Small cell carcinomas (SCC) commonly arise in the respiratory tract; however, it is not uncommon for these cells to arise in nonpulmonary sites, as extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC). Small cell carcinoma is a distinct clinical and pathologic entity that arises from cells of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system.

Small cell carcinomas (SCC) commonly arise in the respiratory tract; however, it is not uncommon for these cells to arise in nonpulmonary sites, as extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC). Small cell carcinoma is a distinct clinical and pathologic entity that arises from cells of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system.

Metformins Therapeutic Action in the Treatment of Diabetes Does Not Involve Inhibition of Mitochondrial Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. Lawrence B, Gustafsson BI, Chan A, Svejda B, Kidd M, Modlin IM. The epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011;40:1-18 2. Modlin IM, Oberg K, Chung DC, Jensen RT, de Herder WW, Thakker RV. et al. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:61-72 3. Pearse AG. The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells of the APUD series and the embryologic, physiologic and pathologic implications of the concept. J Histochem Cytochem. 1969;17:303-13 4. Reubi JC, Waser B. Concomitant expression of several peptide receptors in neuroendocrine tumours: molecular basis for in vivo multireceptor tumour targeting. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:781-93 5. Lee DY, Li KC. Molecular theranostics: a primer for the imaging professional. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197:318-24 6. Krenning EP, Bakker WH, Breeman WA, Koper JW, Kooij PP, Ausema L. et al. Localisation of endocrine-related tumours with ...

Quid ergo dicemus invenisse Abraham patrem nostrum secundum carnem? Si enim Abraham ex operibus justificatus est, habet gloriam, sed non apud Deum.

Yellow, cancerous tumors of hormone-making cells in the gastrointestinal tract (specifically, they are classed as neuroendocrine or amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation tumors). They produce excess endocrines such as kallikrein (an activator of bradykinin release) and serotonin. These tumors can be found in the intestine, stomach, or sometimes on the liver. In later stages, this type of cancer causes symptoms such as diarrhea, wheezing, heart murmurs, enlarged liver, and a dusky appearance to the skin. Carcinoids can be diagnosed with a urine test or with a CAT scan ...

Chlorothiazide decreases plasma volume, heart size, and cardiac output. The oligemia stimulates vasomotor tone; this tends to maintain arterial pressure because chronic arterial hypertension is characteristically self-sustaining and homeostatic. This oligemic stimulation of vasomotor tone results in increased sensitivity to the antihypertensive effect of drugs depressing or blocking vasomotor function.. ...

SP-303, a large proanthocyanidin oligomer isolated from the latex of the plant species Croton lechleri (Eupborbiaceae) has demonstrated broad activity against a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. In cell culture, SP-303 exhibits potent activity against isolates and laboratory strains of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (FLU-A) and parainfluenza virus (PIV). Parallel assays of SP-303 and ribavirin showed comparable activity against these viruses. SP-303 also exhibits significant inhibitory activity against herpesvirus (HSV) types 1 and 2, including herpesviruses resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet. Inhibition was also observed against hepatitis A and B viruses. The antiviral mechanism of SP-303 seems to derive from its direct binding to components of the viral envelope, resulting in inhibition of viral attachment and penetration of the plasma membrane. Antiviral effects of SP-303 were measured by three distinct methods: CPE, MTT and precursor uptake/incorporation. Cytotoxicity endpoints

2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-amine 3512-80-9 Precursor and Downstream products, 2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-amine Precursor products, 2,6-dimethylpyridin-4-amine Downstream products ect.

5-Isopropylpyridin-2-amine 603310-75-4 Precursor and Downstream products, 5-Isopropylpyridin-2-amine Precursor products, 5-Isopropylpyridin-2-amine Downstream products ect.

A one-pot synthesis procedure is designed for preparing three α-aminophosphonates (R-H, R-COOH, and R-NH2); through the reaction of amine precursors (aniline, anthranilic or o-phenylene diamine, respectively) with salicylaldehyde and triphenylphosphite, under controlled conditions. These materials are first characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, BET, DLS, pHzpc, TGA and titration. In a second step, the sorption properties are compared for U(VI) recovery from mildly acidic solutions. At the optimum pH (i.e., pH 4) the sorbents can be ranked according the series: R-H (1.057 mmol U g−1) | R-NH2 (0.746 mmol U g−1) | R-COOH (0.533 mmol U g−1). The isotherms are fitted by the Langmuir equation. Uranium uptake is relatively fast: under selected experimental conditions, the equilibrium is reached within 90 min of contact. The kinetic profiles are indistinctly fitted by the model of resistance to intraparticle diffusion and the pseudo-first order rate equation. The study of sorption

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In previous studies we found strong evidence for the existence and activation in human liver of putative progenitor cells resembling oval cells in rat liver. In view of the known role of rat oval cells in regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis, we investigated a possible correlation between human putative progenitor cells and different types of dysplastic foci. METHODS: We determined the immunohistochemical phenotype of dysplastic foci found in 20 cirrhotic liver explants of various etiology, using specific antibodies against hepatocyte-type cytokeratin (CK) 8 and CK18, bile duct-type CK7 and CK19, chromogranin-A (chrom-A) and rat oval cell marker OV-6. RESULTS: All 12 foci of large cell dysplasia had a phenotype similar to that of surrounding parenchyma. Oncocytic foci showed a strong cytoplasmic staining for CK7. Three out of six of these foci contained progenitor cells, which are small cells immunoreactive for CK18, CK7, CK19, OV-6, chrom-A and stained more intensely for CK8 ...

Blattmann, Annette et al., The formation of pores in the basal lamina of regenerated renal tubules Biomaterials (2008) In this assay they looked at the basal aspects of renal tubules generated at the Interphase of an artificial interstitium in order to gain more knowledge about the generation of renal tubules. They took progenitor cells from neonatal rabbit kidney and put them inside a specific tissue holder that was covered by polyester fleece. They found tissue-specific antibodies that showed that the tubes were completely covered by a basal lamina. The matrix that was formed had three categories of pores which were widely distributed. The pores were also found in collections of duct tubules of the neonatal rabbit kidney. ...

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), defined as nontraumatic bleeding into the brain parenchyma, is the second most common subtype of stroke, with 5.3 million cases and over 3 million deaths reported worldwide in 2010. Case fatality is extremely high (reaching approximately 60 % at 1 year post event). Only 20 % of patients who survive are independent within 6 months. Factors such as chronic hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and anticoagulation are commonly associated with ICH. Chronic arterial hypertension represents the major risk factor for bleeding ...

NE differentiation in pancreatic carcinomas has been reported in various studies using IHC (13, 14, 15) . However, the expression of PGP9.5 and its relation to other NE markers have not been studied in pancreatic cancer to date. In this study, CGA was used as a marker for NE differentiation because it has been demonstrated to be a well-characterized marker for NE differentiation (16) . We found that tumor cells immunoreactive to CGA monoclonal antibody accounted for ,1% of the tumor cell population. On the other hand, PGP9.5 was expressed in 26 of 69 (37.7%) pancreatic cancers. These results suggested that the expression of PGP9.5 in pancreatic cancer is independent of NE differentiation.. Subsequently, we investigated a possible correlation of PGP9.5 status with clinicopathological features. Although PGP9.5 expression was not associated with tumor histology or the extent of the tumor, pancreatic cancer patients with PGP9.5 expression had significantly shorter survival times than those without ...

sco:SCO4774 K00111 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.5.3] , (RefSeq) SCD63.06; glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (A) MRTATLGPAQRAESLAAMAERELDVLVVGAGVVGAGTALDAVTRGLSVGLVEARDWASGT SSRSSKLIHGGLRYLEMLDFVLVREALKERGLLLERLAPHLVKPVPFLYPLQHKGWERLY AGSGVALYDAMSMARGHGRGLPLHRHLSRRHALRVAPALKKDALVGALQYYDAQMDDARF VATLVRTAAAYGAKVANRARVTSFLREGERVVGARVQDVEAGGEYEVRAKQVVNATGVWT DDTQAMVGERGQFHVRASKGIHLVVPKDRIHSSTGLILRTEKSVLFVIPWGRHWIIGTTD TDWDLDKAHPAASSADIDYLLEHVNSVLSVPLTRDDVEGVYAGLRPLLAGESDATSKLSR EHTVAHPVPGLVVVAGGKYTTYRVMAKDAVDEAVHGLDLRVADCVTEETPLLGAEGYHAQ WNARARIAARTGLHVVRVEHLLNRYGSLTEELLELVAADPSLGEPLTGADDYLRAEVVYA ASHEGARHLDDVLTRRTRISIETFDRGTRCAREAAELMAPVLGWDKGQVEREIEHYEKRV EAERESQRQPDDLTADAARLGAPDIAAR ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Disc1 Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral Cortex. AU - Lee, F. H. F.. AU - Fadel, M. P.. AU - Preston-Maher, K.. AU - Cordes, S. P.. AU - Clapcote, S. J.. AU - Price, D. J.. AU - Roder, J. C.. AU - Wong, A. H. C.. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. N2 - Glypicans are essential modulators of cell signalling during embryogenesis. Little is known about their functions in brain development. We show here that mouse glypicans (gpc-1 to gpc-6) are differentially expressed in embryonic brains during key morphogenetic events. In gastrulating embryos, gpc-4 is the only glypican expressed in anterior visceral endoderm. During neural tube closure, gpc-4 transcripts are restricted to the anterior neural ridge and telencephalon. At this stage, gpc-1 expression shifts from trunk and head mesenchyme to neural tube. Gpc-3 mRNA appears across the ventral neural tube, then in the lamina terminalis and hypothalamus. Gpc-2 and gpc-6 transcripts are in all brain compartments. Gpc-5 is found ...

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein, which was first identified in patients with colonic carcinoma and in epithelial tumours of endodermal origin (gastrointestinal tract) by Gold and Freedman (1). The CEA molecule is quite heterogeneous due to the carbohydrate contents (50-60%) and depending on the purification procedure employed. It is soluble in perchloric acid and has a molecular weight of about 175.000-200.000 Daltons (2). Immunological and genetic characterization of CEA has identified a family of CEA-like molecules sharing common antigenic determinants. The most relevant CEA-like molecule is NCA (non-specific cross-reacting antigen) synthesized both by normal and pathological tissues. The problem of cross-reacting CEA-like molecules when assaying CEA is possible to overcome by the use of monoclonal antibodies. The CanAg CEA EIA is based on two mouse monoclonal antibodies against the Gold epitopes IV and V (3, 4 ...

The adult kidney plays a central role in erythropoiesis and is the main source of erythropoietin (EPO), an oxygen-sensitive glycoprotein that is essential for red blood cell production. Decreases of renal pO2 promote hypoxia-inducible factor 2-mediated (HIF-2-mediated) induction of EPO in peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells, which serve as the cellular site of EPO synthesis in the kidney. It is not clear whether HIF signaling in other renal cell types also contributes to the regulation of EPO production. Here, we used a genetic approach in mice to investigate the role of renal epithelial HIF in erythropoiesis. Specifically, we found that HIF activation in the proximal nephron via induced inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, which targets the HIF-α subunit for proteasomal degradation, led to rapid development of hypoproliferative anemia that was associated with a reduction in the number of EPO-producing renal interstitial cells. Moreover, suppression of renal EPO ...

The adult kidney plays a central role in erythropoiesis and is the main source of erythropoietin (EPO), an oxygen-sensitive glycoprotein that is essential for red blood cell production. Decreases of renal pO2 promote hypoxia-inducible factor 2-mediated (HIF-2-mediated) induction of EPO in peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells, which serve as the cellular site of EPO synthesis in the kidney. It is not clear whether HIF signaling in other renal cell types also contributes to the regulation of EPO production. Here, we used a genetic approach in mice to investigate the role of renal epithelial HIF in erythropoiesis. Specifically, we found that HIF activation in the proximal nephron via induced inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, which targets the HIF-α subunit for proteasomal degradation, led to rapid development of hypoproliferative anemia that was associated with a reduction in the number of EPO-producing renal interstitial cells. Moreover, suppression of renal EPO ...

The terminal bronchioles are a continuation of the bronchi and are the last divisions of the conducting airways. Gross Anatomy Terminal bronchioles are confusingly named, as they are not the final branches but rather the distal bronchioles th...

The vertebrate forebrain is formed at the rostral end of the neural plate under the regulation of local and specific signals emanating from both the endomesoderm and neuroectoderm. The development of the rostral and ventral forebrain in particular was difficult to study, mainly because no specific markers are available to date. Here, we report the identification of Vax1, a novel homeobox-containing gene identified in mouse, Xenopus and human. It is closely related to members of the Not and Emx gene families, all of which are required for the formation of structures where they are expressed. In mouse and Xenopus, Vax1 expression first occurs in the rostral neural plate, in the medial anterior neural ridge and adjacent ectoderm. Later, at midgestation in the mouse and tadpole stage in Xenopus, the expression remains confined in the derivatives of this territory which differentiate into rostromedial olfactory placode, optic nerve and disc, and anterior ventral forebrain. Together, these ...

Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1; NR5A2) is a member of the NR5A subfamily of nuclear receptors (NRs) for which there are two members (Fayard et al., 2004). LRH-1 and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1; NR5A1) both bind to identical DNA consensus sequences (response elements) in promoter regions of their target genes and both bind DNA as monomers (Krylova et al., 2005; Li et al., 2005; Solomon et al., 2005). LRH-1 and SF-1 are differentially expressed in tissues and thus are likely to have nonoverlapping, nonredundant functions. Whereas SF-1 is confined to steroidogenic tissues where it plays a critical role in the regulation of development, differentiation, steroidogenesis, and sexual determination (Broadus et al., 1999; Lavorgna et al., 1991; Luo et al., 1994), LRH-1 is highly expressed in tissues of endodermal origin and is essential for normal intestinal and pancreatic function. In the liver, LRH-1 regulates cholesterol metabolism and bile acid homeostasis (Francis et al., 2003). Most NRs require ...

The study of formation of defensive mechanisms in the human fetal lung at different stages of embryogenesis is of great interest, in particular, because of the high frequency of pathology of the respiratory organs in neonates. Several structural components of the lungs are involved in the development of local reactions of cellular and humoral immunity: broncho-associated lymphoid tissue (the BALT system), lymphoid ceils of the lung parenchyma, and also the alveolar macrophages. The formation of the material substrate of local cellular immunity has been studied experimentally [5-7]. The results of an investigation of the subpopulation composition of lymphoid cells in the parenchyma of the adult human lung have been obtained [4]. No information on phenotypic characteristics of the lymphoid cells of the embryonic human lung could be found in the literature. This paper describes a study of the subpopulation composition of lymphoid cells in the parenchyma of the human fetal Iung at different stages of

Looking for online definition of beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the Medical Dictionary? beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone explanation free. What is beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone? Meaning of beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone medical term. What does beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone mean?

Esthesioneuroblastoma has been reported to originate from sphenopalatine ganglion, vomeronasal organ of Jacobson, neuroepithelial cells of the olfactory membrane, the ectopic olfactory epithelium in the nasal mucosa and the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells [1, 2]. It is a locally infiltrating malignant neoplasm; frequently invades the skull base, orbit and adjacent soft tissue from the typical cribriform site. In our patient, the neoplasm has infiltrated the left orbit through destruction of medial orbital wall resulting in proptosis. Distant and regional metastases are seen in about 14-38% of cases at the time of diagnosis; cervical lymph nodes, lung and bone being the frequently involved sites [4]. Esthesioneuroblastoma should be differentiated from other malignant tumors in anterior skull base.. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful to identify the margin and spread approaches of the tumor. Fine-cut CT scan (3 mm slice thickness) with direct coronal imaging is ...

0009] Both of the N-chloramine compounds mentioned above are able to easily be synthesized using methods known to those of skill in the art. Aqueous solutions of the un-halogenated amine precursor for either compound may be simply exposed to a dilute aqueous solution of household bleach (e.g., sodium hypochlorite) or sodium chlorite or by bubbling in chlorine gas to form the N-chloramine. For example, compound 1 has been prepared by Worley, et al., by using chlorine gas to react with an aqueous alkaline solution of the precursor amine (see Tsao, et al., Novel N-Halamine Disinfectant Compounds, Biotechnol. Prog. 1991, 7, 60 or Worley, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,612). It can also be purchased commercially from the HaloSource Corporation in Bothell, Wash. The precursor 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone is able to be prepared according to the method outlined in Tsao, et al., Novel N-Halamine Disinfectant Compounds, Biotechnol. Prog. 1991, 7, 60 or Worley, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,612. ...

FREQUENCY 2 or G (146 Hz): For areas of yellow scar tissue that are generally formed internally on tendons, ligaments and sub-acute (lingering but not chronic) conditions. Field use has shown setting 2 to be helpful in reducing inflammation associated with injuries and infections. This is often called a universal frequency because most problems involve inflammation.. FREQUENCY 3 or A (292 Hz): For tissue of ectodermal origin, such as body openings, skin and nerve. Field applications include wounds, eye injuries and following surgery. Setting 3 tends to tone up tissue while minimizing the chance of hemorrhaging in fresh wounds or recent surgical sites. It is also good for the treatment of acupuncture and trigger point, corneal ulcers and ulcerated mucous membranes. This is called a universal frequency in acupuncture.. FREQUENCY 4 or B (584 Hz): For circulatory and lymphatic stimulation and treatment of tissue of endodermal origin such as GI tract, liver, pancreas. In field applications setting 4 ...

Atoms can connect to a number of other atoms by chemical bonds to type chemical compounds such as molecules or crystals. The capability of atoms to associate and dissociate is liable for a lot of the physical adjustments observed in nature. Chemistry is the discipline that studies these changes. Most of the matter encountered within the universe is made from atoms with constructive protons, impartial neutrons, and unfavorable electrons. However, there exists an antimatter particle for electrons and protons with reverse electrical charges.. Electrons are attracted to any constructive charge by their electrical force; in an atom, electrical forces bind the electrons to the nucleus. Other extra rare types of radioactive decay embody ejection of neutrons or protons or clusters of nucleons from a nucleus, or multiple beta particle. A few giant nuclei explode into two or more charged fragments of various plenty plus a number of neutrons, in a decay called spontaneous nuclear fission. The variety of ...

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ಮೂರನೆ ಕವಲುಗೊಳವೆಗಳು (tertiary bronchi) ಕವಲೊಡೆದು ನವಿರುಸಿರುಗೊಳವೆಗಳಾಗಿ (bronchioles) ಮಾರ‍್ಪಡುತ್ತವೆ. ನವಿರುಸಿರುಗೊಳವೆಗಳು ಸಿಬಿರೊಡೆದು 1 ಮಿಲಿಮೀಟರ‍್ ದುಂಡಳತೆಗಿಂತ (diameter) ಸಣ್ಣದಾದ ತುದಿ ನವಿರುಗೊಳವೆಗಳಾಗುತ್ತವೆ (terminal bronchioles). ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ಗಟ್ಟಲೇ ಇರುವ ಈ ತುದಿ ನವಿರುಗೊಳವೆಗಳು, ಗಾಳಿಗೂಡಿಗೆ (alveolus) ಗಾಳಿಯನ್ನು ರವಾನಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.. ಮೊದಲನೆ ಕವಲುಗೊಳವೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿರುವ (primary bronchi) C ಆಕಾರದ ಮೆಲ್ಲೆಲುಬುಗಳು (cartilage), ಗಾಳಿಜಾಡನ್ನು (airway) ತೆರೆದ ಸ್ತಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿಡಲು ...

A novel method has been developed for the preparation of nearly pure separate cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The method is based on (a) the absence of viable neurons in cultures prepared from postnatal rat cerebra, (b) the stratification of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in culture, and (c) the selective detachment of the overlying oligodendrocytes when exposed to sheer forces generated by shaking the cultures on an orbital shaker for 15--18 h at 37 degrees C. Preparations appear greater than 98% pure and contain approximately 1-2 x 10(7) viable cells (20--40 mg of cell protein). Three methods were used to characterize these two culture t ypes. First, electron microscopic examination was used to identify the cells in each preparation (mixed and separated cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and to assess the purity of each preparation. Second, two oligodendroglial cell markers, 2,3-cyclic nucleotide 3-phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.4.37) and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase ...

IgD monoclonal proteins are rare and historically have been associated with the presence of multiple myeloma. In 1970, a patient was reported who had IgD multiple myeloma with multiple extramedullary amyloid-containing tumors and amyloid casts in the kidney.12 In 1973, another patient was reported who had IgD myeloma and amyloid arthropathy that led to periarticular infiltration with subcutaneous nodules mimicking rheumatoid arthritis.13 Both of these reports predated the first recognition that amyloidosis was a clear plasma-cell dyscrasia associated with monoclonal Ig.14 In contrast to these isolated case reports, IgD-associated multiple myeloma was well recognized. One study reviewed the cases of 133 patients with IgD-associated multiple myeloma; these IgD-associated cases constituted 0.8% of the M components and 2.1% of the myelomas seen at the institution.1 In these patients, IgD levels were recognized to be low despite the presence of a monoclonal IgD protein, and λ light chains were found ...

Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center have developed and tested a vaccine that triggered the growth of immune cell nodules within pancreatic tumors, essentially reprogramming these intractable cancers and potentially making them vulnerable to immune-based therapies.

Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center have developed and tested a vaccine that triggered the growth of immune cell nodules within pancreatic tumors, essentially reprogramming these intractable cancers and potentially making them vulnerable to immune-based therapies.

The pituitary gland lies in between the two halves of the brain at the base of the third vertebrae. In scientific terms, it is known as the master gland because it regulates and controls the rate at which the other glands release their hormones and the timing of the release. Until the pineal gland tells the body to act, it doesnt act.. The pituitary gland is divided into three lobes. The anterior lobe is in charge of regulating the activity of the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, and the gonads. It tells the body when to grow, how much to grow, and when to stop growing. It also regulates the production of breast milk by pregnant and nursing mothers so that they can nourish the growth of their young. The intermediate lobe dictates the pigmentation of skin, releasing more Beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone when theres been increased exposure to direct sunlight and more protection is needed and decreasing the levels when theres less sunlight so that more of sunlight can be taken in and ...

The pattern of skeletal structures and muscles in the branchial region of the head is profoundly influenced by the neural crest, whose cells arise at discrete segmental levels of the chick hindbrain: specifically, rhombomeres (r)1+2, r4 and r6, whereas r3 and r5 are crest-depleted. We have demonstra …

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The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus. Body cavities featuring mucous membrane include most of the respiratory system. The glans penis (head of the penis) and glans clitoridis and the inside of the prepuce (foreskin) and clitoral hood are mucous membranes, not skin. ...

Lactoperoxidase is a peroxidase enzyme secreted from mammary, salivary, and other mucosal glands that functions as a natural antibacterial agent. Lactoperoxidase is a member of the heme peroxidase family of enzymes. In humans, lactoperoxidase is encoded by the LPO gene. Lactoperoxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a number of inorganic and organic substrates by hydrogen peroxide. These substrates include bromide and iodide and therefore lactoperoxidase can be categorised as a haloperoxidase. Another important substrate is thiocyanate. The oxidized products produced through the action of this enzyme have potent bactericidal activities. Lactoperoxidase together with its inorganic ion substrates, hydrogen peroxide, and oxidized products is known as the lactoperoxidase system. The lactoperoxidase system plays an important role in the innate immune system by killing bacteria in milk and mucosal (linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion) ...

Primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva, unrelated to the native glands of perineum is an extremely rare neoplasm. Despite awareness of this lesion for over 40 years, the origin is not beyond speculation. The most reasonable hypothesis is based on the remnants of cloacal differentiation during early days of life. Here we report the case of a 60-year-old patient with a vulvar mass, who underwent partial vulvectomy and bilateral regional lymph node dissection. The tumor was composed of papillary and complex glandular structures and exhibited diffuse positivity for cytokeratin 20 and polyclonal CEA, CDX2, and focal positivity with cytokeratin 7. Unlike the indolent behavior of this malignant neoplasm according to the literature, we found two metastatic inguinal lymph nodes. She did not receive adjuvant therapy and is still alive, free of disease 38 months after surgery. We present different aspects of vulvar adenocarcinomas with a case report. ...

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with BRONCHITIS, usually involving lobular areas from TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES to the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. The affected areas become filled with exudate that forms consolidated patches ...

PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.

The respiratory system is human actioning pointd on two rationales, pliable principle and exerciseal principle. The conducting part and the respiratory accord atomic anatomy 18 portion that divided on basis of the operative principle .The comp onents of the conducting portion argon nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles .while the components of the respiratory portion are respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Each portion has his hold function that is related to what it is consist of .the functions of the conducting portion are to provide passageways for the duck soup , warm the air ,humidifies ,and trapping up and preventing darts as well microscopes from entering the lungs . the conducting portion decease from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles .the trachea is tube-like with 20 c-shaped cartilages. in parliamentary procedure to prevent the trachea from collapsing ,the cartilages were necessit ate .the wall of the trachea from inside is ...

The lung is the main organ in the respiratory system and doesnt develop till about week 4 in the embryo. This stage of development is known as the Embryonic stage that covers the period of week 4-5 of the developing embryo. In this stage the 2 lung buds would have formed and lung lobes and the bronchopulmonary segments. The stem diverticulum will have differentiated into trachea and larynx. The Pseudoglandular stage is the period from 6 weeks to 16 weeks in the growing fetus. The events that occur in this stage include the formation of extensive airway branching of about 14 or more generations of branching resulting in terminal bronchioles. The conducting epithelium tubes are formed and are surrounded by thick mesenchyme. At 2 months all of the segmental bronchi would have formed. The distal structures at this stage are lined with cuboidal epithelium. The next stage is the Canalicular stage, from the period of week 16 to 25. The terminal bronchioles divide into two or more respiratory ...

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Looking for Respiratory bronchioles? Find out information about Respiratory bronchioles. any of the smallest bronchial tubes, usually ending in alveoli A small, thin-walled branch of a bronchus, usually terminating in alveoli Explanation of Respiratory bronchioles

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