Change in the Surface Antigen of a microorganism. There are two different types. One is a phenomenon, especially associated with Influenza Viruses, where they undergo spontaneous variation both as slow Antigenic drift and sudden emergence of new strains (Antigenic shift). The second type is when certain Parasites, especially trypanosomes, Plasmodium, and Borrelia, survive the immune response of the host by changing the surface coat (Antigen switching). (From Herbert et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 4th ed ...

Influenza A virus can mutate in two ways: antigenic drift or adaptive mutation, whereby the existing antigen transformed and antigenic shift or mutation of the mating process of two or more kinds of antigens. Antigenic drift, causing a small mutations in the flu virus from year to year, which attacks the human immune system but not completely. In contrast, the new H1N1 strain emerged in a way antigenic shift in pigs in Mexico ...

Many evolutionarily distant pathogenic organisms have evolved similar survival strategies to evade the immune responses of their hosts. These include antigenic variation, through which an infecting organism prevents clearance by periodically altering the identity of proteins that are visible to the immune system of the host1. Antigenic variation requires large reservoirs of immunologically diverse antigen genes, which are often generated through homologous recombination, as well as mechanisms to ensure the expression of one or very few antigens at any given time. Both homologous recombination and gene expression are affected by three-dimensional genome architecture and local DNA accessibility2,3. Factors that link three-dimensional genome architecture, local chromatin conformation and antigenic variation have, to our knowledge, not yet been identified in any organism. One of the major obstacles to studying the role of genome architecture in antigenic variation has been the highly repetitive ...

To successfully infect a person, the influenza virus must develop ways to evade a persons immune system. Viruses do this through evolutionary processes called antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Influenza type A viruses undergo both kinds of changes, while influenza type B and C viruses change only by the gradual process of antigenic drift.Antigenic Drift: Continual Small

Schistosomes have an outer tegument that protects them from the host immune system. Parasite antigens expressed on or within the surface layer of the tegument have been suggested to be potential vaccine targets such as tetraspanin 23 (TSP23). Little is known about the evolution and diversity of tegumental antigens, an important consideration given that vaccines are being designed and are failing. Moreover, these antigens, including TSP23, are in direct contact with the host immune system, and so accelerated and adaptive evolution may be occurring. Species of Schistosoma infect a variety of definitive hosts. The way in which these hosts are shaping the evolution of antigens across different species of Schistosoma needs investigating. Much attention has been focussed on the production of an effective multi-species vaccine against the schistosomes, and there has been little success in absolute clearance or even establishment of continued immune memory post-infection. The aim of this study was ...

Supplementary MaterialsQuantitative Recognition of Weak D Antigen Variations in Bloodstream Typing Using SPR - Supplementary Material 41598_2017_1817_MOESM1_ESM. response device (RU) is certainly reported ( 100?RU). Unbound harmful cells are eluted ( 100 directly?RU). Weak D cells had been detected between a variety of 180C580?RU, because of a lower appearance of antigens. Partial D cells, category D VI, had been also positively discovered (352C1147?RU), similar compared to that of normal D antigens. The recognition of two classes of weaker D variations was attained for the very first time using this completely regenerable SPR system, starting up a fresh avenue to displace the existing GS-1101 inhibitor database subjective and arbitrary options for quantifying bloodstream group antibody-antigen connections. Introduction Mismatching incompatible blood types can lead to a haemolytic transfusion reaction, the severity of which can range from moderate to fatal1. Therefore, accurate and reliable ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Epidemics in Competition. T2 - Partial Cross-Immunity. AU - Andreasen, Viggo. PY - 2018. Y1 - 2018. N2 - The competition between two pathogen strains during the course of an epidemic represents a fundamental step in the early evolution of emerging diseases as well as in the antigenic drift process of influenza. The outcome of the competition, however, depends not only on the epidemic properties of the two strains but also on the timing and size of the introduction, characteristics that are poorly captured by deterministic mean-field epidemic models. We describe those aspects of the competition that can be determined from the mean-field models giving the range of possible final sizes of susceptible hosts and cumulated attack rates that could be observed after an epidemic with two cross-reacting strains. In the limit where the size of the initial infection goes to zero, the possible outcomes lie on a (one dimensional) curve in the outcome space.. AB - The competition between two ...

Brunham, R C, F A Plummer, and R S Stephens. Bacterial antigenic variation, host immune response, and pathogen-host coevolution.. Infection and Immunity 61.6 (1993): 2273-2276. Web. 19 Jan. 2020. ...

View Notes - 10-07_Culture_Exists_2 from ANTHRO 186P at UCLA. Culture exists Three sources of variation Much variation is not environmental Much variation not due to institutions w w Cultures

Pathogens that evade adaptive immunity typically exhibit antigenic variation. By contrast, it appears that although the chronic human tuberculosis (TB)-causing pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis needs to counter host T cell responses, its T cell epitopes are hyperconserved. Here we present an extensive analysis of the T cell epitopes of M. tuberculosis. We combined population genomics with experimental immunology to determine the number and identity of T cell epitope sequence variants in 216 phylogenetically diverse strains of M. tuberculosis. Antigen conservation is indeed a hallmark of M. tuberculosis. However, our analysis revealed a set of seven variable antigens that were immunogenic in subjects with active TB. These findings suggest that M. tuberculosis uses mechanisms other than antigenic variation to evade T cells. T cell epitopes that exhibit sequence variation may not be subject to the same evasion mechanisms, and hence vaccines that include such variable epitopes may be more ...

Antigenic variation by variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat switching in African trypanosomes is one of the most elaborate immune evasion strategies found among pathogens. Changes in the identity of the transcribed VSG gene, which is always flanked by 70-bp and telomeric repeats, can be achieved either by transcriptional or DNA recombination mechanisms. The major route of VSG switching is DNA recombination, which occurs in the bloodstream VSG expression site (ES), a multigenic site transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Recombinogenic VSG switching is frequently catalyzed by homologous recombination (HR), a reaction normally triggered by DNA breaks. However, a clear understanding of how such breaks arise-including whether there is a dedicated and ES-focused mechanism-is lacking. Here, we synthesize data emerging from recent studies that have proposed a range of mechanisms that could generate these breaks: action of a nuclease or nucleases; repetitive DNA, most notably the 70-bp repeats, providing ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Strong Positive Selection and Recombination Drive the Antigenic Variation of the PilE Protein of the Human Pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. AU - Andrews, T. Daniel. AU - Gojobori, Takashi. PY - 2004/1/1. Y1 - 2004/1/1. N2 - The PilE protein is the major component of the Neisseria meningitidis pilus, which is encoded by the pilE/pilS locus that includes an expressed gene and eight homologous silent fragments. The silent gene fragments have been shown to recombine through gene conversion with the expressed gene and thereby provide a means by which novel antigenic variants of the PilE protein can be generated. We have analyzed the evolutionary rate of the pilE gene using the nucleotide sequence of two complete pilE/pilS loci. The very high rate of evolution displayed by the PilE protein appears driven by both recombination and positive selection. Within the semivariable region of the pilE and pilS genes, recombination appears to occur within multiple small sequence blocks that lie ...

Trypanosoma brucei, a causative agent of African sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals, constantly changes its dense variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat to avoid elimination by the immune system of its mammalian host, using an extensive repertoire of dedicated genes. Although this process, referred to as antigenic variation, is the major mechanism of pathogenesis for T. brucei, the dynamics of VSG expression in T. brucei during an infection are poorly understood. In this thesis, I describe the development of VSG-seq, a method for quantitatively examining the diversity of expressed VSGs in any population of trypanosomes. Using VSG-seq, I monitored VSG expression dynamics in vivo during both acute and chronic mouse infections. My experiments revealed unexpected diversity within parasite populations, and the expression of as much as one-third of the functional genomic VSG repertoire after only one month of infection. In addition to suggesting that the host-pathogen interaction in T.

Plasmodium falciparum expresses on the host erythrocyte surface clonally variant antigens and ligands that mediate adherence to endothelial receptors. Both are central to pathogenesis, since they allow chronicity of infection and lead to concentration of infected erythrocytes in cerebral vessels. Here we show that expression of variant antigenic determinants is correlated with expression of individual members of a large, multigene family named var. Each var gene contains copies of a motif that has been previously shown to bind diverse host receptors; expression of a specific var gene correlated with binding to ICAM-1. Thus, our findings are consistent with the involvement of var genes in antigenic variation and binding to endothelium.

Research in the Totten group focuses on the molecular biology, pathogenesis, and disease associations of the recently discovered STD pathogen, Mycoplasma genitalium. Their finding that this bacterium can persist for months, if not years, in infected women lead to our hypothesis that this pathogen evades the host immune response in part by antigenically varying two of its immunogenic surface-exposed proteins. Supporting this hypothesis, they have shown that the sequences of the genes encoding these proteins evolve using reciprocal recombination with non-coding homologous DNA distributed throughout its minimal chromosome. Further, contrary to the accepted wisdom that this bacterium contains few regulatory genes, they have shown that recombination leading to antigenic variation is regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. The novel recombination and regulatory mechanisms of antigenic variation, the biologic significance of the resulting antigenic variants, ...

Neisseria meningitidis is the major cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide. The genome of this pathogen contains >40 phase variable loci whose expression is regulated by tandem DNA repeat tracts. Majority of these loci encode OMPs, which are potential targets for host innate and adaptive immune responses. An analysis for the distribution, frequency and role of PV of these genes is relevant in determining their virulence association and suitability as a future vaccine candidate. The project investigated the combined distribution, frequency and PV status of two important genes, hpuAB and hmbR, in disease (n=221) and carriage (n=305) isolates. Strains with both genes or only hmbR were present at similar frequencies among disease isolates as compared with carriage isolates. However, >90 % of isolates from CC5, CC8 and CC11 (CCs with the highest disease to carriage ratios) contained both genes. Strains with only hpuAB gene were under-represented among disease isolates, possibly due to the receptor ...

Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) represents an essential element in controlling and combating outbreaks, which can otherwise have disastrous consequences such as during the FMD outbreak in the UK in 2001. This is pertinent to regions in large parts of the developing world in which the FMD virus (FMDV) is endemic, as well as during an epidemic in FMDV-free areas such as Europe. Nevertheless, successful vaccination against FMDV requires selection of the appropriately matching vaccine strain providing protection against a particular circulating field virus. This problem originates from the existence of seven known serotypes of FMDV, with which a high antigenic variation of the virus is observed. In addition, subtypical antigenic variation within a serotype is under constant evolutionary change due to the high mutation rate of FMDV. For these reasons, continuous vaccine testing and modification in the light of recent antigenic changes to the virus is required. Traditionally, vaccines ...

darcoda at telerama.lm.com (S. Frog) wrote: , , , Hi, and all that. , , Im not sure if this is the proper place to raise this question, , and forgive me if it isnt, but I have a question about the flu. , Actually, three questions: , Is the flu a retrovirus? , If it isnt a retrovirus, do I have a faulty definition of what a , retrovirus is? , Lastly, is it true that the flu has only been around for like a , hunred years or so? And that it mutated from something else, which is , why human has so little resistence to it when the influenza epidemic , roared through just after world war I? , , , Thanks. :) , , , , , S. Frog , -- , , , .. The agent which causes many cases of the flu is called influenza. It is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae. These viruses have a segmented, single stranded RNA genome. Their segmented genome enables them to undergo a special kind of mutation (actually it is segment reassortment) called antigenic shift, which causes the pandemics in human medicine. Many species ...

Contingency genes are common in pathogenic microbes and enable, through pre-emptive mutational events, rapid, clonal switches in phenotype that are conducive to survival and proliferation in hosts. Antigenic variation, which is a highly successful survival strategy employed by eubacterial and eukaryotic pathogens, involves large repertoires of distinct contingency genes that are expressed differentially, enabling evasion of host acquired immunity. Most, but not all, antigenic variation systems make extensive use of subtelomeres. Study of model systems has shown that subtelomeres have unusual properties, including reversible silencing of genes mediated by proteins binding to the telomere, and engagement in ectopic recombination with other subtelomeres. There is a general theory that subtelomeric location confers a capacity for gene diversification through such recombination, although experimental evidence is that there is no increased mitotic recombination at such loci and that sequence ...

In addition to avoiding destruction by modulating DNA-Repair pathways, viruses also alter other aspects of the cells defense such as cell surface markers. CMV and adenoviruses decrease the expression of a cells MHC recognition markers which decreases the ability of the immune system to respond to infections that is highly characteristic of the immune system in senescence (DNA-Damage-Response np). One factor is the loss of the CD28 marker; when CD28 isnt expressed, antigen-presenting cells like macrophages no longer recognise the T cell and thus arent able to alert the immune cell to danger (de Grey 207). Some viruses like HIV are able to prevent detection from the immune system by restricting the expression of virus antigens as well as having wide antigen variation (DNA-damage-response). Furthermore, there are viruses that modify other signaling pathways that lead affects lymphocyte and macrophage (which is an anti-gen presenting cell) functions that lead to immunosupression ...

Then is this host specific antigenic variation due to different subspecies of P.carinii infecting their particular favorite flavor of host? Or is there one P.carinii changing its disguise to suit its situation (Like the elusive pimpernel)? Do the authors of this splendid sounding article offer an explanation? My library doesnt carry that journal. Doesnt carry much of anything not relating to engineering, actually. Regards Simon ______________________________ Reply Separator _________________________________ Subject: RE: Re[2]: P.carinii Author: [email protected] at Internet Date: 11/12/98 7:14 PM Host species-specific antigenic variations have been reported, according to the article I cited. Pigs are not dogs are not rats are not people! -----Original Message----- From: [email protected] [SMTP:[email protected]] Sent: Thursday, November 12, 1998 12:27 PM To: [email protected] Subject: Re[2]: P.carinii Forgive my stupidity, but wont any antibody to P.carinii label ...

A Mr 32,000 integral membrane protein has previously been identified on erythrocytes bearing the Rh(D) antigen and is thought to contain the antigenic variations responsible for the different Rh phenotypes. To study it on ...

There is provided an apparatus capable of maintaining a pile warp tension at a desired value even under a high speed operation of a pile loom in a pile warp tension controller of the pile loom. The pi

There arent too many options if you want to root piles out completely. Perhaps in that context surgery is one of the best bets. But that too, there is no foolproof guarantee that you will never have it.

5/4/2009 10:24:08 PM Flu viruses change slightly from year to year. This is called antigenic drift. This is what the committee that determines what the

Summary Three hybridoma antibodies, prepared against the RSN-2 strain of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, have been used to identify antigenic variation between 41 isolates of RS virus collected from widely separated geographical regions over a period of 29 years. One antibody was directed against an antigenic site on the virus fusion protein, VP70. This site was shared by 21 virus isolates tested and its recognition by the antibody was sensitive to the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The remaining two antibodies used react against the virus phosphoprotein, VPP32. Two independent sites were recognized on VPP32 by these antibodies. One antibody reacted with all of the virus isolates screened while the second reacted with only 21 out of the 41 virus isolates. On the basis of the variable epitope, two antigenic types of human RS virus were identified. The distribution of each antigenic group among 28 RS virus isolates from the Grampian Region, north-east Scotland, collected between 1982 and 1984 was

As with other infectious diseases, much discussion has been generated in the past about whether the malaria parasite population is structured into strains that have variable virulence (27). PfEMP1 presents us with a scenario in which a repertoire of molecules that play a central role in the host-parasite interaction, both through cytoadherence and immunogenicity, appear to be functionally and genetically differentiated within every parasite genome (13, 28), potentially giving each parasite line the ability to alter its pathogenicity depending on the combination of selection pressures experienced within the host (29). However, there is no direct evidence for links between the structure of the PfEMP1 antigen repertoire and a role for PfEMP1 in parasite immune evasion and pathogenicity.. A frequently cited study supporting a link between group A var expression and parasite virulence is based on the in vitro selection of a lab-adapted parasite isolate using pooled serum from semi-immune children ...

Cattle can be immunised against the disease by infection with live parasites and simultaneous drug treatment, but the immunity induced by one parasite strain is not effective against all other strains. Use of a mixture of 3 parasite strains for vaccination has been found to give broad protection. This vaccine has been used locally with some success, but widespread application has been hindered by difficulties in production and distribution. The antigenic composition of the vaccine is poorly defined and there remain questions as to whether the content of parasite strains is optimal for obtaining robust immunity. More recently, antigens recognised by the protective cellular immune responses have been identified, with the aim of investigating their potential for developing a subunit vaccine. Preliminary evidence indicates that several of these antigens vary between parasite strains. Hence, understanding antigenic variability in T. parva is a key issue both for improving the current live vaccine and ...

In malaria‐endemic areas, a nagging issue is the failure of naturally exposed individuals to develop sterile long‐lasting protective immunity. This may be due to several factors including the stage specificity of parasite antigen expression, the antigenic variability among field parasites, and the profound immune dysregulation caused by pre‐erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages (Renia & Goh, 2016; Scholzen & Sauerwein, 2016; Van Braeckel‐Budimir et al, 2016). These factors could also contribute to explain why despite tremendous investments and years of research, progress on the vaccination front has been only modest. Clinical efficacy of the most advanced subunit vaccine candidate against P. falciparum (RTS,S) is limited and quickly wanes over time (Olotu et al, 2016). Hopes are emerging from whole attenuated sporozoite vaccination strategies (Sissoko et al, 2017), but the disappointing RTS,S results combined with the fact that vaccine research on P. vivax is only beginning (Tham et al, ...

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), a genus of the Picornaviridae family, are the most frequent etiological agents of common colds (Rueckert, 1996). Rhinoviruses are small, icosahedral viruses, with an average diameter of 300 Å and a molecular mass of ∼8.5 × 106 Da. They are composed of a protein shell that encapsidates a single, positive RNA strand of ∼7000 bases. The capsid is built from 60 copies each of four viral proteins. The three larger proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3 (∼250 amino acids, 30 kDa each), form the external surface of the virus, whereas VP4 (70 amino acids, 6 kDa) is an internal protein located at the interface between the capsid and genome (Rossmann et al., 1985).. With ,100 different serotypes identified to date, HRVs exhibit remarkable antigenic variability. To produce infection, HRVs must first attach to a cellular receptor. The major group of HRVs, consisting of ∼90 serotypes, utilizes the cell surface glycoprotein, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), as its ...

Interested in discovering how trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation? If the answer is yes - we have a postdoctoral position available in the Trypanosome Molecular Biology group with Lucy Glover. In our group we study how the trypanosomes control expression of the variant surface glycoprotein from the fly to the mammalian host, and the the role of DNA repair and recombination in antigenic variation and immune evasion in African trypanosomes We are located in the Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors at the Institute Pasteur in Paris, which provides an excellent international scientific environment and state-of-the-art core facilities including high throughput sequencing, and imaging technologies.. ...

Author Summary The molecular evolution of any organism is described by changes in the genotype resulting from genetic drift or selection to maintain or establish fitness under the given environmental conditions. Identification of phenotype-defining changes and their distinction from (near-) neutral (hitchhikers) ones is a fundamental challenge in genome research. The standard approach involves time- and cost-intensive mutation experiments, which are typically low throughput, due to their experimental nature. We have developed a computational method for the inference of phenotypic impact of genotypic changes that is applicable to any system, within or across species, where homologous genetic sequences and associated pairwise phenotype distances are available. We demonstrate the accuracy of our method by application to the human influenza A (H3N2) virus. This exemplary system is of particular interest, as recognizing changes in the antigenic phenotype and a viral strains capability to evade pre

Silymarin flavonolignans are well-known agencies that possess antioxidative typically, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective features. predictive, additional in vitro and in vivo research would be essential to confirm the antiviral impact. 2.2. Influenza A Pathogen Influenza A pathogen (IAV) is an extremely contagious pathogen and a respected reason behind mortality and morbidity internationally. Influenza pandemics and epidemics pose a significant threat to both individual and pet populations. Although effective vaccines can be found against IAV, these vaccines should be frequently updated because of the ability from the pathogen to induce regular antigenic drift and periodic antigenic shifts to its envelope glycoproteins. Furthermore, just few IAV antiviral therapeutics have already been clinically accepted and currently used including neuraminidase inhibitors [19] as well as the newer inhibitor of cap-dependent endonuclease [20]. As a result, continuous id of novel healing strategies to ...

Thank you for sharing this Journal of Bacteriology article.. NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.. ...

The primary focus of the Montelaro lab is to elucidate the intricate interactions between viral pathogens and host immune responses to determine the mechanisms by with host immunity contributes to protection and disease and to serve as a basis for the development of effective vaccines. A particular interest of the lab is to develop effective strategies to overcome the challenge of natural viral antigenic variation that has evolved as a common complication to the development of effective vaccines to important viral diseases, including those related to biodefense and emerging infectious diseases. Systems currently under investigation include HIV-1 and related animal lentiviruses (SHIV, SIV, and EIAV). Studies in these systems include investigation of the nature and role of antigenic variation during infection, the development of novel assays to characterize virus-specific innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses, and the design of engineered immunogens for effective vaccination against ...

Identification of nuclear proteins that interact differentially with Plasmodium falciparum var gene promoters.: The Plasmodium falciparum virulence factor PfEMP

A novel strategy to predict the antigenic evolution of circulating influenza viruses and more precisely anticipate seasonal flu strains has been developed.

Behavior of Laterally Loaded Piles: I-Single Piles. An analysis is presented for the horizontal displacement and rotation of a vertical pile subjected to lateral loading and moment, and situated in an ideal elastic mass. Influence factors are presented for a wide range of pile flexibilities and length-to-diameter ratios, for both free-head and fixed-head piles. Comparisons between the elastic solutions and the corresponding solutions obtained from the subgrade reaction theory show that the latter considerably overestimates the displacement and rotation of the pile, but gives a reasonable estimate of the moments in the pile. The elastic analysis is extended to include the effect of local yield between the soil and the pile; the load-displacement relationship for relatively flexible piles is found to be markedly influenced by local yield. The characteristics of behavior indicated by the theoretical solutions agree reasonably well with those reported from measurements on full-scale piles.

Yet crucial advances in toxicology also occurred within other NIH laboratories, led during pioneers such as Bernard Brodie and Julius Axelrod and later continued at hand investigators such as JR Mitchell, D Jollow and JR Gillette. There are assorted institutes all across the world, which gather genome data, for benchmark, to discover why united treatment in regard to a genetic malady helps one untiring, but shows no or less to all intents on another. This substance inferior intimacy, lower communications, and much fights discount dapoxetine 90mg with mastercard erectile dysfunction at age 25. J Biol Chem 270:7241В-7250 Prucca CG, Slavin I, Quiroga R, Elias EV, Rivero FD, Saura A, Carranza PG, Luj?n HD (2008) Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia is regulated by RNA interference. As infants fit more expressive, they jeopardy wound from falls down stairs and afar chairs, tables, and other structures. Its an surprising process, this on-going detoxification of your consistency order cialis 10mg ...

Problems & Puzzles: Puzzles Puzzle 92. A pile of prime-spheres Days ago my friend Enoch Haga and me starting puzzling each other to construct a pile of balls (a tetrahedron) with the following properties: a) every ball contains a distinct prime, b) each prime-ball must be the sum of the prime numbers contained in the three balls from the immediate inferior level and in contact with the mentioned prime-ball. Can you imagine a pile of balls? A new friend of these pages, Chuck Henry, kindly and quickly provided several beautiful photos generated by him that should help to visualize a pile of balls like the one we are talking about. Please click here 1 and here 2 (*). Question: Get the least solution for a pile of n levels, for n=5, 6 & 7. ...

M. Soriani, P. Petit, R. Grifantini, R. Petracca, G. Gancitano, E. Frigimelica, F. Nardelli, C. Garcia, S. Spinelli, G. Scarabelli, S. Fiorucci, R. Affentranger, M. Ferrer-Navarro, M. Zacharias, G. Colombo, L. Vuillard, X. Daura and G. Grandi. Exploiting antigenic diversity for vaccines design : the Chlamydia ArtJ paradigm. J. Biol. Chem, 2010, 285, 30126-30138. ...

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The MOVAX side grip pile driver is based on MOVAXs Modular System and thus capable of handling a wide variety of piles [linkki]. In order to select the correct arms, clamps and pads information is needed about the main type of piles to be driven, but also whether there is a need to drive also other type of piles, now or in the future ...

Studies revealed an association between vitamin D deficiency and the frequency of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. This review is aimed at summarizing evidence for the association of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplementation with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The...