Xenopus laevis. Medical search

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.

A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Phospholipoglycoproteins produced in the fat body of egg-laying animals such as non-mammalian VERTEBRATES; ARTHROPODS; and others. Vitellogenins are secreted into the HEMOLYMPH, and taken into the OOCYTES by receptor-mediated ENDOCYTOSIS to form the major yolk proteins, VITELLINS. Vitellogenin production is under the regulation of steroid hormones, such as ESTRADIOL and JUVENILE HORMONES in insects.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

An early non-mammalian embryo that follows the MORULA stage. A blastula resembles a hollow ball with the layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocele). The layer of cells is called BLASTODERM.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).

Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.

Constituent of the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 120 nucleotides and 34 proteins. It is also a constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. It is a zinc finger (ZINC FINGERS) protein and is required for transcription of 5S ribosomal genes.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.

A family of histone molecular chaperones that play roles in sperm CHROMATIN decondensation and CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY in fertilized eggs. They were originally discovered in XENOPUS egg extracts as histone-binding factors that mediate nucleosome formation in vitro.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

VERTEBRATES belonging to the class amphibia such as frogs, toads, newts and salamanders that live in a semiaquatic environment.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS; MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.

A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.

Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Proteins which are found in eggs (OVA) from any species.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

The plasma membrane of the egg.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Proteins containing a region of conserved sequence, about 200 amino acids long, which encodes a particular sequence specific DNA binding domain (the T-box domain). These proteins are transcription factors that control developmental pathways. The prototype of this family is the mouse Brachyury (or T) gene product.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.

Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The striated muscle groups which move the LARYNX as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the VOCAL CORDS, or size of the slit (RIMA GLOTTIDIS).

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (GENES, MOS). They function in the cell cycle to maintain MATURATION PROMOTING FACTOR in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time.

A secreted matrix metalloproteinase that is believed to play a role in EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX remodeling and cell fate determination during normal and pathological processes. Matrix metalloproteinase 11 was originally isolated in primary BREAST NEOPLASMS and may be involved in the process of tumorigenesis.

The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.

A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.

The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate.

Proteins that are preferentially expressed or upregulated during FETAL DEVELOPMENT.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Goosecoid protein is a homeodomain protein that was first identified in XENOPUS. It is found in the SPEMANN ORGANIZER of VERTEBRATES and plays an important role in neuronal CELL DIFFERENTIATION and ORGANOGENESIS.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

The physiological renewal, repair, or replacement of tissue.

Bcl-2 regulates amplification of caspase activation by cytochrome c. (1/11334)

Caspases, a family of specific proteases, have central roles in apoptosis [1]. Caspase activation in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli involves the relocalisation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm where it stimulates the proteolytic processing of caspase precursors. Cytochrome c release is controlled by members of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators [2] [3]. The anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL may also control caspase activation independently of cytochrome c relocalisation or may inhibit a positive feedback mechanism [4] [5] [6] [7]. Here, we investigate the role of Bcl-2 family proteins in the regulation of caspase activation using a model cell-free system. We found that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL set a threshold in the amount of cytochrome c required to activate caspases, even in soluble extracts lacking mitochondria. Addition of dATP (which stimulates the procaspase-processing factor Apaf-1 [8] [9]) overcame inhibition of caspase activation by Bcl-2, but did not prevent the control of cytochrome c release from mitochondria by Bcl-2. Cytochrome c release was accelerated by active caspase-3 and this positive feedback was negatively regulated by Bcl-2. These results provide evidence for a mechanism to amplify caspase activation that is suppressed at several distinct steps by Bcl-2, even after cytochrome c is released from mitochondria. (+info)

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated inhibition of K+ channel subunit kv2.2 in brain stem and hypothalamic neurons. (2/11334)

Angiotensin II (Ang II) has powerful modulatory actions on cardiovascular function that are mediated by specific receptors located on neurons within the hypothalamus and brain stem. Incubation of neuronal cocultures of rat hypothalamus and brain stem with Ang II elicits an Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor-mediated inhibition of total outward K+ current that contributes to an increase in neuronal firing rate. However, the exact K+ conductance(s) that is inhibited by Ang II are not established. Pharmacological manipulation of total neuronal outward K+ current revealed a component of K+ current sensitive to quinine, tetraethylammonium, and 4-aminopyridine, with IC50 values of 21.7 micromol/L, 1.49 mmol/L, and 890 micromol/L, respectively, and insensitive to alpha-dendrotoxin (100 to 500 nmol/L), charybdotoxin (100 to 500 nmol/L), and mast cell degranulating peptide (1 micromol/L). Collectively, these data suggest the presence of Kv2.2 and Kv3.1b. Biophysical examination of the quinine-sensitive neuronal K+ current demonstrated a macroscopic conductance with similar biophysical properties to those of Kv2.2 and Kv3.1b. Ang II (100 nmol/L), in the presence of the AT2 receptor blocker PD123,319, elicited an inhibition of neuronal K+ current that was abolished by quinine (50 micromol/L). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the presence of Kv2.2 and Kv3.1b mRNA in these neurons. However, Western blot analyses demonstrated that only Kv2.2 protein was present. Coexpression of Kv2.2 and the AT1 receptor in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated an Ang II-induced inhibition of Kv2.2 current. Therefore, these data suggest that inhibition of Kv2.2 contributes to the AT1 receptor-mediated reduction of neuronal K+ current and subsequently to the modulation of cardiovascular function. (+info)

Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating: interactions between P-segment motions and inactivation. (3/11334)

Disulfide trapping studies have revealed that the pore-lining (P) segments of voltage-dependent sodium channels undergo sizable motions on a subsecond time scale. Such motions of the pore may be necessary for selective ion translocation. Although traditionally viewed as separable properties, gating and permeation are now known to interact extensively in various classes of channels. We have investigated the interaction of pore motions and voltage-dependent gating in micro1 sodium channels engineered to contain two cysteines within the P segments. Rates of catalyzed internal disulfide formation (kSS) were measured in K1237C+W1531C mutant channels expressed in oocytes. During repetitive voltage-clamp depolarizations, increasing the pulse duration had biphasic effects on the kSS, which first increased to a maximum at 200 msec and then decreased with longer depolarizations. This result suggested that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state (IM) facilitates pore motions. Consistent with the known antagonism between alkali metals and a component of slow inactivation, kSS varied inversely with external [Na+]o. We examined the converse relationship, namely the effect of pore flexibility on gating, by measuring recovery from inactivation in Y401C+E758C (YC/EC) channels. Under oxidative conditions, recovery from inactivation was slower than in a reduced environment in which the spontaneous YC/EC cross-link is disrupted. The most prominent effects were slowing of a component with intermediate recovery kinetics, with diminution of its relative amplitude. We conclude that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state facilitates motions of the P segments; conversely, flexibility of the P segments alters an intermediate component of inactivation. (+info)

Histone octamer transfer by a chromatin-remodeling complex. (4/11334)

RSC, an abundant, essential chromatin-remodeling complex related to SWI/SNF complex, catalyzes the transfer of a histone octamer from a nucleosome core particle to naked DNA. The newly formed octamer-DNA complex is identical with a nucleosome in all respects. The reaction requires ATP and involves an activated RSC-nucleosome intermediate. The mechanism may entail formation of a duplex displacement loop on the nucleosome, facilitating the entry of exogeneous DNA and the release of the endogenous molecule. (+info)

KCNQ4, a novel potassium channel expressed in sensory outer hair cells, is mutated in dominant deafness. (5/11334)

Potassium channels regulate electrical signaling and the ionic composition of biological fluids. Mutations in the three known genes of the KCNQ branch of the K+ channel gene family underlie inherited cardiac arrhythmias (in some cases associated with deafness) and neonatal epilepsy. We have now cloned KCNQ4, a novel member of this branch. It maps to the DFNA2 locus for a form of nonsyndromic dominant deafness. In the cochlea, it is expressed in sensory outer hair cells. A mutation in this gene in a DFNA2 pedigree changes a residue in the KCNQ4 pore region. It abolishes the potassium currents of wild-type KCNQ4 on which it exerts a strong dominant-negative effect. Whereas mutations in KCNQ1 cause deafness by affecting endolymph secretion, the mechanism leading to KCNQ4-related hearing loss is intrinsic to outer hair cells. (+info)

Phosphorylation of yeast TBP by protein kinase CK2 reduces its specific binding to DNA. (6/11334)

Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous Ser/Thr kinase which phosphorylates a large number of proteins including several transcription factors. Recombinant Xenopus laevis CK2 phosphorylates both recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe TATA binding protein (TBP). The phosphorylation of TBP by CK2 reduces its binding activity to the TATA box. CK2 copurifies with the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex from HeLa cell extracts and phosphorylates several of the TBP-associated factors within TFIID. Taken together these findings argue for a role of CK2 in the control of transcription by RNA polymerase II through the modulation of the binding activity of TBP to the TATA box. (+info)

In vivo formation of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase disulfide bond in Escherichia coli. (7/11334)

We have found that the in vivo folding of periplasmic Escherichia coli Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase is assisted by DsbA, which catalyzes the efficient formation of its single disulfide bond, whose integrity is essential to ensure full catalytic activity to the enzyme. In line with these findings, we also report that the production of recombinant Xenopus laevis Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase is enhanced when the enzyme is exported in the periplasmic space or is expressed in thioredoxin reductase mutant strains. Our data show that inefficient disulfide bond oxidation in the bacterial cytoplasm inhibits Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase folding in this cellular compartment. (+info)

Cu(II) inhibition of the proton translocation machinery of the influenza A virus M2 protein. (8/11334)

The homotetrameric M2 integral membrane protein of influenza virus forms a proton-selective ion channel. An essential histidine residue (His-37) in the M2 transmembrane domain is believed to play an important role in the conduction mechanism of this channel. Also, this residue is believed to form hydrogen-bonded interactions with the ammonium group of the anti-viral compound, amantadine. A molecular model of this channel suggests that the imidazole side chains of His-37 from symmetry-related monomers of the homotetrameric pore converge to form a coordination site for transition metals. Thus, membrane currents of oocytes of Xenopus laevis expressing the M2 protein were recorded when the solution bathing the oocytes contained various transition metals. Membrane currents were strongly and reversibly inhibited by Cu2+ with biphasic reaction kinetics. The biphasic inhibition curves may be explained by a two-site model involving a fast-binding peripheral site with low specificity for divalent metal ions, as well as a high affinity site (Kdiss approximately 2 microM) that lies deep within the pore and shows rather slow-binding kinetics (kon = 18.6 +/- 0.9 M-1 s-1). The pH dependence of the interaction with the high affinity Cu2+-binding site parallels the pH dependence of inhibition by amantadine, which has previously been ascribed to protonation of His-37. The voltage dependence of the inhibition at the high affinity site indicates that the binding site lies within the transmembrane region of the pore. Furthermore, the inhibition by Cu2+ could be prevented by prior application of the reversible blocker of M2 channel activity, BL-1743, providing further support for the location of the site within the pore region of M2. Finally, substitutions of His-37 by alanine or glycine eliminated the high affinity site and resulted in membrane currents that were only partially inhibited at millimolar concentrations of Cu2+. Binding of Cu2+ to the high affinity site resulted in an approximately equal inhibition of both inward and outward currents. The wild-type protein showed very high specificity for Cu2+ and was only partially inhibited by 1 mM Ni2+, Pt2+, and Zn2+. These data are discussed in terms of the functional role of His-37 in the mechanism of proton translocation through the channel. (+info)

He was also guided by the advice of Harry Zwarenstein, with whom he was later to co-operate in developing the Xenopus laevis ... On pages 45 and 46 of a review titled 'The introduction of Xenopus laevis into developmental biology: of empire, pregnancy ... Gurdon, J B; Hopwood, N (1 February 2003). "The introduction of Xenopus laevis into developmental biology: of empire, pregnancy ... The Shapiro-Zwarenstein pregnancy test received international recognition and Xenopus laevis frogs were exported all over the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_Abbe_Shapiro

The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), which Hogben first developed as a model organism, is now one of the most widely used ... He developed the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) as a model organism for biological research in his early career, attacked ... Gurdon, J B; Hopwood, N (1 February 2003). "The introduction of Xenopus laevis into developmental biology: of empire, pregnancy ... Xenopus laevis. A bibliography. Compiled by H. Zwarenstein ... N. Sapeika ... H.A. Shapiro. African Bookman: Cape Town. OCLC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot_Hogben

Xenopus laevis, 2002.) So far, three different transcription variants (TVs) have been described for CK1δ in humans (Homo ... subsequently affected Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction resulted in development of an ectopic dorsal axis in Xenopus laevis ... "Genetic and genomic tools for Xenopus research: The NIH Xenopus initiative". Developmental Dynamics. 225 (4): 384-91. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNK1D

Cordenonsi M, Turco F, D'atri F, Hammar E, Martinucci G, Meggio F, Citi S (September 1999). "Xenopus laevis occludin. ... In Xenopus laevis embryos, maternal cingulin is recruited to apical cell-cell junctions from 2-cells stage. In 2004, a protein ... Fesenko I, Kurth T, Sheth B, Fleming TP, Citi S, Hausen P (August 2000). "Tight junction biogenesis in the early Xenopus embryo ... Citi S, D'Atri F, Parry DA (August 2000). "Human and Xenopus cingulin share a modular organization of the coiled-coil rod ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingulin

... gilli (Cape platanna) Xenopus itombwensis Xenopus kobeli Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog or common platanna) ... Xenopus calcaratus Xenopus clivii (Eritrea clawed frog) Xenopus epitropicalis (Cameroon clawed frog) Xenopus eysoole Xenopus ... Xenopus parafraseri Xenopus petersii (Peters' platanna) Xenopus poweri Xenopus pygmaeus (Bouchia clawed frog) Xenopus ... Xenbase is the Model Organism Database (MOD) for both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis. All modes of Xenopus research ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenopus

Crayon, John J. "Xenopus laevis". AmphibiaWeb. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2012. Moodie ... Snakes have been observed yawning and gaping when trying to swallow African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), which gives the ... The 1.7GB draft genome of Xenopus tropicalis was the first to be reported for amphibians in 2010. Compared to some salamanders ... Barthalmus, G. T.; Zielinski W. J. (1988). "Xenopus skin mucus induces oral dyskinesias that promote escape from snakes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian

"Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)". www.cabi.org. "Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly)". www.cabi.org. "Blattella germanica ( ... Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - Ascension Island Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetle) Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_introduced_species

Fischberg, M (1958). "Nuclear Transplantation in Xenopus laevis". Nature. 181 (424): 424. Bibcode:1958Natur.181..424F. doi: ... Mertz, J E (1977). "Purified Dnas Are Transcribed after Microinjection into Xenopus Oocytes". PNAS. 74 (4): 1502-1506. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_delivery

Jacox, Laura A.; Dickinson, Amanda J.; Sive, Hazel (26 March 2014). "Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos". Journal of ... Kolm, Peggy J.; Sive, Hazel L. (September 1995). "Efficient Hormone-Inducible Protein Function in Xenopus laevis". ... She used a simple anterior organ, the mucus-secreting cement gland of the frog Xenopus, to define the genetic network required ... In 1993, Sive founded the Cold Spring Harbor Course on Early Development of Xenopus. This course continues to run annually. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Sive

Cannatella, D. C.; De Sa, R. O. (1993). "Xenopus laevis as a Model Organism". Society of Systematic Biologists. 42 (4): 476-507 ... John Gurdon (1958) transplanted intact nuclei from somatic cells to produce diploid eggs in the frog, Xenopus (an extension of ... Polyploidy also occurs commonly in amphibians; for example the biomedically important genus Xenopus contains many different ... as in the frog genus Xenopus. Organisms in which a particular chromosome, or chromosome segment, is under- or over-represented ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy

... laevis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_001663975.1_Xenopus_laevis_v2". ftp.ncbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-30. "Xenopus laevis (ID ... "Xenopus tropicalis (ID 80) - Genome - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-12-01. "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_ ... "Index of /genomes/refseq/vertebrate_other/Xenopus_tropicalis/latest_assembly_versions/GCF_000004195.4_UCB_Xtro_10.0". ftp.ncbi. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_density

Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). North-Holland, Amsterdam. Harland RM, Grainger RM (December 2011). "Xenopus research: ... Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) Frog: Xenopus (X. laevis and X. tropicalis). Good embryo supply. Especially suitable for ... Examples that have been especially well studied include tail loss and other changes in the tadpole of the frog Xenopus, and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology

Baggs JE, Green CB (2003). "Nocturnin, a Deadenylase in Xenopus laevis Retina". Current Biology. 13 (3): 189-198. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnin

Speedy homolog E1 (Xenopus laevis) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPDYE1 gene. This gene is located at ... "Entrez Gene: Speedy homolog E1 (Xenopus laevis)". Dinarina A, Perez LH, Davila A, Schwab M, Hunt T, Nebreda AR (March 2005). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPDYE1

Xenopus laevis)". Schneider VA, Mercola M (1999). "Spatially distinct head and heart inducers within the Xenopus organizer ... Schneider VA, Mercola M (February 2001). "Wnt antagonism initiates cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis". Genes & Development. 15 (3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKK1

Schneider VA, Mercola M (February 2001). "Wnt antagonism initiates cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis". Genes & Development. 15 (3 ... They can be found in mice, humans, Xenopus, zebrafish, Drosophila and many others. Wnt signaling begins when a Wnt protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway

Family: Pipidae Xenopus laevis (LC) Order: Anura. Family: Ranidae Rana aurora (LC) Rana berlandieri (LC) Rana boylii (NT) Rana ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Mexico

Xenopus laevis stomach proteins xP1 and xP4; xenopus integumentary mucins A.1 (preprospasmolysin) and C.1, proteins which may ... be involved in defense against microbial infections by protecting the epithelia from the external environment; xenopus skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil_knot_fold

"Entrez Gene: CLSPN claspin homolog (Xenopus laevis)". Lin SY, Li K, Stewart GS, Elledge SJ (2004). "Human Claspin works with ... Xenopus claspin is an essential upstream regulator of checkpoint kinase 1 and triggers a checkpoint arrest of the cell cycle in ... The human gene appears to be the homolog Xenopus claspin and its function has not been determined. CLSPN has been shown to ... a novel protein required for the activation of Chk1 during a DNA replication checkpoint response in Xenopus egg extracts". Mol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLSPN

"Entrez Gene: DKK3 dickkopf homolog 3 (Xenopus laevis)". Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKK3

Kang, Lydia; Marin, Melanie; Kelly, Darcy (1995). "Androgen Biosynthesis and Secretion in Developing Xenopus laevis". Science ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Kang

Schwager, J.; Hadji-Azlmi, I. (1984). "Mitogen-induced B-cell differentiation in Xenopus laevis". Differentiation. 27 (3): 182- ... By way of comparison, the structure of IgM from frog (Xenopus) is predominantly hexameric, IgM from bony fish is predominantly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M

"Entrez Gene: JUB jub, ajuba homolog (Xenopus laevis)". Benzinger A, Muster N, Koch HB, Yates JR, Hermeking H (Jun 2005). " ... and Promotes Meiotic Maturation of Xenopus Oocytes in a Grb2- and Ras-Dependent Manner". Mol Cell Biol. 19 (6): 4379-89. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUB_(gene)

"Entrez Gene: RSPO1 R-spondin homolog (Xenopus laevis)". Chassot, A. -A.; Bradford, S. T.; Auguste, A.; Gregoire, E. P.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-spondin_1

In Xenopus laevis, an amphibia, both class receptors are present, unlike fish or mammals. Their class I receptors are expressed ... Freitag, J., Krieger, J., Strotmann, J., & Breer, H. (1995). "Two classes of olfactory receptors in Xenopus laevis". Neuron, 15 ... "Characteristic features and ligand specificity of the two olfactory receptor classes from Xenopus laevis". The Journal of ... "Expression of olfactory receptors during development in Xenopus laevis". The Journal of Experimental Biology, 202 (4), 365-376 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_olfaction

Genes for Xenopus laevis U3 small nuclear RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992;20:5435-5442. Marmier-Gourrier N, Cle´ry A, Schlotter F ... Xenopus U3 snoRNA docks on pre-rRNA through a novel base-pairing interaction. submitted. 2003 Herrera A, Olson MOJ. Association ... To form mature rRNA 18S, 5.8S, and 28S, pre-rRNA 40S (Xenopus) and 45S (mammals) must go through a series of cleavages to ... These two stems are also found in pre-rRNA from archaebacteria, however they do not exist in Xenopus pre-rRNA. It is thought ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preribosomal_RNA

Cardew, Gail (1994). Studies on Suc1 in Xenopus laevis (PhD thesis). University of Sussex. OCLC 557309581. EThOS uk.bl.ethos. ... the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis) in 1994. During her doctorate she particularly enjoyed meeting visiting guest speakers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Cardew

Family: Pipidae Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802) Order: Anura. Family: Ranidae Glandirana rugosa (Temminck & Schlegel, 1838) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_the_United_States

"Xenbase - A Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis resource". "ZFIN Zebrafish Nomenclature". Iverson C, Christiansen S, Glass RM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_nomenclature

"Entrez Gene: DKK2 dickkopf homolog 2 (Xenopus laevis)". Song Y, Boncompagni AC, Kim SS, Gochnauer HR, Zhang Y, Loots GG, et al ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKK2

... generally refers to Xenopus laevis The act of ripping out stitches in knitting Search for "frog" on Wikipedia. Frogman, a type ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_(disambiguation)

Xenopus laevis). In this study, 697 archived specimens of three species of Xenopus, previously collected from 1879 to 1999 in ... The earliest case of chytridiomycosis was found in a X. laevis specimen from 1938. The study also suggests that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis

Additionally, in the amphibian model organism Xenopus laevis, it has been shown that Gli2 plays a key role in the induction, ... "Gli2 is required for the induction and migration of Xenopus laevis neural crest". Mechanisms of Development. 154: 219-239. doi: ... maintenance and migration of Xenopus neural crest". Developmental Biology. 364 (2): 99-113. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.020. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLI2

Much of his work was characterized using various Xenopus laevis cell types, including oocytes, unfertilized eggs, and kidney ... Tatò, F.; Gandini, D. A.; Tocchini-Valentini, G. P. (September 1974). "Major DNA polymerases common to different Xenopus laevis ... stemming from his publication on RNase P and endonuclease from Xenopus laevis cell types. He characterized the tRNA ... "An RNA molecule copurifies with RNase P activity from Xenopus laevis oocytes". Nucleic Acids Research. 19 (9): 2315-2320. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauco_Tocchini-Valentini

"Active liquid-like behavior of nucleoli determines their size and shape in Xenopus laevis oocytes," Proceedings of the National ... Xenopus, and human cells. Another example of liquid droplets in cells are the germline P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate

Xenopus laevis). The scientists use an AI program to design the Xenobots to carry out desired functions, learning how cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyss_Institute_for_Biologically_Inspired_Engineering

Vieux-Rochas M, Bouhali K, Baudry S, Fontaine A, Coen L, Levi G (December 2010). "Irreversible effects of retinoic acid pulse ... on Xenopus jaw morphogenesis: new insight into cranial neural crest specification". Birth Defects Research Part B: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLX_gene_family

Formation of the dorsal marginal zone in Xenopus laevis analyzed by time-lapse microscopic magnetic resonance imaging. Dev. ... described the internal movements in more detail using pregastrular explants of Xenopus laevis. Gastrulation in amphibians is ... In Xenopus embryos in which the blastocoel roof is removed prior to gastrulation, the movement of vegetal cells toward the ... Vegetal rotation, a new gastrulation movement involved in the internalization of the mesoderm and endoderm in Xenopus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetal_rotation

The pre-RC of Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) also has an additional protein, MCM9, which helps load the MCM heterohexamer onto the ... laevis, and mammals. Metazoans have a fourth mechanism to prevent re-replication; during S and G2 geminin binds to Cdt1 and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-replication_complex

Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) Zea mays (corn) BioGRID is funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioGRID

The formation of the AGM region has been best described in non-mammalian vertebrates such as Xenopus laevis. Shortly after ... Ciau-Uitz A, Walmsley M, Patient R (September 2000). "Distinct origins of adult and embryonic blood in Xenopus". Cell. 102 (6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta-gonad-mesonephros

... was originally identified in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) in the laboratory of Edward M. De Robertis as a ... "Not.S - Xnot protein - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) - not.S gene & protein". Larraín J, Bachiller D, Lu B, Agius E, ... Experiments with Xenopus embryos showed that overexpression of BMP1 and TLL1 can be used to counteract chordin's dorsalization ... Sasai Y, Lu B, Steinbeisser H, Geissert D, Gont LK, De Robertis EM (December 1994). "Xenopus chordin: a novel dorsalizing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordin

That figure also shows Pol II disengaged from mediator, etc, which remains on the DNA Also known as ARC105 in Xenopus laevis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediator_(coactivator)

This has been observed in Xenopus laevis, in which eIF4E bound to the 5′ cap interacts with Maskin bound to CPEB on the 3′ UTR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region

One RNAi study with CeCdc14 caused cytokinesis defects, which was consistent with similar work in Xenopus laevis. However, a ... Kaiser, BK; Nachury, MV; Gardner, BE; Jackson, PK (2004). "Xenopus Cdc14 alpha/beta are localized to the nucleolus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdc14

Levi G, Topilko P, Schneider-Maunoury S, Lasagna M, Mantero S, Pesce B, Ghersi G, Cancedda R, Charnay P (June 1996). "Role of ... Bradley LC, Snape A, Bhatt S, Wilkinson DG (January 1993). "The structure and expression of the Xenopus Krox-20 gene: conserved ... Topilko P, Schneider-Maunoury S, Levi G, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Chennoufi AB, Seitanidou T, Babinet C, Charnay P (October 1994 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGR2

Xenopus laevis] - Protein - NCBI". "PREDICTED: WD repeat-containing protein 75 [Gallus gallus] - Protein - NCBI". "U3 snoRNP- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR75

The receptor was first cloned from the melanophores of Xenopus laevis. In recent years, research with melatonin has shown to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin_receptor

The first vertebrate animals to be mapped in this way were Zebrafish and Xenopus laevis. In each case multiple stages of the ... this technique was used in Xenopus tropicalis embryos to determine transcription kinetics. Detection of genome-wide effects: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-Seq

Xenopus laevis. Comparisons of epiboly in amniotes, teleosts and X. laevis show that the key movement of epiboly in the fish ... Mungo Marsden; Douglas W. DeSimone (2001-09-15). "Regulation of cell polarity, radial intercalation and epiboly in Xenopus: ... "Guidance of mesoderm cell migration in the Xenopus gastrula requires PDGF signaling". Development. 131 (11): 2727-36. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiboly

Through experiments in Xenopus laevis cell-free egg extracts, such model was confirmed as the basis for entry into mitosis. ... September 2002). "Hysteresis drives cell-cycle transitions in Xenopus laevis egg extracts". Proceedings of the National Academy ... Novak, B.; Tyson, J. J. (1993). "Numerical analysis of a comprehensive model of M-phase control in Xenopus oocyte extracts and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2-M_DNA_damage_checkpoint

... laevis and X. tropicalis, 2011), TPTE (mouse), etc. Following the discovery of Ci-VSP, the nomenclature used for naming these ... "Voltage sensitive phosphoinositide phosphatases of Xenopus: their tissue distribution and voltage dependence". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_sensitive_phosphatase

"PDGF signalling is required for gastrulation of Xenopus laevis". Development. 121 (9): 3099-110. doi:10.1242/dev.121.9.3099. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor

"Histone H1 is essential for mitotic chromosome architecture and segregation in Xenopus laevis egg extracts". J. Cell Biol. 169 ... Experiments in Xenopus egg extracts have also implicated linker Histone H1 as an important regulator of mitotic chromosome ... Halpin D, Kalab P, Wang J, Weis K, Heald R (2011). "Mitotic spindle assembly around RCC1-coated beads in Xenopus egg extracts ... J.S. Tirnauer; S. Grego; E.D. Salmon; T.J. Mitchison (1 October 2002). "EB1-microtubule interactions in Xenopus egg extracts: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_apparatus

"Deadenylation of maternal mRNAs mediated by miR-427 in Xenopus laevis embryos". RNA. 15 (12): 2351-63. doi:10.1261/rna.1882009 ... Indeed, in Xenopus embryos in which excess DNA is introduced, transcription begins earlier. More recently, evidence has been ... Similarly, in Xenopus, the miR-430 ortholog miR-427 has been shown to target maternal mRNAs for deadenylation. Specifically, ... Recent studies in both zebrafish and Xenopus have found evidence of a role for microRNAs in degradation of maternal transcripts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_to_zygotic_transition

Sha et al did experiments in Xenopus laevis egg extracts in 2003 to demonstrate this hysteretic nature. Using cycling extracts ... "Hysteresis drives cell-cycle transitions in Xenopus laevis egg extracts". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of ... "Hysteresis drives cell-cycle transitions in Xenopus laevis egg extracts". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 ... Ferrell Jr., J. E. (1998-05-08). "The Biochemical Basis of an All-or-None Cell Fate Switch in Xenopus Oocytes". Science. 280 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint

... using a systematical screening of the effects of toxins of several species of tarantulas on Kv2-channels of Xenopus laevis (the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatoxin

Xenbase: The Xenopus Model Organism Knowledgebase.

https://www.xenbase.org/entry/gene/showgene.do?method=display&geneId=6464257

Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802) Common Plantanna, African Clawed Frog. Subgenus: Xenopus. family: Pipidae. genus: Xenopus. ... 2016) have sequenced the genome of another species, Xenopus laevis. Because X. tropicalis is diploid and the X. laevis is ... 2016) have sequenced the genome of Xenopus laevis. Because X. tropicalis is diploid and X. laevis is tetraploid, important ... Trueb, L. (2003). Common platanna, Xenopus laevis. Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 6, Amphibians. 2nd edition. M ...

https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Xenopus&where-species=laevis

Manipulating the Early Embryo of Xenopus laevis: A Video Guide. Edited By Robert M. Grainger, University of Virginia, ... Early Development of Xenopus laevis: A Laboratory Manual. By Hazel L. Sive, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research; Robert ...

https://cshlpress.com/default.tpl?cart=15586636115434743&id1=107&startat=1&--woSECTIONSdatarq=107&--SECTIONSword=ww&sortby_1=recency

https://www.cshlpress.com/default.tpl?cart=1669351219505097997&id1=107&startat=1&--woSECTIONSdatarq=107&--SECTIONSword=ww&sortby_1=recency

Xenopus embryos are also amenable to large-scale screening, but studies of kidney disease-related genes have been impeded ... The nephron structure and genetic pathways that regulate nephrogenesis are conserved between Xenopus and humans, allowing for ... Xenopus laevis embryos are an established model for studying kidney development. ... Primary Culture of Xenopus laevis Kidney Cells. X. laevis embryos are amenable to dissection and primary cell culture. However ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/9/4/197

External Dbs: Unigene laevis cDNA library, Xenopus IMAGE cDNA Library. Description: cDNAs were oligo-dT primed and ...

https://www.xenbase.org/entry/geneExpression/showclone.do?method=displayCloneSummary&cloneId=2336883

Enzymatic formation of queuosine and of glycosyl queuosine in yeast tRNAs microinjected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. The effect ... These reconstructed chimerical tRNAs were microinjected into the cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis oocytes and tested for their ... laevis tRNAAsp), considerably increases the yield of the glycosylation reaction catalysed by the X. laevis tRNA-queuine ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3117541/

Characterization of the high-affinity monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 in Xenopus laevis oocytes Stefan BRÖER; Stefan BRÖER 1 ... The rat monocarboxylate transporter isoform MCT2 was analysed by expression in Xenopus laevisoocytes and the results were ... Characterization of the high-affinity monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem J 1 August 1999; 341 ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article-abstract/341/3/529/36479/Characterization-of-the-high-affinity?redirectedFrom=PDF

A relatively recent vertebrate genome duplication is that in Xenopus laevis, which resulted from the hybridization of two ... RESULTS: The X. laevis genome consists of two subgenomes, referred to as L (long chromosomes) and S (short chromosomes), that ... To assess innovations in the X. laevis subgenomes we examined p300-bound enhancer peaks that are unique to one subgenome and ... CONCLUSIONS: The results show that erosion of X. laevis genes and functional regulatory elements is associated with repeats and ...

https://www.garvan.org.au/research/publications/14196

Genus: Xenopus. Species: Xenopus laevis. (Daudin, 1802). Keywords:. African Clawed Frog, (Xenopus laevis), platanna, Amphibians ... African Clawed Frog, (Xenopus laevis), Pipidae This frog is tongueless and lacks a visible ear. The males lack vocal cords. It ...

https://photovault.com/5020

An investigation into how the cell cycle and the Notch signalling pathway regulate pronephrogenesis in Xenopus laevis ... The results in this thesis suggest novel mechanisms by which cell division controls X. laevis segmentation and organ size and ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.524222

Frog virus 3 (FV3) has been demonstrated to replicate in a Xenopus laevis cell line, XTC-2. The virus has been titrated in XTC- ... The replication of frog virus 3 in an amphibian cell line (XTC-2) derived from Xenopus laevis ... derived from Xenopus laevis. Journal of General Virology, 44(1), pp. 89-97. (doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-44-1-89) ...

https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/86248/

Dissection of the Cell Cycle Using Cell-Free Extracts From Xenopus Laevis. Research output: Contribution to Journal/Magazine › ...

https://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/dissection-of-the-cell-cycle-using-cellfree-extracts-from-xenopus-laevis

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https://dshb.biology.uiowa.edu/custitem16/MIgG1,MIgG3/custitem34/Rabbit,Xenopus-laevis

The aim of the present study was to develop a serum-free medium to culture mature single muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. As an ... The aim of the present study was to develop a serum-free medium to culture mature single muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. As an ... The aim of the present study was to develop a serum-free medium to culture mature single muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. As an ... The aim of the present study was to develop a serum-free medium to culture mature single muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. As an ...

https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/twitch-and-tetanic-tension-during-culture-of-mature-xenopus-laevi

The biosynthesis of the peptides caerulein and PGLa in granular skin glands of Xenopus laevis proceeds through a pathway that ... Secretion of a cytoplasmic lectin from Xenopus laevis skin. THE EFFECTS OF SECRETAGOGUES ON THE INCORPORATION OF [2-3H] ... Skin peptides in Xenopus laevis: morphological requirements for precursor processing in developing and regenerating granular ... The biosynthesis of the peptides caerulein and PGLa in granular skin glands of Xenopus laevis proceeds through a pathway that ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/103/6/2299/13554/Skin-peptides-in-Xenopus-laevis-morphological

keywords = "In silico bioactivity prediction, Cheminoformatics, Mechanism of action, Xenopus laevis, Pigmentation", ... Application to Xenopus laevis Phenotypic Readouts. Sonia Liggi, Georgios Drakakis, Adam Hendry, Kimberley Hanson, Suzanne ... Application to Xenopus laevis Phenotypic Readouts. In: Molecular Informatics. 2013 ; Vol. 32. pp. 1009-1024 . ... Application to Xenopus laevis Phenotypic Readouts",. abstract = "The simultaneous increase of computational power and the ...

https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/extensions-to-in-silico-bioactivity-predictions-using-pathway-ann

Hybridoma technology is used to fuse fusion a B cell and myeloma to form a hybridoma that produces identical monoclonal antibodies.

https://dshb.biology.uiowa.edu/monoclonal/custitem16/MIgA,MIgG3/custitem34/Rat,Xenopus-laevis

Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop Independently of Visual Stimulation. Institution: Davidson ... Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop Independently of Visual Stimulation ... We examined how visual stimulation influenced Xenopus RGC dendritic arborization. Neuronal activity is known to be an important ... suggesting that physiological visual activity did not contribute to the morphological development of Xenopus RGC dendritic ...

https://impulse.pubpub.org/pub/o1lg6zau/release/1

... Regenerative medicine: Frogs regrow amputated legs after treatment with a chemical cocktail. 27 January 2022. by ...

https://blog.paperpanda.app/tag/xenopus-laevis/

Sequences coding for the ribosomal protein L14 in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis; homologies in the 5 untranslated ... The nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal protein L14 gene of Xenopus laevis.. scientific article published on February 1987 ... The nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal protein L14 gene of Xenopus laevis. (English) ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40565434

Genome-wide transcriptomics analysis of genes regulated by GATA4, 5 and 6 during cardiomyogenesis in Xenopus laevis. ... 5 and 6 during cardiomyogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/genome-wide-transcriptomics-analysis-of-genes-regulated-by-gata4-/fingerprints/

Index of /pub/NGS/Xenopus_laevis. Name Last modified Size Parent Directory - README.txt 2022-06-09 13:10 1.3K SRC_TPM_Laevis_ ... XB_TPM_laevis_stage_data_mean.csv 2022-06-09 13:10 2.7M XB_TPM_laevis_tissue_data_mean.csv 2022-06-09 13:10 2.7M exp_tpm_ ...

https://ftp.xenbase.org/pub/NGS/Xenopus_laevis/

https://cshlpress.org/default.tpl?cart=1664725127488937811&id1=107&startat=1&--woSECTIONSdatarq=107&--SECTIONSword=ww&sortby_1=recency

Xenopus laevis Substances * DNA, Single-Stranded * ETS translocation variant 6 protein * Intracellular Signaling Peptides and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32219379/

This image is part of a large data set of Xenopus laevis eggs imaged at various times post fertilization (the first number of ... This image is part of a large data set of Xenopus laevis eggs imaged at various times post fertilization (the first number of ... Martin Wuehr, Timothy Mitchison (2011) CIL:36528, Xenopus laevis, fertilized egg. CIL. Dataset. https://doi.org/doi:10.7295/ ...

http://flagella.crbs.ucsd.edu/images/36528

... dc.contributor. ... MS-based quantitative analysis of the CRM1 export pathway and spatial proteomics of the Xenopus laevis oocyte. de. ... Complementary to CRM1 cargo identification, nucleocytoplasmic distribution of X. laevis proteome was investigated and this ... laevis oocyte extract, which resulted in identification of large number of CRM1 binders (~640). These two approaches provided a ...

https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9622-6?show=full

Index of /pub/images/KIT_neurulation_xenopus_laevis/stage19. Name Last modified Size Parent Directory - 2013_07_28_16h21_APS_ ...

https://bigftp.xenbase.org/pub/images/KIT_neurulation_xenopus_laevis/stage19/?C=S

Xenopus laevisanuranvisual processingvisual preferenceoptic tectumlocomotionphototaxisvisually guided behavior ... The Xenopus laevis tadpole has long been known to exhibit phototactic preferences, i.e. preferences to swim towards or away ... Of particular interest is the tendency for stage 48 Xenopus tadpoles to prefer green light but for older tadpoles to prefer ... Recent work has begun to characterize the timeline of development for Xenopus rod and cone cells with different light ...

https://wyoscholar.uwyo.edu/articles/thesis/Tectal_activity_underlying_phototactic_preferences_in_the_Xenopus_laevis_tadpole/13700983/3

The stable integration of transgenes into embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis is achieved using the procedure described here. ... The stable integration of transgenes into embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis is achieved using the procedure described here. ...

https://www.cardioscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/573457

Enzymatic formation of queuosine and of glycosyl queuosine in yeast tRNAs microinjected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. (nih.gov)
These reconstructed chimerical tRNAs were microinjected into the cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis oocytes and tested for their ability to react with the oocyte maturation enzymes. (nih.gov)
The rat monocarboxylate transporter isoform MCT2 was analysed by expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and the results were compared with the known characteristics of lactate transport in heart and brain. (portlandpress.com)
We describe the cloning and characterization of a partial cDNA, xl21, that represents an RNA, which is localized in the animal hemisphere of Xenopus oocytes. (houstonmethodist.org)
Thus, the chapter briefly discusses isolation of ECM structures from Xenopus laevis oocytes, eggs, and embryos. (copernicus.ltd)
Influenza D virus M2 protein exhibits ion channel activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes. (cdc.gov)
All those deletion-carrying hIL-6 (delta hIL-6) proteins were then produced in Xenopus laevis oocytes and examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). (uniparthenope.it)

Finally, to dissect early and late events following interspecific hybridization, we examined the epigenome and the enhancer landscape in X. tropicalis x X. laevis hybrid embryos. (garvan.org.au)
The stable integration of transgenes into embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis is achieved using the procedure described here. (ox.ac.uk)
Posterior expression of a homeobox gene in early Xenopus embryos. (wikigenes.org)
The location of the third cleavage plane of Xenopus embryos partitions morphogenetic information in animal quartets. (wikigenes.org)
Mixture toxicity of microcystin-LR, paraoxon and bromadiolone in Xenopus laevis embryos. (nel.edu)
Using the model of Xenopus laevis embryos, we test the hypothesis that combined exposure of amphibians to natural toxins and anthropogenic pollutants induces more pronounced adverse effects than single exposures. (nel.edu)
Studied responses of X. laevis embryos included mortality and malformations, head-to-tail length, total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxid ation, and caspase-3 activity. (nel.edu)
For example, the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) is the most widely used organism to study gastrulation because the large embryos develop inside a translucent membrane. (asu.edu)
After injecting Xenopus Laevis with human chorionic gonadotropin to induce ovulation, I extracted live embryos and microinjected them with mRNA. (tutorme.com)

Despite the genomic revolution, the first complete genome of a frog, Xenopus tropicalis , was sequenced only in 2010. (amphibiaweb.org)
Because X. tropicalis is diploid and X. laevis is tetraploid, important inferences can be made about genome evolution. (amphibiaweb.org)
To assess innovations in the X. laevis subgenomes we examined p300-bound enhancer peaks that are unique to one subgenome and absent from X. tropicalis. (garvan.org.au)

Complementary to CRM1 cargo identification, nucleocytoplasmic distribution of X. laevis proteome was investigated and this resulted in quantitative mapping of ~6300 proteins. (uni-goettingen.de)

Elliott, R.M. , Arnold, M.K. and Kelly, D.C. (1979) The replication of frog virus 3 in an amphibian cell line (XTC-2) derived from Xenopus laevis. (gla.ac.uk)
Frog virus 3 (FV3) has been demonstrated to replicate in a Xenopus laevis cell line, XTC-2. (gla.ac.uk)
Experimental procedures adhered to Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay - Xenopus standards (FETAX). (nel.edu)
An African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis . (walkaboutem.com)
The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. (bvsalud.org)
Under Dr. Ann Miller, I studied epithelial barrier function and Rho GTPase regulation in Xenopus Laevis (frog). (tutorme.com)
Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are expressed predominantly on B lymphocytes and macrophages of tadpoles of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, as is the pattern in lymphocyte populations of most mammals. (vumc.org)

The nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal protein L14 gene of Xenopus laevis. (wikidata.org)
The Xenopus CD4 gene lacks the sequence for the canonical FLXK MHC-binding site described on mammalian T cells but encodes an IL-16-binding site. (naciworkshop.com)
Conversely, the gene for Xenopus IL-16 encodes a conserved CD4-binding sequence. (naciworkshop.com)

Multiple functions for the gene slug in Xenopus laevis. (colorado.edu)
The gene for CD4 is known in Xenopus but little characterization of this molecule or of CD4+ T cells, has been performed largely due to the absence of an anti-Xenopus CD4 antibody. (naciworkshop.com)

2016) have sequenced the genome of Xenopus laevis . (amphibiaweb.org)
Xenopus laevis early development has been studied by developmental biologists for decades and its genome has been fully sequenced. (amphibiaweb.org)
A relatively recent vertebrate genome duplication is that in Xenopus laevis, which resulted from the hybridization of two closely related species about 17 million years ago. (garvan.org.au)
RESULTS: The X. laevis genome consists of two subgenomes, referred to as L (long chromosomes) and S (short chromosomes), that originated from distinct diploid progenitors. (garvan.org.au)
CONCLUSIONS: The results show that erosion of X. laevis genes and functional regulatory elements is associated with repeats and non-allelic homologous recombination and furthermore that young repeats have also contributed to the p300-bound regulatory landscape following hybridization and whole-genome duplication. (garvan.org.au)
Compared to the genome of N. parkeri, the genome of X. laevis is larger and contains more number of microsatellites, but the diversity of both species are similar. (who.int)
Trinucleotide repeats in the genome of N. parkeri and dinucleotide and tetranucleotide repeats in the genome of X. laevis were the most diverse. (who.int)

Mapping neurogenesis onset in the optic tectum of Xenopus laevis. (ox.ac.uk)

In this study, we characterized microsatellites in genomes and genes of Nanorana parkeri and Xenopus laevis. (who.int)

The frogs, Xenopus laevis , carried the infection in Africa decades before it showed up in North America, the research finds. (livescience.com)

The results in this thesis suggest novel mechanisms by which cell division controls X. laevis segmentation and organ size and how the Notch signalling pathway is able to pattern the pronephros anlagen such that the different compartments of the mature pronephros are able to develop, and thus function. (bl.uk)
The biosynthesis of the peptides caerulein and PGLa in granular skin glands of Xenopus laevis proceeds through a pathway that involves discrete morphological rearrangements of the entire secretory compartment. (rupress.org)

To study the combined effects of mild acidification with elevated K+ on muscle contraction and fatigue, we stimulated isolated Xenopus laevis gastrocnemius muscles to complete exhaustion following 30 minutes of pre-incubation with one of the following solutions: normal amphibian Ringer's (pH = 7.45), amphibian Ringer's with elevated (4mM) K+, amphibian Ringer's with decreased pH (20mM L-lactic acid), and amphibian Ringer's with both elevated K+ and H+. (drake.edu)
The pituitary melanotrope cells of the amphibian Xenopus laevis are responsible for the production of the pigment-dispersing peptide alpha-melanophore-stimulating hormone, which allows the animal to adapt its skin color to its environment. (ru.nl)

The Cape Platanna, Xenopus gilli , is restricted in distribution to a few sites in southwestern Cape, South Africa, always in sympatry with Xenopus laevis , an invasive species. (amphibiaweb.org)

When we compared RGC dendritic arbors from tadpoles reared in dark and light environments, we found no morphological differences, suggesting that physiological visual activity did not contribute to the morphological development of Xenopus RGC dendritic arbors. (pubpub.org)
Of particular interest is the tendency for stage 48 Xenopus tadpoles to prefer green light but for older tadpoles to prefer blue light. (uwyo.edu)
The present study's first experiment extends previous behavioral data, demonstrating that stage 48 Xenopus tadpoles' phototactic preference for green light persists over extended testing periods and outside of forced-choice procedures. (uwyo.edu)

This image is part of a large data set of Xenopus laevis eggs imaged at various times post fertilization (the first number of the file name corresponds minutes, eg 30_2 is 30 min post fertilization). (ucsd.edu)

Xenopus lymphocytes labelled with rhIL-16 and separated on a magnetic column yielded a fraction of IL-16+ lymphocytes similar to that of CD8- cells. (naciworkshop.com)
RT-PCR revealed that Xenopus lymphocytes cultured with rhIL-16 upregulate MHC class II mRNA, a phenomenon described in mammals. (naciworkshop.com)
We conclude that Xenopus lymphocytes bind and are activated by IL-16, most likely through interactions with CD4. (naciworkshop.com)

Skin peptides in Xenopus laevis: morphological requirements for precursor processing in developing and regenerating granular skin glands. (rupress.org)

Xenbase: The Xenopus Model Organism Knowledgebase. (xenbase.org)

Transmembrane H + fluxes and the regulation of neural induction in Xenopus laevis . (bvsalud.org)

Second, the CRM1 affinity chromatography was employed to selectively enrich RanGTP dependent interaction partners from X. laevis oocyte extract, which resulted in identification of large number of CRM1 binders (~640). (uni-goettingen.de)

Xenopus represents a well-established model for the study of the evolution and conservation of vertebrate immunity. (naciworkshop.com)

In this work, we review approaches and applications of target prediction, as well as their shortcomings, and demonstrate two extensions of this concept which are exemplified using phenotypic readouts from a chemical genetic screen in Xenopus laevis. (uea.ac.uk)

Xenopus laevis transgenesis by sperm nuclear injection. (ox.ac.uk)

Recent work has begun to characterize the timeline of development for Xenopus rod and cone cells with different light specificities, relating this developmental timeline to the shift in color-guided phototactic preferences. (uwyo.edu)

We intend to exploit this interaction to purify Xenopus CD4 and CD4+ cells and produce an anti-Xenopus CD4 antibody. (naciworkshop.com)

The aim of the present study was to develop a serum-free medium to culture mature single muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. (utwente.nl)

The effect of the nucleoside in position 37 is of particular importance in the case of yeast tRNAAsp: the replacement of the naturally occurring m1G-37 by an unmodified adenosine (as it is in X. laevis tRNAAsp), considerably increases the yield of the glycosylation reaction catalysed by the X. laevis tRNA-queuine glycosyltransferase. (nih.gov)

Expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on adult T cells in Xenopus is metamorphosis-dependent. (vumc.org)
Here, we review recent progress on aster structure and dynamics in zygotes and early blastomeres of Xenopus laevis and Zebrafish, where cells are extremely large. (princeton.edu)

Lowak, Jan Holger (2011): Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Kinasen G-Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptoren Typ 4, 5 und 6 des südafrikanischen Krallenfroschs Xenopus laevis. (uni-ulm.de)

Using the J-strain of Xenopus and the anticlass II monoclonal antibody, 14A2, we have studied, by indirect immunofluorescence, whether inhibition of metamorphosis would alter the pattern of expression of class II antigens during ontogeny. (vumc.org)

Clifford P Brangwynne, Timothy J Mitchison, Anthony A HymanActive liquid-like behavior of nucleoli determines their size and shape in Xenopus laevis oocytesIn Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 108, 2011. (fau.de)

Anatomy26

Organisms7

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs45

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes44

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Bcl-2 regulates amplification of caspase activation by cytochrome c. (1/11334)

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated inhibition of K+ channel subunit kv2.2 in brain stem and hypothalamic neurons. (2/11334)

Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating: interactions between P-segment motions and inactivation. (3/11334)

Histone octamer transfer by a chromatin-remodeling complex. (4/11334)

KCNQ4, a novel potassium channel expressed in sensory outer hair cells, is mutated in dominant deafness. (5/11334)

Phosphorylation of yeast TBP by protein kinase CK2 reduces its specific binding to DNA. (6/11334)

In vivo formation of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase disulfide bond in Escherichia coli. (7/11334)

Cu(II) inhibition of the proton translocation machinery of the influenza A virus M2 protein. (8/11334)

Xenopus laevis

Xenopus

Xenopus Proteins

Oocytes

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Metamorphosis, Biological

Ovum

Molecular Sequence Data

Gastrula

Microinjections

Amino Acid Sequence

Base Sequence

Larva

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Cloning, Molecular

Vitellogenins

RNA, Messenger

Blastula

RNA, Complementary

In Situ Hybridization

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Embryonic Induction

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Oogenesis

Cell Extracts

DNA, Complementary

DNA

Transcription, Genetic

Melanophores

RNA, Ribosomal, 5S

Transcription Factor TFIIIA

Body Patterning

Nervous System

Carrier Proteins

Morphogenesis

Nucleoplasmins

RNA

Transcription Factors

Kinetics

Animals, Genetically Modified

RNA, Ribosomal

Biological Transport

Gene Expression

Sequence Alignment

Tail

Notochord

Membrane Potentials

Protein Biosynthesis

Recombinant Proteins

Cell Nucleus

Activins

Symporters

Species Specificity

Amphibians

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Time Factors

Electrophysiology

Maturation-Promoting Factor

Poly A

Zygote

Blastomeres

Homeodomain Proteins

Egg Proteins

Genes

DNA-Binding Proteins

Plasmids

Fertilization

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Gastrulation

Embryonic Development

Sodium

Vitelline Membrane

Blotting, Northern

Signal Transduction

Gene Library

T-Box Domain Proteins

Mutation

Gene Expression Regulation

Anura