of the element. Thus thee flight of charged particles was often simply called alpha radiation. Radium emitted other forms of radiation but Martland calculated that more than 90 percent of the particles shooting out of radium came from alpha radiation. This wasnt all that bad: alpha particles were in their way rather wishy-washy bits of atomic energy. They could be stopped by a sheet of paper, a layer of clothing, even the upper layer of dead cells that overlay the skin. The other forms of radiation were actually more formidable. Beta radiation easily sliced through paper but could be stopped by a sheet of aluminum; the hurtle of gamma radiation could only be blocked by a dense material like lead.. But inside the body, as Martland would soon realize, alpha radiation created a precisely engineered internal poisoning. The radium dust noted by the Harvard team posed a definite hazard because it could be inhaled. But the reason that the hard-working dial painters were so much sicker than others in ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Long-Term consequences of radiation-induced bystander effects depend on radiation quality and dose and correlate with oxidative stress. AU - Buonanno, Manuela. AU - De Toledo, Sonia M.. AU - Pain, Debkumar. AU - Azzam, Edouard I.. PY - 2011/4. Y1 - 2011/4. N2 - Widespread evidence indicates that exposure of cell populations to ionizing radiation results in significant biological changes in both the irradiated and nonirradiated bystander cells in the population. We investigated the role of radiation quality, or linear energy transfer (LET), and radiation dose in the propagation of stressful effects in the progeny of bystander cells. Confluent normal human cell cultures were exposed to low or high doses of 1GeV/u iron ions (LET ∼151 keV/μ m), 600 MeV/u silicon ions (LET ∼51 keV/μ m), or 1 GeV protons (LET ∼0.2 keV/μ m). Within minutes after irradiation, the cells were trypsinized and co-cultured with nonirradiated cells for 5 h. During this time, irradiated and ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Application of astatine-210. T2 - Evaluation of astatine distribution and effect of pre-injected iodide in whole body of normal rats. AU - Ikeda, Hayato. AU - Hayashi, Yoshihiko. AU - Takahashi, Naruto. AU - Watabe, Tadashi. AU - Kanai, Yasukazu. AU - Shinohara, Atsushi. AU - Kato, Hiroki. AU - Watabe, Hiroshi. AU - Shimosegawa, Eku. AU - Hatazawa, Jun. PY - 2018/9. Y1 - 2018/9. N2 - We proposed use of astatine-210 in preclinical study. Astatine-210 has higher yield of production and is easier to quantify than astatine-211. We produced astatine-210 with Bi target and 40 MeV alpha beam accelerated by cyclotron, free astatine-210 was separated and injected to normal rats. Three male rats (blocking group) were injected non-radioactive iodide before injection of astatine-210. Compared with the control group, the astatine-210 accumulations in the blocking group decreased to 24% in the thyroid.. AB - We proposed use of astatine-210 in preclinical study. Astatine-210 has higher yield of ...
The present invention is a tape product suitable for use in the protection of semiconductor devices from alpha-particles. The product comprises a heat resistant support film, a pressure sensitive adhesive layer on one side of the support film, a least one alpha-particle protector member formed of a plastic material capable of protecting the semiconductor device releasably supported on the pressure sensitive adhesive, and a layer of heat resistant adhesive bonded to the plastic material on its side lying opposite to the side bonded to the pressure sensitive adhesive. Preferably, a primer layer lies between the heat resistant support film on the pressure sensitive adhesive to insure that clean removal of the support film and pressure sensitive adhesive from the surface of the alpha-particle protector member. In order to aid in this removal the surface of the alpha-particle protector member facing the pressure sensitive layer is also coated with a release coating. The product is used by bonding the heat
alpha particles, alpha rays answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web.
The microdosimetric interaction model simulates individual interactions of alpha particles with nuclei of sensitive target cells in human bronchial airway generations 2, 4, 6 and 10. For a normalized source density of Po 218 and Po 214 alpha particles, number of hits, microdosimetric spectra and related parameters for cell nuclei located at various depths in bronchial epithelium are calculated. The lineal energy spectrum is a spherical nuclear target is then converted into probabilities for cell killing, mutation and transformation by multiplying the single event chord length distribution with event specific effect probabilities per unit track length as a function of LET. These effect probabilities are finally weighted by the depth-density distributions of basal and secretory cells. The predicted transformation probability is compared with other physical indicators of lung cancer risk, such as dose, dose equivalent, biologically weighted dose, mean lineal energy, and number of alpha particle hits ...
Dr Christopher Parker, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK and colleagues did a study of 64 patients with HRPC. Radium 223 was chosen because it emits alpha radiation - which has higher energy and travels less distance than the beta radiation. Thus Parker and colleagues believe that alpha radiation will have a more pronounced localised effect on tumours.. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In the first, 33 received external-beam radiotherapy and up to four injections of radium-223. The other group received the same radiotherapy and placebo. Levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (bone-ALP) - considered a marker for progression of HRPC - decreased by 66% in the group receiving radium-223. The length of time for patients HRPC to progress - as assessed by each prostate-specific-antigen concentration - was much longer for those receiving radium 223 (26 weeks) compared to placebo (eight weeks). The median survival time for radium-223 patients was 41% ...
Gross alpha. Alpha particles are a type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some unstable atoms. They are typically emitted from the elements uranium, radium, plutonium and thorium. The MCLG (federally recognized public health goal) for alpha particles is ZERO, however the legal limit (MCL) is set at 15 pCi/L (picocuries per liter). The EPA instructs water systems to subtract uranium from its gross alpha readings before they ae reported to you on an annual water quality report. This searchable database includes all results where Gross Alpha was reported in excess of 3.00 pCi/L. Gross beta. Beta particles are another form of ionizing radiation. They are smaller in size than alpha particles but can penetrate deeper into the body if consumed. The EPA says, It is their excess energy, in the form of speed, that causes harm to living cells. When transferred, this energy can break chemical bonds and form ions. Some examples of the different types of elements that give off beta ...
Gross alpha. Alpha particles are a type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some unstable atoms. They are typically emitted from the elements uranium, radium, plutonium and thorium. The MCLG (federally recognized public health goal) for alpha particles is ZERO, however the legal limit (MCL) is set at 15 pCi/L (picocuries per liter). The EPA instructs water systems to subtract uranium from its gross alpha readings before they ae reported to you on an annual water quality report. This searchable database includes all results where Gross Alpha was reported in excess of 3.00 pCi/L. Gross beta. Beta particles are another form of ionizing radiation. They are smaller in size than alpha particles but can penetrate deeper into the body if consumed. The EPA says, It is their excess energy, in the form of speed, that causes harm to living cells. When transferred, this energy can break chemical bonds and form ions. Some examples of the different types of elements that give off beta ...
Human exposure to high-linear energy transfer α-particles includes environmental (e.g. radon gas and its decay progeny), medical (e.g. radiopharmaceuticals) and occupational (nuclear industry) sources. The associated health risks of α-particle exposure for lung cancer are well documented however the risk estimates for leukaemia remain uncertain. To further our understanding of α-particle effects in target cells for leukaemogenesis and also to seek general markers of individual exposure to α-particles, this study assessed the transmission of chromosomal damage initially-induced in human haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells after exposure to high-LET α-particles. Cells surviving exposure were differentiated into mature T-cells by extra-thymic T-cell differentiation in vitro. Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridisation (M-FISH) analysis of naïve T-cell populations showed the occurrence of stable (clonal) complex chromosome aberrations consistent with those that are characteristically ...
It has been shown by Mott on the basis of the wave mechanics, that in the case of collisions between identical particles the scattered particles should interfere with the projected particles travelling in the same direction. When α-particles are scattered in helium, if the scattered α-particles and projected helium nuclei of similar velocity are identical in all respects, there will be interference between the two streams of particles. For collisions in which the particles act upon each other with forces varying as the inverse square of the distance between them, the interference results in the scattering intensity varying above and below the classical value and rising to double the classical numbers at 45º. At small angles the scattering predicted by the quantum mechanics does not differ greatly from that given by the classical theory. An experiment carried out by Chadwick showed quite definitely that for sufficiently slow α-particles the amount of scattering at 45º was double that of the ...
The nuclear track detector CR-39 is used extensively for charged particle diagnosis, in particular proton spectroscopy, at inertial confinement fusion facilities. These detectors can absorb x-ray doses from the experiments in the order of 1-100 Gy, the effects of which are not accounted for in the previous detector calibrations. X-ray dose absorbed in the CR-39 has previously been shown to affect the track size of alpha particles in the detector, primarily due to a measured reduction in the material bulk etch rate [Rojas-Herrera et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 033501 (2015)]. Similar to the previous findings for alpha particles, protons with energies in the range 0.5-9.1 MeV are shown to produce tracks that are systematically smaller as a function of the absorbed x-ray dose in the CR-39. The reduction of track size due to x-ray dose is found to diminish with time between exposure and etching if the CR-39 is stored at ambient temperature, and complete recovery is observed after two weeks. The ...
Okay, the radium stuff is just to show the luminescence in a simplified setting. Notice, he doesnt talk about putting radium into his screen, only the luminophor.. By the way, the danger from radium isnt penetrating radiation (the author is correct, alpha particles dont even penetrate the dead layer of your skin), its the fact that your bones treat radium like calcium, and lock it away for later use; alpha particles then bombard your bone marrow from one cell away. Any dust you ingest (mucus with trapped, inhaled particles usually gets swallowed) will be very unhealthy.. The salts of cobalt, cadmium and osmium produce light at different frequencies; he isnt thinking about them for radioactivity. The first two are toxic, and the third is exorbitantly expensive (pricier than platinum!), which might be the difficulty hes having. The first two arent hard to get at all: Ni-Cd batteries have metallic Cd (at least, when fully charged…), and Li-ion batteries have cobalt oxide (with varying ...
All of the naural thorium that exist is 232Th. The mass that is given for thorium is therefore more or less equal to the mass 232Th 232.0381 u. It is much the same for helium where the mass is 4.002602 u. To find M(228Ra) we need to find the Q-value. The excess energy (Q-value) is distributed as kinetic energy on the products 228Ra and alpha. The alpha particle has very little mass compared to 228Ra, and the alpha particle by conversion of momentum will receive almost all the kinetic energy: ...
All of the naural thorium that exist is 232Th. The mass that is given for thorium is therefore more or less equal to the mass 232Th 232.0381 u. It is much the same for helium where the mass is 4.002602 u. To find M(228Ra) we need to find the Q-value. The excess energy (Q-value) is distributed as kinetic energy on the products 228Ra and alpha. The alpha particle has very little mass compared to 228Ra, and the alpha particle by conversion of momentum will receive almost all the kinetic energy: ...
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the biological effect of the alpha-particle-emitting isotope astatine-211 on the human cell line Colo-205 and to compare it with that of low-dose-rate gamma-radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plastic (PMMA) rotating phantoms were constructed, allowing precise dosimetry on a cellular level for both types of radiation. Growth assays using 96-well plates were used to estimate apparent cell survival for the two types of radiation. From this, the relative biological effect (RBE) could be estimated. RESULTS: Irradiation of the cells with 211At resulted in an RBE of 25.1 +/- 6.7 at 37% survival, and 17.3 +/- 2.5 at 10% survival, when compared with low-dose-rate gamma-irradiation. The absorbed dose at 37% survival, 0.12 Gy, corresponds to 2.2 traversals of alpha-particles through the cell nuclei. For cells irradiated with gamma-radiation (1 and 2 Gy), an apparent cell survival above unity was observed up to 50 hours post-irradiation, indicating a ...
Absorbed dose is a measure of the energy deposited in a medium by ionising radiation. It is equal to the energy deposited per unit mass of medium, and so has the unit J/kg, which is given the special name gray (Gy). Note that the absorbed dose is not a good indicator of the likely biological effect. 1 Gy of alpha radiation would be much more biologically damaging than 1 Gy of photon radiation for example. Appropriate weighting factors can be applied reflecting the different relative biological effects to find the equivalent dose. The risk of stochastic effects due to radiation exposure can be quantified using the effective dose, which is a weighted average of the equivalent dose to each organ depending upon its radiosensitivity. pl:Dawka pochłonięta sl:absorbirana doza ...
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Fortunately, most of the exposures we will be referring to in the study of hormesis are gamma and X-rays where Q is equal to one, allowing rads and rems to be used interchangeably. (Your radiologist, dental hygienist, and others working with X-rays will usually talk in terms of rads or millirads - but these are the same as rems and millirems, because it is the X-ray source that produces the radiation.) There is one other term with which you should have at least a vague familiarity - Linear Energy Transfer or LET. Beta, famma and X-rays are considered low LET radiation, which means they have a Q of one. High LET particles can have Qs up to 400. A typical alpha particle has a Q of four ...
131. After etching mica sheets with acid, Robert Gentry could see tiny pits where heavy, recoiling atoms had impacted after ejecting an alpha particle. He assumed those pits were made by recoiling polonium. Pit densities near isolated polonium halos were no greater than the pit densities far from halos. Therefore, he concluded that diffusion or slow movement did not transport polonium (an alpha emitter) into the halo centers. If that had happened, some polonium would have decayed as the polonium converged on those centers, so pit densities would have been greater near polonium halos. [See Robert V. Gentry, Fossil Alpha-Recoil Analysis of Certain Variant Radioactive Halos, Science, Vol. 160, 14 June 1968, pp. 1228-1230.] This led to his eventual conclusion that the hundreds of millions of polonium isotopes must have been clustered at specific points since the instant of creation.. However, Gentry overlooked the powerful positive electrical charges at certain impact points and the rapid ...
Cell, Cells, Human, Clones, Nanoparticles, Lung, Alpha Particles, Energy Transfer, Hypersensitivity, Linear Energy Transfer, Protons, Survival, Transfer, Patients, T Cells, Tgf-beta, Cancer, Death, Lead, Treatment
For many years scientists had noticed that in Mendeleev published periodic table was a space underneath iodine known theoretically as eka-iodine but no one could identified in nature this element. In 1940, finally, the element was detected and produced by Americans physicts D.R Corson(1914-2012), K R Mackenzie (1912-2002), E Segre (1905-1989) in California by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles in a cyclotron ...
Radioactive decay[ edit ] Example of a radioactive decay chain from lead Pb to lead Pb. The final decay product, lead Pb , is stable and can no longer undergo spontaneous radioactive decay. All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements , each with its own atomic number , indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes , with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay and spontaneously transform into a different nuclide. This transformation may be accomplished in a number of different ways, including alpha decay emission of alpha particles and beta decay electron emission, positron emission, or electron capture.. Another possibility is spontaneous fission into two or more nuclides. ...
Mutungi, GM and Ranatunga, KW (1996) Characteristics of the short range elasticity (SRE) in mammalian (rat) muscle fibres. The Journal of Physiology, 493. p. 7. ISSN 1469-7793 Full text not available from this repository ...
Cell death is a crucial endpoint in radiation damage, and many theoretical models have been proposed; in this work, a mechanism-based, two-parameter model based on the link between cell death and chromosome aberrations was developed. More specifically, dicentrics, rings and large deletions were assumed to lead to clonogenic inactivation; furthermore, it was assumed that chromosome aberrations derive from µm-scale mis-rejoining of chromatin fragments, which in turn originate from dirty DNA double-strand breaks (called Cluster Lesions, or CLs). The threshold distance for chromatin fragment rejoining and the average number of CLs per Gy and per cell are the only two (semi-free) model parameters. The model, which was translated into a Monte Carlo code called BIANCA (BIophysical ANalysis of Cell death and chromosome Aberrations) simulating survival curves for different radiation types, was tested against experimental data on V79 and AG1522 cells exposed to photons, protons, alpha particles and ...
Radioactive decay[ edit ] Example of a radioactive decay chain from lead Pb to lead Pb. The final decay product, lead Pb , is stable and can no longer undergo spontaneous radioactive decay. All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements , each with its own atomic number , indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes , with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will undergo radioactive decay and spontaneously transform into a different nuclide. This transformation may be accomplished in a number of different ways, including alpha decay emission of alpha particles and beta decay electron emission, positron emission, or electron capture. Another possibility is spontaneous fission into two or more ...
In 1931 Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker in Germany found that if the very energetic alpha particles emitted from polonium fell on certain light elements, specifically beryllium, boron, or lithium, an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. At first this radiation was thought to be gamma radiation, although it was more penetrating than any gamma rays known, and the details of experimental results were very difficult to interpret on this basis. The next important contribution was reported in 1932 by Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot in Paris. They showed that if this unknown radiation fell on paraffin, or any other hydrogen-containing compound, it ejected protons of very high energy. This was not in itself inconsistent with the assumed gamma ray nature of the new radiation, but detailed quantitative analysis of the data became increasingly difficult to reconcile with such a hypothesis.. In 1932, James Chadwick performed a series of experiments at the University of Manchester, ...
In a recent study, Texas A&M University researchers have described a new process to purify astatine-211, a promising radioactive isotope for targeted cancer treatment. Unlike other elaborate purification methods, their technique can extract astatine-211 from bismuth in minutes rather than hours, which can greatly reduce the time between production and delivery to the patient.. Astatine-211 is currently under evaluation as a cancer therapeutic in clinical trials. But the problem is that the supply chain for this element is very limited because only a few places worldwide can make it, said Jonathan Burns, research scientist in the Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Stations Nuclear Engineering and Science Center. Texas A&M University is one of a handful of places in the world that can make astatine-211, and we have delineated a rapid astatine-211 separation process that increases the usable quantity of this isotope for research and therapeutic purposes.. The researchers added that this ...
In a recent study, Texas A&M University researchers have described a new process to purify astatine-211, a promising radioactive isotope for targeted cancer treatment. Unlike other elaborate purification methods, their technique can extract astatine-211 from bismuth in minutes rather than hours, which can greatly reduce the time between production and delivery to the patient.. Astatine-211 is currently under evaluation as a cancer therapeutic in clinical trials. But the problem is that the supply chain for this element is very limited because only a few places worldwide can make it, said Jonathan Burns, research scientist in the Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Stations Nuclear Engineering and Science Center. Texas A&M University is one of a handful of places in the world that can make astatine-211, and we have delineated a rapid astatine-211 separation process that increases the usable quantity of this isotope for research and therapeutic purposes.. The researchers added that this ...
Accelerated ions: protons, deuterons and alpha particles with maximum energy 13MeV/amu and fast neutrons irradiation with maximum fluxes 1011n/cm2* ...
22:27, 6 June 2020 ‎Radioluminescence (hist) ‎[2,263 bytes] ‎Mabus (Talk , contribs) (Created page with {{Stub}} Radioluminescence is the phenomenon by which light is produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or...) ...
To the best of my knowledge alpha particles are not the dangerous components in the VA Belts, rather its the high energy electrons and protons that are hazardous, yet these are relatively easy to shield against (at least to reduce to a less dangerous dosage).. Again to the best of my knowledge, Apollo Moon missions were scheduled for times when the chances of major solar events were low, forecasting these is an imperfect science but we can usually see them build up days in advance so we can do it to some extent. If there had been an warning signs before a mission it would have been delayed. You are correct in saying the spacecraft were not designed to protect the crew from a major solar eruption, the plan was to avoid them and this was successful.. By shorting exposure to radiation, we lessen its effects. That is a fact, so your wet or not wet analogy does not hold up Im afraid.. The Starfish Prime radiation belt is a bit of a red herring. It was more extreme and long-lived than anyone ...
This invention provides practical methods to make a DRAM fully compatible with existing SRAM products. This is accomplished by design and manufacture methods according to the invention, which includes a method to reduce standby power of reference voltage generators and a method to avoid the alpha particle problem using a novel error correction code (ECC) mechanism. The reference voltage generator of the present invention can adjust the values of output voltage and driving power separately following simple procedures. It has very strong driving power to maintain the reference voltage, which is necessary to support high-speed operation of memory devices of the present invention. In the mean time, its standby power can be reduced by orders of magnitudes using simple control mechanism, which is necessary to make our memory device compatible with the properties of existing SRAM products. There is no need to use feedback circuits or operation amplifiers, so the circuit is extremely stable and reliable. It is
TY - JOUR. T1 - Helium induced blistering during simultaneous sputtering. AU - Bauer, W.. AU - Wilson, K. L.. AU - Bisson, C. L.. AU - Haggmark, L. G.. AU - Goldston, Robert James. PY - 1978/1/1. Y1 - 1978/1/1. N2 - The results of helium implantation during sputtering of stainless steel are described in this paper. These experiments simulate the simultaneous bombardment of unconfined 3.5 MeV alpha particles and erosion due to sputtering primarily from the charge exchange neutral (D, T) flux. The results indicate that helium induced blister formation can take place, with simultaneous sputtering, under conditions appropriate to a fusion reactor. The critical experimental parameters of helium flux and surface velocity are in excellent agreement with simple calculations that predict the conditions under which helium induced surface deformation takes place.. AB - The results of helium implantation during sputtering of stainless steel are described in this paper. These experiments simulate the ...
Atomic theory, ancient philosophical speculation that all things can be accounted for by innumerable combinations of hard, small, indivisible particles (called atoms) of various sizes but of the same basic material; or the modern scientific theory of matter according to which the chemical elements that combine to form the great variety of substances consist themselves of aggregations of similar subunits (atoms) possessing nuclear and electron substructure characteristic of each element. The ancient atomic theory was proposed in the 5th century bc by the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus and was revived in the 1st century bc by the Roman philosopher and poet Lucretius. The modern atomic theory, which has undergone continuous refinement, began to flourish at the beginning of the 19th century with the work of the English chemist John Dalton. The experiments of the British physicist Ernest Rutherford in the early 20th century on the scattering of alpha particles from a thin gold foil ...
Radium-223, an alpha particle given intravenously, has been shown to improve overall survival in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), with a 30% risk reduction of death (HR = 0.695, P = 0.00185). 1
b) Development of new techniques for environmental microdosimetry applicable to luminescence dating and for thick-source alpha counting determination of U and Th content by using solid state phosphors and detectors (TL, PIPS, etc). Recently the potentials of thick-source alpha particle spectroscopy for the dating of speleothems and ancient metals are studied ...
JETP Letters -- July 25, 1997 Volume 66, Issue 2, pp. 75-131 The contribution of the (t(tau) + N) component to the alpha-particle wave function from data on the reactions p(alpha,pp)t and p(alpha,pn)tau at incident alpha-particle momentum 5 GeV/c M. V. Chadeyeva, V. E. Grechko, V. V. Solovev, and V. F. Turov Full Text: PDF (133 kB) How can we study the halo momentum distribution in exotic nuclei? G. D. Alkhazov Full Text: PDF (61 kB) Measurement of the 45Ca beta spectrum in search of deviations from the theoretical shape A. V. Derbin, A. I. Egorov, S. V. Bakhlanov, and V. N. Muratova Full Text: PDF (77 kB) Liouville theory on a ZN Riemann surface S. A. Apikyan Full Text: PDF (111 kB) Shock wave structure in dense gases V. V. Zhakhovskii, K. Nishihara, and S. I. Anisimov Full Text: PDF (97 kB) Observation of the two-photon photoelectric effect in low-intensity optical fields during photostimulated fractal aggregation of colloidal silver S. V. Karpov, A. K. Popov, and V. V. Slabko Full Text: PDF ...
1. Bergers G, Benjamin LE. Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:401-10 2. Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature. 2000;407:249 3. Sharma RA, Harris AL, Dalgleish AG, Steward WP, OByrne KJ. Angiogenesis as a biomarker and target in cancer chemoprevention. Lancet Oncol. 2001;2:726-32 4. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med. 1995;1:27-31 5. Cai W, Niu G, Chen X. Imaging of integrins as biomarkers for tumor angiogenesis. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:2943-73 6. Hynes RO. Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell. 2002;110:673-87 7. Cai W, Wu Y, Chen K, Cao Q, Tice DA, Chen X. In vitro and in vivo characterization of 64Cu-labeled Abegrin, a humanized monoclonal antibody against integrin αvβ3. Cancer Res. 2006;66:9673-81 8. Cooper CR, Chay CH, Pienta KJ. The role of αvβ3 in prostate cancer progression. Neoplasia. 2002;4:191-4 9. Hood JD, Cheresh DA. Role of integrins in cell ...
Analysis of low moisture solid matrix samples by thermally extracting the volatile and semi-volatile organics directly from the solid matrix without the use of solvents or other sample preparation.
Analysis of low moisture solid matrix samples by thermally extracting the volatile and semi-volatile organics directly from the solid matrix without the use of solvents or other sample preparation.
More detail on the films 30 May 2005. Attending a workout in Steves area would be way out of my budget right now, as I live in Nevada, USA, and money is never easy to come by, plus the dollar grows weaker every day. However, I plan to order a few of his DVDs in the next month or two, but I have some questions.. Whats the difference between NHB 1 (Stance, Positioning, Footwork and Striking while Standing) and NHB 1A? It sounds like NHB 1 is more in-depth as far as head movement, stance, & short range striking goes, is that correct?. Also, what is on the Fight Training Methods, Principles and Concepts dvd?. What specifically does he teach on each of the above DVDs in terms of drills, footwork, mechanics, mindset, positioning, transitions, and explosiveness, etc? Im particularly interested in his ideas of being more effective during the transitions between moves or positions. I want to have more striking power at short ranges, and in all positions. I want to be more explosive at closing the ...
On Thu, 8 Sep 2005, Chuck Lever wrote: , , , , Btw, in the sparse project, we have this really smart pointer list data , , structure, which is extremely space- and time-efficient. It ends up , , _looking_ like a linked list, but it batches things up in hunks of 29 , , entries (29 pointers plus overhead gives you blocks of 32 longwords, which , , is the allocation size) and thus gives basically a cache-friendly , , doubly-linked list. It knows how to do insertions, traversals etc very , , efficiently. , , , , Any interest? , , im not married to splay trees. i think we should explore several , different data structures before picking one, and this one sounds , reasonable to try ...
The list used to hold the registered listeners. This list is intentionally a thread-safe copy-on-write-array so that traversals over the list of listeners will be atomic ...
Prof. Dr. Falko Dressler, Leiter der Distributed Embedded Systems Group an der Universität Paderborn, wird zum Thema From Connected Cars to Virtual Edge Computing to Cooperative Driving referieren. Der Vortrag findet am 14.03.2019 um 16 Uhr statt.. Abstract:. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of the connected cars vision in relation to the need for distributed data management solutions ranging from the vehicle to the mobile edge and to the data centers. Vehicular networking solutions have been investigated for more than a decade but recent standardization efforts just enable a broad use of this technology to build large scale Intelligent Transportation Systems. As a novel concept, vehicle micro clouds have been proposed that bridge the gap between fully distributed vehicular networks based on short range device to device communication and 4G+ based infrastructure for centralized solutions. We also shed light on the potentials of a vehicular cloud based on parked vehicles as a ...
4:00] Misconception #2 -- Pluto-kun addresses the fear that plutonium is deadly and causes cancer. Plutoniums danger to the human body stems from the alpha radiation it emits. Because alpha radiation is relatively weak, it does not penetrate the skin, and plutonium is not absorbed into the body if it comes into contact with skin. He explains that you would not die instantly if you were to drink plutonium. If swallowed, the vast majority simply passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. If it enters the blood stream (through a cut, for example) it cannot be removed easily from the body. It accumulates in the lymph nodes before ending up in the bones or liver, where it continues emitting alpha radiation. Plutonium can also get into the liver or bones if it is inhaled into the lungs. It is important not to breathe it in or allow it to enter the blood stream.. [6:00] No human is ever known to have died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium. [7:00] Pluto-kun explains what would ...
4:00] Misconception #2 -- Pluto-kun addresses the fear that plutonium is deadly and causes cancer. Plutoniums danger to the human body stems from the alpha radiation it emits. Because alpha radiation is relatively weak, it does not penetrate the skin, and plutonium is not absorbed into the body if it comes into contact with skin. He explains that you would not die instantly if you were to drink plutonium. If swallowed, the vast majority simply passes through the digestive tract without being absorbed. If it enters the blood stream (through a cut, for example) it cannot be removed easily from the body. It accumulates in the lymph nodes before ending up in the bones or liver, where it continues emitting alpha radiation. Plutonium can also get into the liver or bones if it is inhaled into the lungs. It is important not to breathe it in or allow it to enter the blood stream.. [6:00] No human is ever known to have died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium. [7:00] Pluto-kun explains what would ...
NIH Funding Opportunities and Notices in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts: Radiobiology of High Linear Energy Transfer (High LET) Exposure in Cancer Treatment (R01, Clinical Trial Not Allowed) RFA-CA-20-032. NCI
If you have a question about this talk, please contact Ian Farnan.. Phosphates are known to exhibit superior resistance to radiation damage, as evidenced by natural phosphate minerals that are minimally damaged despite containing alpha-emitting actinides for hundreds of millions of years. This study looks to investigate radiation damage in xenotime (YPO4) and zircon (ZrSiO4). Radiation damage occurs by two processes: the recoil of the heavy nucleus (70-100 keV) and the alpha particle itself (4.5-5.5 MeV), which loses energy primarily by ionizations but causes several hundred atomic displacements near the end of its path. Here we present results of Pu doping into xenotime, with insight into solid solubility and response to radiation damage compared to previous results for zircon. We also separate damage due to alpha particles from damage due to the heavy nucleus recoil and compare to Pu-doped studies.. For solid solubility and accelerated ageing studies, 239 and 238Pu-doped xenotime samples were ...
Slide 8: What are three types of nuclear radiation?. Alpha decay. Beta decay. Gamma decay. Slide 9: What is an alpha particle?. An alpha particle is a postively charged particle that is emited from the nucleus of an atom.. Slide 10: What is a beta particle?. A beta particle is a high energy electron that is emiited from the nucleus of an atom. Slide 11: What is gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is high energy electromagnetic radiation.. What to do now?. 1. Animate the points in your slide 2. Answer the Summary Questions on a slide. ...
In 1907 Ernest Rutherford published Radiation of the α Particle from Radium in passing through Matter.[3] Hans Geiger expanded on this work in a communication to the Royal Society[4] with experiments he and Rutherford had done, passing α particles through air, aluminum foil and gold leaf. More work was published in 1909 by Geiger and Marsden[5] and further greatly expanded work was published in 1910 by Geiger.[6] In 1911-1912 Rutherford went before the Royal Society to explain the experiments and propound the new theory of the atomic nucleus as we now understand it. The key experiment behind this announcement happened in 1910 at the University of Manchester, as Ernest Rutherfords team performed a remarkable experiment in which Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under his supervision fired alpha particles (helium nuclei) at a thin film of gold foil. The plum pudding model predicted that the alpha particles should come out of the foil with their trajectories being at most slightly bent. ...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Role of TGF-beta1 and nitric oxide in the bystander response of irradiated glioma cells.. AU - Shao, C.. AU - Folkard, M.. AU - Prise, Kevin. PY - 2008/1/17. Y1 - 2008/1/17. N2 - The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) increases the probability of cellular response and therefore has important implications for cancer risk assessment following low-dose irradiation and for the likelihood of secondary cancers after radiotherapy. However, our knowledge of bystander signaling factors, especially those having long half-lives, is still limited. The present study found that, when a fraction of cells within a glioblastoma population were individually irradiated with helium ions from a particle microbeam, the yield of micronuclei (MN) in the nontargeted cells was increased, but these bystander MN were eliminated by treating the cells with either aminoguanidine (an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase) or anti-transforming growth factor beta1 (anti-TGF-beta1), indicating ...
2000 (English)In: Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, Vol. 960Book (Other scientific) ...
The purpose of this study is to find a safe dose of actinium-225 when it is labeled to HuM195. This will be done with a phase I trial, in which a preset schedule of doses gets more powerful for each new group of patients as the trial progresses. If too many serious side effects are seen with a certain dose, no one will be treated with a higher dose, and some additional patients may be treated with a lower dose to make sure that this dose is safe. The starting dose of actinium-225 in this study is less than doses that are known to be safe in animals.. Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the immune system and help the body to fight foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses. HuM195 was made by putting human leukemia cells into mice. Most of the mouse parts of this antibody were replaced with human parts. Only the part of the antibody that binds to the leukemia cells was kept from the mouse. HuM195 attaches to leukemia cells but does not attach to most normal cells. It can kill ...
Аннотация доклада: Alpha-emitters are of the great interest for nuclear medicine due to the high linear energy transfer of α-particles and recoil nuclei. A pathlength of α-particles in biological tissue is much less than that of β-particles and comparable to a cell size (10-100 µm). Being delivered to the tumor cells, α-particles provide its targeted destruction and minimal damage to surrounding organs. Among various α-emitters, 223Ra is one of the promising candidates for targeted α-therapy. A radiopharmaceutical Xofigo® on the basis of 223RaCl2 is registered and produced by Bayer Company for the therapy of bone metastases. Another approach is a targeted delivery of 223Ra using various transporters to the cancer cells such as peptides, liposomes or various inorganic carriers. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles could be considered as possible carriers of Ra. Two different approaches to HAP labeling were tested: sorption of Ra on pre-synthesized HAP-particles and insertion of ...
X-ray Research on Short-lived Isotope Provides New Possibilities for Cancer Treatment - Scientists Improve Understanding of Mysterious Actinium. Excerpted from August 22, 2016 SLAC News Feature. A recent paper published in Nature Communications reveals insights about the element actinium that could support new classes of anticancer drugs. A team of researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory has conducted x-ray absorption fine structure experiments on SSRLs Beam Line 11-2 to characterize the molecular and electronic structure, including chemical bonds in actinium compounds.. Using synchrotron-based tools to obtain a better understanding of the structure of Actinium-225, for example, looks promising. It has a relatively short half-life (10 days) and emits powerful alpha particles as it decays to stable bismuth. This makes it a perfect candidate for a novel cancer treatment technique called targeted-alpha therapy, where alpha emissions from radioisotopes destroy malignant cells while ...
Purpose To analyze the effect of different radiation qualities on the kinetics of p53 Binding Protein 1 (53BP1) formation and decline in human three-dimensional (3-D) vessel models. Material and methods Two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D cultures of human umbilical vein cells were exposed to 80 cGy of Gamma radiation and high-energy protons and Fe ions. 53BP1 antibodies were used for foci visualization via immunocytochemistry. Computer analysis was used to determine the number and the size of foci up to 48 hours after irradiation. Results DNA foci kinetics in 2-D and 3-D human vessel cultures show that foci formation and removal were the same in each type of culture. After 48 h, the number of foci induced by high-energy protons and gamma rays reduced to almost control levels while high linear energy transfer (LET) Fe particles produced more persistent damage. Conclusion The kinetics of radiation-induced 53BP1 foci in 3-D vessel models is essentially the same as in 2-D monolayers. Since the basal ...
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke. Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise in both natural and synthetic substances.[1] Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic; thus, their effect can be insidious. Cancer is any disease in which normal cells are damaged and do not undergo programmed cell death as fast as they divide via mitosis. Carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which ...
7-54. 7-55. 7-56. 7-57 . 7-58 . 7-59. In a contaminated ship, which of the following types of radiation is the most significant radiation hazard? 1. Alpha particles 2. Beta particles 3. Gamma rays 4 . All of the above Which of the following methods would most likely be used to disseminate BW agents? 1. Aerosol 2. Rocket 3. S h e l l 4. Bomb The use of chemical warfare is directed primarily toward which of the following targets? 1. Man 2. Animals 3. Equipment 4. Buildings Which of the following weapons can be used to deliver CW agents? 1. Bombs 2. S h e l l s 3. Rockets 4 . Each of the above Which of the following CW agents is NOT considered a casualty agent? 1. Vomiting 2. B l i s t e r 3. Blood 4. Nerve Which of the following CW agents is considered to be the most dangerous? 1. Blood 2. Nerve 3. Blister 4 . Choking 7-60. Symptoms of a nerve agent will occur about 1 minute after exposure. Approximately what length of time will pass before death occurs? 1. 1 hour 2. 6 minutes 3. 30 minutes 4. 1 ...
A stack of natural samarium was bombarded with 87 MeV alpha particles. Cumulative cross sections for the production of153Gd,151Gd,149Gd,147Gd,146Gd have been studied using gamma-ray spectroscopy.
Radioactive elements such as uranium and barium, release excess energy in the form of particles or waves. Alpha particles, Beta particles, and gamma r...
The isoscalar giant monopole resonances (ISGMR) in isotopic chains with large neutron-excess provide excellent constraints for $K_\tau$, the asymmetry term in the nuclear incompressibility. $K_\tau$ has been extracted from the ISGMR in tin and cadmium to be $-550 \pm 100$ MeV, and is critical input to the symmetry energy of nuclear matter. Recent reports on the ISGMR in $^{40,44,48}$Ca contradict the prior studies, concluding that $K_\tau > +500$ MeV. A simultaneous study of the ISGMR in $^{40,42,44,48}$Ca was thus completed at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics. The spectrograph, Grand Raiden, allowed for measurements of background-free angular distributions for inelastic scattering of $386$ MeV $\alpha$-particles. Multipole decomposition analyses isolated the ISGMR strength, and the energies of the compressional mode were extracted. The results and implications will be discussed ...
Natural uranium consists of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (99.28% natural abundance), uranium-235 (0.71%), and uranium-234 (0.0054%). All three are radioactive, emitting alpha particles, with the exception that all three of these isotopes have small probabilities of undergoing spontaneous fission, rather than alpha emission. There are also five other trace isotopes: uranium-239, which is formed when 238U undergoes spontaneous fission, releasing neutrons that are captured by another 238U atom; uranium-237, which is formed when 238U captures a neutron but emits two more, which then decays to neptunium-237; and finally, uranium-233, which is formed in the decay chain of that neptunium-237. It is also expected that thorium-232 should be able to undergo double beta decay, which would produce uranium-232, but this has not yet been observed experimentally.[93]. Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 ...
Heat treatment of metastable beta titanium alloys involves essentially two steps-solution treatment in beta or alpha+beta phase field and aging at appropriate lower temperatures. High strength in beta titanium alloys can be developed via solution treatment followed by aging by precipitating fine alpha (α) particles in a beta (β) matrix. Volume fraction and morphology of α determine the strength whereas ductility is dependent on the β grain size. Solution treatment in (α + β) range can give rise to a better combination of mechanical properties, compared to solution treatment in the β range. However, aging at some temperatures may lead to a low/nil-ductility situation and this has to be taken into account while designing the aging step. Heating rate to aging temperature also has a significant effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties obtained after aging. In addition to α, formation of intermediate phases such as omega, beta prime during decomposition of beta phase has been a subject
The alpha particles generated by the americium have the following property: They ionize the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the air in the chamber. To ionize means to knock an electron off of. When you knock an electron off of an atom, you end up with a free electron (with a negative charge) and an atom missing one electron (with a positive charge). The negative electron is attracted to the plate with a positive voltage, and the positive atom is attracted to the plate with a negative voltage (opposites attract, just like with magnets). The electronics in the smoke detector sense the small amount of electrical current that these electrons and ions moving toward the plates represent. ...
Two days ago, Curiosity stopped to analyze a football-size piece of Martian basalt called Jake Matijevic. Not only did Curiosity analyze the rocks structure and chemical makeup using itsChemCam spectroscopic laser, but it also used its Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) for the first time, and also took the first ultra-close-up photos using the MAHLI camera. The rock was primarily chosen to see if the results from APXS match up with ChemCam.. ...
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Most of this planetary atom was open space and offered no resistance to the passage of the alpha particles. Like the air filter element, which can be monitored with an optional visual clogging indicator, the drying agent can also be replaced as required, without any great installation expense. They are also called isovelocity exercises - which require a special machine that contracts muscles at a constant pace. Holy crap made these this week and they are delicious! Our wide selection of wholesale handbags includes pocketbooks and purses featuring velcro and zipper closures, adjustable shoulder straps, rhinestone accents, embossed filigree, ornate buckles, bible verses, leather fringe, and much, much more. The company furloughed 2, employees during the recent government shutdown. Negotiations between the ecuadorian and peruvian representatives began in washington on september 30. This spacing ensured that the top of each piece had the same depth as the top of the curated interval for each bin. ...
Textbook solution for Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry 11th Edition Frederick A. Bettelheim Chapter 9 Problem 9.79P. We have step-by-step solutions for your textbooks written by Bartleby experts!
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Biomedical Radiation Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6120-2683 ...
Abstract: Simulations of dynamical systems will greatly benefit from recent efforts on development of high-performance computers toward exa-scale computing if underlying algorithms can indeed take advantage of large numbers of processors efficiently. I will discuss our numerical implementation and applications of large-scale electron dynamics simulation approach based on time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT). Analysis of explicit integrators for real-time propagation of time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations is presented, and I will discuss the extent to which a Runge-Kutta scheme is conditionally stable and accurate within the framework of plane-wave pseudo-potential formalism. I will demonstrate an excellent scalability of this approach on two of the fastest supercomputers using hundreds of thousands of processor cores. Using our recent investigation of electronic stopping dynamics in condensed matters for protons and alpha-particles as an example, I will also discuss practical ...
The main effect that emerges from the present study is a loss of experience-dependent plasticity in the spatial firing properties of aged hippocampal pyramidal cells. Old rats failed to exhibit the expansion of place fields that normally occurs in young rats during the first few traversals of a route (even a familiar one) on a given day (Mehta et al., 1997). There was no difference between ages, however, in the initial size of the place fields and no significant difference in firing rate during either REM or slow-wave sleep. The failure of this experience-dependent expansion provides an explanation for the earlier reports that place fields, averaged over numerous trials, tend to be smaller in old rats (Markus et al., 1994; Mizumori et al., 1996). The mechanism of the place field expansion in young animals is currently unknown. On track mazes it is asymmetric, in the sense that the expansion is predominantly in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the rat. The firing rate near ...
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SIAM J. Computing 28 (2): 652-673, 1998. This paper presents an algorithm that finds multiple short paths connecting two terminals in a graph (allowing repeated vertices and edges in the paths) in constant time per path after a preprocessing stage dominated by a single-source shortest path computation. The paths it finds are the k shortest in the graph, where k is a parameter given as input to the algorithm. The k shortest paths problem has many important applications for finding alternative solutions to geographic path planning problems, network routing, hypothesis generation in computational linguistics, and sequence alignment and metabolic pathway finding in bioinformatics. Although there have been many papers on the k shortest paths problem before and after this one, it has become frequently cited in those application areas. Additionally, it marks a boundary in the theoretical study of the problem: prior theoretical work largely concerned how quickly the problem could be solved, a line of ...
The hydraulic jump or water jump, is one of the fast variable flow types and if the water have a supercritical condition in a part of direction, and in special situation the channel wants to change to the subcritical condition, it s necessary in a very short path the flow s depth increase significantly and as a result will face a significant energy depreciation. So far many studies were carried out for investigation of hydraulic jump characteristics on rough beds with different forms. Including: Ghazali et al. (2010) analyses the effect of stilling basin floor s triangle shaped roughness on hydraulic jump characteristics. The results shows that the tailwater depth and jump length on the triangular rippled beds in compare of smooth bed are smaller 25 and 54.7 percent respectively and the sheer stress factor in a rough bed is 8.5 percent more than smooth bed situation in average. One of the solutions which can replace with the bed blocks, is the creation of roughness in flow s bed. Also Samadi ...
Quaid Morris from the University of Toronto led the final plenary session with a talk titled Three Degrees of Propagation for Predicting Gene Function Using Networks. In this presentation, Dr. Morris discussed the idea that biological interaction networks are in general small world networks with a high degree of hubs and short paths connecting most nodes. Using the knowledge that often genes in the same pathway are more likely to share neighbors than to be directly connected, gene function can be better predicted from functional gene and interaction networks by considering shared neighbors. Dr. Morris group observed that in general, only three to four degrees of propagation provides useful information when considering true gene interactions. After that, every gene in a gene network study is likely to be visited, much in the same way that the idea of six degrees of separation is able to link together any two different individuals worldwide within six steps, on average, through a friend of ...
Working in partnership characterizes our corporate culture for many years.. This is why we built our business on closeness to the customer. We are represented almost everywhere in the world: 6 manufacturing plants and 27 offices in 24 countries ensure short paths and an informative exchange.. We know that complex technical issues are best communicated in their native language.. For this reason, the employees of our subsidiary in Switzerland help our customers with advice and assistance.. The QuickLink boxes below will give you all information about our establishment in national language.. Furthermore, you will find comprehensive documentation in the download area of our products. ...
Bismuth-214 | Bi | CID 6328549 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
The New Scientist today reports on a new system demonstrated this week by Dutch researchers. The Human++ BAN platform allows sensors placed within the body to send readings via a short range radio network to the owners phone. From here the data can be forwarded to doctors via a WiFi or 3G data connection. Users can also see the readings on their phone screen, giving them instant updates on how the organ in question is doing.. Although the system was demonstrated with electrocardiogram sensors for the heart, it can reportedly work with sensors for other parts of the body in order to monitor neurological conditions, neuromuscular diseases and more, and to monitor those at risk of developing a condition in the future.. Interestingly, the system could also be used as a tool to help athletes accurately monitor their bodys performance during training.. The system works via a dongle plugged into a phones SD card slot and the software for the system takes the form of an Android app.. Read next: ...
Membrane fluidity or membrane viscosity for short range lateral diffusion has best been measured using lipid analog probes that, when interacting, exhibit changes in their spectral…
This document proposes a set of best practices and guidelines for implementing and using the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Map Service (WMS) to serve maps which are members of an ensemble of maps, each of which is a valid possible alternative for the same time and location. In the meteorological and oceanographic communities, it is Best Practice to produce a large number of simultaneous forecasts, whether for a short range of hours, a few days, seasonal or climatological predictions. These ensembles of forecasts indicate the probability distributions of specific outcomes.
Defence and security company Saab has signed a contract on deliveries of the RBS 70 VSHORAD (very short range air defence system) to the Brazilian Army. The order has a total value of approx. MSEK 105 and deliveries will take place during 2017 and 2018.
The Bush Boss FD-31 is a flamethrower used by the RDA SecOps troopers for clearing flora and terrorizing Navi warriors. It has a short range, but its ability to rapidly set fire to grass and keep the Navi at bay during a battle creates a substantial advantage. They are made from laminated...
I think the Leviathan list could see some pruning of the Carnifex variants (Down to 2 CC and Shooting variants) with the Exocrine Fex and Devourer Fex potentially being swapped for the Tyrannofex (2 Variants, Exocrine and Malefactor). Although speculation the Tyrannofex does seem to fit the bill on Long Range High Strength shooting and Short Range lots of shots for 2 of its rumoured weapons and it looks like getting stronger armour than the standard fex ...
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Lopping, topping, pollarding, and coppicing are all forms of pruning that have one thing in common: The primary focus is on a short range change in the tree or…
The phase shift between the input and output of an emitter follower is 0o. Emitter follower: The Emitter-follower circuit is also known as a&