OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of three different target-controlled remifentanil infusion rates during target-controlled propofol infusion on hemodynamic parameters, pain, sedation, and recovery score during oocyte retrieval. ...

Emergent or elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia may be required during pregnancy for some patients. For this reason, effects of anesthetics on uterine contractions are important. General anesthesia is not limited to the administration of inhalation agents, since induction and maintenance of anesthesia usually involve intravenous administration of different anesthetic agents. The effects of these agents on uterine contractions and blood flow are very important. The unexpected relaxation or contraction of myometrium can be harmful to fetus and continuing pregnancy. Our aim in this study is to investigate the effects of intravenous anesthetic agents on uterine contractions. ...

Background and study aims : In endoscopic procedures, propofol can be safely administered either alone or in conjunction with remifentanil. The aim of the study is to compare the effects of the administration of propofol alone and the administration of remifentanil in addition to propofol on patient and endoscopist satisfaction, preoperative hemodynamic response, and propofol consumption. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of propofol on nociceptive response and power spectra of electroencephalographic and systemic arterial pressure signals in the rat. T2 - Correlation with plasma concentration. AU - Yang, Chen Hsein. AU - Shyr, M. H.. AU - Kuo, T. B.J.. AU - Tan, P. P.C.. AU - Chan, S. H.H.. PY - 1995. Y1 - 1995. N2 - We applied simultaneous spectral analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) and systemic arterial pressure signals in Sprague-Dawley rats to monitor the status of consciousness and cardiovascular functions during intravenous anesthesia with propofol and to assess their correlations with plasma propofol concentration. Our results support the hypothesis that a threshold plasma concentration (1.7-1.8 μg/ml) exists for propofol anesthesia. This threshold level, we further showed, may be attained by both i.v. bolus injection and continuous infusion, although the pharmacokinetic profiles, as well as EEG and hemodynamic correlates, may be different. Continuous, on- line power ...

BACKGROUND: The Narcotrend is a new electroencephalographic monitor designed to measure depth of anesthesia, based on a six-letter classification from A (awake) to F (increasing burst suppression) including 14 substages. This study was designed to investigate the impact of Narcotrend monitoring on recovery times and propofol consumption in comparison to Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring or standard anesthetic practice.. METHODS: With institutional review board approval and written informed consent, 120 adult patients scheduled to undergo minor orthopedic surgery were randomized to receive a propofol-remifentanil anesthetic controlled by Narcotrend, by BIS(R), or solely by clinical parameters. Anesthesia was induced with 0.4 micro x kg-1 x min-1 remifentanil and a propofol target-controlled infusion at 3.5 microg/ml. After intubation, remifentanil was reduced to 0.2 micro x kg-1 x min-1, whereas the propofol infusion was adjusted according to clinical parameters or to the following target values: ...

Background: Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent. In rare conditions, a life-threatening complication known as propofol infusion syndrome can occur. The pathophysiologic mechanism is still unknown. Some studies suggested that propofol acts as uncoupling agent, others suggested that it inhibits complex I or complex IV, or causes increased oxidation of cytochrome c and cytochrome aa(3), or inhibits mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. Although the exact site of interaction is not known, most hypotheses point to the direction of the mitochondria. Methods: Eight rats were ventilated and sedated with propofol up to 20 h. Sequential biopsy specimens were taken from liver and skeletal muscle and used for determination of respiratory chain activities and propofol concentration. Activities were also measured in skeletal muscle from a patient who died of propofol infusion syndrome. Results: In rats, authors detected a decrease in complex II+III activity starting at low tissue ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Anesthetic propofol reduces endotoxic inflammation by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-regulated Akt/IKKβ/NF-κB signaling. AU - Hsing, Chung-Hsi. AU - Lin, Ming-Chung. AU - Choi, Pui-Ching. AU - Huang, Wei-Ching. AU - Kai, Jui-In. AU - Tsai, Cheng-Chieh. AU - Cheng, Yi-Lin. AU - Hsieh, Chia-Yuan. AU - Wang, Chi-Yun. AU - Chang, Yu-Ping. AU - Chen, Yu-Hong. AU - Chen, Chia-Ling. AU - Lin, Chiou-Feng. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. N2 - Background: Anesthetic propofol has immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the area of anti-inflammation. Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces inflammation through toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling. We investigated the molecular actions of propofol against LPS/TLR4-induced inflammatory activation in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Methodology/Principal Findings: Non-cytotoxic levels of propofol reduced LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO as determined by western blotting and the Griess reaction, respectively. ...

Phaxan™ is an intravenous general anaesthetic and sedative containing alphaxalone as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Alphaxalone is a neuroactive steroid anaesthetic. It is a pregnanedione with no endocrine hormonal activity. This water-insoluble drug was initially formulated using CremophorEL and marketed as Althesin® from 1972 to 1984. It was found to be a safe and versatile intravenous anaesthetic used in clinical practice in anaesthesia and intensive care in many countries until it was withdrawn from clinical practice because of hypersensitivity to the CremophorEL.. Many subsequent attempts to make an aqueous formulations of neuroactive steroids suitable for human use have failed. Drawbridge Pharmaceuticals proprietary and patented formulation, Phaxan™, is a solution of alphaxalone 10mg/ml dissolved in 13% SBECD (7- sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin); a molecule with a lipophilic cavity that enables drug dispersal in water for human use. The use of SBECD as the excipient preserves ...

Anesthesia is the procedure to ensure the absence of pain, the inhibition of autonomic reactions and a good surgical. Today, most anesthetic procedures involve the combination of different drugs, using anesthetics at considerably lower concentrations if compared to those that would be needed if they were used without association; modern anesthetic techniques typically involve the association of hypnotics, analgesics, and muscle relaxants [1].. The use of barbiturates as intravenous anesthetics have been tested in the last 70 years; among these, propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) was introduced clinically in 1977 and demonstrates many positive effects [2]. Because of its unique pharmacological properties [3], it is an anesthetic drug used in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in adults, being popular for providing an easy induction and recovery is faster than other drugs, such as thiopental [4]. Sedation with propofol does not provide relief from pain, however it provides anxiolysis, ...

Objectives This study evaluated the effects of sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia on renal function of dogs with naturally acquired chronic renal failure. Materials & Methods The anesthetic procedures included: three hours using sevoflurane (1.5CAM) in O2 flow of 30mL/kg/min, in a semiclosed-circuit, after induction with propofol at 10mg/kg, in bolus (P-S group), or after induction with sevoflurane (S-S group), and for the P group it was used only propofol in the same dose employed for induction. Evaluations were performed in six sessions and included creatinine clearance, serum creatinine and ureia, protein and glucose urinary excretion. The renal function evaluations were performed 30 minutes before anesthesia, two times during anesthesia, and one, two and five days after. Results All anesthetic procedures were well succeeded and animals recovered uneventfully. No renal toxicity were observed in any of the anesthetic protocols. However, during the transanesthetic period it was observed ...

Propofol is a general anesthetic commonly used in pediatric clinical practices. Experimental findings demonstrate that anesthetics induce widespread apoptosis and cognitive decline in a developing brain. Although anesthesia-mediated neurotoxicity is the most prominent during intense period of synaptogenesis, the effects of an early anesthesia exposure on the synapses are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of neonatal propofol anesthesia on the expression of key proteins that participate in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity and to evaluate long-term neurobehavioral abnormalities in the mature adult brain. Propofol-injected 7-day-old rats were maintained under 2-, 4-, and 6-h-long anesthesia and sacrificed 0, 4, 16, and 24 h after the termination of each exposure. We showed that propofol anesthesia strongly influenced spatiotemporal expression and/or proteolytic processing of crucial presynaptic (GAP-43, synaptophysin, α-synuclein), trans-synaptic ...

Uncertainty exists as to the most suitable pharmacokinetic parameter sets for propofol target-controlled infusions (TCI). The pharmacokinetic parameter sets currently employed are clearly not universally applicable, particularly when patient attributes differ from those of the subjects who participated in the original research from which the models were derived. Increasing evidence indicates that the pharmacokinetic parameters of propofol can be scaled allometrically as well as in direct proportion to lean body mass (LBM). Appraisal of hitherto published studies suggests that an allometrically scaled pharmacokinetic parameter set may be applicable to a wide range of patients ranging from children to obese adults. On the other hand, there is evidence that propofol pharmacokinetic parameters, scaled linearly to LBM, provide improved dosing in normal and obese adults. The Schnider pharmacokinetic parameter set that has been programmed into commercially available TCI pumps cannot be employed at ...

Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent with antioxidant properties secondary to its phenol based chemical structure. Treatment with propofol has been found to attenuate oxidative stress and prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat heart. Here, we report that propofol protects cardiac H9c2 cells from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury by triggering the activation of Akt and a parallel up-regulation of Bcl-2. We show that pretreatment with propofol significantly protects against H2O2-induced injury. We further demonstrate that propofol activates the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The protective effect of propofol on H2O2-induced injury is reversed by PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, which effectively suppresses propofol-induced activation of Akt, up-regulation of Bcl-2, and protection from apoptosis. Collectively, our results reveal a new mechanism by which propofol inhibits H2O2-induced injury in cardiac H9c2 cells, supporting a potential application of propofol as a preemptive ...

Principal Investigator：MASUDA Akira, Project Period (FY)：1997 - 1998, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Section：一般, Research Field：Anesthesiology/Resuscitation studies

Authorities Focus on Propofol as Central Element in Jacksons DeathThe powerful anaesthetic that investigators believe killed Michael Jackson came from a Ne...

In humans, prolonged sedations with propofol or using high doses have been associated with propofol infusion syndrome. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prolonged high-dose administration of a specific propofol emulsion (Propofol Lipuro) and an improved lipid formulation (SMOFlipid) in liver mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress of rabbits, comparatively to a saline control. Twenty-one male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated in three groups that were continuously treated for 20 h. Each group of seven animals received separately: NaCl 0.9 % (saline), SMOFlipid (lipid-based emulsion without propofol) and Lipuro 2 % (propofol lipid emulsion). An intravenous propofol bolus of 20 mg kg−1 was given to the propofol Lipuro group to allow blind orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Anesthesia was maintained using infusion rates of: 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg kg−1 h−1, according to the clinical scale of anesthetic depth and the index of

Propofol reportedly possesses potential antioxidant properties caused by its chemical structure similar to that of phenol-based free-radical scavengers such as vitamin E.10 Previous in vivo or in vitro studies documented that this intravenous anesthetic reduces oxidative stress toward blood vessels.11,12 These results suggest that this anesthetic may be protective against the vascular dysfunction caused by increased oxidative stress. Indeed, propofol (3 × 10−7to 10−6m) recovered vascular ATP-sensitive K+channel function via reduction of superoxide levels within arterial walls. In addition, 10−6m of this agent completely inhibited protein expression of a Nox2-related NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox. The plasma concentration of propofol during induction of anesthesia in humans has been reported as up to 3 × 10−5m, and burst suppression doses of propofol for cerebral protection are up to 6 × 10−5m.20-22 Effective concentrations of propofol (3 × 10−7to 10−6m) to inhibit NADPH oxidase ...

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Principal Investigator：KATSUYA Hirotada, Project Period (FY)：1998 - 1999, Research Category：Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Section：一般, Research Field：Anesthesiology/Resuscitation studies

Author: Driscoll David F, Deaconess Beth Israel, Lawrence Kenneth R, Lewis Keith, Bistrian Bruce R, Year: 1997, Abstract: The Centers for Disease Control has identified intravenous propofol, a lipid-based medication, as a cause of postoperative infections in hospitalized patients. It appears the increased risk results from poor aseptic technique in the preparation, storage and administration of extemporaneously prepared propofol infusions. An additional risk of preparing propofol injection includes glass particulate contamination when the ampule dosage form is used. The current study, therefore, examines th

Patients aged 18-60 years presenting for elective surgery under general anaesthesia will be recruited. They will be randomised to receive remifentanil effect-site target 0, 2 or 4 ng/ml. Then anaesthesia will be induced with propofol. Loss of the eyelash reflex, response to command and response to electrical stimulation will be measured. The raw EEG will be recorded and analysed off-line using our new method and also for BIS values. Anaesthesia will then proceed according to the needs of the patient and the surgery ...

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies. ...

Dr. Conrad Murray, who has been convicted of killing Michael Jackson by giving him a lethal drug doze, has asked appellate judges to authorize forensic analysis of the bottle of the anesthetic propofol recovered from the bedroom where the pop legend died in 2009.

A popular method of administering intravenous anesthetics is as a continuous infusion. To improve the accuracy of infusion delivery, computerized infusion pumps that use pharmacokinetic models have been developed to quickly achieve and maintain desired target effect-site concentrations. This delivery technique, known as target-controlled infusions (TCI), has become popular worldwide. Unfortunately, neither have models used to drive TCI been validated in obese patients nor has agreement regarding the correct weight to input been identified. Most models were developed with normal-sized patients or volunteers and extrapolated for use in larger patients. The main limitation is that the composition of normal size and obese patients is not the same; hence, kinetic model predictions are likely to be less accurate in the obese. ...

The aim of this work was to establish the correlation between the bispectral index (BIS) and different rates of continuous infusion of propofol. Twenty-four adult dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups (P2, P4, P8). All animals were induced with propofol (10 mg/kg/IV), followed immediately by the continuous infusion of the agent: 0.2 mg/kg/min (P2), 0.4 mg/kg/min (P4) and 0.8 mg/kg/min (P8). The BIS values were measured before any drug administration (M0) and 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes after the start of the continuous infusion of propofol. The Analysis of Variance was used to calculate the correlation between the infusion rates of propofol and the BIS values. BIS demonstrated significant difference between groups at the moment M40, where P8 (72 ± 9,7) was smaller than P2 (84 ± 7,4) and P4 (33 ± 8,5), while in M50 this difference was observed in P8 (69 ± 13,5) that was smaller than P2 (84 ± 6,4).. The effects of induction dose of propofol were not more presented in M40, therefore, the ...

Evaluation of efficacy of priming dose of propofol in reducing induction dose requirements in patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anaesthesia

Second, whatever the cause of pain in veins, the perception of pain is the same because of the polymodal nociceptors that transmit their information via A [Greek small letter delta] fibers [3]; to abolish the injection pain of propofol, a method that can block A [Greek small letter delta] fibers must be used. Unfortunately, we do not think that propofol at 4 [degree sign]C or 37 [degree sign]C has such an effect. So we do not think that the effect of changes in the temperature of propofol are relevant.. ...

Modeling is a valuable tool in drug development, to support decision making, improving study design, and aid in regulatory approval and labeling. This thesis describes the development of pharmacometric models for drugs used in anesthesia and analgesia.. Models describing the effects on anesthetic depth, measured by the bispectral index (BIS), for a commonly used anesthetic, propofol, and for a novel anesthetic, AZD3043, were developed. The propofol model consisted of two effect-site compartments, and could describe the effects of propofol when the rate of infusion is changed during treatment. AZD3043 had a high clearance and a low volume of distribution, leading to a short half-life. The distribution to the effect site was fast, and together with the short plasma half-life leading to a fast onset and offset of effects. It was also shown that BIS after AZD3043 treatment is related to the probability of unconsciousness similar to propofol.. In analgesia studies dropout due to lack of efficacy is ...

The brain is possibly the most complex system known to mankind, and its complexity has been called upon to explain the emergence of consciousness. However, complexity has been defined in many ways by multiple different fields: here, we investigate measures of algorithmic and process complexity in both the temporal and topological domains, testing them on functional MRI BOLD signal data obtained from individuals undergoing various levels of sedation with the anaesthetic agent propofol, replicating our results in two separate datasets. We demonstrate that the various measures are differently able to discriminate between levels of sedation, with temporal measures showing higher sensitivity. Further, we show that all measures are strongly related to a single underlying construct explaining most of the variance, as assessed by Principal Component Analysis, which we interpret as a measure of

Title: Propofol in Anesthesia. Mechanism of Action, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Drug Delivery. VOLUME: 7 ISSUE: 2. Author(s):Giuseppe M. Trapani, Cosimo Altomare, Enrico Sanna, Giovanni Biggio and Gaetano Liso. Affiliation:CHUL Research Center,2705 Laurier Blvd, Quebec (Quebec) G1V 4G2, Canada. Keywords:propofol, 2 diisoprovpylphenol, drug delivery, aminobutyric acid GABA, GABAa receptor, site specific chemical delivery system CDS, cloned GABA A Receptor, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic effects, alkylphenols, hypnotic activity, STERIMOL Descriptors, pharmacokinetic, drug monitoring, metabolism, toxicology, salmonella mutation, lipid formulations, saccharomices cerevisiae, prodrugs, chemical delivery systems CDS, target controlled infusion TCI, CLINICAL USE, Anesthesia, tomidate. Abstract: Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is becoming the intravenous anesthetic of choice for ambulatory surgery in outpatients. It is extensively metabolized, with most of the administered dose appearing in the ...

Methods: Preparation of propofol nanoemulsion using NEMS™ technology has been performed for propofol 1% in NEMS™ (P1%), and propofol 2% in NEMS™ (P2%). Determination of free propofol concentration in aqueous phase was conducted using HPLC and rat paw lick test was evaluated as in vivo test to assay the intensity of pain on injection site. The sleep recovery test was conducted to evaluate the pharmacological effect and erythrocyte hemolysis test also conducted to ensure the safety of propofol in NEMS™. All of the test results were compared with Diprivan®1% as a positive standard. ...

Consciousness is regained in 5-15 min due to the concept of redistribution of the drug into highly perfused organs first and then to the low perfused organs like fat and muscles ...

PROPOFOL (injection, emulsion) comes in different strengths and amounts. The appearance of Propofol can differ based on the dosing.

Lee, T.-L.,Adaikan, P.G.,Lau, L.C.,Kumar, A.,Ratnam, S.S. (1997). Effects of propofol on gravid human uterine muscle. Journal of Anesthesia 11 (1) : 71-74. ScholarBank@NUS Repository. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480008 ...

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Effects of propofol on Ca,sup,2+,/sup, regulation by malignant hyperthermia- susceptible muscle membranes. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

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Methods All dogs were premedicated with methadone, 0.2 mg kg−1 intramuscularly 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol administered intravenously (IV) to effect, following administration of lidocaine 1 mg kg−1 IV and maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol at ≤0.4 mg kg−1 minute−1 during instrumentation and preparation and during movement of the animals to recovery. During surgery, anaesthesia was maintained using a continuous infusion of propofol at ≤0.4 mg kg−1 minute−1and alfentanil ≤1 μg kg−1 minute−1. Lidocaine was administered at 1 mg kg−1 IV immediately prior to extubation. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were recorded prior to induction and every 5 minutes throughout preparation and surgery. Central venous pressure was recorded every 5 minutes throughout surgery ...

The Dyck parameter set was derived from arterial blood samples and the Marsh set from a modification of a model published by White and Kenny [28] and Gepts et al., [29] in which arterial sampling was performed. The Tackley set was calculated after venous sampling. When comparing predicted and measured concentrations, the sampling site used for modeling and for evaluation and the time of sampling may influence the results. Chiou [30,31] has reviewed the phenomenon of dependence of drug concentration on sampling site and has pointed out that profiles of concentration in blood or plasma from different sampling sites can lead to the calculation of widely differing pharmacokinetic parameters. The significant arteriovenous propofol concentrations occurring during our TCI study differ from the findings of Major et al., [32] who, using the previous propofol formulation in Cremophor-EL found negligible AV differences in concentration after a single propofol dose (2 mg/kg administered over a 60-s period) ...

Diagnosis Code T41.1X1A information, including descriptions, synonyms, code edits, diagnostic related groups, ICD-9 conversion and references to the diseases index.

A novel strategy of propofol anesthesia is proposed to improve clinical propofol anesthesia for hypothermic decompression. Theoretical analysis is...

I think every high-profile case has its own problems that are associated with them, Geragos said. One of them is the media and having to deal with the media and the constant onslaught of being second-guessed. Having all that kind of stuff that floats around the case that has nothing to do with what goes on in the courtroom. You have to filter that out, you have to kind of hunker down and try to just let that water drip off your back ...

Upon waking: talkative, high, felt drugged It has been reported that propofol injection pain (PIP) occurred in 60% of untreated patients . The doctor there called my condition life threatening. J Clin Exp Hepatol. Send thanks to the doctor. 5=HIGH (this medicine cured me or helped me a great deal. SIDE EFFECTS FOR PROPOFOL: COMMENTS: SEX: AGE: DURATION/ DOSAGE: DATE ADDED : 1: Colonoscopy: Nausea, bloody nose, hoarse, coughing up bloody mucous day after, upper respiratory infection, chills : Never again: 55 0 days: 11/26/2019: 1: Cardiac cath: Severe stomach issues still occurring 8 days following 3 hours of propofol: Headaches for 3 days, fatigue and severe abdominal … Also I felt very fatigue, as well as some light headed. Based on sedative effect and side effects, the dose was increased or decreased in the next 5 patients until the optimal dose was found. I did it last time with no side effects. Bronchospasm 10. Druginformer Identified Side Effects: Fatigue, Lethargy, Mood altered, ...

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Background and purpose: The aim of this prospective, clinical trial study was to investigate whether the administration of different doses of ketamine before induction with propofol imporves its associated haemodynamic propofol during induction and tracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: One hundered and thirty adult patients ASA I were randomly allocated to ...

Background and purpose: The aim of this prospective, clinical trial study was to investigate whether the administration of different doses of ketamine before induction with propofol imporves its associated haemodynamic propofol during induction and tracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: One hundered and thirty adult patients ASA I were randomly allocated to ...

4. Kurita TUraoka MMorita KSuzuki MMorishima YSato S: Influence of haemorrhage on the pseudo-steady-state remifentanil concentration in a swine model: a comparison with propofol and the effect of haemorrhagic shock stage. Br J Anaesth 107:719-7252011. ...

MATA, Lukiya Birungi Silva Campos et al. Anestesia por infusão contínua de propofol associado ao remifentanil em gatos pré-tratados com acepromazina. Rev. Ceres [online]. 2010, vol.57, n.2, pp.198-204. ISSN 0034-737X. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-737X2010000200010.. O presente trabalho avaliou a associação anestésica do propofol, um anestésico geral de ação ultracurta e metabolismo rápido, ao remifentanil, opioide de grande poder analgésico, que potencializa os anestésicos gerais. O objetivo principal foi desenvolver um protocolo anestésico de uso intravenoso, por infusão contínua, que proporcione conforto ao paciente, segurança, com grande relaxamento muscular e analgesia em gatos submetidos a cirurgias eletivas como a ovariosalpingoisterectomia e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 30 gatos, aleatoriamente distribuídos em 3 grupos de 10 animais. Em todos eles realizou-se a tranquilização com acepromazina (0,1 mg/kg, IM) e indução anestésica com propofol (6 mg/kg, IV). No ...

Background: Propofol is widely used for the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia and offers many key attractive pharmacological qualities that make it suitable for these indications. However, pain on injection is one of its major drawbacks and can be very distressing to patients. There is a paucity of studies that have looked at the effect of lornoxicam on propofol injection pain either as a sole intervention or in combination with any other method. Primary objective: To determine whether premedication with intravenous lornoxicam had any effect on the intensity of propofol injection pain at induction of general anaesthesia in adult patients. Secondary Objectives: (I)To determine whether premedication with lornoxicam had any effect on the incidence of propofol injection pain at induction of general anaesthesia in adult patients.(II)To document any adverse events (allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, gastritis and/or gastrointestinal bleeding, dizziness, phlebitis) that resulted from the

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of propofol sedation on seizures and intracranially recorded epileptiform activity in patients with partial epilepsy. AU - Samra, S. K.. AU - Sneyd, J. R.. AU - Ross, D. A.. AU - Henry, T. R.. PY - 1995/1/1. Y1 - 1995/1/1. N2 - Background: Case reports suggesting both pro- and anticonvulsant effect(s) of propofol have been published in recent years. The effects of sedative doses of propofol on epileptiform activities in patients suffering from intractable partial epilepsy were systematically investigated. Methods: Fourteen patients suffering from complex partial seizures were studied. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from intracranial electrodes implanted in the hippocampi and temporal neocortex. Propofol was given as a computer-controlled infusion in four steps to achieve target plasma propofol concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 μg/ml. Each concentration was maintained for 30 min, and steady-state kinetics were confirmed by blood levels drawn at 10th and ...

Background: The use of clinical signs may not be reliable to measure the hypnotic component of anaesthesia. Bispectral Index monitoring provides a direct measurement of the hypnotic effect of the anaesthetic agent used and it may have certain clinical advantages over clinical signs. Objective: This study consists of dose requirement of propofol with bispectral Index monitoring and without bispectral Index monitoring. Material and Methods: In the present study, 100 patients were randomly divided into two groups (50 in each group), one group received Standard dose of propofol while the other received propofol infusion with BIS monitoring. Results: Mean amount of propofol for induction used was 1.6 vs 2.24 mg/kg in bispectral index group and standard group respectively. The inference was that the induction dose of propofol by Bispectral index and by standard practice was statistically highly significant with P. Key words: Bispectral Index monitoring system, propofol, anaesthetic drug consumption, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Induction dose of propofol for pediatric patients undergoing procedural sedation in the emergency department. AU - Jasiak, Karalea D.. AU - Phan, Hanna. AU - Christich, Anna C.. AU - Edwards, Christopher J.. AU - Skrepnek, Grant H.. AU - Patanwala, Asad E.. PY - 2012/5/1. Y1 - 2012/5/1. N2 - Objective: This study aimed to determine if patient age is an independent predictor of the propofol dose required for the induction of sedation in pediatric patients for procedures performed in the emergency department (ED). Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in an academic, tertiary ED between May 2005 and October 2009. Medical records of patients younger than 18 years who received propofol for procedural sedation were evaluated. Data collected included patient demographics, procedure type, propofol doses administered, time to sedation induction, pain scores before procedure, opioid administration, and adverse effects. Factors predictive of propofol induction dose were analyzed ...

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a brain protein implicated in learning, memory and other cognitive functions. Changes in cellular brain functions as well as cognitive defects have been observed the days following anaesthesia, even for short-duration anaesthesia with/without surgery. Despites the role of neurotrophic factors in cognition, no data are still available on brain effects after anaesthesia. Purpose: To study the effect of minor surgery under short duration anaesthesia on cognition by investigating BDNF levels in plasma, hippocampus and cortex. METHODS: Male rats received an intra-peritoneal injection of either 120 mg/kg of propofol or intralipids solution or minor surgery was performed under propofol anaesthesia. The animals were euthanized at ZT5 (peak of the circadian profile of brain BDNF in rat) after 3 days and brain homogenates of prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus were prepared and blood was also collected for plasma. The amount of BDNF was assessed using ELISA (Millipore) on

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol), an intravenous sedative-hypnotic approved by the FDA for the induction and maintenance of sedation and anesthesia, is one of the most commonly utilized medications in the ICU setting secondary to its anti-epileptic and neuro-protective properties. Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare, but potentially fatal, adverse effect of propofol administration. First described in children in 1992, and subsequently named by Bray in 1998, PRIS was classically defined as acute bradycardia progressing to asystole status post propofol administration; occurring in the setting of one of the following: ...

The aim of this study was to determine whether pretreatment with alkalinised lignocaine reduced the incidence and severity of pain during propofol injection. This prospective, randomised, double-blind study included 300 adult, American Society of Anesthesiologists physcial status I to II patients undergoing elective surgery. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: Group L received 0.05 ml/kg of 1% lignocaine (5 ml normal saline + 5 ml 2% lignocaine), Group A received 0.05 ml/kg alkalinised lignocaine (5 ml 2% lignocaine + 1 ml 8.4% NaHCO3 + 4 ml normal saline), and Group S, the control group, was given the same amount of normal saline (NaCl 0.9%). All drugs were given as a bolus over 20 seconds before propofol administration. A blinded researcher assessed the patients pain level using a four-point scale. The pain score [median (range)] and the incidence of pain in Group A (6%) was significantly lower than in groups L (41%) and S (88%, P ...

No definitive outcomes study has explored whether administering a total intravenous anesthetic via TCI or with conventional continuous infusion rates impacts emergence. One might hypothesize that if administering a lengthy anesthetic, TCI would provide a more economical anesthetic and avoid unnecessary drug delivery that would perhaps delay emergence. Figure 30-1 presents a simulation of 2 intravenous techniques: one using TCI and the other set infusion rates for 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours. Both approaches used a high-dose remifentanil and low dose propofol technique. In fact the TCI target effect-site concentrations were selected to be near the effect-site concentrations that resulted from propofol infusions of 100 mcg/kg/min and remifentanil 0.2 mcg/kg/min. In general, with increasing duration of the anesthetic, the simulation predicted the time to emergence would become longer. Time to emergence was defined as the time required for the model of loss of responsiveness to predict that only 1 out of ...

Dexmedetomidine has been reported to ameliorate propofol-induced neurotoxicity in neonatal animals. However, the underlying mechanism is still undetermined. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), cycline dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) and Rho-kinase (RhoA) pathways play critical roles in neuronal development. The present study is to investigate whether GSK-3β, CDK5 and RhoA pathways are involved in the neuroprotection of dexmedetomidine. Seven-day-old (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with propofol for 6 h. Dexmedetomidine at various concentrations were administered before propofol exposure. Neuroapoptosis, the neuronal proliferation and the level of neurotransmitter in the hippocampus were evaluated. The effects of GSK-3β inhibitor SB415286, CDK5 inhibitor roscovitine or RhoA inhibitor Y276321 on propofol-induced neurotoxicity were assessed. Propofol induced apoptosis in the hippocampal neurons and astrocytes, inhibited neuronal proliferation in the DG region, down-regulated the level of ...

Background. Numerous animal studies have shown that all commonly used intravenous anaesthetic drugs and volatile agents may cause neuronal apoptosis following exposure in early life. Most studies have focussed on detecting increased apoptosis but their methods are not always readily transferrable to humans.. The lipid formulation of etomidate represents an alternative to the currently established intravenous anaesthetic agents but there is no animal or human data on apoptosis or long-term behavioural changes. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of etomidate on cerebral neuronal apoptosis and long-term behavioural effects using an established mouse model that represents the clinically relevant period of anaesthesia during early infancy in humans.. Methods. Six groups of 10 day old mice (P10) were injected with either etomidate 0.3, 3 or 10 mg/kg, propofol 60 mg/kg, ketamine 50 mg/kg or placebo only. Apoptosis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was assessed 24 h after treatment ...

Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the most abundant proteins in the circulatory system and plays a key role in the transport of fatty acids, metabolites, and drugs. For many drugs, binding to serum albumin is a critical determinant of their distribution and pharmacokinetics; however, there have as yet been no high resolution crystal structures published of drug-albumin complexes. Here we describe high resolution crystal structures of HSA with two of the most widely used general anesthetics, propofol and halothane. In addition, we describe a crystal structure of HSA complexed with both halothane and the fatty acid, myristate. We show that the intravenous anesthetic propofol binds at two discrete sites on HSA in preformed pockets that have been shown to accommodate fatty acids. Similarly we show that the inhalational agent halothane binds (at concentrations in the pharmacologically relevant range) at three sites that are also fatty acid binding loci. At much higher halothane concentrations, we ...

Propofol is one of the most commonly used anesthetics in the world, but much remains unknown about the mechanisms by which it induces loss of consciousness. In this resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we examined qualitative and quantitative changes of resting-state networks (RSNs), total brain connectivity, and mean oscillation frequencies of the regional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, associated with propofol-induced mild sedation and loss of responsiveness in healthy subjects. We found that detectability of RSNs diminished significantly with loss of responsiveness, and total brain connectivity decreased strongly in the frontal cortex, which was associated with increased mean oscillation frequencies of the BOLD signal. Our results suggest a pivotal role of the frontal cortex in propofol-induced loss of responsiveness.

Louis Y. Korman, MD from the Metropolitan Gastroenterology Group, Chevy Chase Clinical Research, in Washington, D.C. discusses his recently published Original Article Effect of propofol anesthesia on force application during colonoscopy. The focus of this study was to determine if colonoscopy technique, as measured by the amount of force applied to the insertion tube, is…

Clinical Case: You are doing Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy on a healthy 40 year old woman. Midway through the surgery, the patients heart rate suddenly climbs to 160, and the blood pressure climbs to 190/110. What do you do? Discussion: Your own heart rate hits 170. You check the ABCs of…

TY - JOUR. T1 - Influence of midazolam on induction dose of propofol. AU - Kapoor, Ruchi. AU - Gopalakrishna, K.. AU - Ambareesha, M.. PY - 2009/1/1. Y1 - 2009/1/1. N2 - Patients & Methods: Fifty ASA Class 1 and 2 adult patients posted for elective surgery were randomly allocated to control and study groups with 25 patients in each groups. The control groups received 10ml of saline while the study group received 0.04mg kg-1 of midazolam diluted to 10ml of saline over one minute. Three minutes later in both the groups, general anaesthesia was induced with propofol 10mg boluses every 15 seconds till endpoint is achieved. The endpoint was defined as first lack of response to command i.e the patient is unable to lift the hand when asked to do so. The dose at which end is achieved is noted. The results were analysed by chi-square test. Results: The dose of propofol required for induction in control group was 2.23mg Kg-1 compared to study group which required 1.3mg kg -1. Thus a 42% reduction in ...

Background:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP is a painful and long procedure requiring transient deep analgesia and conscious sedation. An ideal anaesthetic that guarantees a rapid and smooth induction, good quality of maintenance, lack of adverse effects and rapid recovery is still lacking.This study aimed to compare safety and efficacy of a continuous infusion of low dose remifentanil plus ketamine combined with propofol in comparison to the standard regimen dose of remifentanil plus propofol continuous infusion during ERCP.Material/Methods:322 ASAI-III patients, 18-85 years old and scheduled for planned ERCP were randomized. Exclusion criteria were a predictable difficult airway, drug allergy, and ASA IV-V patients.We evaluated Propofol 1 mg/kg/h plus Remifentanil 0.25 µg/kg/min (GR) vs. Propofol 1 mg/kg/h plus Ketamine 5 µg/kg/min and Remifentanil 0.1 µg/kg/min (GK).Main outcome measures were respiratory depression, nausea/vomiting, quality of intraoperative conditions, and

To present a case of recall after total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol-alfentanil infusions to point out an uncommon misuse of the Bard InfusOR syringe driver. A healthy patient underwen

2,6‑diisopropylphenol (propofol) is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic drug, which has been reported to serve an antitumor role in human cancers. The current study aimed to assess the effects of propofol on the biological behaviors of human bladder cancer cells and to elucidate its potential molecular mechanism. The results of MTT, wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays demonstrated that propofol significantly inhibited the viability, migration and invasion of bladder cancer T24 cells in vitro. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting revealed that propofol decreased the expression levels of microRNA (miR)‑10b and increased the expression levels of homeobox D10 (HOXD10) in T24 cells. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that HOXD10 was a direct target of miR‑10b in T24 cells. T24 cells transfected with a miR‑10b mimic significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of HOXD10. In addition, overexpression of miR‑10b partly reversed the inhibitory ...

Rocuronium Kabi is the drug of choice for muscle relaxation during rapid sequence induction because of its fast onset similar to suxamethonium. It offers flexibility in usage and patient groups, and superior safety (less histamine release, better haemodynamical stability). Rocuronium Kabi is an excellent partner for combination with our world-leading intravenous general anaesthetic propofol.. ...

岡山大学審査学位論文 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 83(4):756-764, 2016.掲載, Author version. [http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.08.034] © 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 ...

This study compared the ability of the physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with that of compartmental models used in propofol infusion devices to predict the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in various patient groups (children, pregnant women, young men, normal weight adul …

TY - JOUR. T1 - Modulation of the GABAA receptor by propofol is independent of the gamma subunit. AU - Jones, M V. AU - Harrison, N L. AU - Pritchett, D B. AU - Hales, T G. PY - 1995/8. Y1 - 1995/8. N2 - Many anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and general anesthetics modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. The anxiolytic benzodiazepines potentiate the actions of GABA, and this only at GABAA receptors with gamma subunits. The general anesthetics both potentiate GABA and activate GABAA receptors directly, but their binding sites on the receptor are poorly defined. We examined whether the gamma 2 subunit was required for the modulation of GABAA receptors by the general anesthetic 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol). Using the patch-clamp technique, we recorded membrane currents from HEK293 cells transfected with human alpha 2, beta 1 and gamma 2 cDNAs and with alpha 2 and beta 1 cDNAs alone. Both forms of the receptor were activated by GABA and by propofol at low concentrations. At ...

Aim: This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lipid emulsion propofol administered by a target-controlled infusion (TCI) anesthesia in pediatric surgery.. Method: Forty patients (ASA PS 1,2) aged 2-12 years were given an intravenous bolus of 2% propofol (Fresofol?, Fresenius Kabi Korea Ltd., Korea) 3 mg/kg, followed by continuous infusion at the rate of 200 mg/kg/min for variable periods. Arterial concentrations of propofol were measured at preset intervals and bispectral index (BIS) values were recorded throughout the study period. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics were evaluated using a population analysis with nonlinear mixed effects modeling.. Results: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in children were best described by a two compartment model and inhibitory sigmoid Emax with effect-compartment model, respectively. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models were directly connected by effect compartment. The final ...

Thesis, English, Comparative study between the effects of desflurane sevoflurane and propofol on hepatocellular integrity for Hassan Ahmed Mohamed El Sayed

Hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) is neuroprotective against ischaemic brain injury; however, the roles of potential anti‑apoptotic signals in this process have not been assessed. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in HPC‑induced neuroprotection, the effects of HPC on the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element‑binding protein (CREB) signalling pathway and apoptosis in Sprague‑Dawley pups (postnatal day 7) treated with propofol were investigated. Western blot and histological analyses demonstrated that HPC exerts multiple effects on the hippocampus, including the upregulation of cAMP and phosphorylation of CREB. These effects were partially blocked by intracerebroventricular injection of the protein kinase antagonist H89 (5 µmol/5 µl). Notably, the level of cleaved caspase‑3 was significantly downregulated by treatment with the cAMP agonist Sp‑cAMP (20 nmol/5 µl). The results indicate that propofol increased the level of cleaved ...

Actavis documents ANDA to advertise Propofol Injection Actavis, Inc. today confirmed that it has filed an Abbreviated New Drug Program with the U priligy online .S. Food and Medication Administration seeking authorization to market Propofol Injection 10mg/mL. Fresenius Kabi USA, On June 6 LLC filed suit against Actavis, 2013, in the U.S. District Courtroom for the District of Delaware seeking to prevent Actavis from commercializing its ANDA item before the expiration of certain U.S. Patents. Related StoriesMylan announces U.S. Release of generic AXERT tabletsMylan announces U.S.S.. It is not recommended to scrub the affected section of the skin as it could aggravate the problem. If nothing seems to work, it is advisable to visit a dermatologist and seek medical assistance. There are numerous medications to cure the nagging problem of acne. The antibiotics as well as retinoids are of help in treating acne on the hands. So far as the medicines are concerned, there are oral and topical formulations ...

Propofol is a kind of common intravenous anaesthetic agent that plays an anti-tumor role in a variety of cancers, including ovarian cancer. However, the working mechanism of Propofol in ovarian cancer needs further exploration. The viability and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells were assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and transwell assays. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to examine the abundance of circular RNA vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog C (circVPS13C) and microRNA-145 (miR-145). The target relationship between miR-145 and circVPS13C was predicted by circinteractome database and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and RNA-pull down assay. Western blot assay was used to detect the levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated MAP kinase (p-ERK), ERK, p-MAP kinse-ERK kinase (p-MEK)

The effects of thiopental and propofol were comparatively evaluated about its influence on cardiovascular and respiratory parameters, blood gas, blood glucose levels, cell kinetics and recovery period in 20 rabbits of New Zealand White, adults, male and female, with weight between 3,67±0,43 Kg. After a random selection, they were shared into two groups of 10 animals, called propofol group (GP) and thiopental group (GT). For GP, general anesthesia was induced by intravenous (IV) administration of propofol (10 mg/Kg) and then began continuous infusion at an initial dose 1 mg/Kg/min, and then was adjusted as necessary to the bispectral index values vary between 65 and 75. The same method was employed for GT, using thiopental instead propofol, at the dose of 10 mg/Kg for induction followed the initial dose of 1 mg/Kg/min. Data collection of the variables of interest in both groups began 20 minutes after induction of anesthesia (M0) and new measurements were made at 15 minutes intervals for a period ...

The right DLPFC, in particular, is affected by an increase in propofol effect, as well as being activated during the memory task, regardless of comparison with Resting or Nonsense word control tasks (indicated by boldface and DLPFC in table 1). Although many verbally related memory processes have been localized in the left hemisphere, recent evidence identifies the importance of the right DLPFC in memory tasks using auditory presentation of material. 25The memory task-induced activations in rCBF were less significant than corresponding changes in rCBF related to propofol administration. This is likely to be related to inhomogeneity of processes subjects used in memorizing the word list. Unfortunately, we did not prospectively determine or control which strategies subjects used to memorize the word list. However, in seven subjects (four in the low effect group and three in the high effect group), study notes indicate that a large variety of methods were used, including visualizations, associating ...

BACKGROUND: The aepEX Plus monitor (aepEX) utilizes a mid-latency auditory evoked potential-derived index of depth of hypnosis (DoH). OBJECTIVE: This observational study evaluates the performance of the aepEX as a DoH monitor for pediatric patients receiving propofol-remifentanil anesthesia. METHODS: aepEX and BIS values were recorded simultaneously during surgery in three groups of 25 children (aged 1-3, 3-6 and 6-16 years). Propofol was administered by target-controlled infusion. The University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS) was used to clinically assess the DoH during emergence ...

This study describes for the first time the identification of low-molecular-weight organic compounds that act as positive allosteric modulators at GABAB receptors in a native environment (rat brain membranes, neuronal cultures) or in recombinant expression systems (stably or transiently transfected mammalian cell lines, X. laevis oocytes).. The compound CGP7930, structurally close to the general anesthetic propofol, and its aldehyde analog CGP13501 potentiated GABA-induced signals in a functional receptor test (GTPγ[35S] binding), using membranes from CHO cells stably expressing the GABAB receptor (Fig.2). The findings that these signals exceeded the response elicited by a maximally active concentration of GABA alone and that these two compounds did not stimulate GTPγ[35S] binding in the absence of GABA to any relevant extent clearly show that they acted as positive modulators, without intrinsic agonistic activity. In GTPγ[35S] experiments, but not in the other assays, a very marginal effect ...

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In article ,malbert-1010961718130001 at malbert.rennes.inra.fr, Charles Henri Malbert, malbert at st-gilles.rennes.inra.fr writes: ,Hello, ,We are looking for the receptor type on which propofol is binding to and ,(ultimately) act through. ,Thanks in advance Hi, Propofol can interact, as can most small hydrophobic molecules, with a lot of receptors. Assuming that youre interested in the actions relevant to producing anesthesia, the important criteria is which receptors are affected at clinically relevant concentrations (anywhere from 10-50 !M, probably). The best evidence demonstrates dramatic actions at GABA-A channels at these concentrations, although effects on voltage-gated calcium channels, nicotinic receptors, 5HT-3 receptors, calcium handling systems and potassium channels have also been reported. Of all these, the GABA-A receptor is the most commonly affected target of general anesthetics at relevant concentrations. Propofol both potentiates the channel response to GABA, and directly ...

Intraoperative course. I. Anesthesia. 1. Should she receive intravenous anesthetic for intubation, or should intubation occur first?. 2. What induction agent would you use? Explain.. 3. Would you use muscle relaxant?. 4. Which muscle relaxant would you use, and why?. 5. Describe maternal and fetal effects of muscle relaxant.. 6. Which other adjuncts would you use, and why?. II. Ventilation management. 1. You are asked to hyperventilate the patient immediately, to decrease intracranial pressure. What are the fetal effects?. 2. How would you measure maternal CO2?. III. Maintenance for craniotomy. 1. Fetal heart tones are satisfactory. What is the best drug that preserves maternal cerebral welfare in this case?. 2. Compare and contrast barbiturates vs narcotics vs inhalational agents.. 3. What are your blood pressure goals?. 4. How would you achieve this?. IV. Fluid management. 1. The surgeon requests mannitol. Do you agree? Explain.. 2. What are the maternal and fetal maintenance fluid ...

The Effect of Etomidate on Neuromuscular Junction Etomidate is a clinical intravenous anaesthetic drug that is used for the short term induction of...

Drug Information on Diprivan, Propoven (propofol) includes side effects, uses, drug interactions, dosage, drug pictures, overdose symptoms, and what to avoid.

by Hudetz, Anthony G., Liu, Xiping, Pillay, Siveshigan, Boly, Melanie and Tononi, Giulio View PDF Reference: A. G. Hudetz, X. Liu, S. Pillay, M. Boly and G. Tononi, Propofol anesthesia reduces Lempel-Ziv complexity of spontaneous …

Follow these instructions before being given intravenous anesthesia by Dr Edmond Bedrossian for your oral surgery procedure in San Francisco. 415-956-6610

Several lots of Propofol, the powerful sedative thats often been mentioned in the investigation into Michael Jacksons death, have been recalled because a handful of orders of the drug were found to be contaminated, Propublica reports. While Jacksons official cause of death is still pending the results of the toxicology report, the investigation has reportedly centered on Propofol, or Diprivan as its commonly known ...

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a sedative-hypnotic-anesthetic agent in a class of alkyl phenol compounds. It is an oil at room temperature, highly lipid-soluble, and administered as an emulsion. It is also an antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory agent, reduces intracranial pressure, and has bronchodilator properties. The proposed site of action of propofol is at the GABA(A) receptor, where it activates the chloride channel. There may also be some action at the glutamate and glycine receptor sites. Propofol is considered an antagonist at the N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It is also an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 enzymes. ...

Washington, DC - A new study finds that propofol, a well-known anesthesia medication, has a low occurrence of adverse events for children undergoing research-driven imaging studies. The study, led by a pediatric anesthesiologist now at Childrens National Medical Center, showed a low incidence of adverse events and no long term complications when propofol was used to sedate children for imaging studies that require them to be still for long periods of time.. Lead author Zena Quezado, MD, director of the Pain Neurobiology Laboratory at the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, also found, however, that propofol, a commonly used anesthetic, does show an increased risk for respiratory, cardiovascular, and other side effects if anesthesia is administered over a long period of time or if the child has other complicating factors, including some systemic disease or an airway abnormality. It is also the first imaging study to show an increase in risk to the child with each 30 minute ...