Hepatic steatosis is often seen in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH-C). It is still unclear whether these patients have an impaired mitochondrial β-oxidation. In this study we assessed mitochondrial β-oxidation in CH-C patients by investigating ketogenesis during fasting. This study consisted of thirty patients with CH-C. Serum levels of insulin and hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein were measured by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. The subjects were then fasted, and venous blood samples were drawn 12 h and 15 h after the start of fasting. The levels of blood ketone bodies were measured by an enzymatic cycling method. The rate of change in total ketone body concentration was compared with that in eight healthy volunteers. The rate of change in total ketone body concentration between 12 h and 15 h after the start of fasting was significantly lower in CH-C patients than in healthy volunteers (129.9% (8.5-577.3%) vs. 321.6% (139.6-405.4%); P |0.01). The rate of change in total ketone body

Activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA. May be involved in utilizing ketone body for the fatty acid-synthesis during adipose tissue development (By similarity).

Activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA. May be involved in utilizing ketone body for the fatty acid-synthesis during adipose tissue development (By similarity).

Zakaria, Elmi Shahizam (2010) Preparation of ketones and their derivatives via acetoacetic ester synthesis. Masters thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Science. Full text not available from this repository. ...

Absorption Oral absorption The substance is assumed to be hydrolytically unstable and will therefore be subject to rapid hydrolysis in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Systemic exposure to the intact substance is therefore unlikely; however systemic exposure to the hydrolysis products may occur. Based on the structure of the molecule, the hydrolysis products are predicted to be acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, 1,3-propanediol and hydrated titanium oxides. Titanium oxides are of very low water solubility and are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (1). The other hydrolysis products (acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, 1,3-propanediol) are low molecular weight and water-soluble, and are therefore likely to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to a significant extent. The OECD 422 screening study reports some findings (reduced weight gain, decreased serum T4 concentration) at the highest dose level of 750 mg/kg bw/d that are consistent with systemic exposure (and therefore ...

Water soluble or water-dispersible cellulose acetoacetate esters are prepared by contacting a cellulose material with diketene, an alkyl acetoacetate, 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one or a mixture thereof and a carboxylic anhydride in a solvent system comprising lithium chloride plus a carboxamide. Compositions containing the cellulose acetoacetate esters are useful for coatings applications.

Ketone Test Strips are an easy and convenient way to test urine and quickly identify the presence and concentration of acetoacetic acid. KETONE TEST STRIPS can be used by both low-carb and ketogenic dieters to determine if the body is engaged in nutritional ketosis.KETONE TEST STRIPS are suitable for low-carb or ketogenic dieters. For in-vitro diagnostic use only. 100 TEST STRIPS- For in vitro use only- 15-second test time- Acetoacetic Acid- Reagent Strips- For urinalysis

BHYD : Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is 1 of 3 sources of ketone bodies. Its relative proportion in the blood (78%) is greater than the other 2 ketone bodies, acetoacetate (20%) and acetone (2%). During carbohydrate deprivation (starvation, digestive disturbances, frequent vomiting), decreased carbohydrate utilization (diabetes mellitus), glycogen storage diseases, and alkalosis, acetoacetate production increases. The increase may exceed the metabolic capacity of the peripheral tissues. As acetoacetate accumulates in the blood, a small amount is converted to acetone by spontaneous decarboxylation. The remaining and greater portion of acetoacetate is converted to BHB.

The market for methyl acetoacetate was mainly driven by end-user industries such as pharmaceutical, agrochemicals and solvents among others.Methyl acetoacetate is used as a starting material in the production of cyclic compounds such as coumarine and pyrazole.This research report analyzes this market on the basis of its market segments, major geographies, and current market trends.

Name: Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate CA Name: Butanoic acid,3-oxo-,ethyl ester Molecular Structure: Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate,Butanoic acid,3-oxo-,ethyl ester,CAS 141-97-9,130.14,C6H10O3 Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate,Butanoic acid,3-oxo-,ethyl ester,CAS 141-97-9,130.14,C6H10O3 Molecular Formula:C6H10O3 Molecular Weight: 130.14 CAS Registry Number: 141-97-9

As I stated in my last discussion of ketosis, I think it is telling, and downright intuitive, that if ketosis were some preferred or desired metabolic state, our bodies would not come out of that state so easily. Folks limiting protein intake to force ketosis after their bodies adapt to biologically zero carb diets are forcing their bodies into a state theyd rather not be in. While non-diabetic ketone levels are not toxic (long term effects are unknown, but lets limit it to acute toxicity) in disease where dose makes the poison, they most certainly are. Then lets look at the notion of dietary ketones. We really dont have such a thing, though the LD50 for acetone does appear to be a bit higher than one might expect. Still I wouldnt suggest anyone run out to their local home improvement or beauty supply store to buy the pure stuff and swig it with dinner. I couldnt find anything for beta hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetic acid but thats irrelevant anyway as I know no dietary source of either. ...

As I stated in my last discussion of ketosis, I think it is telling, and downright intuitive, that if ketosis were some preferred or desired metabolic state, our bodies would not come out of that state so easily. Folks limiting protein intake to force ketosis after their bodies adapt to biologically zero carb diets are forcing their bodies into a state theyd rather not be in. While non-diabetic ketone levels are not toxic (long term effects are unknown, but lets limit it to acute toxicity) in disease where dose makes the poison, they most certainly are. Then lets look at the notion of dietary ketones. We really dont have such a thing, though the LD50 for acetone does appear to be a bit higher than one might expect. Still I wouldnt suggest anyone run out to their local home improvement or beauty supply store to buy the pure stuff and swig it with dinner. I couldnt find anything for beta hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetic acid but thats irrelevant anyway as I know no dietary source of either. ...

United States Patent 3,212,855 DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE Ray Mast, John Rebar, Jr., and Joseph Fraser, Elkhart, Ind., assignors to Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, Ind., a corporation of Indiana N0 Drawing. Filed Aug. 6, 1962, Ser. No. 214,867 7 Claims. (Cl. 23253) This invention relates to an improved diagnostic composition and to a method for its preparation. In particular, this invention is concerned with a diagnostic test useful in qualitative detection and quantitative determination of ketone bodies in body fluids, especially acetoacetic acid (beta-ketobutyric acid) in urine. More particularly, this invention is concerned with a diagnostic test reagent composition which is incorporated upon a bibulous carrier. The fats utilized by the body normally undergo complete oxidation with formation of carbon dioxide and water. Since the fatty acid molecules have long chains of carbon atoms, it is theorized that a large number of intermediate products are formed during the oxidation and under normal ...

There is evidence suggesting that blood β-hydroxybutyrate testing is more effective than urine acetoacetate testing in reducing emergency department assessment, hospitalization and time to recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis, as well as potentially lowering healthcare expenditure. Further research i …

Resistance to cytotoxicity Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and NK cells use up their targets before agreeable the receptor Fas (CD95) with the ligand FasL and next to the remission of lymphotoxin.The plausibility that these molecules may con- tribute to aberrant neuronal excitability underlying capture recurrence is a creative concept supported by .. RU RU (Until October 1996 this was a valid ACETOACETIC ACID ESTERS descriptor.) acids (inorganic) RU RU RU ACETOLYSIS ACID ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS acids (organic) RU RU ACETONE RU RU aco (anneau de collisions dorsay) ETDE: 2005-01-28 ACETONITRILE acid halides (Prior to January 2005 ACO was a valid 1981-07-06 2000-04-12 .. SF Flotation Cell; FL Spiral Classifier .Function of ball mill in the latex compounding - SlideShare .Related News jual planetary ball mill minig equipment ball mill maintanance ball mill pdf high chromium cast grinding ball coal pulverizer ball mill design and construction of ball mill Stone Dimension Conical ball mill typical flow sheet ...

See also Malonic ester synthesis.. Title: The Elements of Organic Chemistry; Subtitle: A Compendium of Terminology, Definitions, and Concepts for the Beginner.. Available at Amazon or the publishers website: http://linusbooks.com/?wpsc-product=the-elements-of-organic-chemistry. The book contains everything on OChemPal except some recent additions, a few biochemical terms, and the Mastery Check feature. So, if you prefer reading a book to reading a screen, the book is for you.. ...

Ketone bodies are three water-soluble compounds (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and the spontaneous breakdown product of acetoacetate, acetone) that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney. They are used as a source of energy in the heart and brain. In the brain, they are a vital source of energy during fasting. Source: Wikipedia ...

This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of a macrocyclic ligand (L) and its new-fangled complex compounds of the general formula [M-L Cl|sub|2|/sub|] for M= Ru(III), and [M-L] for Pt(II) and Pd(II) where L is a macrocyclic ligand resulted from the condensation reaction of ethylene diamine and ethyl acetoacetate. The ligand and its coordination compounds are formulated according to the chemical analysis, electronic, infrared, |sup|1|/sup|HNMR and mass spectra, as well as magnetic susceptibility values.

Silica-ZnCl2 continues to be found to become a competent and eco-friendly catalyst for the formation of substituted 4-methylcoumarins from ethyl acetoacetate and substituted phenols under Rabbit Polyclonal to TNAP2. nice conditions within an essential oil bath in 80°C. of many chemical substance libraries. A lot of solid-supported reagents like SiO2-SO3H [2] PPA-SiO2 [3] and HClO4-SiO2 Read More. ...

Here you can find all of the regulations and regulatory lists in which this substance appears, according to the data available to ECHA. This substance has been found in the following regulatory activities (directly, or inheriting the regulatory context of a parent substance):. ...

MetabolismBiosynthesis of cofactors, prosthetic groups, and carriersPantothenate and coenzyme A3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase (TIGR00222; EC 2.1.2.11; HMM-score: 297.7) ...

During starvation for 72 h, tumour-bearing rats showed accelerated ketonaemia and marked ketonuria. Total blood [ketone bodies] were 8.53 mM and 3.34 mM in tumour-bearing and control (non-tumour-bearing) rats respectively (P less than 0.001). The [3-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio was 1.3 in the tumour-bearing rats, compared with 3.2 in the controls at 72 h (P less than 0.001). Blood [glucose] and hepatic [glycogen] were lower at the start of starvation in tumour-bearing rats, whereas plasma [non-esterified fatty acids] were not increased above those in the control rats during starvation. After functional hepatectomy, blood [acetoacetate], but not [3-hydroxybutyrate], decreased rapidly in tumour-bearing rats, whereas both ketone bodies decreased, and at a slower rate, in the control rats. Blood [glucose] decreased more rapidly in the hepatectomized control rats. Hepatocytes prepared from 72 h-starved tumour-bearing and control rats showed similar rates of ketogenesis from palmitate, and ...

NAD is used in the conversion of βHB to acetoacetate (AcAc + NADH ⇌ βHB + NAD). Due to the depletion of NAD, βHB is the predominant ketone product formed. Normally, the ratio of acetoacetate to βHB is 1:1; however, in alcoholic ketoacidosis, the ratio can be 1:7 or higher.5 Once the NADH:NAD returns to normal, lactate levels decrease and acetoacetate increases.1 The ratio of βHB to acetoacetate is also much higher in alcoholic ketoacidosis than in diabetic ketoacidosis.1 The high NADH:NAD ratio also results in increased lactate production, so lactate levels are higher than normal in alcoholic ketoacidosis but not as high as in shock or sepsis. Acetoacetate is metabolized to acetone so that acetone and its metabolites are elevated and may cause an osmolal gap. ...

Feodor Lynen (1911-1979) was awarded half the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.While studying the intermediary metabolism in cells -- in which energy is extracted from cellular nutrients and used to build cellular components -- and the mechanisms of metabolic regulation, he found that acetylation of coenzyme A is the first step in a chain of reactions leading to the formation of cholesterol and fatty acids. Lynen also studied the Pasteur effect (the inhibiting effect of oxygen on yeast fermentation); acetic acid degradation in yeast; the chemical structure of acetic acid in activated isoprene, activated carboxylic acid, and cytohaemin; the degradation of fatty acids and formation of acetoacetic acid; the degradation of tartaric acid; and the biosynthesis of cysteine, terpenes, rubber, and fatty acids ...

Ketogenesis, the production of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate from oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, occurs only in the liver. When glucose production is insufficient, the body shifts to a lipid-based economy. However, the brain cannot oxidize fatty acids for energy, so the production of ketones is protective (1, 2). It is quite remarkable how many distinguished scientists began to study ketogenesis decades ago, among them the Nobel laureates Professors H.A. Krebs and Feodor Lynen. Early on, a widespread belief was that a deficiency of oxaloacetate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle shunted acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation into acetoacetate, as described in an excellent lecture on this history published by Professor Krebs in 1966 (3). Indeed, acetoacetate is the preferred metabolic substrate in mammalian cells, chosen above glucose, fatty acids, and other substrates (1, 2). However, oxidation of acetoacetate requires the enzyme succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-CoA transferase, which is ...

Acetone also arises in small amounts as a biologically inert side product. Ketone body production is regulated primarily by availability of acetyl CoA. If mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue is high, hepatic beta-oxidation will occur at a high rate, and so will synthesis of ketone bodies from the resulting acetyl CoA. The rate of ketone body production increases in starvation. ...

This invention is to a fuel oil composition containing polyolefinic succinimide polyamine alkyl acetoacetate adducts of the general following: ##STR1## wherein the variables are defined herein. The adduct additives are especially useful in concentrates and fuel oil compositions as dispersants. The formulations have excellent cold flow properties compared to similar formulations not containing the inventive adduct.

The test strip contains a reagent with an enzyme that measures the level of D-3-hydroxybutyrate in whole blood. This method is based upon the oxidation of D-3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate by the enzyme D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The reaction generates hydrogen ions which are converted to an electrical current and measured by the meter.. ...

Finden Sie alle Bücher von Acree, Solomon Farley - On Sodium Phenyl and the Action of Sodium on Ketones (1903). Bei der Büchersuchmaschine eurobuch.com können Sie antiquarische und Neubücher VERGLEICHEN UND SOFORT zum Bestpreis bestellen. 9781169464971

The quantitative significance of the conversion in vivo of L-[U-14C]leucine to ketone bodies was determined in rats starved for 3 or 48 h. In animals starved for 3 h, 4.4% of ketone-body carbon is derived from the metabolism of leucine, and in rats starved for 48 h the corresponding value is 2.3%. This conversion occurs rapidly, and the specific radioactivity of ketone bodies in blood is maximal at 2 min after the intravenous injection of labelled leucine for both periods of starvation. The flux of leucine in the blood is 1.01 and 1.04 mumol/min per 100 g body wt. respectively for animals starved for 3 and 48 h. The specific radioactivity of blood ketone bodies was compared at 2 min after the injection of labelled leucine, lysine and phenylalanine. The specific radioactivity was 4-5 fold higher with leucine than with lysine or phenylalanine. ...

MolCore offers CAS No.2266-48-0, Ethyl 2,2-difluoro-3-oxobutanoate for your research needs.Find product specific information including MFCD00190633,2266-48-0 MSDS,Price,Custom Synthesis.

Ketone bodies are any of three compounds produced when the liver metabolizes fatty acids. In healthy people, ketone bodies work...

Testing for Ketones. There are 3 types of ketone bodies. Acetone, Acetoacetate and Beta-Hydroxybutryate (BHB, though technically not really a ketone body)

In this article you will be learn about What Are Ketones, How does it works, Benefits, Side effects. Here you will also learn about Levels of Ketone Bodies.

What is the Rotheras test for ketone bodies in urine used for? What does it mean if theres a presence of ketones, protein, albumin or bilirubin in urine?

BDH2 antibody [2G1] (3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2) for FACS, ICC/IF, IHC-P, WB. Anti-BDH2 mAb (GTX84831) is tested in Human samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.

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Ketones are produced when the body burns fat for fuel. Normally these ketones will be completely broken down (metabolised) so that there are very few ketones in the urine. If for any reason the body cannot get enough glucose for energy it will switch to using body fats, causing an increase in ketones in the body. This

Ho, M.C., Menetret, J.F., Tsuruta, H. and Allen, K.N. (2009). „The origin of the electrostatic perturbation in acetoacetate decarboxylase. Nature. 459: 393-397. PMID 19458715 ...

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Looking for online definition of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase in the Medical Dictionary? acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase explanation free. What is acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase? Meaning of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase medical term. What does acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase mean?

Ketone bodies Ketone bodies are three water-soluble molecules (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product, acetone) that are produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake (fasting), carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism or in untreated (or inadequately treated) type 1 diabetes mellitus. These ketone bodies are readily picked up by the extra-hepatic tissues, and converted into acetyl-CoA which then enters the citric acid cycle and is oxidized in the mitochondria for energy. In the brain, ketone bodies are also used to make acetyl-CoA into long-chain fatty acids. Ketone bodies are produced by the liver under the circumstances listed above (i.e. fasting, starving, low carbohydrate diets, prolonged exercise and untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus) as a result of intense gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (not including fatty acids). They are therefore ...

Glucose oxidase catalyzes the formation of gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide from the oxidation of glucose. Peroxidase catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with a potassium iodide chromogen to oxidize the chromogen to colors ranging from green to brown. Bilirubin couples with diazotized dichloroaniline in a strongly acid medium. Colors range through various shades of tan. Acetoacetic acid reacts with nitroprusside. Colors range from buff-pink, for a negative reading, to maroon for a positive reading. pKa changes occur for certain pretreated polyelectrolytes in relation to ionic concentration. In the presence of an indicator, colors range from deep blue-green in urine of low ionic concentration through green and yellow-green in urines of increasing ionic concentration. Hemoglobin catalyzes the reaction of diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide and 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine. Colors range from orange through green; very high levels of blood may cause the color development to continue to ...

AS09 562, 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase antibody, (EC=1.1.1.30), 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase antibody, (EC=1.1.1.30)NAD+-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate oxidoreductase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate d

An efficient one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones via a three-component Biginelli condensation of aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and urea or thiourea in the presence of a catalytic amount of ascorbic acid (5 mol %) is described. The reaction proceeded efficiently under solvent-free conditions at 80 °C to afford the desired products in moderate to good yields.

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Blood ketone meter and blood ketone meter test strips. Choose from blood ketone meter or combined blood glucose and ketone meter. Fast delivery from UK stock

00:25 A ketone body is fat repackaged by your liver for energy. The two main metabolites created are beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate. When you are eating low carb, insulin levels are low. Your brain and muscle need fuel. When there is no sugar, messages are sent to the liver to make ketone metabolites.. 01:47 When you are exercising or fasting, your adipose tissue releases triglycerides and free fatty acids to be repackaged as ketones. Muscle tissue likes to use acetoacetate. BHB fuels muscle contraction. Your brain requires BHB when blood sugar is low.. 02:30 BHB has secondary signaling properties. BHB downregulates the NLRP3 inflammasone network, which turns on a number of pro-inflammatory pathways. BHB upregulates Nrf2 (nuclear regulator factor 2), a huge anti-inflammatory phase 2 detox and anti-oxidant signaling hub. Nrf2 turns down NFkB. Glucose does not have secondary beneficial properties.. 04:25 Ketones affect histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs). Our DNA is sensitive and ...

Elevated level of cellular lipid peroxidation can increase the incidence of vascular disease. The mechanism by which ketosis causes accelerated cellular damage and vascular disease in diabetes is not known. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that elevated levels of ketone bodies increa …

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This ketone ester is a synthetic prodrug which, after ingestion, your body naturally breaks down into the ketone bodies beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc).

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate reagent is used to detect ketones to identify patients suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis, amongst many other clinical applications.

The brain usually depends almost exclusively on glucose for its energy requirements. During hypoglycemia associated with prolonged fasting or strenuous exercise, circulating ketone-body and lactate levels increase severalfold; in both situations, certain signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia are diminished. Therefore, to test the hypothesis that hyperketonemia or hyperlacticacidemia of the magnitude seen during certain clinical situations can substitute for glucose as an energy source for the brain and alter physiological responses to hypoglycemia, we assessed autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms, counterregulatory hormone responses, and cognitive function during standardized insulin-induced hypoglycemia in normal volunteers with and without infusion of (β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) or lactate designed to reproduce circulating levels of these substrates seen during prolonged fasting and strenuous exercise. Compared with paired control experiments, infusion of BOHB and lactate increased the glycemic ...

Ketones, B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetoacetate (ACA), and acetone, are molecules made in the liver from the breakdown of fats. This...

Exogenous ketones: what are they? Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body produced in the liver naturally under conditions when glucose isn

The invention comprises a catalyst compound of formula Zr(L)(A.sup.1)(A.sup.2)(A.sup.3) where L represents a ketoamide ligand, A.sup.1, A.sup.2 & A.sup.3 may be the same or different and each represent a ligand derived from a compound selected from the group consisting of:--an alcohol, a polyol, an alkyl acetoacetate, a diketone, a ketoamide, a ...

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InChI=1S/C25H40N7O18P3S/c1-13(33)8-16(35)54-7-6-27-15(34)4-5-28-23(38)20(37)25(2,3)10-47-53(44,45)50-52(42,43)46-9-14-19(49-51(39,40)41)18(36)24(48-14)32-12-31-17-21(26)29-11-30-22(17)32/h11-12,14,18-20,24,36-37H,4-10H2,1-3H3,(H,27,34)(H,28,38)(H,42,43)(H,44,45)(H2,26,29,30)(H2,39,40,41)/t14-,18-,19-,20?,24-/m1/ ...

This blood test is used to evaluate your bodys production of insulin. Its used to help diagnose blood sugar disorders such as diabetes.

This blood test is used to evaluate your bodys production of insulin. Its used to help diagnose blood sugar disorders such as diabetes.

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Today, regular Objective:Health host Elliot Overton shares with you a protocol against possible vaccination side-effects based on his deep research into the mechanisms behind the shot and what its doing in our bodies on a micro-biological level. Because the vaccines are so new, this is all theoretical, but it may represent our best defense against side-effects in a situation where the shot cannot be avoided ...

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