Xipamide
Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
Effect of the location of hydrogen abstraction on the fragmentation of diuretics in negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. (1/6)
The diuretic agents bumetanide, xipamide, indapamide, and related compounds were investigated in order to determine the effect of different ionization sites on their collisionally activated dissociation and the corresponding fragmentation pathways. Therefore, analytes were selectively alkylated, and structural analogues as well as deuterium labeled compounds synthesized, which contain a reduced number of ionizable hydrogen atoms. Thus, specific hydrogen abstractions and their correlated dissociation routes of the negatively charged molecules were eliminated, providing evidence for the influence of the location of ionization on product ion spectra. Fragment ions such as m/z 78 indicate ionization at the commonly present sulfamoyl residue of diuretics but does not exclude additional ionization sites. Product ion spectra of the investigated diuretic agents proved to be composed by fragmentations initiated from different hydrogen abstractions. Moreover, the generation of radical anions by collision-activated dissociation of even-electron precursor ions was observed, the generation of which is discussed by proposed fragmentation pathways. (+info)Experimental design optimization of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the screening of several diuretics and ACE inhibitors. (2/6)
Experimental design methodologies are applied to the development of a capillary zone electrophoretic method for the separation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril and its derivative enalaprilat and the diuretics xipamide and hydrochlorothiazide. The effects of pH, buffer concentration, proportion of boric acid in the mixed boric acid-potassium dihydrogen phosphate background electrolyte, temperature, applied voltage, and percentage of organic modifier are studied. Critical factors are identified in a screening design (a 2(6-2) fractional factorial design), and afterwards, optimal conditions for the separation are reached by means of an optimization design (a 2(2) + 2 x 2 + k central composite design). The studied response is the resolution between peaks. The four studied compounds can be separated in less than 3.5 min using an electrolyte of 20mM boric acid-potassium dihydrogen phosphate (75:25, v/v) with 5% MeOH adjusted to pH 8.0 with KOH, at a potential of 30 kV. The detection wavelength and temperature are 206 nm and 35 degrees C, respectively. (+info)Once daily treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with xipamid: a controlled study. (3/6)
A double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of 20 and 40 mg of xipamid once daily in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension is reported and some of the difficulties and pitfalls of multicentre trials of this type are described. 2 Both doses were significantly more effective in reducing the blood pressure than the placebo and neither was superior to the other. Both produced some potassium loss. Xipamid acted for at least 22 h and was effective in up to 83% of the patients. 3 Further trials are suggested to investigate the activity of a lower dose than 20 mg. (+info)Xipamide: no advantage over bendrofluazide in hypertension. (4/6)
In patients with uncontrolled hypertension addition of xipamide 20 mg daily to bendrofluazide 5 mg daily produced no significant additive antihypertensive effect, and the 95% confidence limits excluded a clinically important response. Xipamide treatment worsened hypokalaemia and increased the blood urea concentration significantly. (+info)Xipamide and cyclopenthiazide in essential hypertension--comparative effects on blood pressure and plasma potassium. (5/6)
1 The blood pressure lowering effect of xipamide, a non-thiazide diuretic given for 6 weeks was compared in a randomised cross-over trial with that of cyclopenthiazide in 14 patients with essential hypertension. 2 Xipamide 10 or 20 mg given once daily was as effective in lowering supine blood pressure as daily cyclopenthiazide 0.5 mg. There was no difference in the blood pressure lowering effect of 10 mg xipamide daily for 2 weeks compared to 20 mg daily given for a further 4 weeks. 3 Plasma potassium was reduced by both drugs, but markedly more after both 10 mg and 20 mg xipamide than after cyclopenthiazide 0.5 mg. By the sixth week of treatment 13 of 14 patients on xipamide but only 6 of 14 on cyclopenthiazide has plasma potassium concentrations of, or less than, 3.5 mmol/l. The fall in plasma potassium was significantly greater and the final plasma potassium concentration was significantly lower after either dose of xipamide than after cyclopenthiazide. 4 These results suggest that 10 mg or 20 mg of xipamide daily is effective in lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients but is associated with hypokalaemia. In view of recent evidence linking diuretic-induced hypokalaemia with cardiac dysrhythmias in patients with essential hypertension we would suggest that thiazide diuretics be used in preference to xipamide for the routine management of essential hypertension. Our results also suggest that the currently recommended dose of xipamide (20 mg) for the treatment of hypertension is excessive, and lower amounts than 10 mg per day might possibly be as effective in lowering blood pressure with less adverse metabolic consequences. (+info)A study of the antihypertensive action of xipamide using ambulatory intra-arterial monitoring. (6/6)
1 The antihypertensive activity of the diuretic xipamide has been studied in 18 patients with mild/moderate essential hypertension using the technique of continuous ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure recording. Full data from 48 h blood pressure recordings before and after treatment were available from 13 patients. 2 After a mean period of 3 months' treatment with xipamide 20 mg once daily, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were markedly reduced throughout the whole 24 h day, the reductions of systolic being statistically significant throughout the whole period, and of diastolic for 19 out of the 24 hourly periods measured. There was no postural hypotension seen during treatment and there was a conspicuous lack of side effects. 3 Xipamide would appear to be as effective as many beta-adrenoceptor blockers but without their side effects and produces a better control of blood pressure throughout the whole day and night. (+info)Xipamide is a loop diuretic medication that is primarily used to treat edema (fluid retention) associated with conditions such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. Diuretics help the body eliminate excess fluid and sodium by increasing urine production. Xipamide specifically inhibits the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle in the kidneys, which leads to increased excretion of sodium and chloride ions, as well as water.
The increase in urine output helps reduce fluid accumulation in various parts of the body, alleviating symptoms such as shortness of breath, swelling, and weight gain. Xipamide is available in oral tablet form and should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to its potential side effects and interactions with other medications.
Common side effects of xipamide include electrolyte imbalances (such as low potassium levels), increased thirst, headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disturbances like nausea and diarrhea. Rare but serious side effects may include hearing loss, kidney damage, or severe allergic reactions. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage regimen closely and monitor electrolyte levels regularly while taking xipamide.
Cyclopenthiazide is a type of thiazide diuretic, which is a class of medications used to treat high blood pressure and edema (fluid retention) by promoting the excretion of urine. Specifically, cyclopenthiazide works by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney, which leads to increased water loss in the urine.
The medical definition of 'Cyclopenthiazide' is:
A long-acting thiazide diuretic with a prolonged duration of action, used in the treatment of hypertension and edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal disease. It has a slower onset but longer duration of action than other thiazides, making it useful for once-daily dosing.
Cyclopenthiazide is available in oral form and is typically prescribed at a dose of 0.5 to 1 mg per day. Common side effects include electrolyte imbalances (such as low potassium levels), dehydration, dizziness, headache, and muscle cramps. It may also increase blood glucose levels in people with diabetes.
It is important to note that the use of cyclopenthiazide should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can interact with other medications and have potentially serious side effects if not used properly.
Sodium chloride symporter inhibitors are a class of pharmaceutical agents that block the function of the sodium chloride symporter (NCC), which is a protein found in the kidney's distal convoluted tubule. The NCC is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the filtrate back into the bloodstream, helping to regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
Sodium chloride symporter inhibitors work by selectively binding to and blocking the NCC, preventing it from transporting sodium and chloride ions across the cell membrane. This leads to increased excretion of sodium and chloride in the urine, which can help lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension.
Examples of sodium chloride symporter inhibitors include thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone, which have been used for many years to treat hypertension and edema associated with heart failure and liver cirrhosis. These medications work by reducing the amount of sodium and fluid in the body, which helps lower blood pressure and reduce swelling.
It's worth noting that while sodium chloride symporter inhibitors can be effective at treating hypertension, they can also cause side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and increased urination. As with any medication, it's important to use them under the guidance of a healthcare provider and to follow dosing instructions carefully.
Diuretics are a type of medication that increase the production of urine and help the body eliminate excess fluid and salt. They work by interfering with the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, which in turn causes more water to be excreted from the body. Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. There are several types of diuretics, including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics, each with its own mechanism of action and potential side effects. It is important to use diuretics under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have an impact on electrolyte balance in the body.