Candidates Faustin Touadera and Anicet Dologuele received enough voter support to advance to a second round of the Central African Republic's presidential race, results released 01 January 2015 showed. The counting of ballots was continuing in Bangui, the capital, but with roughly two-thirds of them tallied, Touadera, a former prime minister in the government of ousted president Francois Bozize, led with 31,000 votes. Dologuele, also a former prime minister, had garnered 28,000 votes.. Former prime minister Faustin Archange Touadera was in the lead to become the Central African Republic s next president, initial election results showed. A quarter of the votes in the Central African Republic s elections had been counted as of 04 January 2016, with Faustin Archange Touadera, who served as prime minister under long-running President Francois Bozize, the current favorite of thirty candidates. The top two presidential hopefuls went head to head in a run-off election on 14 February 2016. Former Prime ...

The mobile country code resource guide gives you the Grenada and Carriacuou mobile code and shows you how to call a Grenada and Carriacuou cell phone from Central African Republic.

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Modulation of the structure, catalytic activity, and fidelity of African swine fever virus DNA polymerase X by a reversible disulfide switch.

We carried out a study to compare the performance, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, of the new SD BIOLINE® HAT rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Participants were enrolled actively by four mobile teams, and passively at four health facilities in three provinces. Consenting participants were tested concurrently with the RDT and CATT on whole blood. Those found positive by either test were tested with CATT on serial dilutions of plasma, and with a parasitological composite reference standard (CRS). Cases were only the individuals found positive by the CRS, while controls were negative by both CATT and RDT, as well as those that were positive by CATT or RDT, but were negative by the CRS, and had no history of HAT. Over five months, 131 cases and 13,527 controls were enrolled. The sensitivity of the RDT was 92.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 86

BACKGROUND: The progression of Human African Trypanosomiasis from the early hemolymphatic stage to the late meningoencephalitic stage is of critical diagnostic importance as it determines the choice of potentially toxic drug regimens. Current diagnostic criteria involving analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for parasites and/or pleiocytosis are sensitive, but recent evidence suggests that specificity may be poor. METHODS: We used an untargeted global metabolic profiling approach for the discovery of novel candidate stage diagnostic markers in CSF from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense patients using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. RESULTS: Metabolic markers did not resolve early and late stage cases but were associated with neuro-inflammatory responses and the presentation of neurological disturbances. In particular increased 3-hydroxybutyrate and alanine and reduced concentrations of mannose and urea were discriminatory for the presentation of daytime somnolence and gait ...

New US study says money spent on prison system and war on drugs should go towards education. Mental health experts from Meharry Medical College School of Medicine have released the first comprehensive report on the correlation between the incarceration of African American males and substance abuse and other health problems in the United States. Published in Frontiers in Psychology on the 12th of November, the report looks at decades of data concerning the African American population rates of incarceration and subsequent health issues. The authors conclude that the moral and economic costs of current racial disparities in the judicial system are fundamentally avoidable, especially if more resources are spent on education and treatment.. "Instead of getting health care and education from civil society, African American males are being funneled into the prison system. Much of this costly practice could be avoided in the long-term by transferring funds away from prisons and into education," says Dr. ...

The MIM Secretariat is the coordinating arm of the MIM, initially based in London at the Wellcome Trust (1997-1999) then at Fogarty International Center at NIH, US (1999-2001) and subsequently at the Karolinska Institutet/Stockholm University, Stockholm Sweden (2003-2005) and at African Malaria Network Trust(AMANET) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania(2006- 2010). From October 15, 2010, the Biotechnology Centre of the University of Yaounde I/Armsterdam Medical Centre officially became the new host of the MIM secretariatand. ...

As stated previously, acculturation has been investigated in conjunction with a number of physical, social and psychological variables. In a study of weight concern and body image among southern African American Females, Smith and Omari (2005) hypothesized that there would be a positive relationship between cultural values (levels of acculturation) and Body Mass Index (BMI) in their sample. The premise of their study was that African American women with more traditional values would have higher BMI scores, primarily because it has been reported in the literature that African American women are comfortable with larger body size (Striegel-Moore et al., 1998). The hypothesis was not supported. They found that contrary to their expectations, acculturation was not significantly associated with BMI in African American females. This failure to detect an association between BMI and acculturation led to a question about the latent factor structure of the African American Acculturation Scale (AAAS-R) in ...

Control of trypanosomosis in cattle, sheep and goats in endemic areas has depended largely on the use of chemotherapeutic or chemoprophylactic agents. One such agent is homidium. The normal use of homidium has been in the treatment of infections due to both Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax in cattle, sheep and goats at the recommended dose rate of 1.0 mg kg -1 b.w. This paper describes the results of an investigation into the chemotherapeutic activity of homidium against t. congolense infections in cattle. Two groups of five Boran cattle were infected with two populations of T. congolense; one drug-sensitive IL 1180) and one drug-resistant (IL 3330). Parasitaemia was estimated using the methods of Murray et al. (1977); the serum drug levels by the method described by Murilla (1996) and the pharmacokinetic parameters using the formulae described by Baggot (1977). After infection, there was a rapid drop in packed cell volume (PCV) values from a mean pre-infection value of approximately 40 ...

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Aminu R, Umar IA, Rahman MA et al.. Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie. Feb 2017.. Stigmasterol has been reported to possess antitrypanosomal activity using in vitro model but information on the in vivo antitrypanosomal effects which is necessary in drug development process has not been evaluated. Hence, the present study investigates the in vivo effects of stigmasterol against T. congolense in addition to its inhibitory effects of trypanosomal sialidase. Stigmasterol, at 100mg/kg BW, did not significantly (p>0.05) reduce the progression of T. congolense infection in animals but a 200mg/kg BW stigmasterol treatment significantly ( ...

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Many African American women are at risk for developing hair loss as a result of their popular hair styling techniques. Traction Alopecia is a hair loss condition caused by damage to the dermal papilla and hair follicle by constant pulling or tension over a long period. It often occurs primarily in persons who wear tight braids, especially "cornrows", that lead to high tension, pulling and breakage of hair. This condition is most prevalent in African American women who commonly wear tight braids when cornrowing and weaving their hair. It can also occur with the wearing of dreadlocks, tight ponytails, and single extensions. Traction Alopecia occurs most commonly in children, teenagers, and young adults. It is seen less often in the older individual.. Traction Alopecia can also be caused by overprocessing the hair - also a common practice in African American females.. This would include chemical straighteners, dyes, and bleaches which damage the keratin structure of the hair. As a result, the hair ...

Objectives: The present study investigated how the serum lipids responded to a high-fat meal in black South African subjects with different APOE genotypes, a population that until recently was reported to be consuming a traditional diet of low fat and high carbohydrates. Methods: Sixty students (males and females) of the University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus were successfully genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and grouped into four APOE genotype groups; ε2, ε2/ε4, ε3 and ε4. Only thirty-three subjects volunteered to participate in the oral fat-tolerance test (OFTT), but two were excluded for having abnormal total cholesterol (6.05 mmol/l) and LDL cholesterol (3.12 mmol/l) so only 31 subjects were left. The numbers per group were ε2=5, ε2/ε4=8, ε3=9 and ε4=9. After an overnight fast blood was drawn for measurements of baseline serum parameters. Subjects were administered a high fat meal 30 minutes after the baseline blood sample was drawn. Blood was drawn ...

In one major volume, Readings in African American Church Music and Worship brings together 40 chapters, essays, articles, and previously unpublished papers written during the twentieth century on music and worship in the African American church. The contents represent some of the greatest writings on the subject, from the wisdom of W. E. B. DuBois in 1903 to the scholarly development, practices, scholarship, and reflection on African American sacred music through 2000. Text Source: Abbington, James (editor) Number of Pages: 624 Language: English Edition Format: Print Copyright: 2001, GIA Publications, Inc. ...

Objective: Nasal use of snuff is the predominant form of tobacco use among black South African women. This study examines the association between snuff use and chronic bronchitis (CB) among black South African women. Design: The study investigates a nationally representative sample of 4,464 black women ≥25 years old who participated in the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey. Data on participants' tobacco use patterns, medical history and other relevant factors were obtained through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were also measured. Data analysis included chi-square statistics, t-tests and multiple logistic regression analysis. Outcome measure: CB, defined as reporting a productive cough for ≥3months/year for at least two successive years. Results: The prevalence of current snuff use was 16.1% (n=719). Compared to non-users of snuff, snuff users were not only more likely to present with a history of tuberculosis (TB) (23.3% vs. ...

WALTER, Cheryl M.; DU RANDT, Rosa and VENTER, Daniel J.L.. The physical activity and health status of two generations of Black South African professional women. Health SA Gesondheid (Online) [online]. 2011, vol.16, n.1, pp.1-9. ISSN 2071-9736.. Gedurende die afgelope jare het navorsing onder die Swart bevolking 'n toename in gesondheidsrisiko's wat met fisieke onaktiwiteit geassosieer is, getoon. Swart vroue, wat die hoogste vlakke van onaktiwiteit, oorgewig en obesiteit toon, blyk ook die grootste risiko te loop om leefstylverwante chroniese siektes te ontwikkel. Hierdie ondersoekend-beskrywende studie het die fisieke aktiwiteitspatrone en gesondheidstatus van twee generasies van Swart professionele vroue ondersoek. Die tweegenerasiesteekproef verteenwoordig voor- en na-demokrasie-ouderdomsgroepe. Kwantitatiewe meetinstrumente, naamlik die ActiGraph GT1M versnellingsmeter, Globale Fisieke Aktiwiteitsvraelys en die Gesondheidsbevorderende Leefstylprofiel is gebruik. Die steekproef het ...

The western lowland gorilla is the most numerous and widespread of all gorilla subspecies. But their populations are being threatened by poaching and disease. Learn more about what WWF is doing to protect its future, and how you can help.

To better understand the impact of the African Diaspora in the Western Hemisphere on genetic diversity, Northwestern Medicine scientists collaborated with scientists as part of the Consortium on Asthma Among African-Ancestry Populations in the Americas (CAAPA), which examined data from the largest whole-genome sequencing study on populations with African ancestry in the Americas, in research published in Nature Communications.. "The African Diaspora populations across North, Central and South America are the result of a forced migration, with varying contributions of ancestral populations to the current-day diaspora populations in these countries," said co-author Rajesh Kumar, MD, associate professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Allergy and Immunology. "This effort, led by Dr. Barnes, the senior author and a professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, is the first whole-genome sequencing of African-admixed individuals in the Americas on this scale. It will serve as ...

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For more than 25 years, the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project (JoCoOA) in Smithfield, NC has established itself as one of the premier longitudinal research studies world-wide regarding the epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institutes of Health, and multiple other sources, it is internationally recognized as the flagship study of the UNC Thurston Arthritis Research Center. It was one of the first studies in the US to examine the incidence, prevalence and progression of osteoarthritis in African American and white men and women in a rural county. The hallmark of this study is its population-based cohort. The strength of a population-based study is that results can be applied to the general population regarding lifetime risk or prevalence of a disease. Stability is of paramount importance in the life of a research study. The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project has been continuously managed by the same research team, ...

The number of confirmed Covid-19 cases in Africa has reached 4,222,260 as of Thursday afternoon, the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) said.. The Africa CDC, the specialised healthcare agency of the African Union, said the death toll from the pandemic stood at 112,820, while 3,771,866 patients across the continent have recovered from the disease, the Xinhua news agency reported.. The African continent accounts for 3.3 per cent of total Covid-19 cases reported globally. And Covid-19 related deaths in the African continent account for about 4 percent of all Covid-19 related deaths recorded globally, the Africa CDC disclosed.. South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, Ethiopia and Egypt are among the African countries with the most cases in the continent, with the five countries accounting for about 65 percent of all cases reported in Africa, according to the Africa CDC.. Southern Africa is the most affected region in terms of confirmed cases, followed by the northern Africa and ...

African Americans (AA) have a higher prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) infection and a higher prostate (PC) risk. Past studies suggest an association between Tv seropositivity and PC, and therefore we prospectively investigated this association among AA men. Incident PC cases were individually matched to controls in a nested case-control study within the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). Primary analysis included 296 PC cases and 497 race-matched controls. Levels of Tv antibody response were measured by ELISA in serum collected at baseline. Tv antibody response did not significantly differ between cases and controls overall or within AA participants (253 AA cases). There were no significant associations or trends between levels of Tv response and PC risk or the diagnosis of aggressive PC. We found no evidence of a prospective association between baseline Tv infection and PC risk in AA men. Tv infection in men may have substantial health implications in HIV transmission and reproductive

Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are extremely common tumors. Regardless of their benign nature, fibroids can cause considerable morbidity. Women with African ancestry have a threefold increased risk of developing uterine leiomyomas with a greater symptom severity when compared to white women. Recently, we demonstrated that exon 2 of the MED12 gene is somatically altered in up to 70 per cent of uterine leiomyomas in a series of Finnish (Caucasian) patients. To validate these results in other populations, we sequenced a set of 28 uterine leiomyomas for MED12 exon 2 mutations from 18 different Black African or Coloured South African patients. We observed 14 mutation positive lesions (50%). When corrected by tumor size, these results are very similar to those derived in the Finnish material. This study confirms a major role of MED12 in the genesis of leiomyomas, regardless of ethnicity.

Books by Wilson Jeremiah Moses. Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925 (1988) / The Wings of Ethiopia (1990). Alexander Crummell: A Study of Civilization and Discontent (1992) / Destiny & Race: Selected Writings, 1840-1898 (1992) Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and Literary Manipulations of a Religious Myth (1993) Liberian Dreams: Back-to-Africa Narratives from the 1850s / Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History (2002). Creative Conflict in African American Thought (2004). * * * * *. Books by By Benjamin Quarles. Frederick Douglass (1948) / The Negro in the Civil War (1953) / The Negro in the American Revolution (1961). Lincoln and the Negro (1962) / The Negro in the Making of America (1964) / Black Abolitionists (1969). Allies for Freedom and Blacks on John Brown (1974) / Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography (1988). * * * * * Historiography and African Americans Benjamin Quarles' The Negro In The Making Of America. By Wilson J. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Comparative Efficacy of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Africans Americans Compared with European Americans. AU - Rickard, John. AU - Baranowski, Bryan. AU - Cheng, Alan. AU - Spragg, David. AU - Tedford, Ryan. AU - Mukherjee, Monica. AU - Tang, W. H.Wilson. AU - Wilkoff, Bruce L.. AU - Varma, Niraj. PY - 2015/10/1. Y1 - 2015/10/1. N2 - Race has seldomly been reported in the major clinical trials of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). When described, African Americans (AAs) were substantially under-represented. This study sought to compare reverse ventricular remodeling and long-term outcomes in AAs versus European Americans (EAs) with advanced heart failure who underwent CRT. We extracted demographic (including race), clinical, and echocardiographic data on patients with advanced heart failure who underwent CRT with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35% and a QRS duration ≥120 ms. Long-term outcomes were compared between AAs and EAs. In patients in whom ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Effect of ivermectin and isometamidium chloride on Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae). AU - Van Den Abbeele, J. AU - Van den Bossche, P. AU - Mortelmans, J. AU - Decleir, W. PY - 1988. Y1 - 1988. KW - B780-tropical-medicine. KW - Glossina palpalis. KW - Entomology. KW - Laboratory. KW - Ivermectin. KW - Isometamidium chloride. KW - Survival. KW - Reproduction. KW - Trypanosoma brucei. KW - Protozoology. M3 - A2: International peer reviewed article (not A1-type). VL - 68. SP - 53. EP - 59. JO - Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale. JF - Annales de la Société Belge de Médecine Tropicale. SN - 0365-6527. ER - ...

Bovine trypanosomosis is a problem in the livestock industry in Nigeria. A longitudinal survey of cattle sampled during the wet and dry seasons was conducted from April 2016 to March 2017. Blood samples were collected by random sampling from 745 cattle in southwest Nigeria and screened for trypanosomes by internal transcribed spacer-polymerase chain reaction (ITS-PCR). Cattle positive for Trypanozoon DNA were further screened with the Rode Trypanozoon antigen type (RoTat) 1.2 PCR and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense glycoprotein (TgsGP) genes for T. evansi and T. b. gambiense respectively. Trypanosome DNA was amplified in 23.8% (95%CI: 20.8-26.9) of cattle with significantly higher prevalence in wet season (95%CI: 22.9-30.8) when compared to the dry season (95%CI: 14.3-23.6). A high prevalence was observed in Fulani cattle farms 54.1% (95%CI: 42.78-64.93%) while the prevalence was lower in institutional farms 14.7% (95%CI: 10.10-20.97%). Trypanosoma vivax was the most prevalent trypanosome observed ...

The deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa also took its toll socially on one of the fastest growing populations in the United States, African immigrants.. Image of Guy-Lucien Whembolua, a University of Cincinnati assistant professor of Africana studies. Guy-Lucien Whembolua. Guy-Lucien Whembolua, a University of Cincinnati assistant professor of Africana studies, leads an analysis of national news coverage of the Ebola scare in a poster presentation on Nov. 2, at the 143rd American Public Health Association (APHA) Annual Meeting and Expo, in Chicago.. The examination reviewed reports in mainstream U.S. media related to African immigrants and the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). The search turned up 21 news articles that matched the criteria for the study - articles focusing on African immigrants in the U.S. and the Ebola virus.. The researchers found that these African immigrants experienced stigma similar to communities stigmatized by the AIDS epidemic in the '80s. "There was strong ...

The expansion of Bantu languages, which started around 5,000 years before present (YBP) in west/central Africa and spread all throughout sub-Saharan Africa, may represent one of the major and most rapid demographic movements in the history of the human species. Although the genetic footprints of this expansion have been unmasked through the analyses of the maternally-inherited mitochondrial (mtDNA) lineages, information on the genetic impact of this massive movement and on the genetic composition of pre-Bantu populations is still scarce. Here we analyze an extensive collection of Y-chromosome markers - 41 SNPs and 18 STRs - in 883 individuals from 22 Bantu-speaking agriculturalist populations and 3 Pygmy hunter-gatherer populations from Gabon and Cameroon. Our data reveal a recent origin for most paternal lineages in west Central African populations most likely resulting from the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers that erased the more ancient Y-chromosome diversity found in this area. However, ...

The objective of this project is to determine clinical and biological predictors of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) occurrence in HIV infected patients who are started on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and to obtain more insight into the pathogenesis of this syndrome. The investigators will prospectively study HIV infected patients in Sub Saharan Africa who will be initiated on ART and are at risk to develop IRIS in all its different appearances. In these patients, the investigators will assess the value of clinical features and plasma biomarkers to predict IRIS, and the investigators will obtain insight into which inflammatory pathways become activated during IRIS. This project will provide novel knowledge about this clinically highly relevant healthcare problem in a resource poor setting, namely in Lambaréné, Gabon, in the Central African rainforest belt. In Gabon little research has been done in the field of HIV. The epidemiological pattern of IRIS in Gabon will be ...

Background: In 2006, Nigeria reported Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in poultry. In 2007, the first human case was detected linked to poultry from a Live Bird Market (LBM). The West and Central African Regional Laboratory for Avian Influenza in Nigeria is responsible for investigating specimens from birds meeting the case definition of HPAI (passive surveillance) and for specimens collected routinely from LBMs and high risk areas (active HPAI surveillance). We evaluated the laboratory component of the surveillance systems to determine whether it meets their objectives of early detection and response.. Methods: We used CDC's updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems, conducted six key informant interviews, reviewed laboratory reports and analyzed HPAI surveillance data from 2006-2009.. Results: The active system employed a simple case definition with timely submission of specimens. Laboratory results were available within 48 hours for positive cases. The ...

Trypanosomiasis is one of the world's most important human and livestock disease. The species of animal trypanosome, with particular economical importance in South America include Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi. T. vivax is a blood parasite of ruminants, originating in Africa (LEVINE, 1973). In South America it was first described in oxen suffering from an emaciating disease in French Guyana (LEGER & VIENNE, 1919) and subsequently in Central America and some Caribbean Islands. The first report in Brazil was in the early 1970s in a water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) from the vicinity of the city of Belém and in cattle and sheep elsewhere in the state of Pará (SHAW & LAINSON, 1972). New records were reported in the states of Amapá (SERRA-FREIRE, 1981, 1983), Mato Grosso (SILVA et al., 1996) and Mato Grosso do Sul (PAIVA et al., 1997). SILVA et al. (1996) reported an outbreak of trypanosomiasis in bovines of the Brazilian Pantanal due to T. vivax, characterized by ematiation, abortion and ...

Trypanosoma vivax is a parasite species in the genus Trypanosoma. It causes the disease nagana, also known as animal trypanosomiasis, affecting cattle or wild mammals such as the nyala. It is mainly occurring in West Africa, although it has spread to South America. Symptoms of T. vivax include "rapid weight loss, lethargy, weakness, clumsiness, pale mucosa, swelling of superficial lymph nodes, anemia, and fluctuating pyrexia, causing[...]a drop in animal productivity." A novel proline racemase of medical and veterinary importance has been described in T. vivax (B8LFE4). The smallest variable surface glycoprotein (40 kDa in size) to date has been found in T. vivax, which bears little carbohydrate. It also produces vivapain, a cysteine peptidase. Batista JS, Rodrigues CM, García HA, Bezerra FS, Olinda RG, Teixeira MM, Soto-Blanco B (2011). "Association of Trypanosoma vivax in extracellular sites with central nervous system lesions and changes in cerebrospinal fluid in experimentally infected ...

Background: This analysis assessed whether Blacks, Whites and Puerto-Rican (PR) Hispanics differed in their ability to identify the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (TSS) via open-ended questions following lead-in recognition and recall questions. Methods: The Tuskegee Legacy Project (TLP) Questionnaire was administered via a Random- Digit Dial (RDD) telephone survey to a stratified random sample of Black, White and PR Hispanic adults in three U.S. cities. Results: The TLP Questionnaire was administered to 1,162 adults (356 African-Americans, 313 PR Hispanics, and 493 non-Hispanic Whites) in San Juan, PR, Baltimore, MD and New York City, NY. Recall question data revealed: 1) that 89% or more of Blacks, Whites, and PR Hispanics were not able to name or definitely identify the Tuskegee Syphilis Study by giving study attributes; and, 2) that Blacks were the most likely to provide an open-ended answer that identified the Tuskegee Syphilis Study as compared to Whites and PR Hispanics (11.5% vs 6.3% vs 2.9%, ...

Here's the back story. As some of you may, or may not know, sirenians are closely related to elephants, and more distantly to other African mammals, such as rock hyraxes and aardvarks, among others (Asher et al., 2003); altogether these organisms are classified as Afrotherians (= African beasts). As the name implies, these organisms are either endemic of the African continent, or evolved there originally. The earliest proboscidean (elephants and their kin) appeared in what is now Morocco in the middle Paleocene (~60 million years ago) (Gheerbrant, 2009). This implies that the split between sirenians and proboscideans occurred in the early Paleocene (65.5-61.7 mya) somewhere in the northern half of the African continent. However, as we know, the fossil record is far from perfect, and for many years, that of sirenian implied that they originated outside of the African continent. The oldest-most-primitive sirenians, Prorastomus sirenoides Owen, 1855, and Pezosiren portelli Domning, 2001, ...

South Africa [http://www.southafrica.net] is located at the southern tip of Africa. It is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho (which is completely surrounded by South Africa). It is a vast country with widely varying landscapes and has 11 official languages, as well as an equally diverse population. South Africa is renowned for its wines and is one of the world's largest producers of gold. South Africa has the strongest economy in Africa, and is an influential player in African politics. In 2010, South Africa hosted the first Football World Cup to be held on the African continent.

41. Keen, and M.E. Musaceae, contém até 13 vezes mais cálcio do que o leite, ... Extratos ricos em fenol oriundos de algas como Alaria spp., Ascophyllum spp., Palmaria spp., Ulva spp. Dryopteridaceae, Conclusion: These results indicate that the n-hexane extract of Laurencia majuscula exerts significant cytotoxicity against HCT-116, PC-3 and HepG2 cell lines, thus suggesting that the plant extract may be effective chemotherapeutic agents for the management of colon, postrate and liver cancer. 60. 142. Tropaeolaceae, Nutritional applications of algae in ruminants and other species Macrocystis pyrifera. Periplocaceae, Begoniaceae, Caprifoliaceae, This current review describes the main substances biosynthesized by benthic marine algae with activity against Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei; the causative agents of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis, respectively. Table 2: Dietary fiber contents of some algae. Carotenoids are natural pigments known ...

Liver enzyme elevation is an important and common adverse effect among patients with immune-mediated diseases who receive tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (anti-TNF), and has various causes. Hence, we evaluated the relative risks of developing liver enzyme elevation in anti-TNF users with differing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection status. At a hospital in central Taiwan, 407 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis received anti-TNF therapy between 1 January 2004 and 30 June 2012. We performed a nested case-control study (n = 368) of cases with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) | 40 international units/L ≤ 12 months after starting anti-TNF therapy, and corresponding controls without liver enzyme elevation. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between liver enzyme elevation and HBV serostatus, as well as other risk factors. Thirty cases were compared to 338 controls. After adjustment for potential confounders, HBV

African black soap. W/tamarind extract & tea tree oil. Clear and balance blemished, oily skin. This gentle facial exfoliator provides instant resurfacing benefits while helping to control breakouts. African black soap and shea butter, natural blemish-fighting secrets, combine with kaolin clay to absorb impurities, control excess oil and detoxify skin. Tamarind extract and tea tree oil help calm and encourage skin to clear. Our Story: Sofi Tucker started selling shea nuts at the village market in Bonthe, Sierra Leone in 1912. By age 19, the widowed mother of four was selling shea butter, African black soap and her homemade hair and skin preparations all over the countryside. Sofi Tucker was our grandmother and SheaMoisture is her legacy. With this purchase you help empower disadvantaged women to realize a brighter, healthier future. African Black Soap: A natural remedy for blemished, troubled skin. Tamarind Extract: A natural astringent. Helps exfoliate and brighten skin. Tea Tree Oil: Promotes ...

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the digestive tract. Pathogenesis is linked to activating mutations identified in two proto-oncogenes, v-kit Hardy/Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homologue KIT (KIT) and the platelet-derived growth factor α (PDGFRα). In addition, these mutations affect response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the present study, we report on the molecular characterisation of GISTs in the South African population. Tumour DNA was extracted from 46 GIST samples, followed by cycle sequencing of KIT exons 11, 13 and 17 and PDGFRα exons 12, 14 and 18. Fragment length analysis was used to detect a 6-bp duplication in KIT exon 9. Wild-type duplications were analysed further by PCR and sequencing of additional KIT and PDGFRα exons was performed. Overall, 78.3% of the samples had a mutation in KIT or PDGFRα. Of these, mutations were detected in KIT exon 11 (88.9%), PDGFRα exon 18 (8.3%) and KIT exon 9 ...

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning

Most cases of hyperaldosteronism affect younger adults between the ages of 30 and 50 years, with a female preponderance three times higher than that of males. Many studies have demonstrated evolving etiologies of hyperaldosteronism depending on how the disease is defined. Hypertensive patients who are at risk for increased aldosterone levels include very young patients with refractory hypertension and those with a strong family history of an aldosteronoma. According to the Joint National Committee, the prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism is 1.99% in subjects with stage 1 hypertension, 8.02% in stage 2 hypertension, and 13.2% in stage 3 hypertension. In patients with resistant hypertension, the prevalence of primary aldosteronism has been reported to be 17% to 20%, but African-American and black South African subjects have lower renin levels than white subjects.3 Ethnicity, age, and gender differences have not had a profound effect on the prevalence of hyperaldosteronism. ...

Racial/ethnic disparities in the incidence of HIV/AIDS among children have been documented since 1981--1986, when 78% of children with AIDS were black or Hispanic (1). These racial/ethnic disparities have been reflected in rates of perinatal HIV infection. Although the total number of annual perinatal HIV infections in the United States has decreased approximately 90% since 1991 (3) and the findings in this report indicate a continued decrease during 2004--2007, racial/ethnic disparities persist. Of all reported diagnoses of perinatal HIV infection during 2004--2007, 85% were in children who were black or Hispanic, and rates were several-fold higher among black and Hispanic children than among white children. To eliminate perinatal transmission and racial/ethnic disparities, continued measures are needed, including primary HIV prevention for women, reproductive health and family planning for women with HIV infection, and prenatal care and early treatment with antiretroviral medications for ...

To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to investigate exposure to cigarette advertising in magazines among black youths by examining the relationship between cigarette brand specific advertising and black youth readership among a large, nearly complete sample of the most highly read magazines in two full years. It is also the first study of cigarette advertising in magazines to compare advertising patterns for brands that are smoked by black adolescents with those smoked predominantly by adults and white adolescents. We found that black adolescents were more likely than white adolescents to be exposed to cigarette magazine advertising for brands popular among black youths. Our data suggest that black youths are preferentially exposed to magazine advertising by precisely those cigarette brands that are popular among black youth smokers.. That black adolescents are disproportionately exposed to magazine advertising for brands popular among these youths suggests that this advertising ...

Irish Aid is the Government's overseas assistance programme. It is managed by the Development Cooperation Division of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.. Irish Aid Polio funding has comprised:. €17 million to the World Health Organization Global Polio Eradication Initiative since 2006;. Of this, €12 million was provided during the period 2006-08. A further €5 Million has been provided in support of the Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan (2013-18). The current €400,000 tranche is the latest release under the 2013-18 commitment.. The WHO announced on 25 September 2015 that polio is no longer endemic in Nigeria, leaving only two countries in the world where polio remains: Afghanistan and Pakistan. For the first time in history, the entire African continent has marked one year without reporting a single child paralyzed by the wild poliovirus.. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is a public-private partnership led by national governments and spearheaded by the ...

He who learns teaches. ~ Ethiopian proverb Workshop Overview. An African Immigrant, Refugee and Undocumented school student's experience of complex trauma (e.g. physical, sexual, and/or emotional abuse, serious neglect, violence, etc.) can have a serious impact on school attendance, behaviors, engagement and learning experiences which can negatively impact their educational and life outcomes. Worrying behaviors can also have a significant impact on the well-being, efficacy, and retention of teachers and other educators. Consequently, it is highly imperative to understand the role of trauma in behavioral, social, and cognitive problems and in creating a school environment where African Immigrants, Refugees, and Undocumented Students affected by trauma can succeed.. This workshop is designed to help teachers, school social workers, counselors, school librarians, school nurses, volunteers, agencies and service providers working with immigrants, refugees, and undocumented students in the school ...

The 100th Anniversary of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919 awarded to Jules Bordet offers the opportunity to underline the contributions of this Belgian doctor to the blooming of immunology at the end of the nineteenth century at the Institut Pasteur de Paris. It is also the occasion to emphasize his achievements as director of the Institut Pasteur du Brabant and professor at the Université libre de Bruxelles. Both in France and Belgium, he developed a holistic vision of immunology as a science at the crossroads of chemistry, physiology, and microbiology.

Distal duodenal biopsy specimens taken from 30 white, 35 Indian, and 20 Afro-Caribbean residents of West Birmingham during routine endoscopy for dyspepsia, were assessed by dissecting microscopy and morphometry. Finger-shaped villi were significantly less frequent in the Indian and Afro-Caribbean subjects than in the white subjects when assessed by dissecting microscopy (p less than 0.005), and both immigrant groups had decreased mucosal thickness (p less than 0.01), villous height (p less than 0.001), villous:crypt ratios (p less than 0.01) and enterocyte height (p less than 0.05) compared with the white group. In the Indian subjects, villous height and villous:crypt ratios correlated significantly with the time since the last visit to the Indian subcontinent (p less than 0.005). Serum alkaline phosphatase values were significantly higher in the Indian subjects compared with the whites (p less than 0.02), and serum globulins were increased in both the Afro-Caribbean and Indian subjects (p less ...