VIANA, Ana Maria and MANTELL, Sinclair Hugh. Comparative uptake and metabolism of 2-[14C]-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in callus cultures of monocot (Dioscorea spp.) and dicot (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. Rev. bras. Bot. [online]. 1998, vol.21, n.1, pp.89-99. ISSN 0100-8404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84041998000100009.. (Comparative uptake and metabolism of 2-[14C]-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in callus cultures of monocot (Dioscorea spp.) and dicot (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants). The uptake and metabolism of 2-[14C]-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were investigated in leaf calluses of Nicotiana tabacum, tuber calluses of Dioscorea opposita and calluses derived from zygotic embryos, leaves and petioles of Dioscorea composita. Striking similarities were evident in the patterns of 2,4-D metabolites and their chemical characteristics in the three callus types of D. composita compared, but significant differences were detected among the patterns of rnetabolites in the three ...

Vietnam and Agent Orange Facts. Demand for military Agent Orange resulted in higher levels of dioxin contamination than in the 2,4,5-T produced for civilian applications in the U.S. As noted in the above chart.. The U.S. Air Force military operation Ranch Hand began spraying Agent Orange on areas of South Vietnam in August 1965 (though it was used prior to this date).. The US Air Force Herb Tapes accounted for just over 8 million gallons of the herbicides used in South Vietnam.. 18 million gallons of Agent Orange were reported to have been used in South Vietnam.. Agent Orange caused Vietnamese farmers to lose about 70% of their crops. (One of the goals for using herbicides was to deprive the enemy of food).. 6,250+ square miles of South Vietnam can not be farmed because of defoliation. This is still true more than 30 years later.. A C-123 (Provider) could dump 11,000 lbs. of Agent Orange over 300 acres in four minutes.. Brief History of Agent Orange. In the early years of WWII, a grant was ...

2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (2-MPA), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) were imprinted to investigate the cross-selectivities of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The result indicates that 2-MPA, which is similar in shape, size and functionality with phenoxyacetic herbicides, are suitable to be used as a suitable template to prepare the MIPs for retaining phenoxyacetic herbicides. To study the ion-pair interactions between template molecules and functional monomer 4-vinylpiridine (4-VP), computational molecular modeling was employed. The data indicate that the cross-selectivities of MIPs for phenoxyacetic acid herbicides depend on the binding energies of complexes.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a toxic contaminant frequently formed during the synthesis of the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, was shown to be a potent inducer of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in the chick embryo. As little as 4.66 x 10-12 mole of the contaminant per egg produces a significant increase in the activity of the enzyme. Induction of the enzyme is related to the dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and, in contrast to that produced with other drugs, is prolonged in time, with 70 percent of the maximum induced activity present 5 days after a single dose. This contaminant is implicated as the likely causative agent in an outbreak of porphyria cutanea tarda in workers in a factory where 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid was being synthesized. ...

Siderophore production in response to iron limitation was observed in Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34, and the corresponding siderophore was named alcaligin E. Alcaligin E was characterized as a phenolate-type siderophore containing neither catecholate nor hydroxamate groups, Alcaligin E promoted the growth of siderophore-deficient A. eutrophus mutants under iron-restricted

Looking for online definition of Achromobacter xylosoxidans in the Medical Dictionary? Achromobacter xylosoxidans explanation free. What is Achromobacter xylosoxidans? Meaning of Achromobacter xylosoxidans medical term. What does Achromobacter xylosoxidans mean?

for Prostate Cancer December 7 2011 Vietnam Veterans of America to Hold Agent Orange Town Hall November 5th at Penn State Beaver Campus November 4 2011 Vietnam Veterans of America Joins Over 200 Organizations in Urging Congress to Reject Changes to Medicare Part D Program November 3 2011 Vietnam Veterans of America Board of Directors Approves VetProWeb for VVA s Service Officer Program August 29 2011 Fred Elliott to Serve As National Vice President of Vietnam Veterans of America August 23 2011 Dr Wayne Reynolds to Serve As National Treasurer of Vietnam Veterans of America August 23 2011 John Rowan to Serve Fourth Term As National President of Vietnam Veterans of America August 22 2011 VVA Praises Historic Settlement For Veterans Discharged with PTSD August 3 2011 Philanthropist Kenneth Fisher to Receive Award at the Vietnam Veterans of America 15th National Convention August 10 2011 Union Leader Cecil Roberts to Receive Award at the Vietnam Veterans of America 15th National Convention August 8 ...

Site of action refers to the biochemical site within the plant with which the herbicide directly interacts. Some herbicide site of action interactions are well understood, others are unknown. Many of the well-known sites of action are enzymes or proteins essential to plant growth and development (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Also, some herbicides are believed to act at multiple sites.. Metabolism refers to the biochemical processes within the plant that generally modify herbicides to less toxic compounds. Differential rates of metabolism between crops and weeds is a primary method of crop selectivity to herbicides. One metabolic process may affect several different families of herbicides.. Herbicide families are a convenient way of organizing herbicides that share a common chemical structure and have similar herbicidal activity. Two or more herbicide families may affect the same site of action and therefore express similar herbicidal activity and injury symptoms. A biotype is a group of plants within ...

WSSA scientists say a significant contributing factor in the evolution of herbicide resistance is the repeated use of a single chemical in the absence of other control methods. To stress the vital importance of a more varied, integrated approach, the society adopted a comprehensive, multiyear initiative focused on education. The first training materials were launched in 2011, beginning with a module on herbicide resistance in agronomic crops. The newest additions to WSSA's online training resources address other environments where herbicide resistance management is imperative. Aquatic: WSSA partnered with the Aquatic Plant Management Society (APMS) to develop educational materials on herbicide resistance in lakes, waterways and other aquatic environments. Three online lessons describe aquatic plant control, herbicide selection and effective ways to manage specific scenarios. A free white paper developed by APMS on herbicide resistance stewardship is also available for download. "All of the ...

An efficient in vitro protocol has been established for somatic embryogenesis and plantlet conversion of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Wild-type and mutant adventitious roots derived from the ginseng produced calluses on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.3 mg/L kinetin; 53.3% of the explants formed callus. Embryogenic callus proliferation and somatic embryo induction occurred on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The induced somatic embryos further developed to maturity on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid, and 85% of them germinated. The germinated embryos were developed to shoots and elongated on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid. The shoots developed into plants with well-developed taproots on one-third strength Schenk and Hildebrandt basal medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. When the plants were transferred to soil, about 30% of the regenerated plants ...

Achromobacter xylosoxidans (formerly Alcaligenes xylosoxidans) is a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase and catalase-positive, motile bacterium with peritrichous flagella, from the genus Achromobacter. It is generally found in wet environments. Achromobacter xylosoxidans can cause infections such as bacteremia, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis. In 2013, the complete genome of an A. xylosoxidans strain from a patient with cystic fibrosis was sequenced. A. xylosoxidans is a Gram-negative rod that does not form spores. It is motile, with peritrichous flagella that distinguish it from Pseudomonas species, and is oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and citrate-positive. It is urease and indole-negative. It produces acid oxidatively from xylose, but not from lactose, maltose, mannitol, or sucrose. It grows well on MacConkey agar and other inhibitory growth media such as deoxycholate, Salmonella-Shigella, and nalidixic acid-cetrimide agars. It is usually resistant to a variety of antibiotics ...

Littleseed canaqgrass (Phalaris minor Retz.), a troublesome weed of wheat in India, has evolved multiple herbicide resistance (MHR) across three modes of action: photoynthssis at photosystem II site A, acetyl-coA-carboxylase (ACCase) and ALS inhibition. The MHR (MHR) populations had a low level of sulfosulfuron resistance but high level of resistance to clodinafop and fenoxaprop. Some of the resistant populations have GR50 values for clodinafop 12 times higher than susceptible population. The multiple herbicide resistant populations (resistant to sulfosulfuron, clodinafop, pinoxaden and isoproturon) are susceptible to the triazine (metribuzin and terbutryn) and dinitroaniline (pendimethalin and trifluralin) herbicides. Triazine herbicides have selectivity problem in wheat and due to lack of knowledge and non availability of effective herbicides many farmers are facing severe yield losses due to multiple herbicide resistance ...

Achromobacter species derived from the sputa of CF patients are garnering increasing attention. Indeed, improvements in diagnostic techniques enabling the correct distinction of these species from other CF pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa, and selective antimicrobial pressures may have contributed to their initial recognition (19, 23), although their rates did not appear to be changing over the last decade (7). Our study is the first to report epidemiological and clinical outcome data for CF patients infected with Achromobacter species in a North American cohort.. The cumulative prevalence of Achromobacter isolation of 11% in our center is comparable to those previously reported for small centers, which ranged from 5 to 29% (11, 12), although this spans 3 decades, making the incidence of infection very low. While others have reported that older patients and patients with greater lung disease burden appear to be predisposed to infection with Achromobacter species (11, 18), we did not observe any ...

A Vietnam veteran in Michigan who has trouble walking because of his exposure to Agent Orange broke down in tears Friday when he was presented with an all-terrain wheelchair that will allow him to hunt and fish, two of his favorite hobbies. ...

Until recently, 261 biotypes belonging to 157 species (95 dicots and 62 monocots) and showing resistance to various herbicides are known. Herbicide resistance is known in all areas where herbicides are used intensively. Resistance of weeds to herbicides have been identified in 21 European countries. In Lithuania, herbicide resistance has not been proved in weeds. In agriculture practice, the most efficient to herbicide methods limiting herbicide resistant weed occurrence are rational agrotechnique, crop and herbicide rotation and application of herbicide mixtures. In 2002-04, studies on annual weed sensitivity and tolerance to phenoxy-carboxylic acid, phenyl-carbamates, benzofuranes and triazinones compounds were performed. Phenmedipham, desmedipham, ethofumesate was more effective for controlling Chenopodium album, Lamium purpureum, Polygonum aviculare and Tripleurospermum perforatum [Matricaria perforata] by applying in mixture with metamitron than by applying in mixture with chloridazon and ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Efficient anchoring of silver nanoparticles on n-doped carbon nanotubes. AU - Zamudio, Adalberto. AU - Elías, Ana L.. AU - Rodríguez-Manzo, Julio A.. AU - López-Urías, Florentino. AU - Rodríguez-Gattorno, Geonel. AU - Lupo, Fabio. AU - Rühle, Manfred. AU - Smith, David. AU - Terrones, Humberto. AU - Díaz, David. AU - Terrones, Mauricio. PY - 2006/3/1. Y1 - 2006/3/1. N2 - A single-step method to efficiently attach silver nanoparticles onto the surface of N-doped carbon nanotubes is discussed. N-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes were obtained by aerosol thermolysis of solutions of ferrocene in benzylamine at 850° in an Ar atmosphere. Pure carbon MWNT were produced by using solutions of ferrocene in toulene during thermolysis. The result shows that carbon nanotubes exhibit a more uniform coverage with silver particles when compared to undoped nanotubes.. AB - A single-step method to efficiently attach silver nanoparticles onto the surface of N-doped carbon nanotubes is ...

This three-day symposium was organized by the US EPA, the USAF AL/EQ, Tyndall AFB FL, and the US AFCEE Technology Transfer Division, Brooks AFB TX. Natural attenuation, the biodegradation or chemical destruction or stabilization of contaminants, can reduce contaminants to levels protective of human health and ecosystems. The symposium was intended to increase understanding of the natural attenuation process and to review methods for screening sites and making decisions to determine the feasibility of natural attenuation at chlorinated solvent-contaminated sites. The symposium obtained feedback from the regulatory and industrial communities on the appropriate application of natural attenuation and the developing protocol for natural attenuation of chlorinated organics. The symposium featured invited platform presentations covering both laboratory studies and field demonstrations conducted in support of natural attenuation at government and industry sites. The theory and principles of methods for

Chlorophenoxy herbicides are a class of herbicide which includes: MCPA, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and mecoprop.[1] Large amounts have been produced since the 1950s for agriculture.[2] Acute toxic effects after oral consumption are varied and may include: vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal haemorrhage acutely followed by coma, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, ataxia, nystagmus, miosis, hallucinations and convulsions.[3] Treatment with urinary alkalinization may be helpful but evidence to support this practice is limited.[1][3] ...

An investigation of the occurrence of phosporus, other nutrients, and triazine herbicides in water samples from the Hillsdale Lake Basin in northeast Kansas was conducted from May 1994 through May 1995. Point-source and nonpoint-source contributions of these water-quality constituents were estimated by conducting synoptic sampling at 48 sites in the basin during five periods of low- flow conditions. Samples were collected for the determination of nutrients, including total phosphorus as phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate as phosphorus, total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, and for selected triazine herbicides. On the basis of criteria developed by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, the Hillsdale Water-Quality Protection Project established a goal to maintain water quality in the tributaries of the Hillsdale Lake Basin at a mean annual low-flow total phosphorus concentration...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Transferred vertically aligned N-doped carbon nanotube arrays. T2 - Use in dye-sensitized solar cells as counter electrodes. AU - Lee, Kun Seok. AU - Lee, Won Jun. AU - Park, Nam Gyu. AU - Kim, Sang Ouk. AU - Park, Jong Hyeok. PY - 2011/3/22. Y1 - 2011/3/22. N2 - We prepared vertically aligned nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a rigid glass substrate or flexible plastic substrate via a 'growth-detachment-transfer' process and the vertically aligned N-doped CNT arrays are employed as counter electrodes for novel dye-sensitized solar cells.. AB - We prepared vertically aligned nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a rigid glass substrate or flexible plastic substrate via a 'growth-detachment-transfer' process and the vertically aligned N-doped CNT arrays are employed as counter electrodes for novel dye-sensitized solar cells.. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=79955026362&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - ...

There's an air of torment about Cong Nguyen. The 16-year-old is among four siblings, two of whom suffer the same regular attacks of heat that mean they can never stray far from a water tank. To make matters worse, he has never been able to grow teeth or a full crop of hair; instead, clusters of wispy, thin strands sit above sunken eyes. "Some kids avoid me and laugh at me," he says from the home he shares with his brothers and parents in Bien Hoa, just outside Ho Chi Minh City ...

Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HCDD) is formed as a byproduct during the manufacture of certain chlorophenols and has been found in trichlorophenol, tetrachlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and in the chlorophenol-derived herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). From 1967 to 1970, the concentration of HCDD in commercial pentachlorophenol ranged from 0.03 to 38 ppm. Since then, HCDD levels in pentachlorophenol have been reduced to less than 1 ppm.. A bioassay of a mixture of 1,2,3,6,7,8-and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (HCDD) for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by dermal application of a suspension of this substance to Swiss-Webster mice.. HCDD (0.01 µg) suspended in 0.1 ml acetone was applied to the backs of 30 mice of each sex 3 days per week for 104 weeks. During the first 16 weeks, doses were 0.005 µg HCDD per application. An additional 30 mice of each sex were pretreated with one application of 50 µg DMBA in 0.1 ml ...

Addresses a Global Challenge to Sustainable Development. Advances in Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Industrial Waste examines and compiles the latest information on the industrial waste biodegradation process and provides a comprehensive review. Dedicated to reducing pollutants generated by agriculturally contaminated soil, and plastic waste from various industries, this text is a book that begs the question: Is a pollution-free environment possible? The book combines with current available data with the expert knowledge of specialists from around the world to evaluate various aspects of environmental microbiology and biotechnology. It emphasizes the role of different bioreactors for the treatment of complex industrial waste and provides specific chapters on bioreactors and membrane process integrated with biodegradation process. It also places special emphasis on phytoremediation and the role of wetland plant rhizosphere bacterial ecology and the bioremediation of complex industrial ...

Cometabolic biodegradation processes are potentially useful for the bioremediation of hazardous waste sites. In this study the potential application of phenol-oxidizing and nitrifying bacteria as "priming biocatalysts" was examined in the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aryl ethers, and aromatic ethers. We observed that a phenol-oxidizing Pseudomonas strain cometabolically degrades a range of 2- and 3-ringed PAHs. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to overcome the competitive effects between two substrates and the SBR was evaluated as a alternative technology to treat mixed contaminants including phenol and PAHs. We also have demonstrated that the nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea can cometabolically degrade a wide range polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aryl ethers and aromatic ethers including naphthalene, acenaphthene, diphenyl ether, dibenzofuran, dibenzo-p-dioxin, and anisole. Our results indicated that all the compounds are transformed by N. ...

Biodegradation is one of the most effective and profitable methods for the elimination of toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from the environment. In this study, aerobic degradation of the mentioned pollutants by bacterial strains Mycolicibacterium frederiksbergense IN53, Rhodococcus erythropolis IN129, and Rhodococcus sp. IN306 and mixed culture M1 developed based on those strains at 1:1:1 ratio was analyzed. The effectiveness of individual strains and of the mixed culture was assessed based on carried out respirometric tests and chromatographic analyses. The Rhodococcus sp. IN306 turned out most effective in terms of 18 PCB congeners biodegradation (54.4%). The biodegradation index was decreasing with an increasing number of chlorine atoms in a molecule. Instead, the Mycolicobacterium frederiksbergense IN53 was the best TPH degrader (37.2%). In a sterile soil, contaminated with PCBs and TPH, the highest biodegradation effectiveness was obtained using

Members of the Acidovorax genus are frequently encountered in association with PAH degradation, notably that of phenanthrene, but prior to this work little was known of the underlying genetic determinants behind the phenotype. The particular Acidovorax strain used in this study has genes very similar in sequence and arrangement to those in Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2, and the initial dioxygenase sequence is also highly similar to those in several Burkholderia strains, although not to that of Burkholderia sp. strain RP007. These observations suggest that this particular genotype may be widespread among some PAH-degrading members of the order Burkholderiales.. Unfortunately for comparative purposes, while the genes determined in this study bear significant resemblance to the Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2 sequences deposited in GenBank, there does not appear to be a publication associated with the entry (GenBank accession number AB024945). However, other previously published research on AFK2 revealed the ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Aerobic degradation of mixtures of tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, dichloroethylenes, and vinyl chloride by toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase of Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1. AU - Shim, H.. AU - Ryoo, D.. AU - Barbieri, P.. AU - Wood, T. K.. N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements This study was supported by the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Educational Aid Program and the National Science Foundation (BES-9807146).. PY - 2001. Y1 - 2001. N2 - A recombinant strain of Escherichia coli (JM109/pBZ1260) expressing constitutively toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) of Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 degraded binary mixtures (100 μM each) of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) with either trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (trans-DCE), or vinyl chloride (VC). PCE degradation was 8-20% for these binary mixtures, while TCE and trans-DCE with PCE were degraded at 19%, 1,1-DCE at 37%, cis-DCE at 97%, and VC at ...

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Even before its formal establishment as a scientific discipline, allelopathy has been intertwined with agriculture and the potential of allelopathy for weed control has been a permanent matter of interest. Therefore we investigate the importance of seeds and of permanent soil seed banks as a means for propagation of weed species as well as strategies for long-term weed control. Depleting seed banks is critical and encouraging weed seed germination prior to sowing crops is one of the most promising targets for weed control by allelopathins. The share of interest in weed control and in germination in Allelopathy Journal is also examined. Finally we present and discuss methodologic aspects to be taken into account in allelopathic studies for efficient weed control by either permanently inhibiting weed seed germination or by stimulating weed seed germination ...

The authors examined cancer mortality in a historical cohort study of 21,863 male and female workers in 36 cohorts exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins in 12 countries. Subjects in this updated and expanded multinational study coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer were followed from 1939 to 1992. Exposure was reconstructed using job records, company ex

Biological degradation of phenol by Alcaligenes faecalis with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance was investigated at 25C. Phenol could be utilized by the bacteria as the sole carbon and energy sources. The cell growth and substrate degradation of phenol as single substrates for Alcaligenes faecalis in batch cultures (shaking flasks) were investigated at different initial phenol concentrations. Phenol was observed to be an inhibitory compound. Particularly, when free cells grew on a high concentration of phenol, substrate inhibition was observed and the higher the concentration of phenol, the longer was the lag period. The lag time and whole required time for phenol biodegradation was considerably decreased by immobilized cells due to improvement of cells resistance against high Phenol concentration by cell immobilization compared to free cells. Required time for completely degrade initial phenol of 700 and 1000 ppm by free and immobilized cells is 56, 101 and 35, 72 hours ...

in 30 min (Takahashi et al. 1993).. The Km values of the Enterobacter sp. NRG4 chitinase against different substrates were 1.43 mg ml-1, 1.41 mg ml-1, 1.8 mg ml-1 and 2.0 mg ml-1, respectively with swollen chitin, colloidal chitin, regenerated chitin and glycol chitin respectively, which are comparatively lower than the other reports in literature. The Km values of chitinase from different organisms were, 2.88 mg ml-1 for Enterobacter aerogenes (Tang et al. 2001), 1.4 mg ml-1 and 0.8 mg ml-1 for chitinase C1 and C3 from Vibrio alginolyticus H-8 against squid chitin (Ohishi et al. 1996), 3.0 mg ml-1 for Alcaligenes xylosoxydans chitinase (Vaidya et al. 2003) and Bacillus sp. WY22 chitinase (Woo and Park, 2003), 12 mg ml-1 for Bacillus sp. BG-11 chitinase (Bhushan and Hoondal, 1998).. Ethylene glycol chitin, glycol chitin and colloidal chitin are useful substrate for enzyme assays of endo-type chitinase (Park et al. 1997). The hydrolysis pattern of purified enzyme indicated that chitinase from ...

The performance of a fluidized bed reactor using immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution was investigated. The contribution of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) secreted by Phanerochaete chrysosporium to the 2,4-DCP degradation was examined. Results showed that Lip and Mnp were not essential to 2,4-DCP degradation while their presence enhanced the degradation process and reaction rate. In sequential batch experiment, the bioactivity of immobilized cells was recovered and improved during the culture and the maximum degradation rate constant of 13.95 mg (Ld)−1 could be reached. In continuous bioreactor test, the kinetic behavior of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on loofa sponge was found to follow the Monod equation. The maximum reaction rate was 7.002 mg (Lh)−1, and the saturation constant was 26.045 mg L−1. ...

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) will honor veterans and active-duty military personnel with the Christmas Tree Ceremony at The Wall, taking place at 10 a.m. on Monday, Dec. 20 ...

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2,4-D) First draft prepared by J. C. Rowland Office of Pesticides Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA Explanation Evaluation for acceptable daily intake Biochemical aspects Absorption, distribution, and excretion Biotransformation Enzyme induction and other biochemical parameters Toxicological studies Acute toxicity Short-term toxicity Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity Reproductive toxicity Developmental toxicity Genotoxicity Special studies Dermal and ocular irritation and dermal sensitization Dermal toxicity Neurotoxicity Canine malignant lymphoma Observations in humans Case-control studies Soft-tissue sarcomas Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Cohort studies Overall assessments of epidemiological studies Comments Toxicological evaluation References Explanation Data on the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were reviewed by the JMPR in 1970, 1971, 1974, and 1975 (Annex I, references 14, 16, 22, and 24). The 1970 Meeting did ...

This paper reports the isolation of phenoloxidase-negative mutants of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the results of a survey of idiophasic functions among these mutants. The mutant strains were isolated from a medium containing o-anisidine after gamma irradiation of wild-type spores and fell into four classes, divided by the manner in which they mineralized 14C-lignin wheat lignocellulose. Examples are strain LMT7, which degraded lignin at a rate similar to that of the wild type; strain LMT26, in which degradation was enhanced; strain LMT16, whose degradation rate was apparently unaffected, although the onset of lignin attack was delayed compared with that in the wild type; and strain LMT24, which was unable to evolve significant amounts of 14CO2 from the radiolabeled substrate. The mutants were not necessarily defective in other functions associated with idiophasic activities (intracellular cyclic AMP levels, sporulation, extracellular glucan production, veratryl alcohol ...

Although anaerobic biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalic acid ester (DBP) has been studied over the past decade, only little is known about the microorganisms involved in the biological anaerobic degradation pathways. The aim of this work is to characterize the microbial community dynamics in enrichment cultures degrading phthalic acid esters under methanogenic conditions. A selection pressure was applied by adding DBP at 10 and 200 mg L-1 in semi-continuous anaerobic reactors. The microbial dynamics were monitored using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). While only limited abiotic losses were observed in the sterile controls (20-22%), substantial DBP biodegradation was found in the enrichment cultures (90-99%). In addition, significant population changes were observed. The dominant bacterial species in the DBP-degrading cultures was affiliated to Soehngenia saccharolytica, a microorganism described previously as an anaerobic benzaldehyde degrader. Within the archaeal community, there was a

Winter wheat ranks high in importance as an agricultural crop in the Pacific Northwest states of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon. Winter annual grass weeds such as jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), downy brome (Bromus tectorum), feral rye (Secale cereale), wild oat (Avena fatua) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) have the same life-cycle as winter wheat and are difficult to control in conventional wheat production systems. These weeds annually account for millions of dollars of lost wheat production and reduced quality (i.e. discount by impurities). There has been only moderate success in controlling winter annual grasses in wheat by utilizing multiple-year crop rotations with spring crops and fallow periods, and with chemical control. Selective herbicides have been available for chemical control of downy brome, Italian ryegrass, and wild oat. However, before use of imazamox herbicide with imidazolinone-resistant (CLEARFIELD*) wheat, there was no herbicide that could selectively ...

PGR Cloprop Sodium 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propanoate 53404-22-1 98% - Tocopharm Products Made In China, China Manufacturer. Sodium 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propanoate Product Name: Sodium 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propanoate Cas No: 53404-22-1 Synonyms: Sodium 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propanoate;2-(META-CHLOROPHENOXY)PROPIONICACID,SODIUMSALT;2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propionic acid sodium salt;PROPANOIC ACID,

Looking for online definition of 2-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol or what 2-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol stands for? 2-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms

Read chapter Appendix D: Biographies of Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Eighth Biennial Update) and ...

Addiction and alcoholism among Vietnam veterans has traditionally been very high since the conflict ended in 1975. War is extremely traumatic and often causes soldiers to develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD - a condition that frequently co-occurs with addiction or alcoholism. But while any war can cause a soldier or sailor to turn to drugs or alcohol in order to self-medicate their pain and stress, Vietnam veterans were subject to a hostile return when the war was over. Instead of being treated like heroes as their fathers were after World War II, Vietnam veterans were shunned, ridiculed and expelled from their customary peer groups. Additionally, these veterans found it difficult to reintegrate into a workforce that largely had no use for their military skills. Consequently, many of America's most courageous veterans became disillusioned addicts and alcoholics with few opportunities to better their lives.. PTSD is widely considered the most common cause of addiction or alcoholism ...

LEROY W KATTERHENRY JR is honored on Panel 44E, Row 60 of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC. LEROY W KATTERHENRY JR is from COLUMBUS, OH and served as a SGT in the ARMY.

The mechanism of the enzymatic degradation of poly([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was investigated by using well-defined model substrates, including both linear and cyclic [R]-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and [R]-3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) oligomers, with two different PHB depolymerases. The linear and cyclic oligomers containing from 2 to 10 repeating units were hydrolyzed in solutions of the depolymerase isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus and Alcaligenes faecalis, and the rates of hydrolysis and types of products formed were characterized. Both of the depolymerases catalyzed the hydrolysis of the cyclic oligomers (macrolides) which contained more than three 3HB and 3HV repeating units. The degradation reactions of the linear and cyclic 3HB oligomers with the A. fumigatus depolymerase gave similar ratios of monomer-to-dimer products, but PHB itself formed mostly monomer on hydrolysis, indicating that the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions occurred by different mechanisms for these different types of ...

As required by law, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hereby gives notice that the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, under the authority of the Agent Orange Act of 1991, Public Law 102-4 (codified in relevant part at 38 U.S.C. 1116), has determined that a presumption of service connection is not warranted based on exposure to herbicides used in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam Era for any of the diseases, illnesses, or health effects identified in the July 24, 2009, National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report entitled ``Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2008'' (Update 2008), except for hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and other chronic b-cell leukemias, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic heart disease. In this regard, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs determined, based upon the NAS report, that there is a positive association between exposure to herbicides and the subsequent development of HCL and other chronic b-cell leukemias, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic heart disease. The Secretary ...

Heliangolidin 2-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)propyl]isoindole-1,3-dione 2-[3-[4-(diaminomethylideneamino)butylamino]propyl]guanidine; sulfuric acid 3-[2-(2-chloro-4-nitro-phenoxy)ethylsulfamoyl]benzenesulfonyl fluoride N-carbamoyl-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-propanamide 2-propylheptane-1,3-diol QA 18 Clematis fasciculiflora, ext. N-hexyl-6-methoxy-tetralin-1-amine Dryas octopetala, ext.

Chloracne normally results from direct skin contact with chloracnegens, although ingestion and inhalation are also possible causative routes. Chloracnegens are fat-soluble, meaning they persist in the body fat for a very long period following exposure. Chloracne is a chronic inflammatory condition that results from this persistence, in combination with the toxin's chemical properties. It is believed, at least from rodent models, that the toxin activates a series of receptors promoting macrophage proliferation, inducing neutrophilia and leading to a generalised inflammatory response in the skin. This process may also be augmented by induction of excess tumor necrosis factor in the blood serum. The inflammatory processes lead to the formation of keratinous plugs in skin pores, forming yellowish cysts and dark pustules. The associated pus is usually a color of green approximating that of a tennis ball. The skin lesions occur mainly in the face, but in more severe cases they involve the shoulders ...

Nominated Substances: 2-Acetylamino-4-methylphenol, N-Acetyl-m-aminophenol, 5-(4-Aminobenzamido)-2,3-cresotic acid, 2-Amino-4-chloro-5-nitrophenol, 2-Amino-4-chloro-6-nitrophenol, 2-Amino-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol, 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol, 6-Amino-4-chloro-1-phenol-2-sulfonic acid, 5-Amino-o-cresol, 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol, 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol, 4-Amino-4'-hydroxy-3-methyl-diphenylamine, 2-Amino-4-methylphenol, 3-Amino-4-methylphenol, 2-Amino-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenol, 2-Amino-3-nitro-4-methylphenol, 2-Amino-5-nitro-4-methylphenol, 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol, 2-Amino-6-nitro-1-phenol-4-sulfonic acid, 6-Amino-4-nitro-1-phenol-2-sulfonic acid, 3-Aminophenol, p-Aminophenol, 2-Amino-1-phenol-4-sulfonic acid, 3-Amino-5-sulfosalicylic acid, 5-Amino-3-sulfosalicylic acid, 2-Amino-3,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4-(3-Carbazoylamino)phenol, 4-Chloro-2-(2,4-dinitroanilino)phenol, 5-Diethylamino-2-nitroso-4-methylphenol, 5-Diethylamino-2-nitrosophenol, 3-Diethylaminophenol, 3-Dimethylamino-4-methylphenol, ...

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The unexpectedly uncatalyzed reaction between 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles, aromatic aldehydes and Meldrum's acid has selectively led to the corresponding Knoevenagel-Michael adducts containing a free amino group in the imidazole fragment. The adducts derived from Meldrum's acid have been smoothly converted into 1,7-diaryl-3-amino-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-ones and 3-(2-amino-4-aryl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-3-arylpropanoic acids. The interaction of 2-amino-4-arylimidazoles with aromatic aldehydes or isatins and acyclic methylene active compounds has led to the formation of pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole-6-carbonitriles, pyrrolo[1,2-small es, Cyrillic]imidazole-6-carboxylates and spiro[indoline-3,7'-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles], which can be considered as the analogues of both 3,3'-spirooxindole and 2-aminoimidazole marine sponge alkaloids.. ...