BACKGROUND: No prospective studies are available on serum cotinine level as a marker of lung cancer risk. METHODS: We analyzed serum cotinine level among 1,741 individuals enrolled since the 1970s in a prospective study of Norwegian volunteers who developed lung cancer during the follow-up and 1,741 matched controls free from lung cancer. Serum cotinine was measured with a competitive immunoassay. Regression dilution was corrected for based on repeated measures on samples from 747 subjects. RESULTS: Mean serum cotinine level was higher in cases than in controls. Compared with subjects with a cotinine level of | or = 5 ng/mL, the odds ratio of lung cancer was increasing linearly, reaching 55.1 (95% confidence interval, 35.7-85.0) among individuals with a serum cotinine level of | 378 ng/mL. There was no clear suggestion of a plateau in risk at high exposure levels. Odds ratios were very similar in men and women. We found no association between serum cotinine level (range, 0.1-9.9 ng/mL) and lung cancer

The new findings of the present study are: (1) perinatal nicotine exposure significantly increases brain vulnerability to HI injury in male rat pups, but not in female pups; (2) this heightened vulnerability is associated with sex-specific reprogramming of AT1R and AT2R expression patterns in the developing brain; (3) both AT1R and AT2R are implicated in the pathogenesis of HI brain injury and exhibit the neuroprotective effect in neonatal brains; (4) downregulation of AT2R in the developing brain plays a causal role in nicotine-induced, heightened brain vulnerability to HI injury in neonatal rats; and (5) increased methylation of CpG locus 3 bases upstream of TATA-box at the AT2R promoter is a mechanism of nicotine-mediated AT2R gene repression.. The present finding that perinatal nicotine exposure increased brain HI injury in neonates is novel and suggests a risk factor of maternal cigarette smoking in heightened brain HIE vulnerability in newborns. The nicotine dose used in the present study ...

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Anabasine occurring in wild tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) and anabaseine occurring in certain animal venoms are nicotinic receptor agonist toxins. Anabasine l

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Benzylisoquinoline is the structural backbone of many alkaloids with a wide variety of structures including papaverine, noscapine, codeine, morphine, apomorphine, berberine, protopine and tubocurarine. Many benzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been reported to show therapeutic properties and to act as novel medicines. Thus it is important to collect and compile benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in order to explore their usage in medicine. We extract information about benzylisoquinoline alkaloids from various sources like PubChem, KEGG, KNApSAcK and manual curation from literature. This information was processed and compiled in order to create a comprehensive database of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, called BIAdb. The current version of BIAdb contains information about 846 unique benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, with multiple entries in term of source, function leads to total number of 2504 records. One of the major features of this database is that it provides data about 627 different plant species as a source of

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Pharmacotherapy provision based on Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR) status (slow/normal metabolism) may improve smoking cessation rates. However, it is unclear whether NMR status is consistent across patient characteristics and current treatment choice. Data come from 1,826 participants attending Stop Smoking Services (SSS) across England in 2012/13. Sociodemographic, mental/physical health, smoking and treatment characteristics (nicotine replacement therapy vs. other pharmacotherapy; group vs. one-to-one behavioural support) were assessed. Salivary nicotine metabolites were measured and NMR (3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) computed, characterising smokers as slow (NMR,0.31) or normal (NMR≥0.31) metabolisers. Normal metabolisers were older than slow metabolisers (Odds Ratio (OR) =1.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) =1.32-1.69) but no other characteristics were associated with NMR status. Overall, predictors accounted for only 7.3% of NMR variance. In adjusted analysis, pharmacotherapy type was not ...

Looking for online definition of isoquinoline alkaloid in the Medical Dictionary? isoquinoline alkaloid explanation free. What is isoquinoline alkaloid? Meaning of isoquinoline alkaloid medical term. What does isoquinoline alkaloid mean?

0078]As indicated above, it is contemplated that one or more embodiments may include an insecticide 124, 356 effective for exterminating one or more bedbugs. In one form, insecticide 124, 356 may include one or more of 1,2 dichloropropane, 1,3 dichloropropene, abamectin, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acethion, acetoprole, acrinathrin, acrylonitrile, alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allosamidin, allyxycarb, alpha cypermethrin, alpha ecdysone, amidithion, amidoflumet, aminocarb, amiton, amitraz, anabasine, arsenous oxide, athidathion, azadirachtin, azamethiphos, azinphos ethyl, azinphos methyl, azobenzene, azocyclotin, azothoate, barium hexafluorosilicate, barthrin, benclothiaz, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, benomyl, benoxafos, bensultap, benzoximate, benzyl benzoate, beta cyfluthrin, beta cypermethrin, bifenazate, bifenthrin, binapacryl, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bistrifluoron, borax, boric acid, bromfenvinfos, bromo DDT, bromocyclen, bromophos, bromophos ...

Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants. Nicotine acts as an agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. Nicotine is found in the leaves of Nicotiana rustica, in amounts of 2-14%; in the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum; in Duboisia hopwoodii; and in Asclepias syriaca. Nicotine constitutes approximately 0.6-3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco. It also occurs in edible plants, such as those in the Solanaceae family, which include eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes for example, but at trace levels generally under 200 nanograms per gram, dry weight (less than .00002%). Nicotine functions as an antiherbivore chemical; consequently, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past, and neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, are widely used. Nicotine is highly addictive. An average cigarette yields about 2 mg of ...

A class of insecticides that has been linked to Bee Colony Collapse Disorder of honey bees MAY NOT BE AS MUCH OF A CULPRIT AS THOUGHT.. Neonicotinoid Insecticides, sometimes called Neonics, are neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine.. One of them, imidacloprid, is the most widely used insecticide in the world.. Compared to organophosphates and carbamates, Neonicotinoid Insecticides CAUSE LESS TOXICITY IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS AND INSECTS.. While Neonicotinoid Insecticides can harm honey bees, a new study by Washington State University ( WSU ) researchers shows Neonicotinoid Insecticides POSE LITTLE RISK TO BEES IN REAL-WORLD SETTINGS.. A team of entomologists at Washington State University studied apiaries, collections of beehives, in urban, rural and agricultural areas in Washington looking for potential honey bee colony exposure to Neonicotinoid Insecticides from bees foraging for pollen.. After calculating the RISK based on a « dietary no observable adverse effect concentration ...

To read the author's abstract of the article, click on the title of the article. Then, to read the full article, click on the full text icon. KEY WORDS: Affordable, Anabasine, Anadirachtin, Asteraceae, Biodegradable, Broad-spectrum, Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), Chikungunya fever, Chrysanthemum, Cladophoraceae, d-lemonene (lemonine), DDT, Dengue fever, Derris, Encephalitis, Environmental quality, Filiriasis, Hellebore, Infection, […]. View Post ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Investigation of the antiproliferative action of the quinoline alkaloids kokusaginine and skimmianine on human cell lines. AU - Molnár, Judit. AU - Ocsovszki, Imre. AU - Puskás, László. AU - Ghane, Tannaz. AU - Hohmann, Judit. AU - Zupkó, István. PY - 2013/8/1. Y1 - 2013/8/1. N2 - Natural products play a crucial role in research into innovative antiproliferative agents. More than 60% of anticancer drugs involve compounds of natural origin. The aim of the present study was to determine the cytotoxicity effects of 11 quinoline alkaloids isolated from plants of the Rutaceae family. The MTT assay was used to identify the antiproliferative effects of the tested compounds on human adherent cancer cell lines (HeLa, A431, MCF7 and A2780). Two of these alkaloids, kokusaginine and skimmianine, were found to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and to induce a cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent manner in HeLa cells, as evidenced by flow cytometry. A noncancerous human ...

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Introduction: Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) in public multi-unit housing (MUH) is of concern. However, the validity of self-reports for determining TSE among non-smoking residents in such housing is unclear. Methods: We analyzed data from 285 non-smoking public MUH residents living in non-smoking households in the Boston area. Participants were interviewed about personal TSE in various locations in the past 7 days and completed a diary of home TSE for 7 days. Self-reported TSE was validated against measurable saliva cotinine (lower limit of detection (LOD) 0.02 ng/ml) and airborne apartment nicotine (LOD 5 ng). Correlations, estimates of inter-measure agreement, and logistic regression assessed associations between self-reported TSE items and measurable cotinine and nicotine. Results: Cotinine and nicotine levels were low in this sample (median = 0.026 ng/ml and 0.022 μg/m3, respectively). Prevalence of detectable personal TSE was 66.3% via self-report and 57.0% via measurable cotinine (median ...

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to extract total alkaloids, peimisine, peimine and peiminine from the bulb of Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA), ABTS radical scavenging activity (ABTS-RSA) and ferric reducing capacity (FRAP) assay. A central composite design (CCD) with four variables and five levels was employed for optimization of process parameters, and response surface plots were constructed in accordance with a second order polynomial model. Under optimal conditions of 3.0 h, 60.4 °C, 26.5 MPa and 89.3% ethanol, the highest yields were predicted to be 3.8 mg/g for total alkaloids, 0.5 mg/g for peimisine, 1.3 mg/g for peimine and 1.3 mg/g for peiminine, and the antioxidant capacity of extracts displayed EC50, DPPH value of 5.5 mg/mL, EC50, ABTS value of 0.3 mg/mL and FRAP value of 118.2 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/100 g.

TY - JOUR. T1 - Interaction of benzylidene-anabaseine analogues with agonist and allosteric sites on muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. AU - Arias, H. R.. AU - Xing, H.. AU - MacDougall, K.. AU - Blanton, M. P.. AU - Soti, F.. AU - Kern, W. R.. PY - 2009/5/1. Y1 - 2009/5/1. N2 - Background and purpose: Benzylidene-anabaseines (BAs) are partial agonists of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) but their mechanism(s) of action are unknown. Our study explores several possibilities, including direct interactions of BAs with the nAChR channel. Experimental approach: Functional and radioligand-binding assays were used to examine the interaction of two BA analogues, 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-anabaseine (DMXBA) and Its primary metabolite 3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzylidene)anabaseine (4OH-DMXBA) with both agonist and non-competitive antagonist (NCA)-bindlng sites on muscle-type nAChRs. Key results: Both BAs non-competitively inhibited ACh activation of human fetal muscle nAChRs and ...

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Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a large group of nitrogen-containing specialized metabolites. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is an important pharmaceutical plant and has been cultivated for thousands of years for its analgesic constituents: the morphinan BIAs codeine and morphine. In addition, opium poppy produces other BIAs with biological activities, such as the vasodilator papaverine, the potential anti-cancer drug noscapine and the antimicrobial agent sanguinarine. The objective of this work was to identify and characterize oxidative enzymes involved in BIA biosynthesis, with a specific focus on cytochromes P450 (P450s). The biosynthesis of sanguinarine from (S)-reticuline requires four P450s. Our first objective was to identify these unidentified P450s in opium poppy. Our approach was based on the coordinated induction of all sanguinarine biosynthetic enzyme transcripts and proteins in elicited opium poppy cell suspension cultures. Using data from a previous microarray study, we ...

Inhibition of liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase activity by alkaloids isolated from Chelidonium and Macleaya and by their derivative drugs]. [Article in Russian]. Iagodina OV, Nikol'skaia EB, Faddeeva MD.. I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg.. It has been shown that the major alkaloids from plants Chelidonium majus L. and Macleaya (Bocconia) cordata and microcarpa, namely, berberine, sanguinarine, chelidonine, and drugs "Ukrain" (thiophosphoric acid derivative of a sum of the alkaloids isolated from Ch. majus L.) and "Sanguirythrine" (a mixture of the alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine, w/w 3:7, isolated from Macleaya), are irreversible inhibitors of oxidative deamination reaction of serotonin and tyramine as substrates, catalyzed by rat liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO). At the same time these substances do not influence the oxidative deamination reaction of benzylamine as substrate (in concentration 1 mM or less). The ...

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It is widely accepted that nicotine replacement therapy can help patients to quit smoking. Recent approval by the US Food and Drug Administration of a nicotine nasal spray gives clinicians greater flexibility in choosing the best replacement therapy for a particular patient. Four types of smoking cessation therapy are currently available (gum, patch, nasal spray, and bupropion). These differ with respect to their onset and duration of action, adverse effects, and cost. This article focuses on which patients may benefit most from the use of nicotine nasal spray. Instructions for proper administration and dosing of the nicotine nasal spray are discussed as well as how to taper it appropriately, and how to avoid--and manage--adverse effects. Additionally, the cost of the nicotine nasal spray is reviewed and compared with over-the-counter products and bupropion. Resources for behavioral support are provided as well. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Nicotine cut-off value in human hair as a tool to distinguish active from passive smokers. T2 - A cross-sectional study in Japanese men. AU - Tsuji, Masayoshi. AU - Kanda, Hideyuki. AU - Hayakawa, Takehito. AU - Mori, Yayoi. AU - Ito, Teruna. AU - Hidaka, Tomoo. AU - Kakamu, Takeyasu. AU - Kumagai, Tomohiro. AU - Osaki, Yoneatsu. AU - Kawazoe, Miki. AU - Sato, Sei. AU - Fukushima, Tetsuhito. N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017 IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved. Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2017. Y1 - 2017. N2 - BACKGROUND: Nicotine concentration in hair is a useful marker of tobacco exposure. Detection of nicotine in the hair of non-smokers indicates passive smoking. Accurate measurement of nicotine among active and passive smokers can help in smoking cessation programs or programs designed to prevent secondhand smoke exposure. OBJECTIVE: To establish, using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV), a ...

The extremely potent and selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine, MLA, and related norditerpene alkaloids are finding increasing use as neurochemical probes and as targets for structure-activity relationship studies. In this work, an assay procedure for MLA which utilises ion suppression reverse-phase HPLC with UV absorbance detection at 270 nm is described. The method detected 280 ng MLA on column.

Plants are known to synthesize diverse groups of phytochemicals in the different cell types. So, they are claimed as 'the great chemists of nature' by Peter J. Facchini - one of the renowned plant molecular biologist from University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is established that the plants manufacture phytochemicals such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,…

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in indoor air is a substantial risk factor for many health issues. Children are particularly susceptible to ETS with increased risk of asthma attacks, respiratory infections, and sudden infant death syndrome. The health effects of ETS are well researched in adults, but few studies examine the impact on children's cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). CRF has been shown to be a useful biomarker for monitoring health effects which would normally be too subtle to identify at rest. In adults, ETS has been shown to reduce CRF, and children may be at greater risk due to high respiration rates and developing organs. This preliminary research tests the hypothesis that ETS has a detrimental impact on CRF in children. Twenty-five children (9-11 yrs) from one Merseyside primary school were recruited. ETS exposure was determined by parental surveys and coupled with children's exhaled carbon monoxide concentration. CRF was determined using a VO2peak test, with lung function ...

According to Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Europe, the European Commission has presented to Member States its draft regulations to ban the neonicotinoids: imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam. Three draft regulations to ban the three bee-toxic neonicotinoids across the entire EU were submitted to the Standing Committee on Plant, Animal, Food and Feed. These will be open to comments from Member States and a first vote on the Commission's proposal could take place in May 2017. The new proposals are for a complete ban on the three neonicotinoid uses in fields, with the only exception being for plants grown in greenhouses. There would need to be a positive vote from 55% of the Member States representing 65% of EU citizens (qualified majority) to implement the proposal.. In 2013, the European Commission voted to suspend the use of the neonicotinoid pesticides for two years in order to protect severely declining and threatened bee populations. The moratorium came several months after the ...

RATIONALE Neonicotinoids (NNIs) are the fastest expanding group of pesticides in the world over the last two decades; however, they may be a significant contributing factor to bee mortality. The widespread use of NNIs makes it critical to monitor their residuals in the environment. Published methods for NNI analysis are mainly focused on agricultural and food products, and many of them only measured a portion of the commercially available NNIs. METHODS Utilizing a biphenyl stationary-phase column, a sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed to determine eight NNIs, including acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, flonicamid, imidacloprid, nitempyram, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam in environmental water. Two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were monitored for each compound to ascertain true positive identification. Isotope-labelled NNIs, d3-acetamiprid, d3-clothianidin, d4-imidacloprid and d3-thiamethoxam, were used to compensate for

TY - JOUR. T1 - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of salutaridine reductase from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. AU - Higashi, Yasuhiro. AU - Smith, Thomas J.. AU - Jez, Joseph M.. AU - Kutchan, Toni M.. PY - 2010/2/16. Y1 - 2010/2/16. N2 - The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the narcotic analgesics morphine and codeine. Salutaridine reductase (SalR; EC 1.1.1.248) reduces the C-7 keto group of salutaridine to the C-7 (S)-hydroxyl group of salutaridinol in the biosynthetic pathway that leads to morphine in the opium poppy plant. P. somniferum SalR was overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified using cobalt-affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. Hexagonal crystals belonging to space group P6422 or P6222 were obtained using ammonium sulfate as precipitant and diffracted to a resolution of 1.9 Å.. AB - The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the narcotic analgesics morphine and codeine. Salutaridine reductase (SalR; EC 1.1.1.248) ...

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the most abundant carcinogens in smokeless tobacco products. NNK uptake by measurement of the urinary metabolites 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (total NNAL) has been reported in many studies, but there are no data in the literature on the percentage of the NNK dose that is converted to NNAL in smokeless tobacco users. In this study, 15 male subjects abstained from tobacco use for 3 weeks before placing 2 g smokeless tobacco between their cheeks and gums for 30 min. They then continued abstinence and collected three consecutive 24-h urine samples. The amount of NNK in the tobacco before and after use was determined along with the amount in expectorated saliva. The NNK dose thus calculated was compared with the amount of total NNAL excreted in the next 72 h. These data, taken together with previous pharmacokinetic data, show that the percent conversion of NNK to total NNAL

Research funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) suggests that secondhand smoke from marijuana could be at least as harmful to individuals' cardiovascular health as secondhand tobacco smoke, and perhaps more so.. Published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, the pre-clinical study using rats found that one minute of exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke generated levels of impairment in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) similar to those from secondhand tobacco smoke. FMD refers to the extent to which arteries enlarge in response to increased blood flow.. However, the study also found that FMD remained impaired for at least 90 minutes after a minute of exposure to secondhand marijuana smoke, whereas impairment following secondhand tobacco smoke is generally resolved within 30 minutes.. The background section of the study's abstract states, "Lack of evidence for marijuana [secondhand smoke] causing acute cardiovascular harm is frequently mistaken for evidence that it is ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Behavioral effects of nicotine, amphetamine and cocaine under a fixed- interval schedule of food reinforcement in rats chronically exposed to caffeine. AU - Jaszyna, Maria. AU - Gasior, Maciej. AU - Shoaib, Mohammed. AU - Yasar, Sevil. AU - Goldberg, Steven R.. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 1998. Y1 - 1998. N2 - Epidemiological surveys demonstrate that caffeine, the main psychoactive ingredient of coffee, is a positive correlate in drug abuse. To characterize the behavioral nature of caffeine interactions with other psychomotor stimulants, we examined the effects of chronic caffeine exposure on the behavioral responses to nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine, the selective D agonist SKF-82958 and the selective D2 receptor agonist NPA, in rats responding under a fixed interval (FI) schedule of food reinforcement. Following stabilization of rates and temporal patterns of responding (mathematically expressed as quarter-life values, QL), ...

We have combined high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations using a monolithic column with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chemiluminescence detection in a rapid and highly sensitive method to monitor the process of extracting opiate alkaloids from Papaver somniferum. Due to the high flow rates allowed with the monolithic column and the inherent selectivity of the chemiluminescence reactions, the four predominant alkaloids - morphine, codeine, oripavine and thebaine - were determined in less than 2 min. The results obtained with numerous process samples compared favourable with those of the standard HPLC methodology. Limits of detection were 11010 M, 51010 M, 51010M and 1109 M, for morphine, codeine, oripavine and thebaine, respectively.. ...

Over a decade, declines in honey bee colonies have raised worldwide concerns. Several potentially contributing factors have been investigated, e.g. parasites, diseases, and pesticides. Neonicotinoid pesticides have received much attention due to their intensive use in crop protection, and their adverse effects on many levels of honey bee physiology led the European Union to ban these compounds. Due to their neuronal target, a receptor expressed throughout the insect nervous system, studies have focused mainly on neuroscience and behaviour. Through the Geometric Framework of nutrition, we investigated effects of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on survival, food consumption and sucrose sensitivity of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Thiamethoxam did not affect protein and carbohydrate intake, but decreased responses to high concentrations of sucrose. Interestingly, when bees ate fixed unbalanced diets, dietary protein facilitated better sucrose detection. Both thiamethoxam and dietary protein influenced

Beyond Pesticides, February 28, 2012) A study by researchers at the University of Padova in Italy and published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology has confirmed the findings of previous research showing that honey bees are exposed to toxic neonicotinoid insecticides during spring seed planting. Neonicotinoids are known to be highly toxic to honey bees and, yet, are used on millions of acres through North America every year. These findings lend even greater urgency to the need to take these chemicals off the market and ensure the continued survival of honey bees and the essential pollination services that they provide for our food system. Neonicotinoids, including clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, are most commonly applied by coating crop seeds with the chemical. When these treated seeds are planted, the chemical becomes part of the plants vascular system and stays in the plant for the duration of its lifetime, expressing itself in the pollen. Previously, it had been ...

The phenomenon of light smoking is not entirely understood," Ahluwalia said. "For some, light smoking is a transitional state leading to heavier smoking or cessation. For others, light smoking is a pattern of low cigarette use that is maintained for years.". Approximately 50 percent of African American smokers are light smokers. By contrast, Ahluwalia notes that African Americans experience a disproportionate share of tobacco-related illnesses, including higher rate of death. African Americans tend to smoke mentholated, higher tar and nicotine cigarettes. They also have a slower rate of nicotine metabolism; higher levels, per cigarette smoked, of cotinine, a compound present in those exposed to tobacco; and, greater difficulty quitting smoking compared to other ethnic groups, which may be contributing factors to the higher smoking-related illness and death rate.. The 26-week study focused on the effects of nicotine gum and counseling among African American light smokers, defined as people who ...

It seems time to completely quit smoking. To find out, scientists of the Departmentof periodontology from Ohio State University conducted a study during which they observed the state of the oral cavity of people with different smoking experience. In the end, they found signs severe periodontitis in clinically healthy people who smokede-Sigs. According to their conclusion, this is due to the reaction of glycerol and propylene glycol - substances that are part of the liquid for electronic cigarettes. They form a film around the gums, which leads to inflammation of the teeth.. Periodontitis - The process of inflammation of the tissues that surround the tooth. Often accompanied by redness of the gums and ulcers. Periodontitis is irreversible, but amenable to dental treatment. Otherwise, it can lead to tooth loss.. The harm of electronic cigarettes. Scientists have found that in individuals often usingelectronic cigarettes, the microbiological composition of the gums of the front teeth is very ...

This case-control analysis presents odds ratios for active and passive cigarette smoke exposure and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of levels II and III (CIN II and CIN III) while controlling for confounders. From 1987 to 1988, 103 biopsy-conformed incident cases of CIN II or III and 268 controls with normal cervical cytology were enrolled. Seventy % of cases were cigarette smokers, while only 30% of controls had ever smoked. The adjusted odds ratio for current cigarette smoking was 3.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-7.0). The following confounders were included in logistic regression models: age, race, education, number of sex partners, contraceptive use, sexually transmitted disease history, and Pap smear history. The risk of CIN II/III increased with increasing years of cigarette smoking and with increasing pack-years of exposure. Smoking was associated more strongly with CIN III than CIN II. The effect of passive cigarette smoke exposure was explored separately for smokers and nonsmokers and was