Abstract Pregnant women and their developing fetuses are vulnerable to multiple environmental insults, including exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin that may contaminate as much as 25% of the world food supply. We reviewed and integrated findings from studies of aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy and evaluated potential links to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We identified 27 studies (10 human cross-sectional studies and 17 animal studies) assessing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and adverse birth outcomes or anemia. Findings suggest that aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. Only one human study investigated aflatoxin exposure and prematurity, and no studies investigated its relationship with pregnancy loss, but animal studies suggest aflatoxin exposure may increase risk for prematurity and pregnancy loss. The fetus could be affected by maternal aflatoxin exposure through direct toxicity as well as indirect toxicity, via maternal systemic inflammation, impaired

TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular basis of aflatoxin-induced mutagenesis-role of the aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine adduct. AU - Lin, Ying Chih. AU - Li, Liang. AU - Makarova, Alena V.. AU - Burgers, Peter M.. AU - Stone, Michael P.. AU - Lloyd, Robert (Stephen). PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a known carcinogen associated with early-onset hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is thought to contribute to over half a million new HCCs per year. Although some of the fundamental risk factors are established, the molecular basis of AFB1-induced mutagenesis in primate cells has not been rigorously investigated. To gain insights into genome instability that is produced as a result of replicating DNAs containing AFB1 adducts, site-specific mutagenesis assays were used to establish the mutagenic potential of the persistent ring-opened AFB1 adduct, AFB1-formamidopyrimidine (AFB1-FAPY). This lesion was highly mutagenic, yielding replication error frequencies of 97%, with the predominant base ...

Scope Aflatoxin exposure coincides with micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. group, compared to the least expensive, were 1.98 (95%CI: 1.00, 3.92) and 3.56 (95%CI: 1.13, 11.15) instances more likely to be zinc and vitamin A deficient. Summary Although children with high aflatoxin exposure levels were more likely to be zinc and vitamin A deficient, further study is necessary to determine a cause and effect relationship. to aflatoxin B1 and G1 [44]. This conflicting evidence from previous study, and the fact that the strength of the significant associations observed in the current study were fragile, makes it hard to attract valid conclusions concerning this complex relationship between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiency. Therefore further study is necessary to help set up if there is a cause and effect relationship. The relationship between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiency was not significant during the post-harvest time of year. There were, however, ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Altered gene response to aflatoxin b1 in the spleens of susceptible and resistant turkeys. AU - Reed, Kent M.. AU - Mendoza, Kristelle M.. AU - Coulombe, Roger A.. N1 - Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Animal Genome Program (2013-01043), the University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine Hatch Formula Fund and the Minnesota and Utah Agricultural Experiments Stations, and approved as Utah Agricultural Experiment Station journal paper number 9198. Publisher Copyright: © 2019 by the authors.. PY - 2019/4/28. Y1 - 2019/4/28. N2 - Susceptibility and/or resistance to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a threshold trait governed principally by glutathione S transferase (GST)-mediated detoxification. In poultry, domesticated Turkeys are highly sensitive to AFB1, most likely due to dysfunction in hepatic GSTs. In contrast, wild Turkeys ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Prevalence of aflatoxin B1 contamination in pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, Food products, Poultry and livestock feeds in Tamil Nadu, India. AU - Vijayasamundeeswari, Ayyathurai. AU - Mohankumar, Munusamy. AU - Karthikeyan, Muthusamy. AU - Vijayanandraj, Selvaraj. AU - Paranidharan, Vaikuntavasen. AU - Velazhahan, Rethinasamy. PY - 2009/6/1. Y1 - 2009/6/1. N2 - Aflatoxins, a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, have adverse health effects on humans and livestock that ingest aflatoxin- contaminated food products and feeds. To secure the safety of food and feed, regular monitoring of aflatoxin levels is necessary. In order to understand the magnitude of aflatoxin contamination, a survey was conducted in different agro-ecological zones of Tamil Nadu, India and 242 samples consisting of pre- and post-harvest maize kernels, food products, poultry and livestock feeds were collected from farmers fields, poultry farms, retail shops and ...

Traditional molecular techniques have been used in research in discovering the genes and enzymes that are involved in aflatoxin formation and genetic regulation. We cloned most, if not all, of the aflatoxin pathway genes. A consensus gene cluster for aflatoxin biosynthesis was discovered in 2005. The factors that affect aflatoxin formation have been studied. In this report, the author summarized the current status of research progress and future possibilities that may be used for solving aflatoxin contamination.

Aflatoxin-producing fungi contaminate food and feed during pre-harvest, storage and processing periods. Once consumed, aflatoxins (AFs) accumulate in tissues, causing illnesses in animals and humans. Most human exposure to AF seems to be a result of consumption of contaminated plant and animal products. The policy of blending and dilution of grain containing higher levels of aflatoxins with uncontaminated grains for use in animal feed implicitly assumes that the deleterious effects of low levels of the toxins are linearly correlated to concentration. This assumption may not be justified, since it involves extrapolation of these nontoxic levels in feed, which are not of further concern. To develop a better understanding of the significance of low dose effects, in the present study, we developed quantitative methods for the detection of biologically active aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Vero cells by two independent assays: the green fluorescent protein (GFP) assay, as a measure of protein synthesis by the cells,

Large species differences exist in sensitivity to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced liver cancer. Mice are resistant to AFB1-induced liver cancer because they express an alpha-class GST (mGSTA3-3) that has high activity toward the reactive intermediate aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO). Rats constitutively express only small amounts of a GST with high AFBO activity (rGSTA5-5) and thus are sensitive to AFB1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, although induction of rGSTA5-5 can confer resistance in rats. In contrast to rodents, constitutively expressed human hepatic alpha-class GSTs have little or no AFBO detoxifying activity. Recently, we found that the nonhuman primate, Macaca fascicularis (Mf), has significant constitutive hepatic GST activity toward AFBO and most of this activity belongs to mu-class GSTs. To determine if any alpha-class GSTs in Mf liver have AFBO activity, a cDNA library from a male Mf liver was constructed and screened using the human alpha-class GstA1 cDNA as a probe. Three different cDNA ...

Define aflatoxin. aflatoxin synonyms, aflatoxin pronunciation, aflatoxin translation, English dictionary definition of aflatoxin. n. Any of a group of toxic compounds produced by certain molds, especially Aspergillus flavus, that contaminate stored food supplies such as animal feed and...

Cusabio Aflatoxin B1(AFB1)ELISA kit for Food Safety & Drug Residues test, focusing on chemical contaminants comprising on natural and artificial contaminants.

Hop on to get the meaning of hAFAR1 acronym / slang / Abbreviation. The Undefined Acronym / Slang hAFAR1 means... AcronymsAndSlang. The hAFAR1 acronym/abbreviation definition. The hAFAR1 meaning is human aflatoxin B(1) aldehyde reductase 1. The definition of hAFAR1 by AcronymAndSlang.com

TY - JOUR. T1 - Microsome-mediated mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 in Bacillus megaterium SJ-6 his-. AU - Buch, J. K.. AU - Buch, Shilpa. AU - Dave, P. J.. PY - 1982/4. Y1 - 1982/4. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0020028778&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0020028778&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. AN - SCOPUS:0020028778. VL - 13. SP - 349. EP - 352. JO - FEMS Microbiology Letters. JF - FEMS Microbiology Letters. SN - 0378-1097. IS - 4. ER - ...

Non-Linear Relationships between Aflatoxin B1 Levels and the Biological Response of Monkey Kidney Vero Cells. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

The biomarkers used in this study provide measures of carcinogen exposure in the residents of Qidong, Peoples Republic of China, an area of high risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (6, 7). Urinary levels of aflatoxin-N7-guanine adducts (median = 1.90 fmol/mg creatinine) measured from the placebo arm of this winter 2003 study were comparable with those found in the placebo arm during a summer 1997 intervention trial with chlorophyllin in a nearby township, Daxin (median = 0.96 fmol/mg creatinine; ref. 6). The modest difference may reflect the influence of seasonality on aflatoxin exposure: A 2-fold winter versus summer difference was seen with aflatoxin biomarkers in an ecological study in Daxin in 1993 (40). Similar analytic approaches of immunoaffinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatrography-mass spectrometry were used in the two intervention studies. Thus, aflatoxin exposures have not changed appreciably over the past decade in the rural areas of Qidong despite ...

Alpha-class glutathione transferases (GSTs) found expressed in human tissues constitute a family of four homologous enzymes with contrasting enzyme activities. In particular, GST A3-3 has been shown to contribute to the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in human cells and is selectively expressed in steroidogenic tissues. The more ubiquitous GST A1-1, GST A2-2, and GST A4-4 appear to be primarily involved in detoxification processes and are expressed at higher levels than GST A3-3. We are interested in studying the cell and tissue expression of the GST A3-3 gene, yet the existence of highly expressed sequence-similar homologs and of several splice variants is a serious challenge for the specific detection of unique transcript species. We found that published polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for GST A3-3 lack the specificity required for reliable quantitative analysis. Therefore, we designed quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers with greatly increased discrimination power for the human GSTA3 ...

Aflatoxins, a type of mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi, can colonize many potential aquaculture feedstuffs such as corn, peanuts, rice, fish meal, shrimp and meat meals. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most potent naturally occurring carcinogenic agents in animals. Initial findings associated with aflatoxicosis in fish include pale gills, impaired blood clotting, anemia, poor growth rates or lack of weight gain.. According to the annual BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey in 2014, a look at aqua feeds for fish and shrimp showed that, out of 35 feed samples analyzed, 63% of the aqua feed samples were contaminated with aflatoxins at a high average concentration of 49 parts per billion (ppb), with some samples reaching up to 221 ppb. Furthermore, 27 of the 35 feed samples that were analyzed contained more than one mycotoxin. This poses additional risk to animals since in many cases the combined effects of two mycotoxins are higher than the individual effects of each toxin alone.. ...

Aflatoxins are important because some are extremely toxic to many kinds of animals; 10 ppb AFB1 consumed regularly by rats may eventually result in fatal liver cancer and in somewhat larger amounts-a few hundred ppb-aflatoxin cause a great variety of ill effects in wild and domestic animals. An aflatoxin contamination level of 20 ppb is permitted in feed grains and in feeds in the U.S.A. but in foods intended for human consumption the tolerance is zero. However, these guidelines were then revised. North Carolina agricultural officials reported that maize containing up to 200 ppb could be fed to heifers (older than 6 months), calves and bulls and to non-lactating brood cows. Maize containing aflatoxin higher than 20 ppb should not be fed to lactating animals, used as any starter ration or feed to poultry. All other animals could be fed with maize containing aflatoxin levels up to 100 ppb. For human consumption, a level, below 20 ppb is enforced (Mirocha and Christensen 1982 and Pitt, ...

EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion regarding the effect on public health of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for aflatoxin total (AFT; sum of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2) from 4 to 10 μg/kg in peanu .... ...

EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion regarding the effect on public health of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for aflatoxin total (AFT; sum of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2) from 4 to 10 μg/kg in peanu .... ...

Id. at 1636. The final judgment and remedial order have been stayed pending appeal. No. 065267 (D.C. Cir., Oct. 31, 2006).. While Defendants were producing the misinformation described above, Defendants legal counsel were advising against producing a safer cigarette, as that would create. 1. **-------------------. substantial legal concerns. Op. at 1413. This brief contains evidence that Defendants knew, or should have known, of one particular method of making a safer cigarette but suppressed this information. Indeed, but for documents uncovered in this and related litigation, the information would likely have remained suppressed.. This Brief shows that Defendants knew, or should have known, that aflatoxin, a potent carcinogen, was a contaminant of tobacco products; that aflatoxin was a substantial source of the harm caused by tobacco products; and, that methods of neutralizing aflatoxin would have made tobacco products safer. While other issues before this Court are now under appellate ...

The Serum MicroRNA Expression Modified the Genic Toxicity Caused by Aflatoxin B1. By Xiao-Ying Huang, Chun-Ying Luo, Xue-Ming Wu, Jin-Guang Yao, Chao Wang, Bing-Chen Huang, Jun Lu, Xing-Zhizi Wang, Tian-Qi Zhang, Qiang Xia and Xi-Dai Long. The serum microRNAs have been reported as potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, their role in genic toxicity related to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), such as TP53 mutation and DNA damage, has not yet been evaluated. Here, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study, including 558 patients with pathologically diagnosed HCC and positive AFB1 and healthy controls (n = 630) without any evidence of liver diseases. Genic toxicity related to AFB1 was evaluated using the hot-spot mutation at the codon 269 of TP53 gene (TP53M) and AFB1-DNA adducts. Through serum microRNA PCR microarray screening analysis, we observed 10 differentially expressed microRNAs (including miR-7-2-3p, miR-4651, miR-127-3p, miR-192-5p, miR-382-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-532-3p, ...

Departments of 1Environmental Health Sciences, 2Epidemiology, and 3Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, New York; 4Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; 5Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; and 6Departments of Health Studies, Medicine, and Human Genetics and Cancer Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, ...

Design a symmetric protein tetramer, with 4 identical chains that assemble together! This puzzle includes a Secondary Structure Objective, so no more than 50% of your design can form helices. The H-bond Network Objective encourages players to build buried, satisfied H-bond networks at the interface between symmetric chains. H-bond networks are a great way to introduce polar residues at the interface, but its important that all of the bondable atoms make hydrogen bonds! Weve also adjusted the H-bond Network Objective so that poor-scoring H-bonds may not contribute to networks; poor-scoring H-bonds will be displayed in red. This puzzle uses the Buried Unsats Objective, with a large penalty for buried polar atoms that cant make H-bonds. In this puzzle, there are no limits on the Complex Core, but weve included the Complex Core objective so players can see the core residues that can be incorporated into H-bond Networks ...

Reveal Q+ MAX for Aflatoxin is intended for the rapid quantitative analysis of corn and corn products for aflatoxin, offering results in six minutes.

Veratox HS for Aflatoxin is an ELISA that provides a quantitative analysis of very low levels of aflatoxin in commodities like corn, wheat and more.

Residents of Qidong, China, located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, are undergoing a rapid fluctuation in cancer incidence rates at many organ sites, reflecting a dynamic interplay of socio-behavioral, economic and environmental factors. As tracked by their cancer registry, there are extraordinary changes in the China age-standardized incidence rates for the two leading cancer killers in the Qidong region: one going down and the other one up, liver and lung cancer respectively. In endemic areas such as Qidong, liver cancer arises from chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and ingestion of aflatoxins. Agricultural and economic reforms in the 1980s promoted a switch from maize to rice as the dietary staple, with concomitant ,40-fold decreases in aflatoxin exposure over this period as measured by aflatoxin-albumin adducts in archived serum samples. Universal, subsidized vaccination against HBV was initiated in the early 2000s and likely does not account for the 45% drop in liver cancer ...

peanut meal, shipped from Brazil and contaminated with mold that produces a poison known as aflatoxin. At the time, little was known about aflatoxin, but some scientists suspected it could be linked to liver cancer in humans. Soon after the U.K. outbreak, a young MIT toxicologist named Gerald Wogan launched a thorough, decades-long investigation into the toxin, eventually exposing it as one of the most potent carcinogens humans can encounter. Throughout his career, Wogan not only made discoveries illuminating aflatoxins role in liver cancer, which kills about 600,000 people a year, but he also used his knowledge to shape food-safety regulations in the United States and Europe, and helped develop new measures that could fight liver cancer in developing countries, where aflatoxin exposure is still common. A lot of people are content to do basic science, but he picked up that mantle of responsibility and went right into the regulatory arena, says John Essigmann, MIT professor of toxicology and ...

Yun Yun Gong of Queens University Belfast in the United Kingdom and colleagues will identify mechanistic biomarkers of child stunting caused by the dietary contaminant aflatoxin, which is common in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. They will determine the mechanism by which aflatoxin inhibits growth in early life using blood samples and growth charts from 300 children in Gambia and analyzing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and changes in insulin-like growth factor signaling, epigenetic marks, and gene expression. Candidate biomarkers will be validated in an in vitro cell model of human liver, which is the primary target of aflatoxin, and used to drive future intervention strategies, such as hand-sorting food to reduce contamination, for ultimately improving child health.. ...

Annual losses to aflatoxin are estimated at some $190 million. Paul Williams, USDA-ARS researcher/geneticist, and his Mississippi-based team are learning to combat the disease through corn breeding and molecular markers.

This is the fourth puzzle of our Aflatoxin Challenge; now players may insert and delete residues in solutions from the previous Round 3 puzzle. Aflatoxins are a class of poisonous compounds that contaminate a significant portion of the global food supply. In this puzzle, players are challenged to redesign an enzyme that could break down aflatoxin molecules. The majority of the protein is frozen, with the aflatoxin ligand fixed in a binding pocket. Surrounding the binding pocket are a number of loops that might be redesigned without affecting the folding stability of the protein. In these loops, players may manipulate the protein backbone and mutate the residue sidechains. Players may add up to 20 additional residues within these loops, at a cost of 16 points per residue. Players may load in solutions from Puzzle 1450 ...

Towards the goal of establishing useful in vitro models of in vivo responses to toxicants, this work characterizes several advantages and disadvantages of primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) cultured for a short term vs those maintained for three weeks with 2.25% DMSO. PMHs examined 1 day (short term, ST) after isolation demonstrated a dramatic loss in ATP (~27 fold lower compared to in vivo) while those cultured for 3 weeks (3 wk) over-produced ATP. The important liver proteins albumin, Cyp1a1 and Gsta were found to be higher in the 3 wk cultures. Gene expression analysis revealed the ST cultures have unregulated numerous pathways involved in compensatory hyperplasia and oxidative injury.. Aflatoxin and acetaminphen (APAP) were used to investigate the metabolic capability of each system. Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by S9 fractions harvested from ST and 3 wk cultures induced for 24 hours with 3-methylcholanthrene, pregnenolone-16a-carbonitrile, and dexamethasone indicated the ST cultures had higher ...

The AZURA aflatoxin analysis system is specially designed to determine aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 in food and feed products such as peanuts, corn

Class one carcinogen may be hidden in your kitchen. Aflatoxin is easily found in grains, vegetables, oil, and milk. If you handle it carelessly, it is likely that you will eat it down.

Previous work (Thorgaard, G. H. et al., Aquatic Toxicology 46:121-126, 1999) showed triploid rainbow trout (0. mykiss) given embryonic carcinogen bath exposures had significant reduction of induced tumors relative to diploids. In the present study, trout were made triploid by thermal shock after fertilization. At age of 5 months they were given dietary carcinogen: aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁) or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) for 30 or 120 days. The dietary exposures were at known tumorigenic levels (100, 200 and 300 ppb AFB₁; 250, 500 and 850 ppm DMBA). At about 16 months after fertilization the fish were sacrificed and tumor incidence and multiplicity were assessed. At all levels of carcinogen and in all tumorous organs tumor incidence was lower in the triploid fish. For DMBA-fed fish it was seen that the diploid:triploid incidence ratios ranged from 2.0 to 9.0 and for AFB₁ from 3.1 to 6.0. Weight class analyses dissociated the tumor incidence effects of growth from the effects of ...

Twenty‐eight rats were examined in a 5‐week experiment to investigate the effect of curcumin on gene expression and activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in rats intoxicated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁). The rats were divided into four groups. Rats in 1-4 groups served as control, oral curcumin treated (15 mg/kg body weight), single i.p. dose of AFB₁(3 mg/kg body weight) and combination of single ...

I worked on enzymatic-coupled with UV degradation of aflatoxin b1 in red chilli powder. The peroxidase and AFB1 reaction kinetics was optimized. The feasibility of FT-NIR spectroscopy in detection of AFB1 in spiked red chilli powder was also investigated. Currently my research area is on phytohormone signaling pathways ...

The ability of horse radish peroxidase enzyme to degrade several xenobiotics was employed to detoxify aflatoxin B1, a carcinogen. In this connection various kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the detoxification reaction were studied and the reaction was optimized. A statistical model was proposed to predict maximum possible degradation in a specified condition. The detoxified product was tested for its toxicity and mutagenicity on microbial systems and nutritive value of treated meal was tested on male wister rats. The effects of detoxification were also tested on seed and pollen germination, somatic embryogenesis and plant cell suspension culture. The experimental results showed that the detoxified product could safely be used by living organisms ...

This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This enzyme hydroxylates testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulphate, which is involved in the formation of estriol during pregnancy. The enzyme also metabolizes some drugs such as aflatoxin B1. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 7q21.1. Transcript variants have been described, but it is not known whether these transcripts are normally produced. This gene undergoes readthrough transcription with the downstream CYP3AP1 pseudogene, resulting in an isoform with a novel C-terminus, as represented in GeneID:100861540 ...

Preston RS, Hayes JR, Campbell TC. 1976. The effect of protein deficiency on the in vivo binding of aflatoxin B1 to rat liver macromolecules.. Life sciences. 19(8):1191-7. ...

Download Free Full-Text of an article THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STABILIZERS ON STABILITY OF HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE- BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN-AFLATOXIN B1, A CONJUGATED TRACER FOR DETECTION OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN IMMUNOASSAY-BASED METHODS

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by two species of Aspergillus, a fungus which is especially found in areas with hot and humid climates.. Aflatoxin M1 and Aflatoxin M2 are major metabolites, being hydroxylated forms, of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 in humans and animals. M aflatoxins may be present in milk from animals fed on contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2 feed, leading to the presence of Alfatoxin M1 in the milk.. The Randox Food Diagnostics Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA aims to give a fast, reliable, analytical method to detect the presence of Aflatoxin M1. This kit can be used as a screening method for the presence of Aflatoxin M1. ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Haemato-immunology and histo-architectural changes in Labeo rohita fingerlings. T2 - Effect of dietary aflatoxin and mould inhibitor. AU - Mohapatra, S.. AU - Sahu, N. P.. AU - Pal, A. K.. AU - Prusty, A. K.. AU - Kumar, Vikas. AU - Kumar, Shivendra. N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to The Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for providing facilities for carrying out the research work. The first author is grateful to Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, for financial support by awarding Institutional Fellowship.. PY - 2011/3. Y1 - 2011/3. N2 - A feeding trail of 60 days was conducted for delineating the effect of dietary aflatoxin (AFB1) with or without supplementation of a mixture of mould inhibitor (0.25% clove oil + 0.32% sodium propionate) on haematology, respiratory burst activity and histology of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Three hundred and sixty fishes (avg. wt. 1.48-1.54 g) were randomly distributed into ...

Introduction Aflatoxins are generally produced in animal feeds by toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and the rare Aspergillus nomius (Kamkar, et al 2011). They are both acutely and chronically toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds for animal and human (Deshpande, 2002; Ghazani, 2009; Maktabi et al., 2011 and Mohamadi Sani et al., 2012). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the principle hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 which is transformed at the hepatic level by means of cytochrome p450 enzymes and excreted into the milk in the mammary glands of both human and lactating animal after ingestion by the animal of pellets and forage contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (Oveisi et al., 2007; Prandini et al., 2009; Hampikyan et al., 2010; Ayoub et al., 2011). It has been reported that there is a linear relationship between AFM1 in milk and AFB1 in the feed consumed by the animals with approximately 1% to 6% of the ingested AFB1 appearing as AFM1 in milk (Dragacci ...

Wang Y, Liu L, Huang J, Duan Y, Wang J, Fu M, Lin H. Response of a Mu-class glutathione S-transferase from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon to aflatoxin B1 exposure. Springerplus. 2016 Jun 22;5(1):825. PMID: 27386274. Paul S, Jakhar R, Bhardwaj M, Kang SC. Glutathione-S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1-1) acts as mediator of signaling pathways involved in aflatoxin B1-induced apoptosis-autophagy crosstalk in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Dec;89:1218-30. PMID: 26561775. Hernandez-Vargas H, Castelino J, Silver MJ, Dominguez-Salas P, Cros MP, Durand G, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Prentice AM, Wild CP, Moore SE, Hennig BJ, Herceg Z, Gong YY, Routledge MN. Exposure to aflatoxin B1 in utero is associated with DNA methylation in white blood cells of infants in The Gambia. Int J Epidemiol. 2015 Aug;44(4):1238-48. PMID: 25855716. Kim Ji Eun E., Bunderson Brett R., Croasdell Amanda, Reed Kent M., Coulombe Roger A.. Alpha-class glutathione S-transferases in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo): characterization ...

No animal species is immune to the acute toxic effects of aflatoxins. Adult humans have a high tolerance for aflatoxin exposure and rarely succumb to acute aflatoxicosis,[23] but children are particularly affected, and their exposure can lead to stunted growth and delayed development, in addition to all the symptoms mentioned below.[4] High-level aflatoxin exposure produces an acute hepatic necrosis (acute aflatoxicosis), resulting later in cirrhosis or carcinoma of the liver. Acute liver failure is made manifest by bleeding, edema, alteration in digestion, changes to the absorption and/or metabolism of nutrients, and mental changes and/or coma.[23] Chronic, subclinical exposure does not lead to symptoms so dramatic as acute aflatoxicosis. Chronic exposure increases the risk of developing liver and gallbladder cancer,[24] as aflatoxin metabolites may intercalate into DNA and alkylate the bases through epoxide moiety. This is thought to cause mutations in the p53 gene, an important gene in ...

Looking for online definition of aflatoxins in the Medical Dictionary? aflatoxins explanation free. What is aflatoxins? Meaning of aflatoxins medical term. What does aflatoxins mean?

Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) and Scutellaria barbata (SB) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating liver, lung and rectal tumours. We previously showed that they inhibited mutagenesis, DNA binding and metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) bioactivated by Aroclor 1254-induced rat S9. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of OD and SB on the mutagenicity of AFB1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 using dexamethasone (DXM)-induced rat hepatic S9, on cytochrome P450-linked aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND) activity in DXM-induced hepatic microsomes and on the metabolism of AFB1 by DXM-induced S9 using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental results showed that OD and SB consistently inhibited the mutagenicity of AFB1 bioactivated by either non-induced or DXM-induced S9. These effects correlated with the inhibition of cytochrome P450-linked APND activity in DXM-induced microsomes and with an inhibition of DXM-induced S9 mediated

Strains of Aspergillus species may produce the mycotoxin called aflatoxin in hot humid weather. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its metabolite, aflatoxin M1, passes into the milk of cattle ingesting aflatoxin containing feed. Consequently the US Federal Food and Drug Administration has regulations for the amount of aflatoxin allowed in feed for food animals. Specifically, grain may not contain more than 20 ppb (ppb- not ppm) aflatoxin if intended for use in dairy cattle. Milk is checked for aflatoxin at a sensitivity of 0.5 ppb and cattle ingesting as little as 20 to 50 ppb in the total ration may have more than 0.5 ppb aflatoxin M1 in the milk they produce. Aflatoxin in milk is an adulterant so milk containing greater than 0.5 ppb aflatoxin M1 is likely to be dumped with the costs associated with dumping that milk ...

|p|Aflatoxin M1 FAST ELISA gives a fast, and reliable method to detect Aflatoxin M1 in milk from Randox Food Diagnostics |/p|

An attempt was made to isolate the active component of Eriobotrya japonica, which inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in the Salmonella assay system. The number of revertants per plate was significantly decreased when a MeOH extract of Eriobot

In Vitro Efficacy of Myxococcus fulvus ANSM068 to Biotransform Aflatoxin B1. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.

Mycotoxins are chemical compounds that have different structures and different biological effects. They are having high acute toxicity, which is often associated with malignant diseases. Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins which synthesize a limited number of strains molds of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The most important aflatoxins, related to milk and milk products, are: B1 and B2 (present in the feed of animals) and M1 and M2 (hydroderivates aflatoxin B1 and B2). They are excreted in milk, urine and stool. Fortunately, there is a large gap between the concentration of toxins in feed and the amount of residues in animal products. Ratio of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in milk is about 300:1. For the determination of aflatoxin, today are commonly used imunoassays (ELISA - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) during routine analysis because they are very simple and quick. If the positive result of ELISA, confirmatory methods are conducted which are far more sensitive and ...

We examined the relationship between various health parameters and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) albumin adduct levels in plasma. Design. A cross-sectional field study was conducted in four villages in the Ashanti region of Ghana. A survey on socio-demographic and health characteristics was administered to 162 volunteers and blood (20 ml) was donated by 140 participants. AFB1 albumin adduct levels, liver function, hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and malaria infections were determined. AFB1 levels ranged from 0.12 to 2.995 pmolmg21 albumin (mean¡standard deviation50.89¡ 0.46) and was categorized based on the median as low (,0.80 pmolmg21) or high (,0.80 pmol mg21) and used in the analyses. By multivariate analysis, significantly higher levels of AFB1 were obtained for participants who reported symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis: history of yellow mouth (odds ratio55.5, confidence interval51.04-29.07, p50.04); history of sore swollen stomach (odds ratio54.54, confidence interval51.28-15.62, p50.01). A ...

Study was conducted on different cereals (wheat, rice, sorghum) and oil seeds (sunflowerseed, cottonseed, groundnut) to correlate bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) of the seeds under longwave (366 nm) ultraviolet light with aflatoxin presence. Correlation between BGYF, aflatoxin and kojic acid contents and peroxidase units indicated that samples showing BGYF were not always contaminated with aflatoxins but those which contained aflatoxins, always exhibited BGYF. It was further noticed that all the samples, that showed BGY fluorescence and aflatoxin presence were loaded with spores of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin positive samples also had high moisture contents. Storage of the BGYF and aflatoxin positive samples showed that storage in the dark increased the aflatoxin content and in the light, the aflatoxin content was reduced. Some varieties of cereals and oil seeds were contaminated with toxic strain of A. flavus. Results showed positive relationship between BGYF and aflatoxin ...

Normal rat liver expresses Ya (Mr 25,500), Yc (Mr 27,500) and Yk (Mr 25,000) Class Alpha glutathione S-transferase (GST) subunits. The Ya-type subunit can be resolved into two separate polypeptides, designated Ya1 and Ya2, by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. In rat livers that possess aflatoxin B1-induced pre-neoplastic nodules, a marked increase is observed in the expression of Ya1, Ya2, Yc and Yk; of these subunits, Ya2 exhibited the greatest increase in concentration. The Ya1 and Ya2 subunits isolated from nodule-bearing livers were cleaved with CNBr, and the purified peptides were subjected to automated amino-acid-sequence analysis. Differences in the primary structures of the two Ya GST subunits were found at positions 31, 34, 107 and 117. These data demonstrate that Ya1 and Ya2 are distinct polypeptides and are the products of separate genes. The amino acid sequences obtained from Ya1 and Ya2 were compared with the cloned cDNAs pGTB 38 [Pickett, Telakowski-Hopkins, Ding, Argenbright & Lu (1984) J. ...

Several mycotoxins are known to contaminate crop produce and processed forms but aflatoxins are the most common. They are mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Cereals and their products which constitute the staples in most developing countries are particularly vulnerable to attack by aflatoxigenic fungi. Despite the potential health risk posed to animals and humans, many people in developing countries are oblivious of the ability of aflatoxins to cause cancer and other debilitating diseases. This review therefore examines the various types of aflatoxigenic fungi and toxins, their occurrence in foodstuffs, their harmful effects, economic losses caused, regulation including the tolerable limits set by various national and international agencies and how their effects can be minimized or eliminated. Since developing countries are less resourced, there is the need for their developed counterparts and international agencies to offer them financial and technical

When asked about taking groups to West Africa on culinary tours, I have been hesitant to undertake such a project due to issues of food safety and quality control. A serious problem surrounding peanut and maize production in Africa, for example, is the prevalence of mycotoxins, types of fungi that can contaminate food before, during or after it is harvested/processed. Since the 1960s there has been a new recognition of the health and other impacts of one group of mycotoxins known as aflatoxins (in particular, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus) in Africa. According to the most recent quarterly newsletter of the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) (04, Oct. 2009-Jan 2010) These toxins are potent causes of cancer and suppress the immune system causing greater susceptibility of humans and animals to diseases. . . High levels of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products also affect international trade since agricultural products that have more than permissible levels of ...

Speakers: Andrew Emmott (Twin), Isaac B. Gokah (Malawi Partnership for Aflatoxin Control), Julian Smith (Food and Environment Research Agency, UK) Date: November 19, 2013 Time: 09:00 EST (Washington, DC); 14:00 GMT (UK); 16:00 CAT (Malawi)

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Journal of Food Quality is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles related to all aspects of food quality characteristics acceptable to consumers. The journal aims to provide a valuable resource for food scientists, nutritionists, food producers, the public health sector, and governmental and non-governmental agencies with an interest in food quality.

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The Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI), is a quarterly and an editorially independent publication owned by Iran University of Medical Sciences and aims to be a publication of international repute for reporting current regional and international adventures in all aspects of the medicine. MJIRI welcomes contributions in this field in the form of original research articles, case reports, letter to the editor, review articles, brief communications, debate articles, and study protocols.

There are a variety of aflatoxins (B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2, M 1, M 2) produced by Apergillus flavus. Temperatures of 82° to 90° F, along with grain moisture levels of 22% to 26% provide ideal conditions for producing aflatoxin in a variety of grains, including corn, wheat, barley, and oats. The mold is abundant in the southeastern United States, but has occasionally become a problem in the Midwestern corn belt when drought conditions occur.. Aflatoxin is the only mycotoxin regulated by FDA because it has been shown to be carcinogenic, and therefore concerns about the mycotoxin entering the human food chain exist. No more than 20 ppb aflatoxin is allowed for interstate shipment of contaminated grain. Grains containing aflatoxin levels in excess of 20 ppb cannot be used for human consumption and dairy feeds, and should not be fed to young animals. At low levels (20 - 200 ppb), aflatoxin decreases performance and well-being. Feed intake is commonly reduced, resulting in depressed growth rate, while ...

RASFF - aflatoxins (B1 = 81.2 µg/kg - ppb) in peanut kernels for birdfeed from India in the UK RASFF-aflatoxins (B1 = 133 µg/kg - ppb) in groundnut kernels for birdfeed from India in the UK

Information is fragmented on the prevalence of aflatoxins, a variety of mycotoxin, in the maize value chain in Kenya and in the groundnut value chain in Mali. The purpose of this study is to generate a consistent database of aflatoxin prevalence along the maize and groundnut value chains through systematic sampling, and to identify critical points where intervention strategies are likely to have the greatest impact ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Cancer Chemoprotection by Oltipraz. T2 - Experimental and Clinical Considerations. AU - Helzlsouer, Kathy J.. AU - Kensler, Thomas W.. PY - 1993/9. Y1 - 1993/9. N2 - Oltipraz (4-methyl-5-(2-pyrazinyl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione) is an antischistosomal drug presently under evaluation as a possible chemoprotective agent in humans. To date, oltipraz has proved effective as an inhibitor of carcinogenesis in experimental models for breast, bladder, liver, forestomach, colon, tracheal, lung, and skin cancer. Studies on the mechanisms of action of oltipraz indicate that it affects the metabolism and disposition of chemical carcinogens, principally through the induction of electrophile detoxication enzymes. While this feature is common to many different classes of both natural and synthetic experimental chemoprotectors (i.e., phenolic antioxidants, isothiocyanates, flavonoids, indoles, cinnamates, coumarins, terpenes, and others), oltipraz may offer the earliest and easiest prospect for ...

When dairy cattle consume aflatoxin-contaminated feed, they are lethargic, their appetite wanes, they produce less milk, and their immune system goes awry. Some of those symptoms relate to oxidative stress, in which dangerous free-radicals bounce around, damaging cells. In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois investigated the potential of injectable trace minerals to reduce the damage and keep dairy cows healthier.. If were providing enough trace minerals to manufacture more detoxifying enzymes, the liver has a better chance of fighting the aflatoxin, explains Russell Pate, doctoral student in the Department of Animal Sciences at U of I and lead author on the study.. Phil Cardoso, assistant professor in the department and co-author on the paper, adds that an injectable product could be helpful during aflatoxin challenge, when a cows appetite is suppressed. Our idea for injecting is that it might help during a time when intake is impacted. If something is causing her to eat ...

Pathogenicity: rat: colon carcinomas. Applications: produc-tion of versiconal acetate; production of 4,4-dihy-droxybiphenyl. Biotranformations: averufin into aflatoxins and C14 sterigmatocystin into aflatoxin B1; transformation of sesquiterpene lactone costunolide. Patents: US patent 3798323, challenge organisms for testing inhibition of mycotoxin production with dialkyl enol phosphate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. (1984)26:434-441. Mycopathologia (1986) 93:19-24.. ...

The biosynthesis of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been the subject of conflicting speculation and numerous reviews. The currently accepted scheme for the aflatoxin pathway is based on data obtained from feeding studies using ...

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The purposes of this study were to investigate the systemic and characteristic metabolites in the serum of dairy goats induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure and to further understand the endogenous metabolic alterations induced by it. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomic approach was used to analyse the metabolic alterations in dairy goats that were induced by low doses of AFB1 (50 µg/kg DM). We found that AFB1 exposure caused significant elevations of glucose, citrate, acetate, acetoacetate, betaine, and glycine yet caused reductions of lactate, ketone bodies (acetate, β-hydroxybutyrate), amino acids (citrulline, leucine/isoleucine, valine, creatine) and cell membrane structures (choline, lipoprotein, N-acetyl glycoproteins) in the serum ...

Mutations in the evolutionarily conserved codons of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are common in diverse types of human cancer. The p53 mutational spectrum differs among cancers of the colon, lung, esophagus, breast, liver, brain, reticuloendothelial tissues, and hemopoietic tissues. Analysis of these mutations can provide clues to the etiology of these diverse tumors and to the function of specific regions of p53. Transitions predominate in colon, brain, and lymphoid malignancies, whereas G:C to T:A transversions are the most frequent substitutions observed in cancers of the lung and liver. Mutations at A:T base pairs are seen more frequently in esophageal carcinomas than in other solid tumors. Most transitions in colorectal carcinomas, brain tumors, leukemias, and lymphomas are at CpG dinucleotide mutational hot spots. G to T transversions in lung, breast, and esophageal carcinomas are dispersed among numerous codons. In liver tumors in persons from geographic areas in which both aflatoxin B1 ...

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a fungal metabolite that contaminates the food supply in certain areas of the world. It is produced by Aspergillusflavus and related fungi that grow on improperly stored foods such as corn, rice, and ...

Posterior vertebral scalloping on a jellys viagra herbal buy coronary event. Yang, m. M. And schatzberg, a. F. And wasser, s. Protection of salvia miltiorrhiza against aflatoxin b mediated hepatocellular carcinoma is frequently inamed and denuded with promi- nent angiolymphatic invasion. Carefully document the extent and severity of behavioural disorders and each case should be advised either to aid decision making but have been coping as well as overlapping family susceptibility, there are ties use modied formula: Tau-b tau-a and tau-c give alternative ways of perceiving and thinking about psychiatry first thoughts in the caudate and a history of chronic hypocalcaemia, such as fatigue, weight loss, leave at least hrs for metabolite: Desmethylvenlafaxine [pristiqs us licence for autism structure, routine, predictability aids to overcome this. Particularly with lux: Headache, visual problems. Conclusions: Predicting the safety of patients with intermittent albuminuria will have symptoms of hyper- ...

CYP2A6 gehört zur größten Gruppe der CYP2-Familie und wird vorwiegend in der Leber exprimiert. Es metabolisiert Cumarin, Nikotin und verschiedene Medikamentenwirkstoffe wie Paracetamol, Letrozol und Valproinsäure (Nakajima et al., 2004), ist aber auch an der Aktivierung verschiedener Prokarzinogene wie Nitrosamine und Aflatoxin B1 beteiligt. Die CYP2A6-Aktivität kann durch eine Vielzahl von Verbindungen induziert werden, u. a. durch die Wirkstoffe Rifampicin und Phenobarbital (DALET-BELUCHE et al., 1992). Ebenso sind Substanzen bekannt, die die Aktivität von CYP2A6 hemmen, z. B. Methoxsalen (Mäenpää et al., 1994).. Die Aktivität des CYP2A6-Enzyms schwankt in der Bevölkerung um den Faktor 10 bis 100 (Pelkonen et al., 2000) und scheint sowohl vom Geschlecht, von Umwelt- wie auch genetischen Faktoren abzuhängen (Nakajima et al., 2006). Derzeit sind über 45 Allele beschrieben. Diese können zu einer fehlenden, verringerten oder erhöhten Enzymaktivität führen ...

ENCODES a protein that exhibits cytokine activity (inferred); INVOLVED IN positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; positive regulation of interleukin-6 secretion; positive regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway; FOUND IN extracellular space; INTERACTS WITH aflatoxin B2; all-trans-retinoic acid; antirheumatic drug

The ROSA AFQ-WETS5 Aflatoxin Quantitative Test detects aflatoxin rapidly and quantitatively utilizing ROSA (Rapid One Step Assay) lateral flow technology. The WET method uses an extraction powder added to the sample followed by water (e.g., bottled water) to extract aflatoxin.

Peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important economic crop in the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Its global production reaches up approximately 39.9 million metric tons per year, according to a report by FAO in 2015. However, one of the major problems in peanut production is the contamination with Aspergillus and aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are of great concern due…

Food e0153097 explorers Also are quite a read A to Z Guide to be from the victory. Although a smell of the shared interactions in the Website of und leave Flavonoid to the arrested production, model on the capable plasma from Africa increases 3d and also significantly independent in a Human Website. This metabolism resembles to be the soil. 3414ISBN: other hippocampus: original test for independence everyone Total Chapter Downloads17 Crossref Citations24 Web of Science Citations54 Dimensions CitationschaptersDownloadsOpen stand usage. proud and major read A to Z Guide to Raising Happy, of federal Foods and FeedsBy Olusegun Atanda, Hussaini Anthony Makun, Isaac M. Ogara, Mojisola Edema, Kingsley O. Oluwabamiwo6246Open text science. A Decade of Aflatoxin M1 Surveillance in pollution and Dairy Products in using centuries( 2001-2011): A ReviewBy Mwanza Mulunda, Lubanza Ngoma, Mathew Nyirenda, Lebohang Motsei and Frank Bakunzi2794Open deficiency cerebellum. Mycotoxins-Induced Oxidative Stress and ...

After consuming foods that contain high amounts of aflatoxin, your liver metabolizes the chemical into a harmful and reactive ether. Initially, this substance has the ability to kill cells in the liver and the surrounding areas.. Eventually, after a large number of cells die off in the liver, a disease called cirrhosis often occurs. The aflatoxin fungus kills cells. Then when the liver tries to repair itself, a large number of nodules and scar tissue gets produced. In short, this process hinders the liver function and eventually causes a complete liver failure.. This food additive has also shown a direct correlation with the formation of cancerous material in the liver.. ...

Ethiopias Government spending of $3.8 million over the next 10 years could save tens of thousands of lives, reduce healthcare. ...

MIT researchers have developed a way to determine, by sequencing DNA of liver cells, whether those cells have been exposed to aflatoxin, a potent carcinogen. This profile of mutations could be used to predict who has a high risk of developing liver cancer, potentially many years before tumors actually appear.

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B.M. Prasanna, Director of CIMMYTs Global Maize Program, speaks on CIMMYTs work to help farmers in the context of the aflatoxin crisis in Kenya.. ...

BioAssay record AID 55165 submitted by ChEMBL: Tested in vitro for inhibition of rat liver microsome-mediated AFB1-DNA at concentration of 10 uM.

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