucleus and median eminence was microdissected and incubated in 10 ml of aCSF, pH 7.3, 300 mOsm, containing 1 mg/ml protease for ∼15 min at 37°C. The tissue was then washed four times in low-calcium CSF (1 mm CaCl2) and two times in aCSF. The cells were isolated by trituration with flame-polished Pasteur pipettes, dispersed onto a 60 mm glass-bottomed Petri dish, and perfused continuously with aCSF at a rate of 2.0 ml/min. The dispersed, bipolar or unipolar fluorescent cells were visualized using a Leitz inverted fluorescent microscope, patched, and then harvested with gentle suction to the pipette using the Xenoworks manipulator system (Sutter ...

Die Universität zu Köln ist eine Exzellenzuniversität mit dem klassischen Fächerspektrum einer Volluniversität. Als eine der größen Hochschulen Europas arbeitet sie in Forschung und Lehre auch international auf höchstem Niveau.

First Kiss, Last Kiss, Best Kiss and Worst Kiss, from the edited h2g2, the Unconventional Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything

The present framework of radiological safety of occupational uncovered medical employees decreased the eye-lens equal dose restrict from 150 to 20 mSv…. ...

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The hormone kisspeptin essentially switches on the desire to reproduce and is thought to be responsible for the sexual appetite of young people.

학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.

학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.

학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.

학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.

학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.

학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.

在应用程序中可以找到许多流行的游戏，例如，大蓝角老虎机游戏，Safari热老虎机游戏，泰国天堂老虎机游戏，红熊老虎机游戏，爱尔兰运气老虎机游戏等。这些游戏大多数都是著名的，并且访问的频率是其中排名最高的，因为您可以轻松地获得大赢，超级大赢，超大赢。 ...

在应用程序中可以找到许多流行的游戏，例如，大蓝角老虎机游戏，Safari热老虎机游戏，泰国天堂老虎机游戏，红熊老虎机游戏，爱尔兰运气老虎机游戏等。这些游戏大多数都是著名的，并且访问的频率是其中排名最高的，因为您可以轻松地获得大赢，超级大赢，超大赢。 ...

在应用程序中可以找到许多流行的游戏，例如，大蓝角老虎机游戏，Safari热老虎机游戏，泰国天堂老虎机游戏，红熊老虎机游戏，爱尔兰运气老虎机游戏等。这些游戏大多数都是著名的，并且访问的频率是其中排名最高的，因为您可以轻松地获得大赢，超级大赢，超大赢。 ...