An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.
A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.
A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
Intravenous anesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to NEUROLEPTANALGESIA, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed)
Thiazines are heterocyclic chemical compounds containing a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom in a six-membered ring, which are the core structure of various drugs used in treatment of psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal conditions.
Drugs used by veterinarians in the treatment of animal diseases. The veterinarian's pharmacological armamentarium is the counterpart of drugs treating human diseases, with dosage and administration adjusted to the size, weight, disease, and idiosyncrasies of the species. In the United States most drugs are subject to federal regulations with special reference to the safety of drugs and residues in edible animal products.
An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.
Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
The functions and activities of living organisms that support life in single- or multi-cellular organisms from their origin through the progression of life.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).
Nurses of the male sex.
A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.
1,4-Diethylene dioxides. Industrial solvents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), dioxane itself may "reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck Index, 11th ed)
Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.
A board-certified specialty of VETERINARY MEDICINE, requiring at least four years of special education, training, and practice of veterinary surgery after graduation from veterinary school. In the written, oral, and practical examinations candidates may choose either large or small animal surgery. (From AVMA Directory, 43d ed, p278)

Impact of network activity on the integrative properties of neocortical pyramidal neurons in vivo. (1/198)

During wakefulness, neocortical neurons are subjected to an intense synaptic bombardment. To assess the consequences of this background activity for the integrative properties of pyramidal neurons, we constrained biophysical models with in vivo intracellular data obtained in anesthetized cats during periods of intense network activity similar to that observed in the waking state. In pyramidal cells of the parietal cortex (area 5-7), synaptic activity was responsible for an approximately fivefold decrease in input resistance (Rin), a more depolarized membrane potential (Vm), and a marked increase in the amplitude of Vm fluctuations, as determined by comparing the same cells before and after microperfusion of tetrodotoxin (TTX). The model was constrained by measurements of Rin, by the average value and standard deviation of the Vm measured from epochs of intense synaptic activity recorded with KAc or KCl-filled pipettes as well as the values measured in the same cells after TTX. To reproduce all experimental results, the simulated synaptic activity had to be of relatively high frequency (1-5 Hz) at excitatory and inhibitory synapses. In addition, synaptic inputs had to be significantly correlated (correlation coefficient approximately 0.1) to reproduce the amplitude of Vm fluctuations recorded experimentally. The presence of voltage-dependent K+ currents, estimated from current-voltage relations after TTX, affected these parameters by <10%. The model predicts that the conductance due to synaptic activity is 7-30 times larger than the somatic leak conductance to be consistent with the approximately fivefold change in Rin. The impact of this massive increase in conductance on dendritic attenuation was investigated for passive neurons and neurons with voltage-dependent Na+/K+ currents in soma and dendrites. In passive neurons, correlated synaptic bombardment had a major influence on dendritic attenuation. The electrotonic attenuation of simulated synaptic inputs was enhanced greatly in the presence of synaptic bombardment, with distal synapses having minimal effects at the soma. Similarly, in the presence of dendritic voltage-dependent currents, the convergence of hundreds of synaptic inputs was required to evoke action potentials reliably. In this case, however, dendritic voltage-dependent currents minimized the variability due to input location, with distal apical synapses being as effective as synapses on basal dendrites. In conclusion, this combination of intracellular and computational data suggests that, during low-amplitude fast electroencephalographic activity, neocortical neurons are bombarded continuously by correlated synaptic inputs at high frequency, which significantly affect their integrative properties. A series of predictions are suggested to test this model.  (+info)

Gi-Protein alpha-subunit mRNA antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of Gi-coupled receptor contractile activity in the epididymis of the guinea-pig. (2/198)

We have used a reversible permeabilization method to facilitate the entry of Gialpha1, 2 and 3 G-protein subunit mRNA antisense or mismatch oligonucleotides into intact tissue, to investigate the G-protein alpha-subunit coupling of alpha2-adrenoceptors, neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1, and A1 adenosine receptors in preparations of the epididymis of the guinea-pig. The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, xylazine, elicited concentration dependent contractions from preparations of phenylephrine (3 microM)-stimulated epididymis (pEC50 value 6.52+/-0.39, maximum response 236+/-41 mg force). Compared to respective mismatch controls the incubation of preparations with Gialpha2, but not with Gialpha1 or Gialpha3 mRNA antisense oligonucleotides (30 microM) reduced the maximal xylazine-potentiation of phenylephrine (3 microM)-stimulated contractility (to 51+/-12% of Gialpha2 mismatch control). The oligonucleotide incubations had no effect upon the pEC50 values of xylazine. The A1 adenosine receptor agonist, cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) elicited concentration dependent contractions from preparations of phenylephrine (3 microM)-stimulated epididymis (pEC50 value 7.66+/-0.57, maximum response 208+/-54 mg force). Incubation of preparations of epididymis with Gialpha1, but neither Gialpha2 nor Gialpha3 antisense oligonucleotides reduced the maximal CPA-potentiation of phenylephrine (3 microM)-stimulated contractions (to 55+/-17% of Gialpha1 mismatch control), pEC50 values were not affected. The incubation of preparations with Gialpha2 antisense mRNA oligonucleotides reduced the maximal NPY-potentiation of phenylephrine (3 microM)-stimulated contractions (to 62+/-15% of Gialpha mismatch control). Compared with Gialpha2 mismatch controls, the incubation of preparations with Gialpha1 and Gialpha3 oligonucleotides also reduced the NPY-potentiation of phenylephrine (3 microM)-stimulated contractions. These studies indicate that, in the guinea-pig epididymis, alpha2-adrenoceptors and A1 adenosine receptors preferentially couple to effectors through Gialpha2 and Gialpha1 subunits respectively. In contrast NPY receptors may elicit effects through either Gialpha1, 2 or 3 subunits.  (+info)

Anesthetics can alter subsequent in vitro assessment of contractility in slow and fast skeletal muscles of rat. (3/198)

Anesthetic agents can interfere with measurement of skeletal muscle contractility in vivo or in situ. Data obtained in vitro are however believed to be unaffected by such drugs. Our objective was to compare in vitro contractile measurements of fast- and slow-twitch muscles dissected from rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (PS, 50 mg/kg ip) or with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (KX, 87. 5:12.5 mg/kg ip). The soleus (Sol) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were precisely dissected 10 and 20 min after induction of anesthesia and equilibrated for 20 min in vitro before measuring contractile properties. All data obtained from PS rats were comparable with published values obtained under similar conditions. In EDL, maximum tetanic tension (Po) in KX rats was significantly decreased at both times compared with that in PS muscles. In the Sol, only the muscles exposed for 20 min to KX showed a decreased Po. These results clearly emphasize the need for investigators assessing skeletal muscle contractility in vitro to take into account the type of anesthetics used and the time of in vivo exposition to the drug.  (+info)

Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in conscious and anesthetized mice. (4/198)

Using a high-frequency linear transducer (15L8), we studied 1) the feasibility of performing echocardiography in nonanesthetized mice compared with mice given pentobarbital sodium (Pento) or a mixture of ketamine and xylazine and 2) the feasibility of echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, dilatation, and function in mice with two-kidney, one-clip hypertension or myocardial infarction (MI). Heart rate (HR) in awake mice was 658 +/- 9 beats/min; Pento and ketamine plus xylazine reduced HR to 377 +/- 11 and 293 +/- 19 beats/min, respectively, associated with a significant decrease in shortening fraction (SF), ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output (CO) and an increase in LV end-diastolic (LVEDD) and end-systolic dimensions (LVESD). Mice with 4 wk of two-kidney, one-clip hypertension had increased LV mass (15.62 +/- 0. 62 vs. 22.17 +/- 1.79 mg) without altered LV dimensions, SF, EF, or CO. Mice studied 4 wk post-MI exhibited obvious LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction, as evidenced by increased LVEDD and LVESD and decreased SF, EF, and CO. Our findings clearly show the adverse impact of anesthesia on basal cardiac function and the difficulty in interpreting data obtained from anesthetized mice. We believe this is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using echocardiography to assess cardiovascular function in the nonanesthetized mouse.  (+info)

Trial-to-trial variability and state-dependent modulation of auditory-evoked responses in cortex. (5/198)

Recent experimental work has provided evidence that trial-to-trial variability of sensory-evoked responses in cortex can be explained as a linear superposition of random ongoing background activity and a stationary response. While studying single trial variability and state-dependent modulation of evoked responses in auditory cortex of ketamine/xylazine-anesthetized rats, we have observed an apparent violation of this model. Local field potential and unit spike trains were recorded and analyzed during different anesthesia depths-deep, medium, and light-which were defined by the pattern of ongoing cortical activity. Estimation of single trial evoked response was achieved by considering whole waveforms, rather than just one or two peak values from each wave. Principal components analysis was used to quantitatively classify waveforms on the basis of their time courses (i.e., shapes). We found that not only average response but also response variability is modulated by depth of anesthesia. Trial-to-trial variability is highest under medium levels of anesthesia, during which ongoing cortical activity exhibits rhythmic population bursting activity. By triggering the occurrence of stimuli from the spontaneously occurring burst events, we show that the observed variability can be accounted for by the background activity. In particular, the ongoing activity was found to modulate both amplitude and shape (including latency) of evoked local field potentials and evoked unit activity in a manner not predicted by linear superposition of background activity and a stereotyped evoked response. This breakdown of the linear model is likely attributable to rapid transitions between different levels of thalamocortical excitability (e.g., spike-wave discharges), although brain "state" is relatively fixed.  (+info)

Anesthesia of wood bison with medetomidine-zolazepam/tiletamine and xylazine-zolazepam/tiletamine combinations. (6/198)

This study was designed to evaluate 2 combinations for immobilization of bison. Seven wood bison received 1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of xylazine HCl + 1.5 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 1.5 mg/kg BW of tiletamine HCl on one occasion. The bison received 60 micrograms/kg BW of medetomidine HCl + 0.6 mg/kg BW of zolazepam HCl and 0.6 mg/kg BW of tiletamine HCL on another occasion. Xylazine was antagonized with 3 mg/kg BW of tolazoline HCl and medetomidine HCl was antagonized with 180 micrograms/kg (BW) of atipamezole HCl. Temporal characteristics of immobilization and physiological effects (acid-base status, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects) of the drug combinations were compared. Induction was significantly faster with xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCl. Recovery following antagonist administration was significantly faster with medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCl. The average drug volumes required were 7.00 mL of xylazine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCL and 2.78 mL of medetomidine HCl-zolazepam HCl/tiletamine HCl. Hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and rumenal tympany were the major adverse effects with both drug combinations.  (+info)

Comparative cardiopulmonary effects of carfentanil-xylazine and medetomidine-ketamine used for immobilization of mule deer and mule deer/white-tailed deer hybrids. (7/198)

Three mule deer and 4 mule deer/white-tailed deer hybrids were immobilized in a crossover study with carfentanil (10 microg/kg) + xylazine (0.3 mg/kg) (CX), and medetomidine (100 microg/kg) + ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) (MK). The deer were maintained in left lateral recumbency for 1 h with each combination. Deer were immobilized with MK in 230+/-68 s (mean +/- SD) and with CX in 282+/-83 seconds. Systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressure were significantly higher with MK. Heart rate, PaO2, PaCO2, pH, and base excess were not significantly different between treatments. Base excess and pH increased significantly over time with both treatments. Both treatments produced hypoventilation (PaCO2 > 50 mm Hg) and hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mm Hg). PaO2 increased significantly over time with CX. Body temperature was significantly (P<0.05) higher with CX compared to MK. Ventricular premature contractions, atrial premature contractions, and a junctional escape rhythm were noted during CX immobilization. No arrhythmias were noted during MK immobilization. Quality of immobilization was superior with MK, with no observed movement present for the 60 min of immobilization. Movement of the head and limbs occurred in 4 animals immobilized with CX. The major complication observed with both of these treatments was hypoxemia, and supplemental inspired oxygen is recommended during immobilization. Hyperthermia can further complicate immobilization with CX, reinforcing the need for supplemental oxygen.  (+info)

In spontaneously hypertensive rats alterations in aortic wall properties precede development of hypertension. (8/198)

In hypertension arterial wall properties do not necessarily depend on increased blood pressure alone. The present study investigates the relationship between the development of hypertension and thoracic aortic wall properties in 1.5-, 3-, and 6-mo-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR); Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) served as controls. During ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, compliance and distensibility were assessed by means of a noninvasive ultrasound technique combined with invasive blood pressure measurements. Morphometric measurements provided in vivo media cross-sectional area and thickness, allowing the calculation of the incremental elastic modulus. Extracellular matrix protein contents were determined as well. Blood pressure was not significantly different in 1.5-mo-old SHR and WKY, but compliance and distensibility were significantly lower in SHR. Incremental elastic modulus was not significantly different between SHR and WKY at this age. Media thickness and media cross-sectional area were significantly larger in SHR than in WKY, but there was no consistent difference in collagen density and content between the strains. Blood pressure was significantly higher in 3- and 6-mo-old SHR than in WKY, and compliance was significantly lower in SHR. The findings in this study show that in SHR, in which hypertension develops over weeks, alterations in functional aortic wall properties precede the development of hypertension. The decrease in compliance and distensibility at a young age most likely results from media hypertrophy rather than a change in intrinsic elastic properties.  (+info)

Xylazine is a central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, often used in veterinary medicine as a sedative and analgesic. It can produce profound sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia. Xylazine is not approved for use in humans in many countries, including the United States, due to its potential for severe side effects such as respiratory depression, bradycardia (slow heart rate), and hypotension (low blood pressure).

Acepromazine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called phenothiazine derivatives. It acts as a tranquilizer and is commonly used in veterinary medicine to control anxiety, aggression, and excitable behavior in animals. It also has antiemetic properties and is sometimes used to prevent vomiting. In addition, it can be used as a pre-anesthetic medication to help calm and relax animals before surgery.

Acepromazine works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate movement, emotion, and cognition. This leads to sedation, muscle relaxation, and reduced anxiety. It is available in various forms, including tablets, injectable solutions, and transdermal gels, and is typically given to dogs, cats, and horses.

As with any medication, acepromazine can have side effects, including drowsiness, low blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and respiratory depression. It should be used with caution in animals with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease or liver disease, and should not be given to animals that are pregnant or lactating. It is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by a veterinarian carefully and to monitor the animal for any signs of adverse reactions.

**Ketamine** is a dissociative anesthetic medication primarily used for starting and maintaining anesthesia. It can lead to a state of altered perception, hallucinations, sedation, and memory loss. Ketamine is also used as a pain reliever in patients with chronic pain conditions and during certain medical procedures due to its strong analgesic properties.

It is available as a generic drug and is also sold under various brand names, such as Ketalar, Ketanest, and Ketamine HCl. It can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, or as a nasal spray.

In addition to its medical uses, ketamine has been increasingly used off-label for the treatment of mood disorders like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), owing to its rapid antidepressant effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand its long-term benefits and risks in these applications.

It's important to note that ketamine can be abused recreationally due to its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects, which may lead to addiction and severe psychological distress. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a medical professional.

Dissociative anesthetics are a class of drugs that produce a state of altered consciousness, characterized by a sense of detachment or dissociation from the environment and oneself. These drugs work by disrupting the normal communication between the brain's thalamus and cortex, which can lead to changes in perception, thinking, and emotion.

Some examples of dissociative anesthetics include ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP), and dextromethorphan (DXM). These drugs can produce a range of effects, including sedation, analgesia, amnesia, and hallucinations. At high doses, they can cause profound dissociative states, in which individuals may feel as though they are outside their own bodies or that the world around them is not real.

Dissociative anesthetics are used medically for a variety of purposes, including as general anesthetics during surgery, as sedatives for diagnostic procedures, and as treatments for chronic pain and depression. However, they also have a high potential for abuse and can produce significant negative health effects when taken recreationally.

Thiazines are a class of organic compounds that contain a heterocyclic ring consisting of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur atoms. In the context of pharmaceuticals, thiazine rings are often found in various drugs, including some antipsychotic medications such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine. These drugs function by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, helping to manage symptoms associated with certain mental health conditions like schizophrenia.

It is important to note that 'thiazines' are not a medical term per se but rather a chemical classification of compounds. The medical relevance lies in the therapeutic application of specific drugs that have thiazine rings within their structures.

Veterinary drugs, also known as veterinary medicines, are substances or combinations of substances used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases in animals, including food-producing species and pets. These drugs can be administered to animals through various routes such as oral, topical, injectable, or inhalation. They contain active ingredients that interact with the animal's biological system to produce a therapeutic effect. Veterinary drugs are subject to regulatory control and must be prescribed or recommended by a licensed veterinarian in many countries to ensure their safe and effective use.

Medetomidine is a potent alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used primarily in veterinary medicine as an sedative, analgesic (pain reliever), and sympatholytic (reduces the sympathetic nervous system's activity). It is used for chemical restraint, procedural sedation, and analgesia during surgery or other medical procedures in various animals.

In humans, medetomidine is not approved by the FDA for use but may be used off-label in certain situations, such as sedation during diagnostic procedures. It can cause a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, so it must be administered carefully and with close monitoring of the patient's vital signs.

Medetomidine is available under various brand names, including Domitor (for veterinary use) and Sedator (for human use in some countries). It can also be found as a combination product with ketamine, such as Dexdomitor/Domitor + Ketamine or Ketamine + Medetomidine.

Adrenergic alpha-agonists are a type of medication that binds to and activates adrenergic alpha receptors, which are found in the nervous system and other tissues throughout the body. These receptors are activated naturally by chemicals called catecholamines, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), that are released in response to stress or excitement.

When adrenergic alpha-agonists bind to these receptors, they mimic the effects of catecholamines and cause various physiological responses, such as vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels), increased heart rate and force of heart contractions, and relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways.

Adrenergic alpha-agonists are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), glaucoma, nasal congestion, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Examples of adrenergic alpha-agonists include phenylephrine, clonidine, and guanfacine.

It's important to note that adrenergic alpha-agonists can have both beneficial and harmful effects, depending on the specific medication, dosage, and individual patient factors. Therefore, they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Anesthetics are medications that are used to block or reduce feelings of pain and sensation, either locally in a specific area of the body or generally throughout the body. They work by depressing the nervous system, interrupting the communication between nerves and the brain. Anesthetics can be administered through various routes such as injection, inhalation, or topical application, depending on the type and the desired effect. There are several classes of anesthetics, including:

1. Local anesthetics: These numb a specific area of the body and are commonly used during minor surgical procedures, dental work, or to relieve pain from injuries. Examples include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.
2. Regional anesthetics: These block nerve impulses in a larger area of the body, such as an arm or leg, and can be used for more extensive surgical procedures. They are often administered through a catheter to provide continuous pain relief over a longer period. Examples include spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and peripheral nerve blocks.
3. General anesthetics: These cause a state of unconsciousness and are used for major surgical procedures or when the patient needs to be completely immobile during a procedure. They can be administered through inhalation or injection and affect the entire body. Examples include propofol, sevoflurane, and isoflurane.

Anesthetics are typically safe when used appropriately and under medical supervision. However, they can have side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression. Proper dosing and monitoring by a healthcare professional are essential to minimize the risks associated with anesthesia.

Physiological processes refer to the functional activities or functions of living organisms and their parts, including cells, tissues, and organs. These processes are necessary for the maintenance of life and include various functions such as:

1. Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain life, including anabolic (building up) and catabolic (breaking down) processes.
2. Circulation: the movement of blood and other fluids throughout the body, which helps transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products.
3. Respiration: the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, involving the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide.
4. Digestion: the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the body for energy and growth.
5. Nerve impulse transmission: the electrical signals that transmit information between neurons and other cells in the body.
6. Endocrine regulation: the release and transport of hormones that regulate various physiological processes, such as growth, development, and metabolism.
7. Immune function: the body's defense system against foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
8. Reproduction: the process of producing offspring through sexual or asexual means.
9. Maintenance of homeostasis: the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Physiological processes are regulated by complex systems of feedback and control, involving various hormones, nerves, and other signaling molecules. Understanding these processes is essential for understanding how the body functions and how to diagnose and treat various medical conditions.

Combined anesthetics refer to the use of two or more types of anesthetic agents together during a medical procedure to produce a desired level of sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. This approach can allow for lower doses of individual anesthetic drugs, which may reduce the risk of adverse effects associated with each drug. Common combinations include using a general anesthetic in combination with a regional or local anesthetic technique. The specific choice of combined anesthetics depends on various factors such as the type and duration of the procedure, patient characteristics, and the desired outcomes.

Hypnotics and sedatives are classes of medications that have depressant effects on the central nervous system, leading to sedation (calming or inducing sleep), reduction in anxiety, and in some cases, decreased awareness or memory. These agents work by affecting the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the brain, which results in inhibitory effects on neuronal activity.

Hypnotics are primarily used for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders, while sedatives are often prescribed to manage anxiety or to produce a calming effect before medical procedures. Some medications can function as both hypnotics and sedatives, depending on the dosage and specific formulation. Common examples of these medications include benzodiazepines (such as diazepam and lorazepam), non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (such as zolpidem and eszopiclone), barbiturates, and certain antihistamines.

It is essential to use these medications under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have potential side effects, such as drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and impaired coordination. Additionally, long-term use or high doses may lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.

Anesthesia is a medical term that refers to the loss of sensation or awareness, usually induced by the administration of various drugs. It is commonly used during surgical procedures to prevent pain and discomfort. There are several types of anesthesia, including:

1. General anesthesia: This type of anesthesia causes a complete loss of consciousness and is typically used for major surgeries.
2. Regional anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a specific area of the body, such as an arm or leg, while the patient remains conscious.
3. Local anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a small area of the body, such as a cut or wound, and is typically used for minor procedures.

Anesthesia can be administered through various routes, including injection, inhalation, or topical application. The choice of anesthesia depends on several factors, including the type and duration of the procedure, the patient's medical history, and their overall health. Anesthesiologists are medical professionals who specialize in administering anesthesia and monitoring patients during surgical procedures to ensure their safety and comfort.

Euthanasia, when used in the context of animals, refers to the act of intentionally causing the death of an animal in a humane and peaceful manner to alleviate suffering from incurable illness or injury. It is also commonly referred to as "putting an animal to sleep" or "mercy killing." The goal of euthanasia in animals is to minimize pain and distress, and it is typically carried out by a veterinarian using approved medications and techniques. Euthanasia may be considered when an animal's quality of life has become significantly compromised and there are no reasonable treatment options available to alleviate its suffering.

I believe there may be a slight confusion in your question. The profession of nursing is not differentiated by gender, and the term "male nurse" is not a medical definition used in the healthcare field. Instead, we use the term "nurse" to describe a qualified professional who provides care, support, and education to patients and their families. This includes tasks such as administering medications, monitoring patient conditions, collaborating with other healthcare providers, and promoting overall well-being.

However, if you are asking for a definition of a male individual working in the nursing profession, it would be: "A person assigned male at birth who has completed the necessary education and training to become a registered nurse (RN), licensed practical nurse (LPN), or advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) and provides direct patient care, support, and education within the healthcare system."

Zolazepam is a veterinary medication that belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It is used in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in animals, often in combination with other medications. Zolazepam works by depressing the central nervous system, producing sedation, muscle relaxation, and amnesia.

In veterinary medicine, zolazepam is commonly combined with tiletamine, another dissociative anesthetic, to form a drug called Telazol. This combination provides balanced anesthesia with minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depression.

It's important to note that zolazepam is not approved for use in humans and should only be administered by trained veterinary professionals under strict supervision.

Dioxanes are a group of chemical compounds that contain two oxygen atoms and four carbon atoms, linked together in a cyclic structure. The most common dioxane is called 1,4-dioxane, which is often used as a solvent or as a stabilizer in various industrial and consumer products, such as cosmetics, cleaning agents, and paint strippers.

In the medical field, 1,4-dioxane has been classified as a likely human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Exposure to high levels of 1,4-dioxane has been linked to an increased risk of cancer in laboratory animals, and there is some evidence to suggest that it may also pose a cancer risk to humans.

It's worth noting that the use of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics and other personal care products has been controversial, as some studies have found detectable levels of this chemical in these products. However, the levels of exposure from these sources are generally low, and it is unclear whether they pose a significant cancer risk to humans. Nonetheless, some organizations and experts have called for stricter regulations on the use of 1,4-dioxane in consumer products to minimize potential health risks.

Tiletamine is a veterinary medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as dissociative anesthetics. It is often used in combination with zolazepam, and the combination is sold under the brand name Telazol. This drug combination is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in various animal species.

Tiletamine works by blocking the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are involved in pain perception, learning, and memory. By doing so, it produces a state of dissociation, where animals may appear to be conscious but are not aware of their surroundings or the procedures being performed on them.

It is important to note that tiletamine should only be used under the direction of a licensed veterinarian, as its use requires proper training and experience to ensure safe and effective administration.

Veterinary surgery refers to the surgical procedures performed on animals by trained veterinarians or veterinary surgeons. It involves the use of various surgical techniques and tools to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases and injuries in animals. This can include soft tissue surgeries such as abdominal or thoracic surgeries, orthopedic surgeries for bone and joint issues, neurological surgeries, oncological surgeries for the removal of tumors, and reconstructive surgeries. Veterinary surgeons must complete extensive education and training in order to provide safe and effective surgical care for animals.

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... is also a major metabolite of the drug xylazine in both horses, and humans. 2,6-Xylidine is the precursor to the ... Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section (February 2021). Xylazine (PDF). Diversion Control Division (Report). Drug Enforcement ... "Determination of xylazine and its metabolites by GC-MS in equine urine for doping analysis". Journal of Pharmaceutical and ...
... and xylazine. Xylazine has veterinary use. In the European Union, dexmedetomidine received a marketing authorization from the ... Tiamenidine Tizanidine Tolonidine Xylazine Xylometazoline Partial agonists Oxymetazoline (also α1 agonist) TDIQ Antagonists 1- ...
This method greatly shortens the duration of the musth, typically to five to eight days; sedatives, like xylazine, are also ...
It is frequently combined with xylazine or detomidine in horses. Butorphanol is used for sedation and mild to moderate pain ... It is also commonly paired with sedatives, such as xylazine and detomidine, to make the horse easier to handle during ...
Atalik KE, Sahin AS, Doğan N (April 2000). "Interactions between phenylephrine, clonidine and xylazine in rat and rabbit aortas ... Xylazine(not for human use), Tizanidine Methyldopa Methylnorepinephrine Norepinephrine (R)-3-nitrobiphenyline is an α2C ...
... mixed with the 1.1 mg/kg xylazine the half-life of xylazine is approximately 66 minutes and the clearance is around 31 mL/kg/ ... Xylazine is a most widely anesthetic agent used for the short time operation. Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics of xylazine may ... and xylazine or isoflurane. The pharmacokinetics of most 2 common anesthetic agents, which is xylazine and Ketamine ... If only managing the xylazine and ketamine, the terminal half-life will be 42 minutes and its clearance will be 27 mL/kg/min. ...
Xylazine, another drug in this group, is also a powerful sedative and is often used in combination with ketamine as a general ... Greene SA, Thurmon JC (1988). "Xylazine-a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine". Journal of Veterinary ...
α2 agonists like xylazine and medetomidine are especially useful because they can be reversed, xylazine by yohimbine and ... Xylazine is approved for use in dogs, cats, horses, deer, and elk in the United States, while medetomidine is only approved for ... Sedatives commonly used include acepromazine, hydromorphone, midazolam, diazepam, xylazine, and medetomidine. ...
It is sometimes used in combination with xylazine (Rompun) to chemically immobilize large mammals such as polar bears and wood ... Cattet MR, Caulkett NA, Lunn NJ (July 2003). "Anesthesia of polar bears using xylazine-zolazepam-tiletamine or zolazepam- ... "Anesthesia of wood bison with medetomidine-zolazepam/tiletamine and xylazine-zolazepam/tiletamine combinations". The Canadian ...
It can also be used to reverse the related sedative xylazine. While it reverses both the sedative and analgesic (pain-relieving ...
Xylazine is a superior premedication with ketamine resulting in safer recoveries. Medetomidine Dexmedetomidine Clarke, Kathy W ...
The injectable, clear liquid is a mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine. The ratio used depends on the species of ...
... s are often associated with benzodiazepines, tranquilisers (e.g. xylazine) or alcohol use. Other CNS depressants ...
... flunixin meglumine and xylazine in clinical cases of equine colic". Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement. 21 (7): 111-6. doi: ...
"Antagonism of xylazine and ketamine/xylazine combinations in exotic species by idazoxan and RX821002." In Proceedings of the ...
In veterinary medicine, imipramine is used with xylazine to induce pharmacologic ejaculation in stallions. Blood levels between ...
... to reverse xylazine-induced sedation. Aronson, J. K. (2016). Meyler's side effects of drugs : the international encyclopedia of ...
One feline trial determined it was effective, even though the usual choice of emetic is xylazine.[citation needed] "Pilocarpine ...
Kolahian S (2014). "Efficacy of Different Antiemetics with Different Mechanism of Action on Xylazine Induced Emesis in Cats" ( ...
Ganter M, Kanngiesser M (Aug 1991). "Effect of ketamine and its combinations with xylazine and climazolam on the circulation ... by intravenous administration of a climazolam-ketamine combination in ponies premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine". ...
Higher doses are used for anesthesia in combination with other drugs such as xylazine, tiletamine and zolazepam. Azaperone is ...
Kerr CL, McDonell WN, Young SS (October 2004). "Cardiopulmonary effects of romifidine/ketamine or xylazine/ketamine when used ...
... and xylazine hydrochloride in African-clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal ...
... and xylazine hydrochloride in African-clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal ...
Coble DJ, Taylor DK, Mook DM (May 2011). "Analgesic effects of meloxicam, morphine sulfate, flunixin meglumine, and xylazine ...
... is a drug used in veterinary medicine to reverse the effects of xylazine in dogs and deer. It is used as a research ...
In 2022, the FDA warned, that Xylazine, an animal tranquilizer, is increasingly being detected in heroin and illicit fentanyl. ...
... and xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine in ferrets". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 34 (5): 407-16. doi:10.5326 ...
... adrenoceptor subtype and endogenous opioid peptides in the peripheral antinociceptive effect induced by xylazine". European ...
... which is 4 to 5 days for the clearance of xylazine. Xylazine is a potent α2 adrenergic agonist. When xylazine and other alpha-2 ... Fentanyl mixed with xylazine is known by the street names "sleep-cut", "zombie drug", "Iso" and "tranq dope". Xylazine was ... Once xylazine gains access to the vascular system, it is distributed within the blood, allowing xylazine to enter the heart, ... Xylazine is metabolized by liver cytochrome P450 enzymes. When it reaches the liver, xylazine is metabolized and proceeds to ...
The non-opioid sedative xylazine, approved only for veterinary use, has been increasingly detected in illicitly manufactured ... Routine xylazine testing in suspected overdose deaths is critical for surveillance; further investigation of xylazines effects ... Number and percentage of drug overdose deaths involving* illicitly manufactured fentanyls,† by month and xylazine detection or ... Number and percentage of drug overdose deaths involving* illicitly manufactured fentanyls,† by month and xylazine detection or ...
... xylazine - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... New Analysis Looks at Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Xylazine. NCHS released a new report, "Drug Overdose Deaths Involving ... Xylazine, 2018‒2021," that presents trends in drug overdose death rates involving xylazine from 2018 through 2021 in the United ... an established methodology for examining death certificate literal text to identify drug overdose deaths involving xylazine ...
Trends in the identification of the drug Xylazine in Canada between 2012 and 2022 with data from the Drug Analysis Service. ... Xylazine overview. *Xylazine is a non-narcotic analgesic drug that is used in veterinary medicineFootnote 1. It is not ... Figure 2. Form of exhibits containing Xylazine per province or territory (2012 to 2022) *, â´•. * Xylazine has not yet been ... Since 2019, Xylazine was most frequently found with opioids and cutting agents. As of 2021, Xylazine was also found in ...
White House plan targets xylazine, the animal sedative now commonly found in Phillys drug supply. ...
... report describes increases in illicitly manufactured fentanyl-involved overdose deaths with the nonopioid sedative xylazine ... report describes increases in illicitly manufactured fentanyl-involved overdose deaths with the nonopioid sedative xylazine ... Although xylazine has no known antidote and naloxone cannot reverse xylazine-related sedation (4), naloxone should be ... Among IMF-involved overdose deaths in which xylazine was detected, the percentage for which xylazine was listed as a cause of ...
... deaths involving xylazine, known on the street as Tranq, had already risen 35-fold by 2021. ... Xylazine, a powerful animal sedative thats moving through the illicit drug supply in the U.S., is causing gruesome skin wounds ... Xylazine has been widely used for years as a horse tranquilizer. Some in Congress are scrambling to tighten regulations and ... Men suffered xylazine-related deaths at twice the rate of women, and Black men appeared particularly vulnerable. ...
SAMHSA is issuing an alert about the risks associated with xylazine, a non-opioid agent increasingly found in combination with ... SAMHSA emphasizes the need for practitioners to be aware of xylazine risks, manage patients accordingly, and provide counseling ... opioids like fentanyl, which can cause severe circulatory changes and tissue damage. Xylazine is known as "tranq" or "tranq ...
The big picture: Xylazine, which has been found in at least 36 states plus Washington, D.C., is yet another hurdle in the ... Between the lines: The FDA will halt and review any xylazine shipments to ensure theyre headed toward state-licensed ... What theyre saying: The FDA remains concerned about the increasing prevalence of xylazine mixed with illicit drugs, and this ... Why it matters: Xylazine, known as tranq or zombie drug, is causing blackouts, dangerously low blood pressure levels and ...
Overdose deaths involving xylazine are skyrocketing. But emergency rooms dont test for the drug, leaving people who dont know ... Xylazine overdoses are skyrocketing: CDC data shows U.S. overdose deaths involving xylazine were 34 times higher in 2021 than ... Xylazine overdoses are skyrocketing. CDC data shows U.S. overdose deaths involving xylazine were 34 times higher in 2021 than ... Tampa Police claim the substance they found tested positive in the field for fentanyl and xylazine. Xylazine is a horse ...
Xylazine is not approved for use in people and can cause sedation and other adverse health effects. During this COCA Call, ... The non-opioid drug xylazine has been found in the U.S. illegal drug supply and is associated with overdose deaths from ... Overdoses Involving Xylazine Mixed with Fentanyl: Clinical and Public Health Implications. *Diagnostic Testing and Treatment ... Describe the current understanding of adverse health effects from exposure to xylazine mixed with fentanyl and acute overdose ...
NIDAs Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences released a Notice of Special Interest (NOSI): Xylazine-Understanding ... the White House designated fentanyl contaminated with xylazine an emerging threat and ONDCP released a National Response Plan ... In response to the rapid escalation in the detection of xylazine in the unregulated drug supply, in April 2023, ... Haroz discusses xylazine-related wounds and describes emerging practices for wound care for patients exposed to xylazine and ...
... deaths involving xylazine, known on the street as Tranq, had already risen 35-fold by 2021. ... Xylazine, a powerful animal sedative thats moving through the illicit drug supply in the U.S., is causing gruesome skin wounds ... Xylazine has been widely used for years as a horse tranquilizer. Some in Congress are scrambling to tighten regulations and ... Men suffered xylazine-related deaths at twice the rate of women, and Black men appeared particularly vulnerable. ...
Xylazine, known on the streets as tranq, can be lethal, when mixed with heroin or fentanyl, and causes nasty wounds and sores ... Why it matters: Xylazine, known on the streets as tranq, can be lethal, when mixed with heroin or fentanyl, and causes nasty ... State of play: First detected on the city streets about a decade ago, xylazine went dormant for years before making a vicious ... In Michigan, xylazine-involved deaths were up nearly 87% between 2019 and 2020, the Detroit Free Press reported. ...
The White House says drug deaths linked to a mix of synthetic drugs including fentanyl and xylazine - also known as tranq - are ... Xylazine, known on the street as tranq, was first linked to drug deaths in the Northeast but has since spread rapidly in ... The U.S. government issued a grave new warning Wednesday about a cocktail of illegal street drugs made of fentanyl and xylazine ... Already, the latest drug data from 2020-2021 shows a stunning increase of fatal overdoses linked to xylazine, with deaths in ...
National news - DEA warning on Xylazine, FDA warning on Ivermectin sales, parent advocates speak in California, Kansas, Oregon ... is warning the American public of a sharp increase in the trafficking of fentanyl mixed with xylazine; in 2022, seven percent ... of fentanyl pills the DEA seized also contained xylazine.. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warned a supplement ... issued a warning to Americans about a sharp increase in the trafficking of the combination of fentanyl mixed with xylazine. The ...
Xylazine is not approved for human use.. Xylazine has also become a growing factor in fatal opioid overdoses of Vermonters in ... Concerns grow over xylazine-laced opioids after infant death in May by Tiffany Tan November 7, 2022, 2:23 pm. November 10, 2022 ... Xylazine is used on many animal species to calm them for diagnostic and surgical procedures, to relieve pain, or to act as a ... Because xylazine is not an opioid, experts say opioid antidotes such as naloxone may not be as effective in reversing opioid ...
Placing xylazine on Schedule III-as opposed to just banning it-preserves legitimate use by veterinarians and farmers. ... PA Makes Xylazine a Controlled Substance, Swiss Capital Wants Pilot Cocaine Sales Program, More... (6/5/23). ... Pennsylvania Temporarily Makes Tranq Drug Xylazine a Controlled Substance [23]. Responding to the spread of the veterinary ... This action will protect veterinarians and other legitimate users and manufacturers of xylazine, which is an important ...
Xylazine (Tranq) Drug Test (Urine). Xylazine, also known as Tranq or the Zombie Drug, is a sedative approved only for use with ... The Xylazine (Tranq) Drug Test (Urine) test is important for consumers who could be at risk for unintentional xylazine exposure ... WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF XYLAZINE? Xylazine is a central nervous system depressant. It causes drowsiness, dry mouth, memory loss ... The test will identify the presence or absence of xylazine and determine the amount if xylazine is detected. ...
NYS Offering Xylazine Test Strips. Tuesday, May 30. by Ed Vivenzio New York State is taking new actions to combat the spread of ... What to know about the drug xylazine and why its making fentanyl worse. Tuesday, March 21. by ABC News ... xylazine in the state. Youll now be able to order free testing... Read More. ...
xylazine news stories - get the latest updates from ABC11. ... Fentanyl laced with xylazine declared an emerging threat in ... Now that the administration has declared fentanyl combined with xylazine an emerging threat, it has 90 days to coordinate a ...
Procedures-Each llama received tiletamine-zolazepam (2 mg/kg) combined with either xylazine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) or saline ... Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Xylazine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) increased the duration of antinociception in llamas ... Abstract Objective-To evaluate antinociceptive and selected effects associated with IM administration of xylazine hydrochloride ... 8. Ko JC, Williams BL & Rogers ER, et al. Increasing xylazine dose-enhanced anesthetic properties of Telazol-xylazine ...
Xylazine is not approved for use in people and can cause sedation and other adverse health effects. During this COCA Call, ... The non-opioid drug xylazine has been found in the U.S. illegal drug supply and is associated with overdose deaths from ... Overdoses Involving Xylazine Mixed with Fentanyl: Clinical and Public Health Implications. *Diagnostic Testing and Treatment ... Describe the current understanding of adverse health effects from exposure to xylazine mixed with fentanyl and acute overdose ...
A 1:1 mg mixture of Telazol® and xylazine hydrochloride (100 mg of Telazol® and 100 mg of xylazine per ml) was used to ... Immobilization of Collared Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) and Feral Hogs (Sus scrofa) with Telazol® and Xylazine Timothy M. Gabor; ... A 1:1 mg mixture of Telazol® and xylazine provided an effective and safe method to immobilize both species and provided ... and Xylazine. J Wildl Dis 1 January 1997; 33 (1): 161-164. doi: https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-33.1.161 ...
Administration is warning the American public of a sharp increase in the trafficking of fentanyl mixed with xylazine. Xylazine ... DEA Reports Widespread Threat of Fentanyl Mixed with Xylazine Mar 27, 2023 1:14:32 PM ...
... "xylazine, humans," "xylazine, pregnancy" and "xylazine, placenta" to identify the studies evaluating xylazines effects on ... Xylazine Use in Pregnancy: The Effects of the Fentanyl Adulterant Xylazine on Pregnant Patients and the Developing Fetus ... There is evidence of xylazine in human umbilical cord tissue, showing that the fetus is exposed to xylazine. Animal studies ... Studies were included if they provided information on symptoms of xylazine, the prevalence of xylazine in pregnant humans and ...
For example, in New York state xylazine is now a schedule III controlled substance. ... xylazine is not a scheduled drug because its not meant for human consumptions. However, this is changing. ... In most states, xylazine is not a scheduled drug because its not meant for human consumptions. However, this is changing. For ... example, in New York state xylazine is now a schedule III controlled substance. ...
HomeNewsXylazine Has Spread to Every Region of the Country, Millennium Health Signals Reportâ„¢ Shows. Xylazine Has Spread to ... This analysis of the nationwide spread of xylazine is the most current and substantiative to date since xylazine use rose to ... September 13, 2023 Mary Canady News, Syndication Comments Off on Xylazine Has Spread to Every Region of the Country, Millennium ... "Increased awareness of the threats posed by xylazine is needed among clinicians and publ Click here to view original post ...
... EP: 15. .Happy Pride Month, ... The threat of fentanyl mixed with xylazine, pet-friendly domestic violence shelters, and more. May 10, 2023. dvm360 Staff ... DEA reports widespread threat of fentanyl mixed with xylazine: DEA issues warning for the trafficking of fentanyl mixed with ... FDA-approved sedative xylazine. *Federal grant applications for pet-friendly domestic violence shelters now open: $3.3 million ...
  • Xylazine, a powerful animal sedative that's moving through the illicit drug supply in the U.S., is causing gruesome skin wounds and scrambling longstanding methods for treating addiction and reversing overdoses. (wvia.org)
  • On Thursday, the CDC released a separate report finding that by 2022, xylazine was being detected in nearly 11% of all fentanyl-related overdoses. (wvia.org)
  • During this COCA Call, presenters will discuss the epidemiology of overdoses involving xylazine mixed with fentanyl, the current understanding of health risks related to these overdoses, and acute treatment strategies. (cdc.gov)
  • Discuss the history and epidemiology of xylazine in the drug supply and among overdoses. (cdc.gov)
  • List laboratory testing options and harm reduction activities to minimize disease and death from overdoses involving xylazine mixed with fentanyl. (cdc.gov)
  • To receive continuing education (CE) for WC4520R- Overdoses Involving Xylazine Mixed with Fentanyl: Clinical and Public Health Implications -please visit CDC TRAIN and search for the course in the Course Catalog using WC4520R-022924 . (cdc.gov)
  • Current ToxIC data indicates that about a quarter of blood samples from people presenting to EDs with nonfatal suspected opioid-involved overdoses have been exposed to xylazine. (nih.gov)
  • Xylazine has also become a growing factor in fatal opioid overdoses of Vermonters in recent years. (vtdigger.org)
  • Because xylazine is not an opioid, experts say opioid antidotes such as naloxone may not be as effective in reversing opioid overdoses when the animal tranquilizer is present. (vtdigger.org)
  • Overdoses with xylazine are not reversed by giving naloxone. (anylabtestnow.com)
  • Unfortunately, when someone overdoses on Xylazine, Narcan(Naloxone) does not reverse the effects as it is not an opioid but can lessen the symptoms. (shssharkattack.com)
  • In 2019, Xylazine was detected in over 31% of opioid overdoses in Philadelphia, up from a mere 2% in previous years. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa), and Maggie Hassan (D-N.H.) are introducing the Combating Illicit Xylazine Act , bipartisan, bicameral legislation with Representatives Jimmy Panetta (D-Calif.-19), August Pfluger (R-Texas-11), Gus Bilirakis (R-Fla.-12), Ken Buck (R-Colo.-04), and Chris Pappas (D-N.H.-01) to crack down on and schedule the highly dangerous sedative causing fatal overdoses nationwide. (senate.gov)
  • Unlike opioid overdoses, where naloxone serves as an effective antidote, there is currently no specific medication or antidote available to reverse a xylazine overdose. (breathinglabs.com)
  • North Carolina is one of 29 states that has detected the presence of xylazine in deadly overdoses. (solas.health)
  • Deaths from overdoses of Xylazine-laced fentanyl have surged. (wnyc.org)
  • [ 4 ] This report uses data from CDC's State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS) to describe IMF-involved § overdose deaths with and without xylazine detected that occurred during January 2019-June 2022. (medscape.com)
  • Monthly counts of IMF-involved deaths ¶ with xylazine detected and co-involved as a cause of death, and proportions of IMF-involved deaths with xylazine detected were examined in 21 jurisdictions** for January 2019-June 2022. (medscape.com)
  • Among 21 jurisdictions, the monthly proportion of IMF-involved deaths with xylazine detected increased 276% from January 2019 (2.9%) to June 2022 (10.9%) (Figure 1). (medscape.com)
  • The monthly number of IMF-involved deaths with xylazine co-involved increased from 12 in January 2019 to 188 in June 2022. (medscape.com)
  • During January 2021-June 2022, among 32 jurisdictions, xylazine was detected in 9.0% (4,859) of 53,969 IMF-involved deaths ( Table ) and co-involved in 6.9% (3,735). (medscape.com)
  • In 2022, 75% of samples containing Xylazine were submitted by law enforcement agencies from Ontario. (canada.ca)
  • Between January 2012 and December 2022, Xylazine has been identified in 2,324 exhibits submitted for analysis to the Drug Analysis Service (DAS). (canada.ca)
  • As of December 2022, Xylazine was not controlled in Canada under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act . (canada.ca)
  • In 2021, a sharp increase of Xylazine identifications from samples submitted by law enforcement agencies in Ontario was observed, with a total of 414 identifications in 2021 and 1,011 in 2022, compared to 9 in 2020. (canada.ca)
  • 2022. Among 21 jurisdictions, which included 20 states and ¶ Analyses were restricted to IMF-involved deaths because xylazine is known the District of Columbia, the monthly percentage of IMF- to be mixed mainly in IMF products and because 99.5% of the deaths in the current analysis with xylazine detected involved IMFs. (cdc.gov)
  • 2021-June 2022 in 32 jurisdictions, xylazine was detected in a involved for four deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • 10 Investigates first reported on xylazine in November 2022. (wtsp.com)
  • Florida medical examiners were required to report when people tested positive for xylazine after death for the first time in 2022. (wtsp.com)
  • We've now learned that in the first six months of 2022, medical examiners reported 218 people died after taking xylazine. (wtsp.com)
  • Xylazine, also known as "tranq," is an easily accessible veterinary tranquilizer that is being used as a low-cost cutting agent, and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) recently reported 23% of fentanyl powder contained it in 2022 . (senate.gov)
  • From January 2012 to December 2022, the Drug Analysis Service identified xylazine 2,324 times, with 536 identifications in 2021 and a staggering 1,350 in the previous year. (breathinglabs.com)
  • Between January and June 2022, xylazine had infiltrated 28% of samples taken by Massachusett's Drug Supply Data Stream . (solas.health)
  • And a new CDC data analysis released in June 2023 found the number of overdose deaths involving xylazine in the U.S. was 34 times higher in 2021 than it was in 2018. (wtsp.com)
  • In response to the rapid escalation in the detection of xylazine in the unregulated drug supply, in April 2023, the White House designated fentanyl contaminated with xylazine an "emerging threat" and ONDCP released a National Response Plan in July to coordinate a government-wide response. (nih.gov)
  • On June 14, 2023, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Center for the Clinical Trials Network (CCTN) convened health care professionals and federal partners to review current practices in xylazine-related testing, treatment, and wound care to inform evolving best-practices in the field and a xylazine-opioid research agenda. (nih.gov)
  • On September 26, 2023, the CCTN convened the "Xylazine Discussion Forum" (the Forum) to provide a venue for CTN researchers and community members to discuss research needs to address this emerging threat. (nih.gov)
  • April 12, 2023 - The unfold of fentanyl and the animal tranquilizer xylazine is an "rising menace" to the USA, the White Home stated Wednesday, which permits it to shortly develop a response plan to scale back provides of the illicit medicine, enhance testing, and supply extra therapy. (ezesavers.com)
  • In January 2023, The New York Times analyzed the rising prevalence of xylazine in the US drug supply . (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • [ 1 ] Xylazine, a nonopioid sedative not approved for human use and with no known antidote, has been increasingly detected in IMF products in the U.S. drug supply* and in IMF-involved overdose deaths. (medscape.com)
  • The number and percentage of IMF-involved deaths with xylazine detected, and the proportion of those with xylazine detected for which xylazine was listed as a cause of death, were calculated for each jurisdiction. (medscape.com)
  • The number and percentage of IMF-involved deaths with and without xylazine detected were calculated, stratified by decedent demographics, U.S. Census Bureau region, §§ co-involved drugs, and overdose circumstances (e.g., route of drug use, decedent drug use history, and overdose response efforts). (medscape.com)
  • analyses were restricted to deaths with toxicology reports or with xylazine listed as a cause of death on the death certificate. (medscape.com)
  • The proportion of IMF-involved deaths with xylazine detected in which xylazine was determined to be a cause of death ranged from none to ≥90% across jurisdictions. (medscape.com)
  • NCHS released a new report, "Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Xylazine, 2018‒2021," that presents trends in drug overdose death rates involving xylazine from 2018 through 2021 in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Xylazine, a nonopioid sedative, has been increasingly detected in illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) drug products and overdose deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • The CDC concluded that by 2021, the "rate of drug overdose deaths involving xylazine was 35 times higher than the 2018 rate. (wvia.org)
  • But t he report shows the explosion of xylazine-related deaths began in 2018 with overdose fatalities rising to 627 in 2019 - doubling to 1,499 in 2020 - and then doubling once more to 3,468 in 2021. (wvia.org)
  • Men suffered xylazine-related deaths at twice the rate of women, and Black men appeared particularly vulnerable. (wvia.org)
  • Overdose deaths involving xylazine are skyrocketing. (wtsp.com)
  • Compare those six months to all of 2021 - before reporting xylazine was required - when Florida medical examiners voluntarily identified 236 deaths. (wtsp.com)
  • The non-opioid drug xylazine has been found in the U.S. illegal drug supply and is associated with overdose deaths from fentanyl. (cdc.gov)
  • The experts emphasize that the focus should be on fentanyl-as this drug rather than xylazine currently drives overdose deaths-particularly ensuring naloxone use for overdose reversal and appropriate care of patients. (nih.gov)
  • In Michigan, xylazine-involved deaths were up nearly 87% between 2019 and 2020, the Detroit Free Press reported . (axios.com)
  • The U.S. government issued a grave new warning Wednesday about a cocktail of illegal street drugs made of fentanyl and xylazine that's fueling another wave of American overdose deaths. (wuky.org)
  • Xylazine, known on the street as tranq, was first linked to drug deaths in the Northeast but has since spread rapidly in Southern and Western states. (wuky.org)
  • Synthetic drugs including fentanyl, methamphetamines and now xylazine have become a political flashpoint as drug deaths rise. (wuky.org)
  • From January to July this year, according to a recent health department report , xylazine was involved in 38 of 126 opioid overdose deaths among Vermonters, or 30% of the total. (vtdigger.org)
  • Vermont data analysis has shown that fentanyl is present in nearly all deaths involving xylazine. (vtdigger.org)
  • Public health officials say the rise in xylazine-related deaths has emphasized the fact that people can't know for sure what substances are in illicit drugs. (vtdigger.org)
  • WASHINGTON - The White House is unveiling a plan to combat the growing threat of drug overdose deaths involving the combination of illicitly manufactured fentanyl and the powerful sedative xylazine, approved only for veterinary use. (arkansasadvocate.com)
  • Sadly, this war does not seem to end anytime soon as Xylazine is on the rise, and deaths are only going up as the years go by. (shssharkattack.com)
  • We mentioned the recent surge in xylazine-related deaths in Pennsylvania, and there is an increasing presence in other states as well. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • In 2021, the state of Maryland reported that xylazine was identified in 1 of every 5 deaths due to drug overdose. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Xylazine is hurting New Hampshire communities and contributing to the alarming rate of overdose deaths in our state," said Senator Hassan . (senate.gov)
  • Despite only being approved for limited veterinary uses, Xylazine in humans is becoming increasingly common, especially in cases of overdose deaths. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • DEA statistics additionally confirmed that xylazine-positive overdose deaths elevated by 1,127% within the South, 750% within the West, greater than 500% within the Midwest, and greater than 100% within the Northeast. (ezesavers.com)
  • However, the use of xylazine has been linked to severe health risks and an alarming increase in overdose deaths. (breathinglabs.com)
  • In 2019, according to the CDC, cocaine, and heroin were listed as causes of death in 32.1% and 26.0% of xylazine-positive deaths. (solas.health)
  • The same was true for deaths from xylazine, 29.6%, and 28.4% of xylazine-involved deaths. (solas.health)
  • Deaths from xylazine are on the rise. (wnyc.org)
  • According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), drug overdose deaths involving xylazine increased by 24% in Pennsylvania between 2015 and 2020. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • Xylazine is known as "tranq" or "tranq dope" in the illicit drug market and poses dangers including drowsiness, respiratory depression, and potentially life-threatening skin wounds. (afterschoolnetwork.org)
  • Westfahl has observed that some are becoming dependent on the xylazine-fentanyl combination and seeking out 'tranq dope' as they experience withdrawal symptoms. (axios.com)
  • In the US, xylazine is occasionally referred to as tranq or tranq dope, due to its tranquilizing effects. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Xylazine often called "tranq dope" on the street, has health officials across the East Coast worried. (solas.health)
  • Results from early human clinical studies confirmed that xylazine has several central nervous system depressant effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xylazine causes central nervous system depressant effects such as sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia and anesthesia Footnote 3 . (canada.ca)
  • Xylazine is a central nervous system depressant. (anylabtestnow.com)
  • Xylazine is a non-opioid, nervous system depressant first created in 1962. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Xylazine primarily acts as a central nervous system depressant, causing sedation and muscle relaxation. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • 1. Central Nervous System Depression: Xylazine acts as a powerful depressant on the central nervous system. (armadarecovery.com)
  • The interaction between Xylazine and other drugs can lead to a cascade of dangerous effects, including an intensified depressant effect on the central nervous system and increased likelihood of overdose. (armadarecovery.com)
  • Xylazine, sometimes called "tranq" is a central nervous system depressant, meaning the drug causes drowsiness, decreased heart rate, slowed breathing and dangerously low blood pressure. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • Xylazine is a depressant, lowering heart rate and blood pressure, decreasing respiration, and suppressing the central nervous system. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • Responding to the spread of the veterinary tranquillizer xylazine into the illicit street drug market, along with the lesions it creates on users and its danger (it is often mixed with opioids but does not respond to naloxone), the Department of Health has moved to limit access to the drug by temporarily listing it as a Schedule III substance. (stopthedrugwar.org)
  • However, the use of naloxone does not reverse an overdose of xylazine itself. (drugfreenh.org)
  • Because it isn't an opioid, xylazine won't respond to naloxone, the treatment for opioid overdose. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Xylazine causes depressed breathing and heart rate, unconsciousness, necrosis, and even death, and naloxone does not reverse its effects because it is not an opioid. (senate.gov)
  • In November, the FDA notified well being care professionals that the overdose agent naloxone is unlikely to reverse a xylazine-related overdose because the animal tranquilizer shouldn't be an opioid. (ezesavers.com)
  • Nevertheless, medical experts recommend administering naloxone in cases of suspected xylazine overdose, particularly when opioids may also be present. (breathinglabs.com)
  • but because xylazine is not an opioid, it does not respond to naloxone. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • In an overdose situation, naloxone may help reverse the effects of fentanyl, but there's currently no treatment for a xylazine overdose. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • It is important for overdose prevention and response messages to highlight the potential presence of xylazine in IMF products and emphasize the need for respiratory and cardiovascular support to address the sedative effects of xylazine. (medscape.com)
  • Unpublished programmatic data indicate that xylazine testing to highlight the potential presence of xylazine in IMF products was not necessarily uniform within each jurisdiction or over time during the analysis period (e.g., some counties initiated testing sooner than others and and emphasize the need for respiratory and cardiovascular sup- testing protocols varied for which cases received xylazine testing). (cdc.gov)
  • Canadian health officials have issued warnings about the presence of xylazine in various drugs, such as cocaine, opioid products, and crystal meth. (breathinglabs.com)
  • Xylazine is a drug used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle, and other non-human mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In veterinary anesthesia, xylazine is often used in combination with ketamine. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 1:1 mg mixture of Telazol® and xylazine provided an effective and safe method to immobilize both species and provided adequate analgesia and anesthesia for short surgical procedures. (allenpress.com)
  • To provide anesthesia for cattle, Xylazine is typically combined with ketamine. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • the latency and duration of anesthesia induced by ketamine and xylazine, 2. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since 2019, there has been an increase in the number of Xylazine identifications in samples submitted to the Drug Analysis Service (DAS) by Canadian law enforcement agencies. (canada.ca)
  • Xylazine was first identified in Canada in 2001 in exhibits submitted by law enforcement agencies, but it only started emerging in 2019 (Figure 1). (canada.ca)
  • Indeed, while there were 5 identifications of Xylazine in 2018, the number of Xylazine identifications increased to 205 in 2019. (canada.ca)
  • In 2019 to 2020, a majority of the Xylazine identifications originated from samples submitted by law enforcement agencies in British Columbia and Alberta (Table 1). (canada.ca)
  • Health Canada reports indicate that xylazine first surfaced in seized drugs in 2001, but its prevalence has dramatically increased since 2019. (breathinglabs.com)
  • Xylazine is not approved for use in people and can cause sedation and other adverse health effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Signs of a Xylazine overdose are sedation, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, low heart rate, and wounds. (shssharkattack.com)
  • 4. Coma and Unconsciousness: Due to the potent sedative properties of Xylazine, excessive consumption can induce a state of deep sedation, resulting in coma or unconsciousness. (armadarecovery.com)
  • The mechanism of action of Xylazine is not fully understood yet but it is known to work on the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors of the central nervous system, producing the desired sedation and analgesia effects. (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • Xylazine has been widely used for years as a horse tranquilizer. (wvia.org)
  • Xylazine is a horse tranquilizer that's been quietly creeping into the street fentanyl supply for years. (wtsp.com)
  • He said it's also likely the government will consider further regulations for xylazine, which is used legally by veterinarians as an animal tranquilizer. (wuky.org)
  • SAN DIEGO-(BUSINESS WIRE)-According to the Millennium Health Signals Report released today, the powerful, veterinary tranquilizer xylazine-also known as "tranq"-was detected in urine drug tests from every region of the country, with the highest rates in the Eastern U.S. This analysis of the nationwide spread of xylazine is the most current and substantiative to date since xylazine use rose to prominence. (sdbn.org)
  • Xylazine is an animal tranquilizer. (drugfreenh.org)
  • Is Xylazine a Tranquilizer? (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Xylazine is used as an approved tranquilizer in veterinary medicine only, and it does produce tranquilizing effects since it acts to depress the central nervous system. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • As noted, xylazine is used as a tranquilizer, muscle relaxer, and emetic in veterinary medicine. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Xylazine has gained notoriety as a tranquilizer due to its potency and availability. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • This bipartisan legislation will ensure the DEA and local law enforcement have the tools they need to get xylazine off our streets while protecting its important use as a veterinary tranquilizer. (senate.gov)
  • Xylazine is a veterinary tranquilizer. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • Xylazine, a non-opioid veterinary tranquilizer, is knowingly or unknowingly being used in combination with other drugs. (okimready.org)
  • Xylazine, commonly known as "tranq" or "horse tranquilizer," has become a cause for concern in the illicit drug market. (breathinglabs.com)
  • The FDA remains concerned about the increasing prevalence of xylazine mixed with illicit drugs, and this action is one part of broader efforts the agency is undertaking to address this issue,' FDA commissioner Robert Califf said in a statement. (axios.com)
  • This funding opportunity encourages research on the prevalence and consequences of xylazine co-use with opioids or opioid/stimulant combinations and research into how xylazine impacts treatment of opioid use disorders and overdose. (nih.gov)
  • A brief literature review was completed to outline the effects of xylazine on the pregnant patient while raising awareness of the increasing prevalence of opioid use disorder in pregnancy and the increase in adulterants in illicit substances. (ku.edu)
  • Studies were included if they provided information on symptoms of xylazine, the prevalence of xylazine in pregnant humans and the hemodynamic effects of xylazine on both human and animal pregnant populations. (ku.edu)
  • Side effects of Xylazine include tiredness or faintness, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, hyperglycemia and miosis Footnote 1 Footnote 3 . (canada.ca)
  • Studies involving humans show that xylazine toxicity can cause respiratory depression, bradycardia and central nervous system depression. (ku.edu)
  • In some animals, xylazine can cause side effects such as hypotension, hypertension, or respiratory depression. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • 2. Respiratory Depression: One of the gravest dangers associated with Xylazine abuse is respiratory depression. (armadarecovery.com)
  • Combined with opioids, xylazine amplifies the life-threatening effects of respiratory depression, increasing the likelihood of an overdose and potential fatality. (breathinglabs.com)
  • Short-term effects of xylazine abuse can include respiratory depression, seizures, and even death. (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • Additionally, xylazine is often mixed with opioids like fentanyl, heightening the risk of overdose. (breathinglabs.com)
  • However, here are some common long-term effects of Xylazine abuse. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • 1. Education and Outreach: Raising awareness about the dangers of Xylazine abuse is crucial. (armadarecovery.com)
  • Are you concerned about the potential dangers of xylazine abuse? (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • The Combating Illicit Xylazine Act is cosponsored by Senators Jeanne Shaheen (D-N.H.), Jim Risch (R-Idaho), Shelley Moore Capito (R-W.Va.), Roger Marshall (R-Kan.), and Joe Manchin (D-W.Va. (senate.gov)
  • A bipartisan group of Senate and Home members in late March launched the Combating Illicit Xylazine Act , which might make the drug a managed substance. (ezesavers.com)
  • If you suspect someone is struggling with xylazine addiction, approaching them with empathy and encouraging professional assistance is vital. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • 2. Professional Intervention: For individuals struggling with Xylazine addiction, seeking professional help is essential. (armadarecovery.com)
  • Shawn Westfahl, an overdose prevention coordinator for Prevention Point, the city's only needle exchange, told Axios the combination of xylazine and fentanyl can put a person to sleep for hours, making it harder to determine whether someone is experiencing an overdose. (axios.com)
  • The combination of xylazine and fentanyl has driven an increase in casualties and grisly side effects, such as skin ulcers, abscesses, and festering wounds that can require amputation. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • Following a public records request, VTDigger learned that state records going back to 2008 show C.J. is the first minor to have died in Vermont in part from xylazine, an animal sedative that's been increasingly found in illicit opioids. (vtdigger.org)
  • Xylazine, known on the streets as 'tranq,' can be lethal, when mixed with heroin or fentanyl, and causes nasty wounds and sores that can result in amputations. (axios.com)
  • Local drug traffickers use xylazine as a cutting agent to extend supplies of heroin and fentanyl, inspector Jamill Taylor, of the Philadelphia police narcotics unit, told Axios. (axios.com)
  • Though it has no medical use for people, it has been found mixed with drugs like cocaine, heroin, and fentanyl across the U.S. Adding xylazine may enhance the effects of these drugs, but also increases the risk of accidental overdose. (anylabtestnow.com)
  • When xylazine is mixed with other substances, like heroin or fentanyl, there is the possibility that a person experiencing a medical emergency could also be experiencing an opioid overdose. (drugfreenh.org)
  • Individuals who abuse xylazine typically administer it by injecting the drug intravenously or by mixing it with other substances, such as heroin or cocaine. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • Xylazine is most commonly cut with other drugs like fentanyl, heroin and cocaine. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • Despite being a veterinary medicine, Xylazine has become infamous as recreational drugs among substance abusers because of its cheaper availability than any other illegal drugs available out there like cocaine or heroin. (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • The number of cases involving xylazine identified in drug testing surged from five in 2018 to 205 the following year. (breathinglabs.com)
  • This spring, the Biden administration declared illicit xylazine, also known as tranq on the street, an "emergent" threat. (wvia.org)
  • Now that the administration has declared fentanyl combined with xylazine an emerging threat, it has 90 days to coordinate a national response. (abc11.com)
  • Shelby Arena, Harm Reduction Coordinator at MATTERS then provided the history and principles of harm reduction and the importance of using person-first language, as well as information on the emerging threat of Xylazine ("tranq") and harm reduction strategies to address it. (shnny.org)
  • Whether you're concerned about xylazine in your community or haven't heard of this rising threat, this article aims to shed light on the topic. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • Xylazine abuse poses a significant threat to public health and safety. (armadarecovery.com)
  • Declaring xylazine an emerging drug threat. (senate.gov)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , when xylazine is combined with opioids, it increases the risk of fatal overdose because it can cause slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, and slow, ineffective breathing. (wtsp.com)
  • Xylazine is commonly combined with opioids for this exact purpose, as Xylazine tends to lengthen the effect of other drugs. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • Identify opportunities for public health and clinical partnerships to improve communication, outreach, and outcomes in people exposed to xylazine mixed with fentanyl. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies show some people exposed to xylazine are not aware it's in their drug supply, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. (vtdigger.org)
  • Dr. Haroz discusses xylazine-related wounds and describes emerging practices for wound care for patients exposed to xylazine and opioids, noting that it is possible for wounds to heal with the appropriate treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Future studies should focus on the pregnancy outcomes in patients exposed to xylazine to create better recommendations for treatment. (ku.edu)
  • The muscle relaxing effect xylazine produces inhibits impulses in the central nervous system and can create a state that is akin to sleep. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • The sedative and analgesic effects of xylazine are related to central nervous system depression. (wikipedia.org)
  • PA Makes Xylazine a Controlled Substance, Swiss Capital Wants Pilot Cocaine Sales Program, More. (stopthedrugwar.org)
  • Using newly available testing strips, xylazine has been detected in local supplies of cocaine, opioid products, and crystal meth," says Dr. Thomas Piggott, Peterborough's medical officer of health told the National Post . (breathinglabs.com)
  • Interestingly enough, some studies have shown that xylazine might aid in reducing cocaine cravings in humans. (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • In scientific research, xylazine is a component of the most common anesthetic, ketamine-xylazine (see rodent cocktail), which is used in rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a veterinary anesthetic, xylazine is typically only administered once for intended effect before or during surgical procedures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Xylazine is used on many animal species to calm them for diagnostic and surgical procedures, to relieve pain, or to act as a local anesthetic. (vtdigger.org)
  • Xylazine is a veterinary anesthetic, not approved for human consumption, but has found its way into addicts' drugs all around the country today. (shssharkattack.com)
  • chronic xylazine detected, and the proportion of those with xylazine use might lead to severe withdrawal symptoms as well as detected for which xylazine was listed as a cause of death, were skin ulcerations ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The discussion period features questions about the experiences of individuals using xylazine, recent findings on xylazine from the animal research literature, the profile of intentional veterinary xylazine overdose from case reports in the 1980s, and xylazine withdrawal symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • No medications have been FDA-approved to manage xylazine withdrawal symptoms. (drugfreenh.org)
  • When someone with a xylazine addiction abruptly stops using the drug, they may experience withdrawal symptoms. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • There is currently no treatment for xylazine withdrawal symptoms, though anti-anxiety medications have been used to help alleviate them. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • Our bipartisan bill would take important steps to combat the abuse of xylazine by giving law enforcement more authority to crack down on the illicit distribution of this drug, including by putting stiffer penalties on criminals who are spreading this drug to our communities. (senate.gov)
  • With this article, you'll gain insight into the abuse of xylazine and its potential consequences. (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • New York State is taking new actions to combat the spread of xylazine in the state . (fingerlakesdailynews.com)
  • Health officials say the spread of xylazine is underestimated, especially since hospitals don't yet test for it. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • Equine farm manager dies from accidental overdose of xylazine. (cdc.gov)
  • G3: the same treatment as for G2, plus the addition of xylazine during maintenance. (unesp.br)
  • More than 90% of Philadelphia's lab-tested samples of dope have tested positive for xylazine. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • Of drug samples in New York City, 25% have tested positive for xylazine. (meadowsoutpatient.com)
  • listing detected xylazine as a cause of death varied across jurisdictions. (medscape.com)
  • 79% of Xylazine samples contained 2 to 4 co-occurring substances. (canada.ca)
  • As such, it is possible that not all noncontrolled substances (including Xylazine) were reported. (canada.ca)
  • Any substance use carries the risk of accidental poisoning or overdose but some substances, like xylazine, pose a higher risk. (drugfreenh.org)
  • But veterinary medicine can also be a source of drug abuse and addiction, including dangerous substances like xylazine. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • While both substances pose risks, xylazine abuse has seen a concerning rise due to its accessibility and affordability. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • Like many substances with addictive potential, xylazine can lead to the development of addiction in individuals who misuse it. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • 5. Drug Interactions: Combining Xylazine with other substances, such as opioids or alcohol, magnifies the risks exponentially. (armadarecovery.com)
  • Xylazine releases dopamine in the brain, linking to the same receptors as substances like opioids. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • The FDA in March issued an import alert for xylazine, which supplies it the ability to detain the uncooked substances or bulk portions of the drug if the shipments are suspected to be unlawful. (ezesavers.com)
  • Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) or temporary ADIs were established for all of these substances except xylazine. (who.int)
  • The Committee recommended Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) in appropriate tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and fat), milk and/or eggs for all substances except xylazine. (who.int)
  • Fentanyl test strips that are distributed in Vermont communities do not detect xylazine. (vtdigger.org)
  • Therefore, specific tests to detect xylazine would be necessary to confirm its presence. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • Combined with ketamine, xylazine is a drug that is used to fully sedate large animals such as elephants or horses for surgery. (solas.health)
  • Illicit xylazine use in the United States, as a whole, has risen since 2020, according to figures from the Drug Enforcement Administration. (vtdigger.org)
  • In animals, xylazine may be administered intramuscularly or intravenously. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this spotlight report is to characterize trends in Xylazine identifications across Canada since 2012 and draw a more comprehensive picture of Xylazine in Canada based on exhibits seized and submitted to DAS for analysis by law enforcement agencies. (canada.ca)
  • Xylazine identifications are defined as the identification of Xylazine in a unique exhibit. (canada.ca)
  • Due to xylazine's highly lipophilic nature, xylazine directly stimulates central α2 receptors as well as peripheral α-adrenoceptors in a variety of tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the key words "xylazine, adulterant," "xylazine, humans," "xylazine, pregnancy" and "xylazine, placenta" to identify the studies evaluating xylazine's effects on humans and the pregnant patient. (ku.edu)
  • port to address the sedative effects of xylazine. (cdc.gov)
  • When consumed by humans, xylazine induces sedative effects, reducing pain and slowing brain activity. (breathinglabs.com)
  • A recording and summary of the meeting, "Managing Patients Taking Xylazine-Adulterated Opioids in Emergency, Hospital, and Addiction Care Settings," is available. (nih.gov)
  • Until experts learn more about xylazine - such as its potential toxicity at various levels and how to readily test for the drug - it's important to educate the public about its presence and health risks, said Stacey Sigmon, director of the Center on Rural Addiction at the University of Vermont. (vtdigger.org)
  • On August 1st the Network hosted a NetWorkshop with Medication for Addiction Treatment and Electronic Referrals (MATTERS) on MATTERS' services for people with substance use disorder, harm reduction and information about Xylazine. (shnny.org)
  • Continued use of xylazine can result in tolerance, dependence, and addiction. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • Identifying signs of xylazine addiction can be challenging, as they can vary depending on the individual. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • Treating xylazine addiction and dependency requires a combination of detoxification, behavioral therapies, and medication-assisted treatment options. (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • Xylazine is only authorized for veterinary purposes in the United States by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • failed verification] Xylazine was also studied for use in human beings, but due to hazardous side-effects, including hypotension and bradycardia, it was not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human use. (wikipedia.org)
  • After human drug trials revealed that xylazine caused bradycardia and hypotension, it wasn't deemed safe for human use. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • Xylazine, known as 'tranq' or 'zombie drug,' is causing blackouts, dangerously low blood pressure levels and heart rates, and severe skin-rotting wounds in users that can lead to amputation if untreated. (axios.com)
  • Xylazine , also known as Tranq or the Zombie Drug , is a sedative approved only for use with animals. (anylabtestnow.com)
  • Despite alarming reports about the rise of xylazine, which has been called a " zombie drug, " federal, state, and local law enforcement do not have the tools necessary to effectively track it or crack down on traffickers using it to increase their profits. (senate.gov)
  • Presenters will also review the state of laboratory testing, outline potential harm reduction activities, and provide an example of an ongoing public health and clinical partnership to mitigate harms from xylazine mixed with fentanyl. (cdc.gov)
  • Describe the current understanding of adverse health effects from exposure to xylazine mixed with fentanyl and acute overdose treatment strategies. (cdc.gov)
  • Little research is available to describe the clinical effects of xylazine, either alone or when mixed with fentanyl and other drugs. (nih.gov)
  • On top of this, Xylazine is usually mixed with Fentanyl into another opioid to enhance the already dangerous effects even when not laced. (shssharkattack.com)
  • Xylazine test strips with good sensitivity and specificity are now available, but there are many questions about the best way to use them. (nih.gov)
  • Xylazine and fentanyl test strips are like your personal guardians on your journey. (utahopioids.org)
  • Tracey McCann dari Philadelphia menceritakan kisah kecanduannya pada xylazine. (topescortsinislamabad.com)
  • The most extensive use of Xylazine has been found in Philadelphia, with over 90% of narcotics having traces of it. (shssharkattack.com)
  • Health authorities first noticed Xylazine in Puerto Rico and then in Philadelphia, where it's been found in samples taken from seized drugs and overdose victims since 2016. (solas.health)
  • Xylazine is a powerful sedative drug primarily used in veterinary medicine, but has become a popular drug of abuse due to its availability and low cost. (magnifiedhealth.com)
  • It's clear that Xylazine is the next substance causing serious issues for those suffering from substance use disorder. (stairwayrecovery.com)
  • She highlights that assessing the xylazine landscape is difficult because the amount of xylazine in the illicit drug supply varies greatly by geographic location. (nih.gov)
  • Animal studies were included given the limited data on xylazine in pregnant humans. (ku.edu)
  • While originally intended for veterinary purposes, xylazine has found its way into illicit drug use among humans. (countrywidetesting.com)
  • According to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), Xylazine has been administered in studies to humans to determine potential pain-relieving effects , but the studies were terminated due to negative side effects. (legacyfreedom.com)
  • According to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), xylazine has never been approved for use in humans . (meadowsoutpatient.com)