But the lists existence is no secret anymore, nor is the ambition of many in the administration to see it greatly expanded, with designs on setting the goal of killing a number of Islamist militants across Northern Africa and then creating the US military and/or CIA infrastructure to start getting those killings done.. The man to get this escalation done is Mokhtar Belmokhtar, the Algerian militant behind last months hostage siege at a BP gas plant along the Libyan border. His addition would set a precedent that would mean a precipitous increase in US ambitions across northern Africa.. Belmokhtar is not believed to be on the list yet because theres simply no one to kill him. The CIAs drone campaign is restricted to Yemen and Pakistan, and the Pentagon isnt occupying Algeria.. This means getting him on the list, on the surface something most officials will feel is non-controversial, will mean putting something in Northern Africa to kill him. A drone base for the CIA is a possibility, and ...

Dust still lingered over northern Africa on February 24, 2006, a day after a massive dust storm swept over Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flying onboard the Aqua satellite captured this image on February 24.. In this image, a cloud of dust several hundred kilometers across extends from Libya and Egypt over the Mediterranean Sea. Faint tendrils of dust reach as far to the east as Israel. Although the dust hides many land features in northern Africa, the lush, green Nile Delta still stands out from its surroundings.. NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. ...

City Navigator Middle East & Northern Africa NT 2015.20 Coverage may vary, the above is a previous release picture Provides more than 960,000 km (596,700 mi) of road coverage. Displays more than 1

In Northern Africa, UCSF researchers are involved with testing hepatitis C treatment. The Global Health Group (GHG) works on malaria elimination in Algeria. Steven Deeks international HIV trials network (INSIGHT) works collaboratively with researchers in Morocco.. ...

Looking for Sahara Desert? Find out information about Sahara Desert. worlds largest desert, c.3,500,000 sq mi , N Africa; the western part of a great arid zone that continues into SW Asia. Extending more than 3,000 mi , from... Explanation of Sahara Desert

The Kingdom of Morocco invaded Western Sahara in 1975. Morocco has retained control of the majority of the territory, with the nationalist Sahrawi (the ethnic group of the Sahara, mostly those from Western Sahara) Polisario Front, controlling only 20-25% of the land. The Polisario Front has declared the entire Western Sahara territory to be the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (RASD), which has been recognized by close to 80 other countries and granted membership to the African Union. In 1991, the Polisario Front and Moroccan government agreed to a ceasefire and referendum supervised by the United Nations, which then began the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. Debate over voter eligibility initially plagued progress on the referendum. Sahrawi students and political activists began their first protests of human rights abuses from the Moroccan government and lack of progress in the referendum issue in the first Sahrawi intifada of 1999-2004. (See Sahrawis campaign for ...

With the fast pace of our everyday, we cant lose the patients story [asthma history] as a part of the care process. Asthma Insight recognizes the power of voice [data] in the care continuum and helps patients not only capture their story, but connect with everyone on their care team - parents, doctors, nurses, caretakers, and anyone they feel is important to their care journey. Asthma Insight empowers this connection between patients & care teams through information exchange. Identifying triggers is a very personal process [outside of allergy testing alone] and Asthma Insight acts as a personal repository for symptom tracking that will be important in augmenting care planning - while also maintaining connectivity and sharing information with vital care stakeholders. ...

The 374F mutation in the SLC45A2 gene encoding the membrane associated transporter protein (MATP) has been suggested to be associated with skin color in Caucasians. In this synthesis, we collected the distribution of the 374F allele in 2910 unrelated subjects from 28 European and 4 North African populations. The highest allele frequency was observed in Denmark (0.98) and the lowest frequencies were observed in Tunisia (0.61) and in Algerian Mozabites (0.40). A significant decreasing latitudinal cline in 374F allele frequencies was observed, ranging from the north of West Europe to North Africa (R² = 0.6781). Key words: Human skin pigmentation, SLC45A2 gene, 374F mutation, membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP), population study, gradient of allele frequencies, West Europe and North Africa.

There is concern among many observers that U.S. efforts to help build Afghan governance, democracy, civil society, and rule of law will founder as the United States and its partners seek to wind down their involvement in Afghanistan by the end of 2014. Some argue that the informal power structure, which has always been at least as significant a factor in governance as the formal power structure, will sustain governance beyond 2014 if formal governing structures falter. Others say greater reliance on the informal power structure will invite even more corruption and arbitrary administration of justice than is the case now. Karzai has turned the informal power structure to his advantage by relying on the loyalty of several close, ethnic Pashtun allies, while both engaging and dividing the minority ethnic and political faction leaders that generally oppose him. However, several powerful non-Pashtun faction leaders oppose Karzais willingness to make concessions to insurgent leaders in search of a ...

The ten tribes of Israel, after they were left to follow the dictates of their own mind, and during the commotion and destructive warfare which ensued, to escape utter extermination, migrated, according to the usage of the times, in vast numbers into various countries, but principally into Northern Africa, as it then presented the safest and easiest route. Once settled, every commotion and intestine war had the most powerful effect of inducing these migratory bands to shift their abode still further, and so lose all connextion with the other branch of the tribe. As hundreds of years pass on, and generation after generation roll away, they lose a great many of their habits and customs, becoming more amalgamated with the population with which they associate. But when Mohammedanism overspread Northern Africa, destroying by fire and sword all those of another religion, the Israelitish descendants, or the inhabitants occupying the central portion of Africa, passed foward, seeking shelter to the south ...

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Cotton: Gossypium spp.( Magnoliophyta, Magnoliopsida, Malvales, Malvaceae). Origin: Arab merchants brought cotton cloth to Europe about 800 A.D.. Service: Provides us with thin material to make clothes. Largely self pollinated.. Sheep: Ovis aries (Chordata, Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Origin: the sheep is supposed to have been domesticated in the Neolithic period about 10,000 years ago in Asia.. Service: Provide merino wool for carpets in our house, lining in cars and for human clothing. Curdled milk is used to make organic paint.. Rye grass: Lolium perenne (Angiosperm, Poales, Poaceae). Origin: domesticated from Eurasia and northern Africa. Service: Provides food for cows and sheep.. White clover: Trifolium repens, (Angiosperm, Fabales, Fabaceae). Origin: domesticated from Eurasia and northern Africa. Service: fertilised the rye grass and fed the cow and sheep.. Honeybee: Apis mellifera, (Arthropoda, Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apidae). Origin: Europe. Service: pollinates the clover. Nitrogen ...

British Isles, Scandinavia, Russia, Siberia throughout Europe to the Canary Islands and Northern Africa, Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China, Korea, Japan, Canada, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York and New England. Winters in Mexico, Gulf coast, Florida, Cuba, northern Africa and southern Asia ...

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This is the first time that a study conducted at the species level collates and integrates information on the socio-economic value of freshwater species ...

Size: 6 x 4 x 2.75 cm Weight: 71.7 grams Location: Western Sahara Desert, Africa This item is one of a kind and you will receive the EXACT piece(s) pictured. Macro photography is used to show detail but can make items appear larger than their actual size. Please refer to the size ranges and note whether they are in cen

Background Despite the limited genetic heterogeneity of Spanish populations, substantial evidences support that historical African influences have not affected them uniformly. Accounting for such population differences might be essential to reduce spurious results in association studies of genetic factors with disease. Using ancestry informative markers (AIMs), we aimed to measure the African influences in Spanish populations and to explore whether these might introduce statistical bias in population-based association studies. Methodology/Principal Findings We genotyped 93 AIMs in Spanish (from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula) and Northwest Africans, and conducted population and individual-based clustering analyses along with reference data from the HapMap, HGDP-CEPH, and other sources. We found significant differences for the Northwest African influence among Spanish populations from as low as ≈5% in Spanish from the Iberian Peninsula to as much as ≈17% in Canary Islanders, whereas

Ancient Origins articles related to Trans-Saharan gold trade in the sections of history, archaeology, human origins, unexplained, artifacts, ancient places and myths and legends. (Page 1 of tag Trans-Saharan gold trade)

The androgen receptor (AR) has been proposed as a candidate gene for several cancers (breast, prostate, uterine endometrium, colon, and esophagus). Ethnicity is considered an associated risk factor for some of these cancers. Several case-control genetic studies have been focused in samples of the main ethnic groups, but little is known about the distribution of risk polymorphisms in current populations with accurate ethnic and/or geographic origins. The A allele of the G1733A polymorphism of the AR gene has been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. We provide data from this marker in 12 samples from 7 Mediterranean countries such as Spain, Italy (Sardinia), Greece, Turkey, Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt. A sample from Ivory Coast has also been analyzed. The A allele distribution shows a frequency in the Ivory Coast population (65.17%) that contrasts with the low values found in Northern Mediterraneans (mean average value of 13.98%). North African populations present two-times higher ...

Are you heading to Morocco and planning to go overnight camping in the Sahara? Here is my Sahara Desert packing list to help you for your trip!

Every day, millions of microorganisms reach Spain from the Sahara Desert and the Sahel region -- by flying. Louis Pasteur demonstrated back in 1861 that germs can move through the air, but it was only recently discovered that bacteria, fungi and viruses can travel thousands of kilometers stuck onto dust particles. Satellite images show clouds that come close to the size of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Court of Justice of the European Union has just recognized that agricultural or fishery products invoiced in Western Sahara cannot be considered as Moroccan products, because Western Sahara is not part of Morocco.

Impossible as it might seem, there are many such groups, all of them tribal nomads on the fringes of the Sahara desert. Take the Beja, who live in the Sudan between the Nile and the Red Sea. As recently as 5,000 years ago, northern Africa had a much wetter climate. When the rains dried up, so did the land, leading to a spread of the desert into traditional nomadic pastoral lands. Agriculture became impossible in this desert setting. Only animals could eat the few plants that naturally grew and no other food sources were available (condition 3). Yet the Beja survive as long as their animals do. During the dry season that may last as long as nine months they live almost entirely on the milk of their camels and goats, up to 3 quarts per adult per day (condition 1). Milk processing and storage in forms that are low in lactose is impossible given the desert temperatures and the nomadic Beja lifestyle. All the milk must be drunk fresh (condition 2). As the Beja clearly satisfy all three conditions, ...

Aminatou Haidar, who is 42 and has two children, was detained at Laayoune airport, Western Sahara on 13 November when she returned from a month-long trip, to countries including the USA, where she accepted the 2009 Civil Courage Prize, which is awarded every year for steadfast resistance to evil at great personal risk. She was questioned about why she had given her home as Western Sahara rather than Moroccan Sahara on her landing card; she was also asked about her travel, as well as her political opinions and affiliations. Her Moroccan passport and identity card were then confiscated and she was detained in the airport overnight. She said that on 14 November officials offered to release her in return for a public acknowledgement of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. She refused to do so, and a few hours later she was put on a flight to Lanzarote, in the Canary Islands.. Aminatou Haidar has been on hunger strike since 15 November in protest. According to her family, she has grown ...

Recent scientific literature has highlighted the relevance of population genetic studies both for disease association mapping in admixed populations and for understanding the history of human migrations. Deeper insight into the history of the Italian population is critical for understanding the peopling of Europe. Because of its crucial position at the centre of the Mediterranean basin, the Italian peninsula has experienced a complex history of colonization and migration whose genetic signatures are still present in contemporary Italians. In this study, we investigated genomic variation in the Italian population using 2.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a sample of more than 300 unrelated Italian subjects with well-defined geographical origins. We combined several analytical approaches to interpret genome-wide data on 1272 individuals from European, Middle Eastern, and North African populations. We detected three major ancestral components contributing different proportions across the ...

Celiac disease (CD) is an intolerance to dietary proteins of wheat, barley, and rye. CD may have substantial morbidity, yet it is quite common with a prevalence of 1%-2% in Western populations. It is not clear why the CD phenotype is so prevalent despite its negative effects on human health, especially because appropriate treatment in the form of a gluten-free diet has only been available since the 1950s, when dietary gluten was discovered to be the triggering factor. The high prevalence of CD might suggest that genes underlying this disease may have been favored by the process of natural selection. We assessed signatures of selection for ten confirmed CD-associated loci in several genome-wide data sets, comprising 8154 controls from four European populations and 195 individuals from a North African population, by studying haplotype lengths via the integrated haplotype score (iHS) method. Consistent signs of positive selection for CD-associated derived alleles were observed in three loci: IL12A, ...

ACCUCOMS, the leading provider of sales and marketing services for publishers will now represent Ephorus in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Ephorus is a Dutch organisation that aims to support educational establishments in the prevention of plagiarism. It enables the owners of content to check and protect their work and it can assist students in dealing with information in an honest and transparent manner. The company is currently a market leader in Europe and more than 5,000 schools and universities use the Ephorus software. In fact, tens of thousands of documents are checked each and every day in over 46 different countries. Joep Chappin, founder of Ephorus shared his enthusiasm about the new development: We are excited to partner with ACCUCOMS. The organization offers us an opportunity to enter the Middle East and North Africa regions. This partnership will also give both parties more opportunities in the future. Ephorus is determined to improve the quality of education and we know ...

DAKAR, Senegal (AP) - More than 80 African migrants have been rescued after being found in a remote stretch of the Sahara Desert where hundreds of others have died along the perilous journey in recent years, the International Organization for Migration said Tuesday. The 41 females from Nigeria, including twin 4-year-old girls, and 42 males […]

Find great deals on Camel driver in the Sahara desert, near Douz, Kebili, Tunisia Photographic Print by Godong at AllPosters.com, with free shipping on orders $23+, free returns, and our low price guarantee.

Pre-Existing Slave Trade Trans-Saharan trade routes (Red Sea and East African) had been trading slaves for centuries throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa Mostly women: traded as concubines for harems; domestic servants Some men: soldiers, field workers (salt production and gold mines), caravan laborers Europeans tapped into existing routes and supplies of slaves. Used this to justify their own enslavement of Africans in New World Mid 1400s: Europeans begin to utilize slaves in Europe as household servants Other forms of servitude used by Europeans: Indentured servitude: Required to work for a master for

The carbon isotopic composition of individual plant leaf waxes (a proxy for C3 vs. C4 vegetation) in a marine sediment core collected from beneath the plume of Sahara-derived dust in northwest Africa reveals three periods during the past 192,000 years when the central Sahara/Sahel contained C3 plants (likely trees), indicating substantially wetter conditions than at present. Our data suggest that variability in the strength of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a main control on vegetation distribution in central North Africa, and we note expansions of C3 vegetation during the African Humid Period (early Holocene) and within Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (≈50-45 ka) and MIS 5 (≈120-110 ka). The wet periods within MIS 3 and 5 coincide with major human migration events out of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results thus suggest that changes in AMOC influenced North African climate and, at times, contributed to amenable conditions in the central Sahara/Sahel, allowing humans to cross ...

In 1990, Africas forests covered almost 750,000 mn hectares, representing 23 per cent of total land area on the continent. Twenty years later, they covered less than 675,000 mn hectares. Yet, says State of the Worlds Forests 2011, a report of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there is good news: the loss of the continents forest cover is slowing. Between 1990 and 2000, the UN report notes, 40 mn hectares of forest were destroyed. During the last decade, that number went down to 34 mn hectares.. Two main reasons account for the reduction, the report explains. First are efforts by North African countries to preserve their forests. Net losses in this region dropped to 41,000 hectares per year, from a previously recorded 590,000 hectares per year. Recent efforts by Sudan to gather data about the state of its forest is the second reason. Figures for 2000-2010 proved significantly lower than earlier estimates for the preceding decade. Also, North African countries and Sudan lead the ...

מזרח‎ Mizraḥ, Hebrew for east. In the past the word Mizrahim, corresponding to the Arabic word Mashriqiyyun (Arabic مشريقيون or Easterners), referred to the natives of Iraq and other Asian countries, as distinct from those of North Africa (Maghribiyyun). In medieval and early modern times, the corresponding Hebrew word maarav was used for North Africa. In Talmudic and Geonic times, however, this word maarav referred to the land of Israel, as contrasted with Babylonia. For this reason, many object to the use of Mizrahi to include Moroccan and other North African Jews. The term Mizrahim or Edot Hamizraḥ, Oriental communities, grew in Israel under the circumstances of the meeting of waves of Jewish immigrants from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, followers of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Temani (Yemenite) rites. In modern Israeli usage, it refers to all Jews from Central and West Asian countries, many of them Arabic-speaking Muslim-majority ...

Posted by: Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. Tunisia is the first African and Arab country to lay the groundwork for the adoption of SDMX (Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange), which promotes the exchange of data, the explanation of methodologies adopted, the dissemination and storage of quality information and ensuring the security of statistical institutes data, said Director General of the National Institute of Statistics (INS), Hédi Saidi.. Tunisia began the upgrading of the INS in February 2016 through the reinforcement of its technical resources, skills and infrastructure and technology and has adopted this technique in the foreign trade sector. The process made carried out, in collaboration with Italy and France, in the framework of a twinning programme, he said on the sidelines of a training session on SDMX held from September 10 to 14 in Tunis.. In this regard, 5 INS staff members take part in this training session, in order to improve the methodologies and the quality of information ...

The number of confirmed Covid-19 cases in Africa has reached 4,222,260 as of Thursday afternoon, the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) said.. The Africa CDC, the specialised healthcare agency of the African Union, said the death toll from the pandemic stood at 112,820, while 3,771,866 patients across the continent have recovered from the disease, the Xinhua news agency reported.. The African continent accounts for 3.3 per cent of total Covid-19 cases reported globally. And Covid-19 related deaths in the African continent account for about 4 percent of all Covid-19 related deaths recorded globally, the Africa CDC disclosed.. South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, Ethiopia and Egypt are among the African countries with the most cases in the continent, with the five countries accounting for about 65 percent of all cases reported in Africa, according to the Africa CDC.. Southern Africa is the most affected region in terms of confirmed cases, followed by the northern Africa and ...

The Sahara desert is one of the harshest, most inhospitable places on the planet, covering much of North Africa in some 3.6 million square miles of rock and windswept dunes. But it wasnt always so desolate and parched. Primitive rock paintings and fossils excavated from the region suggest that the Sahara was once a relatively verdant oasis, where human settlements and a diversity of plants and animals thrived. Now researchers at MIT have analyzed dust deposited off the coast of west Africa over the the last 240,000 years, and found that the Sahara, and North Africa in general, has swung between wet and dry climates every 20,000 years. They say that this climatic pendulum is mainly driven by changes to the Earths axis as the planet orbits the sun, which in turn affect the distribution of sunlight between seasons - every 20,000 years, the Earth swings from more sunlight in summer to less, and back again.. For North Africa, it is likely that, when the Earth is tilted to receive maximum summer ...

Animal herding, which has been a way of life in northeastern Africa for about 8,000 years, had spread to southern Africa by 2,000 years ago. Whether this pastoral lifestyle was brought south by immigrants or adopted by hunter-gatherers who were already living in the region has long been an open question. In an attempt to find an answer, a multinational team of scientists studied 41 genomes from people who lived in Africa between 4,000 and 300 years ago. The results revealed that pastoralists who migrated from northeastern Africa into eastern Africa around 5,000 years ago had ancient roots in southwestern Asia, northern Africa, or both. At first, they interbred with local foragers, but about 3,300 years ago, once the herding lifestyle had become established, this interbreeding ceased. According to lead researcher Mary Prendergast of Saint Louis University in Madrid, why pastoralists and foragers stopped interbreeding remains unknown. ...

Applying race to a people with ancient roots makes nearly no sense. This is not a social dilemma, it is a scientific and historical one. People identified as tribes, not in skin color. Race is a modern concept that was birthed for the mere purpose of division and an outlet for domination by instilling a sense of innate superiority. It has no place in categorizing indigenous peoples.. Those saying Black North African Imazighen dont exist are not saying dark-skinned North African Imazighen dont exist. The definition of Black being used is to mean Subsaharan descent. From here, it is easy to conclude that one who is native to Subsaharan Africa cannot also be native to the very Northern regions of North Africa. They were a nomadic people, but separate tribes nonetheless. Black North African Imazighen are referred to as Haratin, a people who were the product of enslavement. This mixed lineage is a result of interaction. There is a difference between being tan to the point of passing as a ...

Haplogroup E3b1-M78 is the second most prevailing one (23%) in the studied sample with E3b1-M78 chromosomes accounting for almost all E representatives (98%) except a single E3b2-M81 and two E3b3-M123 chromosomes (fig. 2). E3b1-M78 is the most common haplogroup E lineage in Europe (Cruciani et al. 2004; Semino et al. 2004). The spatial pattern shown in figure 4(C) depicts a nonuniform E3b1 geographic distribution with a frequency peak centered in south Europe and SEE (13%-16% in southern Italians and 17%-27% in the Balkans). Declining frequencies are evident toward western (10% in northern and central Italians), central, and eastern Europe (from 4% to 10% in Polish, Russians, mainland Croatians, Ukrainians, Hungarians, Herzegovinians, and Bosnians). Noteworthy is a low E3b1 frequency (5%) in Turkey. Apart from its presence in Europe and the Middle East, E3b1 is also found in eastern and northern Africa. Cruciani et al. (2004) estimated that E3b-M78 might have originated in eastern Africa about ...

The Sorraia is a rare breed of horse indigenous to the portion of the Iberian peninsula, in the Sorraia River basin, in Portugal. The Sorraia is known for its primitive features, including a convex profile and dun coloring with primitive markings. Concerning its origins, a theory has been advanced by some authors that the Sorraia is a descendant of primitive horses belonging to the naturally occurring wild fauna of Southern Iberia. Studies are currently ongoing to discover the relationship between the Sorraia and various wild horse types, as well as its relationship with other breeds from the Iberian Peninsula and Northern Africa. Members of the breed are small, but hardy and well-adapted to harsh conditions. They were occasionally captured and used by native farmers for centuries, and a remnant population of these nearly extinct horses was discovered by a Portuguese zoologist in the early 20th century. Today, the Sorraia has become the focus of preservation efforts, with European scientists ...

Clara Sherwood is an alumna of the 2020 CLS Arabic virtual institute hosted by Arab American Lanugage Institute in Meknes, Morocco. Shes a junior at Washington & Jefferson College majoring in Spanish, international relations, and a thematic major titled Music & Conflict Resolution.. Getting to Know Clara. I grew up in a small town in Western Pennsylvania where I was an avid lacrosse player, life-long member of the swim team, and the vocalist for my high schools jazz band. When I had free time, I enjoyed sailing and learning languages (Spanish and Arabic). Learning languages has helped me to understand the complexities of international politics and different cultures and has helped shape me into a young scholar-activist.. Why Arabic?. I was drawn to learn Arabic because of my interest in the Middle East and Northern Africa, its relevance to American foreign policy, and because it is a beautiful language, both visually and orally. Additionally, I want to help solve refugee and immigration issues ...

The people of Africas vast savanna are united by their strong identity with the sprawling plains that surround them. Originally, these pastoral groups came to the savanna looking for food, scavenging after leftover game killed by large predators. Today, these original hunter-gatherers exist in the form of the Dorobo tribes of the eastern Serengeti, who survive by hunting small game and collecting honey and wild fruits and vegetables. Long ago, the Dorobo were joined by herdsmen and pastoralists from northern Africa. Among these, the Maasai have held the most tenaciously to their wanderlust. These tall, dark skinned herdsmen in striking red cloaks and beadwork have come to symbolize the face of Africas savanna people to the outside world. The Maasai share the plains with the Kikuyu, traditionally a nation of farmers, who now form the backbone of Kenyan society ...

HIV epidemics in people who inject drugs have been on the rise in recent years, including cases in Indiana, USA and Glasgow, UK, raising the question of which measures should be prioritised by authorities - particularly in regions with limited resources, such as the recently affected areas of the Middle East, northern Africa and southeastern Asia.. The research is published in the journal AIDS.. Lead author Tetyana Vasylyeva, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Zoology at Oxford University, said: The HIV epidemic among drug users in Russia and Ukraine following the collapse of the Soviet Union is the biggest of its kind ever recorded. From around only 50 cases per year by 1993, the epidemic grew to several thousand cases in 1994. By the end of the decade, over 1 million people were infected across the two countries - the majority of them drug users.. There was very little in the way of a preventive effort in this epidemic, which makes it a good model to study.. The researchers analysed ...

Colubrine snakes are distributed worldwide, with the highest diversity in North America, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East. There are relatively few species of colubrine snakes in Europe, South America, Australia, and southern Africa, and none in Madagascar, the Caribbean, or the Pacific Islands.[2][3][4]. Colubrine snakes are extremely morphologically and ecologically diverse. Many are terrestrial, and there are specialized fossorial (e.g. Tantilla) and arboreal (e.g. Oxybelis) groups, but no truly aquatic groups. Some of the most powerful constrictors (e.g. Pantherophis, Pituophis, Lampropeltis) are members of this group, as are a few snakes that have strong enough venom to kill humans (i.e. boomslangs [Dispholidus] and twigsnakes [Thelotornis]).[5][6]. Within Colubrinae, genera and species seem to make up five distinct radiations[7] that are to varying degrees broadly similar in terms of ecology and geographic distribution, although increased sampling is needed to determine whether ...

Genomic evidence for shared common ancestry of East African hunting-gathering populations and insights into local adaptation (Scheinfeldt, 2019) Abstract: Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa ∼300,000 years ago, but the demographic and adaptive histories of African populations are not well-characterized. Here, we have generated a genome-wide dataset from 840 Africans, residing in western, eastern, southern, and northern Africa, belonging to 50 ethnicities, and speaking languages

Sixth cholera pandemic Drawing of Death bringing the cholera, in Le Petit Journal The sixth cholera pandemic was a major outbreak of cholera from the years 1899 to 1923. It killed more than 800,000 in India then erupted in the Middle East, northern Africa, Russia and Eastern Europe. The last outbreak in the United States was in 1910-1911 when the steamship Moltke brought infected people to New York City. Vigilant health authorities isolated the infected on Swinburne Island. Eleven people died, including a health care worker at Swinburne Island. Wave nature Flu pandemics typically come in waves. The 1889-1890 and 1918-1919 flu pandemics each came in three or four waves of increasing lethality. But within a wave, mortality was greater at the beginning of the wave. Variable mortality Mortality varies widely in a pandemic. S. Army camps where reasonably reliable statistics were kept, case mortality often exceeded 5 percent, and in some circumstances exceeded 10 percent. 9 percent. In isolated human ...

Duration: 100 hours. The Need for Conservation is Not New. Conserving the natural resources of the planet earth has been desirable since ancient times. However, throughout history the basic principles of the use of natural resources have been ignored, sometimes with disastrous results. For example: major losses such as the silting of rivers and estuaries, and the flooding of lowlands, have been caused by the destruction of forests and grasslands protecting watersheds. This is apparent mostly in Northern China and in Asia near the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. Large areas of Northern Africa and the Middle East have been rendered barren by many centuries of uncontrolled livestock grazing. Lands have been left barren by unwise cultivation and the excessive use of woody plants for fuel that have been cut down and not replanted.. In more recently developed areas of the world, similar damage to the environment has, or is occurring. This is sometimes due to the unwise introduction of species into new ...

Western Saharan nationalist and human rights advocate, is the most prominent figure in the ongoing nonviolent resistance movement in Western Sahara in support of human rights and in opposition to Moroccan occupation of the country. Widely known as the Sahrawi Gandhi, as of the early twenty-first century Haidar serves as president of the Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders (CODESA). Born in 1966, she currently lives in El Aaiún in occupied Western Sahara and received her baccalaureate degree in modern literature. She is divorced and the mother of two adult sons.. The kingdom of Morocco, which claims Western Sahara as an integral part of its territory, has occupied most of the former Spanish colony since 1975. The Polisario Front, the nationalist movement which had initially battled Spanish colonialist forces, waged a guerilla war against the Moroccan occupation until a cease-fire agreement in 1991 A series of United ... ...

The Summit provided the unique opportunity in bringing together the United Nations and the financial sector from the Middle East and Northern Africa, in order to discuss the positive contributions of the banking system to the international efforts to implement resolution 1540 (2004).. In addressing the Summit, Ms. Angela Kane, High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, conveyed a message from the UN Secretary-General to the Summits participants. The Secretary-General welcomed the Summits focus on weapons of mass destruction, one of the gravest security challenges facing the international community. He stressed that international cooperation in upholding the provisions of resolution 1540 is essential and that the United Nations was mobilizing all stakeholders to join efforts aimed at preventing WMD proliferation and terrorism and would continue to reach out to financial institutions and companies as indispensable partners.. The Summits session on resolution 1540 (2004) was convened by the ...

Read up on the dry body brushing ritual. EXFOLIATION: A process by which the top layer of dead skin cells is sloughed off the face or body whether by dry-brushing, scrubs, or other exfoliation techniques.. FANGO MUD: A high mineralized mud used in wraps, or facials to eliminate toxins and increase blood circulation.. FOUR-HANDED OR SYNCHRONIZED MASSAGE also known as BALINESE MASSAGE: A massage administered by two therapists working in synchronized movements along the body.. FIGIDARIUM: A cold bathing room where bathers plunge into a cold pool of water to refresh and close pores after visiting the warmer Caladerium. The term dates back to Ancient Rome.. HAMMAM: A traditional Turkish or Middle-Eastern communal bathing house with various rooms at different temperatures. Unless youre in Turkey, northern Africa or the Middle East, the term hammam is usually used to refer to ceramic-tiled steam rooms.. HERBAL WRAP: A treatment in which moisture, heat and herbal essences penetrate the skin while the ...