TY - JOUR. T1 - Electrostatic properties of inner nanopore surfaces of anodic aluminum oxide membranes upon high temperature annealing revealed by EPR of pH-sensitive spin probes and labels. AU - Kovaleva, Elena G.. AU - Molochnikov, Leonid S.. AU - Tambasova, Daria. AU - Marek, Antonin. AU - Chestnut, Melanie. AU - Osipova, Victoria A.. AU - Antonov, Denis O.. AU - Kirilyuk, Igor A.. AU - Smirnov, Alex I.. PY - 2020/6/1. Y1 - 2020/6/1. KW - Anodic aluminum oxide. KW - Electron paramagnetic resonance. KW - Nanopores. KW - Spin labeling. KW - Surface electrostatic potential. KW - THERMAL-STABILITY. KW - DEPENDENT ADSORPTION. KW - PROTEIN. KW - ACID-BASE PROPERTIES. KW - NANOTUBE ARRAYS. KW - ALPHA-ALUMINA. KW - IONIZABLE NITROXIDES. KW - LIPID-BILAYERS. KW - ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION. KW - DOUBLE-LAYER. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85082725239&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...

Global Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Market Size, Status And Outlook 2021-2026 The Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Market report is a collection of useful i

A catalyst device comprises a porous catalytically active inorganic membrane, means for presenting a fluid reactant to a first surface of the membrane and means for recovering a fluid reaction product from the second surface of the membrane. The membrane is preferably an anodic aluminum oxide membrane with a deposit of catalytically active material present within the pores, preferably concentrated in the ends of the pores adjacent the second surface of the membrane.

Nanoporous and single phase α-alumina membranes with pore diameters tunable over a wide range of approximately 60-350 nm were successfully fabricated by optimizing the conditions for anodizing, subsequent detachment, and heat treatment. The pore diameter increased and the cell diameter shrunk upon crystallization to α-alumina by approximately 20% and 3%, respectively, in accordance with the 23% volume shrinkage resulting from the change in density associated with the transformation from the amorphous state to α-alumina. Nevertheless, flat α-alumina membranes, each with a diameter of 25 mm and a thickness of 50 μm, were obtained without thermal deformation. The α-alumina membranes exhibited high chemical resistance in various concentrated acidic and alkaline solutions as well as when exposed to high temperature steam under pressure. The Youngs modulus and hardness of the single phase α-alumina membranes formed by heat treatment at 1250 °C were notably decreased compared to the corresponding

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Rising pharmaceutical industry growth along with growing demand from other applications is projected to drive growth of this market over the forecast period. The global aluminum oxide market is anticipated to observe significant growth over the forecast due to growing demand from ceramic industries for manufacturing porous ceramics. Exposure to aluminum oxide causes health concerns. This factor may curb the growth of aluminum oxide market.. The report includes detailed competitive landscape of the global aluminum oxide market and an analysis of Porters five forces model for the aluminum oxide market has also been included. It includes company market share analysis, product portfolio of the major industry participants. The report provides detailed segmentation of the aluminum oxide market based on application and region segment.. Request Report TOC (Table of Contents) @ goo.gl/7gj4va. The aluminum oxide market is segmented on the basis of application into pharmaceutical industry, ceramic ...

Page contains details about platinum nanowires cluster film on disordered anodic aluminum oxide . It has composition images, properties, Characterization methods, synthesis, applications and reference articles : nano.nature.com

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Synonyms for aluminium oxide in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for aluminium oxide. 2 synonyms for aluminium oxide: alumina, aluminum oxide. What are synonyms for aluminium oxide?

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The performance of membranes in various processes is largely dependent ontheir morphological properties. Thus, membrane structure has been continuouslyoptimised for different applications. Anodic alumina membranes (AAMs) exhibitself-ordered pore structure and the pore size can be tuned in the sub-micrometrerange. The aim of this PhD project is to propose and develop AAMs for theapplications of membrane filtration and emulsification with potential for scale-up.In the project, the AAMs were initially fabricated in flat sheet form to optimise theprocess parameters to obtain membranes with a high quality of pore structure.The membrane pore diameter can be readily controlled by the anodizationvoltage. While AAMs are normally symmetric, by manipulating the anodizationvoltage, asymmetric AAMs consists of stem pores and active pores have beensuccessfully made. After that, the flat AAMs with symmetric and homogeneousstructure were used as a platform to study for surface modification and fluidtransport in ...

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BioMed Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering a wide range of subjects in life sciences and medicine. The journal is divided into 55 subject-specific sections.

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The invention encompasses a method of forming a silicon-doped aluminum oxide. Aluminum oxide and silicon monoxide are co-evaporated. Subsequently, at least some of the evaporated aluminum oxide and silicon monoxide is deposited on a substrate to form the silicon-doped aluminum oxide on the substrate. The invention also encompasses methods of forming transistors and flash memory devices.

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A new approach for controlling and to functionalise nanoporous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) membranes is described. Our approach is predicated on the remarka

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The report including six parts, the first part maainly introduced the product basic information; the second parts mainly analyzed the Asia Aluminum oxide industry; the third part mainly analyzed the North American Aluminum oxide industry; the fourth part mainly analyzed the Europe Aluminum oxide industry; the fifth part mainly analyzed the market entry and investment feasibility; the sixth part was the report conclusion chapter ...

2012 Hong-Ru Lin, Hsin-Yuan Miao*, Jih-Hsin Liu, Chih-Wei Lin, Jeng Gong, The Low Temperature Resistance Test of Buckypaper and Its Microwave Application, IUMRS-ICA, Procedia Engineering, (EI)2008 K.T. Lee, J. Gong and B.H. Liou, Electrical Characteristics of Al2O3/TiO2 Nanolaminate Dielectrics on GaN, 215th ECS Meeting, San Francisco, USA, Other, 會議論文(Others), 2009-05-01-2009-05-012008 C.T. Lee, K.T. Lee and J. Gong, Electrical Characterization of High-k Anodic Aluminum Oxide Gate Dielectrics on Gallium Nitride Substrate MOS Capacitors, 215th ECS Meeting, San Francisco, USA, Other, 會議論文, 口頭報告(Others), 2009-05-01-2009-05-012008 K.T. Lee, Y.C. Lee and J. Gong, Thermal and Optical Improvement of Light-emitting Diodes with Mesh Pattern on Sapphire Back Delineated by Laser Etching, PRiME 2008 (214th ECS Meeting), Other, 會議論文(Others), 2008-10-01-2008-10-012008 Kuo-Pin Chang, Wei-Chih Chien, Yi-Chou Chen, Erh-Kun Lai1, Shih-Chang Tsai, Sheng-Hui, Hsieh, Yeong-Der Yao, ...

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes use chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid & phosphoric acid for their formation. Porous and non-porous membranes .. By Blue Belton

TY - JOUR. T1 - Relationship between the retention characteristics on an alumina column and physico-chemical parameters of some environmental pollutants. AU - Cserháti, Tibor. AU - Forgács, Esther. PY - 2000/2/11. Y1 - 2000/2/11. N2 - The retention behavior of 16 environmental pollutants was studied on alumina and porous graphitized carbon (PGC) columns using n-hexane as eluent. The relationship between the logarithm of the capacity factors determined on the alumina column and the physico-chemical characteristics of the solutes was elucidated by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by two-dimensional nonlinear mapping. The 12 original variables can be reduced to four with only a 10% loss of information. The logarithm of the capacity factor formed a cluster with the hydrogen donor and acceptor properties of the solutes and their Tafts constant on the two-dimensional nonlinear map of PC loadings indicating that both steric and electronic parameters play a considerable role in the ...

TY - CONF. T1 - In-situ measurements of alumina particle size and optical constants in composite solid propellant flames. AU - Brewster, Quinn. AU - Parry, David L.. PY - 1987/1/1. Y1 - 1987/1/1. N2 - The complex refractive index (n-ik) at 0.6328ym and the effective optical diameter of alumina particles in ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite solid propellant flames were measured in-situ using an inverse light scattering technique. Measured bidirectional reflectance and transmittance values were used to obtain n values, between 1.3 and 1.8 and k values between 0.04 and 0.6. The effective alumina diameter was determined (by the absence or existence of solutions to the Inverse scattering problem) to be between 0.26 and 0.30 um. Forward scattering dominated back scattering to such an extent that even a linear anisotropic scattering model would be inaccurate in describing the radiative transport. The alumina single scattering albedo was found to be in the range 0.5 to 0.7.. AB - The complex ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Gas permeability and mechanical properties of porous alumina ceramics with unidirectionally aligned pores. AU - Isobe, Toshihiro. AU - Kameshima, Yoshikazu. AU - Nakajima, Akira. AU - Okada, Kiyoshi. AU - Hotta, Yuji. PY - 2007/1/1. Y1 - 2007/1/1. N2 - Porous alumina ceramics having unidirectionally aligned cylindrical pores were prepared by extrusion method and compared with porous ceramics having randomly distributed pores prepared by conventional method, and their gas permeability and mechanical properties were investigated. SEM micrographs of the porous alumina ceramics prepared by the extrusion method using nylon fibers as the pore former showed excellent orientation of cylindrical pores. The bending strength and Weibull modulus of the extruded porous alumina ceramics with 39% porosity were 156 MPa and 17, respectively. These mechanical properties of extruded samples were higher than those of the conventional porous alumina ceramics. The strength decreased from 156 to 106 ...

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Premium aluminum oxide abrasive for long life Heavy, durable X-weight cotton backing makes the points durable and flexible Excellent abrasive product for breaking edges Pack of 100 PK Manufacturer part number: 8834180042 UPC Code: 88341800420 Specifications: Abrasive Material = Aluminum Oxide Applications = Removing He

Aluminium oxide, also known as aluminum oxide, is a chemical compound made from aluminium and oxygen. Its chemical formula is Al2O3. It is a normally white, powdery solid. It does not exist in a particular form. It can dissolve in acids and bases. It is used as an abrasive (sandpaper is an abrasive). It comes in bauxite and corundum. It does not melt easily. It is dissolved in a cryolite melt and electrolyzed to make aluminium. ...

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Aluminum Oxide To Grinding Glass. aluminum oxide to grinding glass Mar 21 2007 occasionally i have to surface grind aluminum and it usually isnt to big of a problem but i wish i could figure out the optimal way to do it currently i tend to use whatever alum oxide wheel i already have on the machine which is usually a 46h 46i or 46j norton 32a. ...

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A chemical vapor deposition process for laying down an aluminum oxide coating on a glass substrate through the use of an organic ester having a β hydrogen on the alkyl group bonded to the carboxylate oxygen and an inorganic aluminum halide. The resulting article has an aluminum oxide coating which can be of substantial thickness because of the high deposition rates attainable with the novel process. Preferably, the coating deposition rates resulting from the method of the present invention may be greater than or equal to 200 Å per second.

An electroosmotic EO process is presented for nanoporous membranes capable of generating EO flow rates over thirty times higher than previously possible with the same membrane and solution. In...

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Structural studies of multi-wall carbon nanotubes prepared by template pyrolytic carbon deposition from thermal decomposition of propylene at 800 degrees C inside channels of an alumina membrane have been performed using X-ray diffraction. The two-dimensional diffraction pattern of the deposited carbon nanotubes, recorded directly within the alumina template using an image plate detector, exhibits two dark arcs corresponding to the (002) graphitic reflection. The anisotropic scattering distribution indicates alignment of the nanotubes. The diffracted intensity was measured for the powdered samples after removing the alumina membrane using a point detector. A maximum scattering vector of K-max = 20 angstrom(-1) yielded the radial distribution function, providing evidence that the investigated nanotubes form a distorted hexagonal network that implies the presence of five-membered rings. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.. ...

A process involving the filtration of graphene oxide (GO) dispersion through an alumina membrane, followed by oxygen annealing to synthesize alumina nanoparticles exclusively at the edges of holes or vacancies in the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) plane, is used to prepare paper-like composites with a 21% enha

In this paper, vertically aligned Pt nanowire arrays (PtNWA) with different lengths and surface roughnesses were fabricated and their electrochemical performance toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection was studied. The nanowire arrays were synthesized by electroplating Pt in nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Different parameters, such as current density and deposition time, were precisely controlled to synthesize nanowires with different surface roughnesses and various lengths from 3 μm to 12 μm. The PtNWA electrodes showed better performance than the conventional electrodes modified by Pt nanowires randomly dispersed on the electrode surface. The results indicate that both the length and surface roughness can affect the sensing performance of vertically aligned Pt nanowire array electrodes. Generally, longer nanowires with rougher surfaces showed better electrochemical sensing performance. The 12 μm rough surface PtNWA presented the largest sensitivity (654 μA·mM−1·cm−2)

The current study discusses the preparation and long-term performance of polymer composites used for various purposes under different ageing conditions.. The first part deals with the preparation and characterization of polymer nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene-co-butyl acrylate) (EBA-13 and EBA-28 with 13 and 28 wt % butyl acrylate, respectively) and 2-12 wt % (0.5-3 vol %) of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (two types with different specific surface areas and different hydroxyl-group concentrations; uncoated and coated with, respectively, octyltriethoxysilane and aminopropyltriethoxysilane). The nanocomposite with EBA-13 showed better overall nanoparticle dispersion while EBA-28 resulted in poor dispersion, probably due to insufficiently high shear forces acting during extrusion mixing which were unable to break down nanoparticle agglomerates.. The activity of hindered phenolic antioxidant (0.2 wt%) in all EBA nanocomposites was assessed by determining the oxidation induction time using DSC. ...

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div class=citation vocab=http://schema.org/,,i class=fa fa-external-link-square fa-fw,,/i, Data from ,span resource=http://link.libraries.ou.edu/resource/CC_ZwEzH70o/ typeof=CategoryCode http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/Concept,,span property=name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label,,a href=http://link.libraries.ou.edu/resource/CC_ZwEzH70o/,Aluminum oxide -- Surface properties,/a,,/span, - ,span property=potentialAction typeOf=OrganizeAction,,span property=agent typeof=LibrarySystem http://library.link/vocab/LibrarySystem resource=http://link.libraries.ou.edu/,,span property=name http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/label,,a property=url href=http://link.libraries.ou.edu/,University of Oklahoma Libraries,/a,,/span,,/span,,/span,,/span,,/div ...

In this GCSE Chemistry video we look at electrolysis of aluminium oxide. We look at the role of cryolite and why the graphite anode has to be replaced regularly.. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Catalytic ozonation of chlorinated VOCs on ZSM-5 zeolites and alumina. T2 - formation of chlorides. AU - Ikhlaq, Amir. AU - Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara. PY - 2017/1/31. Y1 - 2017/1/31. N2 - This study aims to understand the mechanisms and kinetics of chlorinated volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) removal during the catalytic ozonation process on γ-alumina and ZSM-5 zeolites. Both the H-ZSM-5 and Na-ZSM-5 types with different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios and counter ions (Z1000H:SiO2/Al2O3 = 1000, Z900Na:SiO2/Al2O3 = 900, Z25H:SiO2/Al2O3 = 25 and Z25Na:SiO2/Al2O3 = 25) were studied. In order to fully understand the mechanisms behind the catalytic processes, degradation of VOCs and chlorides formation were investigated during both ozonation alone and catalytic ozonation on alumina and zeolites. The effects of pH and hydroxyl radical scavengers on the efficiency of catalytic ozonation on alumina and zeolites were also studied. The results revealed that, as opposed to alumina, zeolites promoted ...

Nanoscale metal rings and dots could find potential use in a wide range of applications including catalysis. However, the impact the morphology differences have must be unambiguously ascertained before they can be used in practical applications. For this to be achieved there needs to be a simple and efficient fabrication process that can create arrays of nanoscale metal rings or dots for study.. Won Bae Kim and team, from the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, report such a method in their new ChemComm paper. They make use of the powerful transfer printing technique, but importantly have created suitable stamps that can generate ring or dot arrays. These stamps use one dimensional carbon nanostructures that are supported within the hexagonal pores of anodic aluminium oxide, the tip shapes being controlled by ion milling conditions. After loading with a suitable catalytic metal they are then used in transfer printing onto indium tin ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Imaging and Analysis of Encapsulated Objects through Self-Assembled Electron and Optically Transparent Graphene Oxide Membranes. AU - Yulaev, Alexander. AU - Lipatov, Alexey. AU - Lu, Annie Xi. AU - Sinitskii, Alexander. AU - Leite, Marina S.. AU - Kolmakov, Andrei. PY - 2017/1/23. Y1 - 2017/1/23. N2 - This study demonstrates a technique for facile encapsulation and adhesion of micro- and nanoobjects on arbitrary substrates, stencils, and microstructured surfaces by ultrathin graphene oxide membranes via a simple drop casting of graphene oxide solution. A self-assembled encapsulating membrane forms during the drying process at the liquid-air and liquid-solid interfaces and consists of a water-permeable quasi-2D network of overlapping graphene oxide flakes. Upon drying and interlocking between the flakes, the encapsulating coating around the object becomes mechanically robust, chemically protective, and yet highly transparent to electrons and photons in a wide energy range, ...

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A structure and method of fabricating a magnetic read head, comprises forming a fill layer for a magnetic read head gap using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The fill layer comprises an insulator, preferably aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, mixtures thereof and layered structures thereof. Materials having higher thermal conductivity than aluminum oxide, such as berylium oxide and boron nitride, can also be employed in layers within an aluminum oxide structure. The thickness of the ALD-formed head gap fill layer is between approximately 5 nm and 100 μm, preferably between approximately 10 nm and 40 nm.

Al 2 O 3 is an electrical insulator but has a relatively high thermal conductivity (30 Wm −1 K −1) for a ceramic material. Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. In its most commonly occurring crystalline form, called corundum or αaluminium oxide, its hardness makes it suitable for use as an abrasive and as a component in cutting tools.. Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance .... ...

This research project examines the transport of ions through porous alumina membranes with channels of ̃200 nanometers in diameter. The test molecule is the permeate anion 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate (NDS2-), which as absorbance in the ultraviolet range and also exhibits fluorescence. This allows direct examination of transport by utilizing ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy as well as fluorescence spectroscopy. Adding substituents through strong alumina-silane linkages further modifies all the surfaces of the alumina nanotube membranes. Membranes are soaked in solutions containing either octadecyl trimethoxysilane (ODTMS) or isobutyl trimethoxysilane (IBTMS). Ion transport across the membrane treated with the hydrophobic octadecyl trimethoxysilane was hindered significantly, while the membranes exposed to a short alkyl chain isobutyl trimethoxysilane demonstrated only a slight blockage of ion transport. In both cases, addition of an ionic surfactant dodecyl benzenesulfonate (DBS) and also cationic drug

In this thesis, the results regarding the investigation about the cobalt electrodeposition in templates of porous anodic alumina are presented. The doctorade is divided in four main sections. The _rst one has consisted in exploring many experimental set up to the preparation of porous anodic alumina using galvanostatic mode. The main results are related to the high ordering achieved using the galvanostatic mode and the sistem versatility concerning preparation of new architectures in porous anodic alumina such as the two overlapped porous layers presented in this thesis. The second part is about the computational study of the metalic electrodeposition in porous templates. In this step a bidimensional model to the metal electrodeposition in porous sistem was developed and simulated. The model considers one potenciostatic pulse. Potential distribution inside the template is calculated using the Laplace equation. Difusion equation takes into account the transport of electroactive species. ...

0037]Hereinafter, a method of fabricating an atomic layer using an atomic layer deposition apparatus in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described. A substrate S is seated on a surface of a substrate holder 110 facing a gas supply unit 140. A mask assembly 120 is disposed to be spaced apart a first distance from the substrate S. The substrate S is heated using the heater 115 of a substrate holder 110. Coolant is supplied into a cooling path 124 of the mask assembly 120, and then, the mask assembly 120 is cooled. The atomic layer deposition apparatus in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention limits a moving path of a reaction gas supplied by the gas supply unit 140 using the mask assembly 120, maintains the interior of the chamber 100 in a vacuum state using the vacuum pump 130, and spaces the mask assembly 120 from the substrate S by a certain distance, so that the reaction gas that passes through holes 122 of the mask assembly ...

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0083] After the formation of the source/drain electrode 25, as shown in FIG. 6(C), the first layer 31 of the passivation film 26 made of the above-described material with the above-described thickness is formed by atomic layer deposition or sputtering, for example. When a method in use is atomic layer deposition, trimethylaluminum gas for use as raw material gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber, and an aluminum film being an atomic layer is formed on the surface of the substrate 10. Thereafter, oxygen radical is introduced to the surface of the substrate 10 so that the aluminum film is oxidized. The oxygen radical is the result of exciting ozone gas or oxygen gas by plasma. The aluminum film formed for the first time has the thickness of the atomic layer, and thus is easily oxidized by ozone or oxygen radical. A uniform aluminum oxide film can be formed on the entire surface of the substrate 10. Thereafter, by repeating a process of forming the aluminum film and a process of oxidation, the ...

process of manufacturing aluminium sulphate How aluminum is made material, manufacture, making, used The Manufacturing Process Aluminum manufacture is accomplished in two phases: the Bayer process of refining the bauxite ore to obtain aluminum oxide, and the HallHeroult process of smelting the aluminum oxide to release pure aluminum. ...

It is only when it is combined with water that a Hydrochloric acid solution is formed. or amoxicillin 1000 mg twice daily p.o. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. It does not come apart to form ions. It is commonly called alumina and may also be called aloxide, aloxite, or alundum depending on particular forms or applications. The precursor mixture formed a whitish precipitate. The remaining HSO4^- is a weak acid and sparingly ionizes, particularly in the presence of an equal concentration of H+ (Le Chatelierâ s principle). The toxicological hazard of any flame-retarding chemical is unavoidable. Other inorganic salts used as ATO-replacement synergists include zinc stannate (Flamtard S, William Blythe, UK) and zinc hydroxyl stannate (Flamtard H, William Blythe, UK), both of which have the advantage of very low particle size (1â 2 μm) as well as suppressing smoke. 5. I mean, acids arent defined as things that neutralize bases, we have ...

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Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory have made significant contributions to our understanding of metal oxides, their surfaces, and the binding of molecules at these surfaces. In this paper we investigate the binding of methanol at the alpha-Al2O3(0001) surface using first-principles density functional theory. We calculate the molecular adsorption energy of methanol to be E^g_ads=1.03 eV/molecule. Taking the methanol-methanol interaction into account, we obtain the adsorption energy E_ads=1.01 eV/molecule. Our calculations indicate that methanol adsorbs chemically by donating electron charge from the methanol oxygen to the surface aluminum. We find that the surface atomic structure changes upon adsorption, most notably the spacing between the outermost Al and O layers changes from 0.11 Angstrom to 0.33 Angstrom.

Klingspors Woodworking Shop is full line distributor of woodworking tools and supplies from respected companies like Klingspor Abrasives, Delta Woodworking machinery, Jet Tools and Equipment, Powermatic, Bosch, Porter Cable, Fein, Dewalt, Sorby, Tormek, etc. We specialize in Klingspor sanding products with a vast array of woodworking supplies on hand.

Klingspors Woodworking Shop is full line distributor of woodworking tools and supplies from respected companies like Klingspor Abrasives, Delta Woodworking machinery, Jet Tools and Equipment, Powermatic, Bosch, Porter Cable, Fein, Dewalt, Sorby, Tormek, etc. We specialize in Klingspor sanding products with a vast array of woodworking supplies on hand.

The dielectric is formed of two layers; a self-assembling monolayer (SAM), about 2nm thick, built from phosphoric acid with an alkyl chain, described as n-octadecylphosphonic acid, and a 4nm aluminium oxide layer, forming a 6nm dielectric layer in total.. The floating gate is made of aluminium and its surface is oxidised to form the inner dielectric aluminium oxide layer. An aluminium control gate exists between the PEN and the floating gate transistor. An organic semiconductor made of pentacene is also used.. The Tokyo OFMT needes an applied charge of 6 volts applied to the dielectric to affect the polarity of the floating gate inside it, whereas other organic flash projects require 20 - 30 volts. Reading the setting of the floating gate requires a 1 volt charge. Apparently up to a 1,000 write-erase cycles have been demonstrated.. This is a prototype project which proves a concept. Its charge retention time is around 24 hours, which is not long enough at all, contrasting poorly with the months ...