Gramicidin S or Gramicidin Soviet is an antibiotic that is effective against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi. It is a derivative of gramicidin, produced by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin S is a cyclodecapeptide, constructed as two identical pentapeptides joined head to tail, formally written as cyclo(-Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro-)2. That is to say, it forms a ring structure composed of five different amino acids, each one used twice within the structure. Another interesting point is that it utilizes two amino acids uncommon in peptides: ornithine as well as the atypical stereoisomer of phenylalanine. It is synthesized by gramicidin S synthetase. Gramicidin S biosynthetic pathway consists of two-enzyme of nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), gramicidin S synthetase I (GrsA) and gramicidin S synthetase II (GrsB), to give a product as a cyclic decapeptide. Within the biosynthetic pathway, there are total of five modules that specifically ...

It is generally agreed that many proteins are structurally dynamic; sampling many conformations while in solution and also adopting new conformations upon complexation with a ligand. Many of these flexible enzymes are of biological interest, and hindering their function via binding of competitive inhibitors would open up valuable therapeutic avenues. Unfortunately due to the conformation-dependent nature of ligand binding, the act of discovering a new small molecule that will bind these particular proteins is analogous to aiming at a moving target. The following work focuses on one particular enzyme, glutamate racemase. Glutamate racemase is an essential and non-redundant enzyme in all species of bacteria, and inhibition of this enzyme results in cell wall degradation, followed by imminent cell death. Inhibitors of glutamate racemase could act as novel antibiotics against a target to which there are no current antibiotics, and thus no known resistance. My studies focus on three interdependent ...

Lien vers Pubmed [PMID] - 23613764. PLoS ONE 2013;8(4):e60955. Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan transmitted to humans by blood-feeding insects, blood transfusion or congenitally. Previous research led us to discover a parasite proline racemase (TcPRAC) and to establish its validity as a target for the design of new chemotherapies against the disease, including its chronic form. A known inhibitor of proline racemases, 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid (PYC), is water-insoluble. We synthesized soluble pyrazole derivatives, but they proved weak or inactive TcPRAC inhibitors. TcPRAC catalytic site is too small and constrained when bound to PYC to allow efficient search for new inhibitors by virtual screening. Forty-nine intermediate conformations between the opened enzyme structure and the closed liganded one were built by calculating a transition path with a method we developed. A wider range of chemical compounds could dock in the partially opened intermediate active site models ...

Amino Acid Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze either the racemization or epimerization of chiral centers within amino acids or derivatives. EC 5.1.1.

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Shop Inactive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Inactive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase Antibody at MyBioSource. Custom ELISA Kit, Recombinant Protein and Antibody are available.

ppiase, cyp37, peptidyl-prolyl, cis-trans, isomerase, cyp37, chloroplastic, PPIase CYP37 | peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase CYP37, chloroplastic, P82869, ABF57273.1, AS10 1589

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Intracellular pH must be kept close to neutrality to be compatible with cellular functions, but the mechanisms of pH homeostasis and the responses to intracellular acidification are mostly unknown. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we found that intracellular acid stress generated by weak organic acids at normal external pH induces expression of several chaperone genes, including ROF2, which encodes a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase of the FK506-binding protein class. Loss of function of ROF2, and especially double mutation of ROF2 and the closely related gene ROF1, results in acid sensitivity. Over-expression of ROF2 confers tolerance to intracellular acidification by increasing proton extrusion from cells. The activation of the plasma membrane proton pump (H+-ATPase) is indirect: over-expression of ROF2 activates K+ uptake, causing depolarization of the plasma membrane, which activates the electrogenic H+ pump. The depolarization of ROF2 over-expressing plants explains their tolerance to ...

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is the main member of the immunophilin superfamily that has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. CypA participates in protein folding, cell signaling, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Further, CypA plays critical roles in the replication of several viruses. Upon influenza virus infection, CypA inhibits viral replication by interacting with the M1 protein. In addition, CypA is incorporated into the influenza virus virions. Finally, Cyclosporin A (CsA), the main inhibitor of CypA, inhibits influenza virus replication through CypA-dependent and -independent pathways. This review briefly summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles of CypA during influenza virus infection.

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides (By similarity).

cytoplasm, nucleus, FK506 binding, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, protein dimerization activity, chaperone-mediated protein folding, protein folding

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. This encoded protein is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. It is thought to mediate calcineurin inhibition. It also interacts functionally with mature hetero-oligomeric progesterone receptor complexes along with the 90 kDa heat shock protein and P23 protein. This gene has been found to have multiple polyadenylation sites. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.[provided by RefSeq, Mar 2009 ...

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. This encoded protein is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. It is thought to function as an ER chaperone and may also act as a component of membrane cytoskeletal scaffolds. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008 ...

This project is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (award #111062), Alberta Innovates - Health Solutions, and by The Metabolomics Innovation Centre (TMIC), a nationally-funded research and core facility that supports a wide range of cutting-edge metabolomic studies. TMIC is funded by Genome Alberta, Genome British Columbia, and Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canadas national genomics strategy with funding from the federal government. Maintenance, support, and commercial licensing is provided by OMx Personal Health Analytics, Inc. Designed by Educe Design & Innovation Inc. ...

Professor Rudnick is a graduate of Antioch College, where he received a B.S. in Chemistry in 1968. He performed graduate studies in the enzymology of amino acid racemases in the laboratory of Robert H. Abeles in the Graduate Department of Biochemistry at Brandeis University, receiving a Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1974. His graduate studies led to an understanding of the structure and mechanism of proline racemase that was confirmed by the crystal structure of a homologous protein in 2006. From 1973-1975, Professor Rudnick performed postdoctoral research on lactose permease with H. Ronald Kaback at the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology. This work provided a greater understanding of binding and transport reactions using photoaffinity reagents and substrate analogs. In 1975, he left Roche to become an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Yale, and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1980 and Professor in 1991 ...

Accepted name: alanine racemase. Reaction: L-alanine = D-alanine. Other name(s): L-alanine racemase. Systematic name: alanine racemase. Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein.. Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry number: 9024-06-0. References:. 1. Marr, A.G. and Wilson, P.W. The alanine racemase of Brucella abortus. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 49 (1954) 424-433.. 2. Wood, W.A. Amino acid racemases. Methods Enzymol. 2 (1955) 212-217.. 3. Wood, W.A. and Gunsalus, I.C. D-Alanine formation: a racemase in Streptococcus faecalis. J. Biol. Chem. 190 (1951) 403-416.. ...

PIN1 was recently identified as a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase). It binds to and isomerizes specific pSer/Thr-Pro motifs and catalytically induces conformational changes after phosphorylation. PIN1 plays an important role in several ce

Cyclophilin antibody for detecting human peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A. Validated on up to 12 cell lysates for western blotting. Try a trial size today.

Peptidyl-prolyl Cis-trans Isomerase (cyclophilin); Catalyzes The Cis-trans Isomerization Of Peptide Bonds N-terminal To Proline Residues; Plays A Role In Determining Prion Variants; Binds To Hsp82p And Contributes To Chaperone Activity; Protein Abundance Increases In Response To DNA Replication Stress

PTM-dependent Induction (Phosphorylation of T329 on Alpha-globin transcription factor CP2 (Tcfcp2)) of the Alpha-globin transcription factor CP2 (Tcfcp2) DOC_WW_Pin1_4 motif - Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) WW domain ...

PTM-dependent Induction (Phosphorylation of S213 on Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3)) of the Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3) DOC_WW_Pin1_4 motif - Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) WW domain ...

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

Although the precise molecular composition of the MPTP is currently undergoing investigation, its core components are thought to be the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and cyclophilin D, a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase that interacts with ANT.129 Other components may include VDAC and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, which are located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. In healthy mitochondria, the close association of VDAC and ANT create a macromolecular complex that shuttles adenine nucleotides between the ATP-producing matrix and ATP-consuming cytosol. MPTP opening can be triggered under stress conditions, however, by increases in Ca2+, oxidative stress, depletion of adenine nucleotides, increases in inorganic phosphate, and depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, stimuli that operate during ischemia-reperfusion.129 Although proapoptotic (Bax and Bak) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) Bcl-2 proteins have been ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - The immunosuppressive and toxic effects of FK-506 are mechanistically related. T2 - Pharmacology of a novel antagonist of FK-506 and rapamycin. AU - Dumont, Francis J.. AU - Staruch, Mary Jo. AU - Koprak, Samuel L.. AU - Siekierka, John J.. AU - Lin, C. Shirley. AU - Harrison, Richard. AU - Sewell, Tonya. AU - Kindt, Victoria M.. AU - Beattie, Thomas R.. AU - Wyvratt, Matthew. AU - Sigal, Nolan H.. PY - 1992/9/1. Y1 - 1992/9/1. N2 - FK-506 inhibits Ca2+-dependent transcription of lymphokine genes in T cells, and thereby acts as a powerful immunosuppressant. However, its potential therapeutic applications may be seriously limited by several side effects, including nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. At present, it is unclear whether these immunosuppressive and toxic effects result from interference with rehted biochemical processes. FK-506 is known to interact with FK-binding protein-12 (FKBP-12), an abundant cytosolic protein with cis.trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity ...

Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) are a well conserved class of enzymes found throughout nature in microorganisms, plants and animals. They are characterized by their ability to catalyze the conversion of cis- and trans- peptidyl-proline bonds in proteins and consequently are able to exert control over target protein structure and function.

SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for A1T7U8 (DAPF_MYCVP), Diaminopimelate epimerase. Mycolicibacterium vanbaalenii (strain DSM 7251 / JCM 13017 / NRRL B-24157 /PYR-1) (Mycobacterium vanbaalenii)

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Active Recombinant human FKBP12 protein is an Escherichia coli Full length protein, | 95% purity, | 1.000 Eu/µg endotoxin level and validated in FuncS, SDS-PAGE. Specific activity is | 300 nmoles/min…

Buy our Recombinant Human FKBP12 protein. Ab56524 is a full length protein produced in Escherichia coli and has been validated in WB, SDS-PAGE. Abcam provides…

Human FKBP5 qPCR primer pairs, confirmed in positive organizations; screened the primer with high specificity and high sensitivity.

Kit contents: 1. MICROTITER PLATE * 1 2. ENZYME CONJUGATE*1 vial 3. STANDARD A*1 vial 4. STANDARD B*1 vial 5. STANDARD C*1 vial 6. STANDARD D*1 vial 7. STANDARD E*1 vial 8. STANDARD F*1 vial 9. SUBSTRATE A*1 vial 10. SUBSTRATE B*1 vial 11. STOP ...

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One of the rate-limiting steps in protein folding has been shown to be the cis-trans isomerization of proline residues, which is catalyzed by a range of peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerases. To characterize the interaction between model peptides and the periplasmic peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase SurA from E. coli, we employed a chemical cross-linking strategy that has been used previously to elucidate the interaction of substrates with other folding catalysts. The interaction between purified SurA and model peptides was significant in that it showed saturation and was abolished by denaturation of SurA; however the interaction was independent of the presence of proline residues in the model peptides. From results obtained by limited proteolysis we conclude that an N-terminal fragment of SurA, comprising 150 amino acids that do not contain the active sites involved in the peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerization, is essential for the binding of peptides by SurA. This was confirmed by probing the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Mitochondria. T2 - FKBP38 and mitochondrial degradation. AU - Shirane, Michiko. AU - Nakayama, Keiichi. PY - 2014/1/1. Y1 - 2014/1/1. N2 - FK506-binding protein 38 (FKBP38) is a membrane chaperone that is localized predominantly to mitochondria and contains a COOH-terminal tail anchor. FKBP38 also harbors an FKBP domain that confers peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, but it differs from other FKBP family members in that this activity is dependent on the binding of Ca2+-calmodulin. FKBP38 inhibits apoptosis by recruiting the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL to mitochondria. Mice deficient in FKBP38 die soon after birth manifesting a defect in neural tube closure that results in part from unrestrained apoptosis. We recently found that FKBP38 and Bcl-2 translocate from mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum during mitophagy, a form of autophagy responsible for the elimination of damaged mitochondria. FKBP38 and Bcl-2 thus escape the degradative fate of most ...

Monoclonal antibody to Trigger Factor (TF) molecular chaperone can be used for western blotting or immunoprecipitation of TF-tagged recombinant proteins

Monoclonal antibody to Trigger Factor (TF) molecular chaperone can be used for western blotting or immunoprecipitation of TF-tagged recombinant proteins

Escherichia coli synthesizes at least three [NiFe]-hydrogenase enzymes that catalyze the production or consumption of hydrogen gas and occupy a central place in cellular energy metabolism (4, 17). Multiple accessory proteins are required for the assembly of the bimetallic catalytic cluster of these enzymes, including the proteins encoded by the hyp genes and slyD (3, 7, 12). SlyD, which contributes to the insertion of nickel into the hydrogenase precursor proteins and cellular nickel accumulation (18), consists of a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) domain as well as a molecular chaperone domain and a C-terminal tail rich in metal-binding residues (10, 14, 15). A combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that both the metal-binding domain and the chaperone activity of SlyD are essential components of its function in hydrogenase production (13), but the role of SlyDs PPIase activity in the hydrogenase maturation pathway was unknown.. The crystal structure of Methanococcus ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Is cyclophilin involved in the immunosuppressive and nephrotoxic mechanism of action of cyclosporin A?. AU - Sigal, N. H.. AU - Dumont, F.. AU - Durette, P.. AU - Siekierka, John. AU - Peterson, L.. AU - Rich, D. H.. AU - Dunlap, B. E.. AU - Staruch, M. J.. AU - Melino, M. R.. AU - Koprak, S. L.. AU - Williams, D.. AU - Witzel, B.. AU - Pisano, J. M.. PY - 1991/1/1. Y1 - 1991/1/1. N2 - In this report we have approached two questions relating to the mechanism of action of cyclosporin A (CsA). First, we address whether the major cytosolic protein for CsA, cyclophilin, is directly involved in mediating the immunosuppressive activity of this drug, and, in particular, whether inhibition of this proteins peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity results in inhibition of murine T cell activation. Second, we ask whether the nephrotoxicity observed with CsA is related to inhibition of PPIase-dependent pathways in cells other than lymphocytes. Using a series of 61 cyclosporin ...

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium causing many kinds of infections from mild respiratory tract infections to life-threatening states as sepsis. It produces many toxins and has a remarkable ability to acquire resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Many S. aureus strains have acquired resistance to commonly used antibiotics and some strains are becoming multi-resistant. Methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the principal cause of severe nosocomial infections which can be fatal to compromised patients. Whole genome sequencing of two MRSA strains in 2001 was regarded as a way to find targets for novel antibiotics against infections caused by MRSA [1].. PrsA protein is found ubiquitously in Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus [Swiss-Prot:P60747], but not in Gram-negative ones [2, 3]. By sequence homology PrsA contains a parvulin-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) domain and flanking N- and C-terminal domains. PPIases are enzymes that ...

A database search of the ASK1 sequence outside its kinase domain showed that a short amino acid sequence in the NH2-terminal part contains a motif for an FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, of which the functional importance is unknown (Fig. 1A). The kinase domain of ASK1 has sequence similarity with members of the MAPKKK family including MEKK1 (30.0%) in mammal and SSK2 (32.3%) and STE11 (30.4%) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phylogenetic comparison suggested that ASK1 is distantly related to RAF-1, KSR1, TAK1, and TPL-2 mammalian MAPKKKs but most closely related to the SSK2 or SSK22 family of yeast MAPKKKs, which are upstream regulators of yeast HOG1 MAPK (13).. Despite differences in the overall structures of ASK1 and SSK2 or SSK22 (13), it was of interest to examine whether ASK1 might act as a functional kinase in yeast and thereby complement the loss of SSK2 or SSK22. We used yeast strain TM257-H1 (ssk2Δ ssk22Δ sho1Δ) (13, 14), which grows in a normal YPD ...

1ID8: The B(12)-binding subunit of glutamate mutase from Clostridium tetanomorphum traps the nucleotide moiety of coenzyme B(12).

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(2,2-L-Serine)-gramicidin S | C48H84N12O12 | CID 195883 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

The structurally unrelated drugs cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK-506 are powerful immunosuppressants, used prophylactically following transplant surgery to prev

Knijnenburg AD, Tuin AW, Spalburg E, de Neeling AJ, Mars-Groenendijk RH, Noort D, Otero JM, Llamas-Saiz AL, van Raaij MJ, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand ...

Mu nkuru zacu zashize arizo:Biratangaje: Umunsi w’amateka mu buzima bwa Cristiano Ronaldo wageze, nyuma yo gusezererwa mu irushanwa rya Confederation, ndetse Amakuru mashya : Cristiano Ronaldo yibarutse abana babiri b’impanga (isomere) twabagejejeho ko uyu mugabo Cristiano Ronaldo aherutse kwibaruka impanga zabana babiri, gusa akaba agiye nawe kubabona ku nshuro ye yambere nyuma yo kuva mu marushanwa ya Confederation, igitangaje nuko umwana umwe muri izi mpanga yahisemo kumwita izina rya Mateo Ronaldo. Igitangaje muri ibi nuko na Lionel Messi afite umwana umwe muri babiri afite witwa Mateo Messi, aba bagabo bombi bafatwa nkabahangana cyane ku isi bakaba bafite abana bitiranwa, gusa amakuru dukesha inshuti za hafi za Ronaldo nuko iri zina rya Mateo yarivanye ku mwana wa Lionel Messi mu rwego rwo kwereka isi ko nta bukeba buri hagati yabo bombi ndetse ko ari ninshuti mu buzima busanzwe.. ...

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The Biodesign Institute at ASU addresses todays critical global challenges in healthcare, sustainability and security. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.

SEBANANI André ni umwe mu bahanzi bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri Mata 1994 ariko akaba ari umwe mu bahanzi bakiri mu mitima ya benshi kubera ubuhanga yari afite haba mu kuririmba ndetse no gukina ikinamico. SEBANANI André yavutse mu 1952, avukira mu cyahoze ari Komini Kigoma Perefegitura Gitarama, ubu akaba ari Akarere ka Nyanza,.... ...

z roke dečkove je božji volek odletel pa na polja pisani je cvetki obsedel. čuri muri, božji volek, tam je domek tvoj, zdaj pa zleti in pokaži, kje je domek moj! poletel je božji volek k soncu pod nebo, dolgo je za njim strmelo dečkovo oko. ...