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XenopusXenopus laevisXenopus ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianMolecular Sequence DataGastrulaOvumMicroinjectionsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalAmino Acid SequenceBase SequenceCloning, MolecularEmbryonic InductionMesodermMetamorphosis, BiologicalIn Situ HybridizationEctodermRNA, ComplementaryRNA, MessengerSequence Homology, Amino AcidBlastulaCell ExtractsBody PatterningLarvaDNA, ComplementaryNervous SystemTranscription FactorsActivinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-mosTranscription Factor TFIIIAOogenesisVitellogeninsGoosecoid ProteinMorphogenesisTranscription, GeneticRNA, Ribosomal, 5SDNAMembrane PotentialsRNABone Morphogenetic ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsMaturation-Promoting FactorT-Box Domain ProteinsWnt ProteinsCarrier ProteinsSignal TransductionSequence AlignmentRecombinant ProteinsDNA-Binding ProteinsAnimals, Genetically ModifiedKineticsGene ExpressionCell NucleusElectrophysiologyNotochordCDC2 Protein KinaseOrganizers, EmbryonicProtein BiosynthesisTailEndodermIon Channel GatingZebrafish ProteinsMitosisOligonucleotides, AntisenseFetal ProteinsNucleoplasminsPotassium ChannelsMelanophoresNuclear ProteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsTranscription Factor 3MeiosisZygoteBlastomeresGastrulationBone Morphogenetic Protein 4MutationProtein BindingDNA PrimersTime FactorsNeural CrestEmbryonic DevelopmentTrans-ActivatorsCell Cycle ProteinsPoly ABiological TransportInhibinsProteinsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidModels, BiologicalCell-Free SystemChromatinPhosphorylationMembrane ProteinsFibroblast Growth FactorsRNA, RibosomalSodium ChannelsEgg ProteinsSpecies SpecificityGene LibraryElectric ConductivityDNA ReplicationProtein Structure, TertiaryProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesBinding SitesNeural PlateFertilizationCell MembraneBlastocystPlasmidsGenes, HomeoboxReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionGene Expression RegulationMutagenesis, Site-DirectedChloride ChannelsNuclear EnvelopeBlotting, NorthernCalciumNodal Proteinbeta CateninEyeConserved SequenceIon ChannelsNerve Tissue ProteinsDose-Response Relationship, DrugRNA-Binding ProteinsEpithelial Sodium ChannelsMicrotubulesTissue DistributionCell DifferentiationCyclin BPhylogenySomitesCells, CulturedCell LineNodal Signaling LigandsSodiumPhosphoproteinsChloridesTransfectionPromoter Regions, GeneticPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedSymportersProtein IsoformsRepressor ProteinsMusclesGreen Fluorescent ProteinsCell CycleGenes, mosProtein KinasesZebrafishRNA, Small NuclearProgesterone
Xenopus: An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.Xenopus laevis: The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.Xenopus Proteins: Proteins obtained from various species of Xenopus. Included here are proteins from the African clawed frog (XENOPUS LAEVIS). Many of these proteins have been the subject of scientific investigations in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.Embryo, Nonmammalian: The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Gastrula: The developmental stage that follows BLASTULA or BLASTOCYST. It is characterized by the morphogenetic cell movements including invagination, ingression, and involution. Gastrulation begins with the formation of the PRIMITIVE STREAK, and ends with the formation of three GERM LAYERS, the body plan of the mature organism.Ovum: A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.Microinjections: The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Embryonic Induction: The complex processes of initiating CELL DIFFERENTIATION in the embryo. The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS).Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.Metamorphosis, Biological: Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of an embryo.RNA, Complementary: Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Blastula: An early non-mammalian embryo that follows the MORULA stage. A blastula resembles a hollow ball with the layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocele). The layer of cells is called BLASTODERM.Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances.Body Patterning: The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes (GENES, MOS). They function in the cell cycle to maintain MATURATION PROMOTING FACTOR in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time.Transcription Factor TFIIIA: One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. It is a zinc finger (ZINC FINGERS) protein and is required for transcription of 5S ribosomal genes.Oogenesis: The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).Vitellogenins: Phospholipoglycoproteins produced in the fat body of egg-laying animals such as non-mammalian VERTEBRATES; ARTHROPODS; and others. Vitellogenins are secreted into the HEMOLYMPH, and taken into the OOCYTES by receptor-mediated ENDOCYTOSIS to form the major yolk proteins, VITELLINS. Vitellogenin production is under the regulation of steroid hormones, such as ESTRADIOL and JUVENILE HORMONES in insects.Goosecoid Protein: Goosecoid protein is a homeodomain protein that was first identified in XENOPUS. It is found in the SPEMANN ORGANIZER of VERTEBRATES and plays an important role in neuronal CELL DIFFERENTIATION and ORGANOGENESIS.Morphogenesis: The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.RNA, Ribosomal, 5S: Constituent of the 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 120 nucleotides and 34 proteins. It is also a constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Maturation-Promoting Factor: Protein kinase that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms. In meiosis it induces immature oocytes to undergo meiotic maturation. In mitosis it has a role in the G2/M phase transition. Once activated by CYCLINS; MPF directly phosphorylates some of the proteins involved in nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and the degradation of cyclins. The catalytic subunit of MPF is PROTEIN P34CDC2.T-Box Domain Proteins: Proteins containing a region of conserved sequence, about 200 amino acids long, which encodes a particular sequence specific DNA binding domain (the T-box domain). These proteins are transcription factors that control developmental pathways. The prototype of this family is the mouse Brachyury (or T) gene product.Wnt Proteins: Wnt proteins are a large family of secreted glycoproteins that play essential roles in EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, and tissue maintenance. They bind to FRIZZLED RECEPTORS and act as PARACRINE PROTEIN FACTORS to initiate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway stabilizes the transcriptional coactivator BETA CATENIN.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Notochord: A cartilaginous rod of mesodermal cells at the dorsal midline of all CHORDATE embryos. In lower vertebrates, notochord is the backbone of support. In the higher vertebrates, notochord is a transient structure, and segments of the vertebral column will develop around it. Notochord is also a source of midline signals that pattern surrounding tissues including the NEURAL TUBE development.CDC2 Protein Kinase: Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.Organizers, Embryonic: Cells in certain regions of an embryo that self-regulate embryonic development. These organizers have been found in dorsal and ventral poles of GASTRULA embryos, including Spemann organizer in amphibians, and Hensen node in chicken and mouse. These organizer cells communicate with each other via a network of secreted signaling proteins, such as BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS and their antagonists (chordin and noggin).Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.TailEndoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.Ion Channel Gating: The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.Zebrafish Proteins: Proteins obtained from the ZEBRAFISH. Many of the proteins in this species have been the subject of studies involving basic embryological development (EMBRYOLOGY).Mitosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.Oligonucleotides, Antisense: Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.Fetal Proteins: Proteins that are preferentially expressed or upregulated during FETAL DEVELOPMENT.Nucleoplasmins: A family of histone molecular chaperones that play roles in sperm CHROMATIN decondensation and CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY in fertilized eggs. They were originally discovered in XENOPUS egg extracts as histone-binding factors that mediate nucleosome formation in vitro.Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.Melanophores: Chromatophores (large pigment cells of fish, amphibia, reptiles and many invertebrates) which contain melanin. Short term color changes are brought about by an active redistribution of the melanophores pigment containing organelles (MELANOSOMES). Mammals do not have melanophores; however they have retained smaller pigment cells known as MELANOCYTES.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Transcription Factor 3: A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in determining cell fate during embryogenesis. It forms a heterodimer with TWIST TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR and ACHAETE-SCUTE GENE COMPLEX-related TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Meiosis: A type of CELL NUCLEUS division, occurring during maturation of the GERM CELLS. Two successive cell nucleus divisions following a single chromosome duplication (S PHASE) result in daughter cells with half the number of CHROMOSOMES as the parent cells.Zygote: The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.Blastomeres: Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.Gastrulation: A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4: A bone morphogenetic protein that is a potent inducer of bone formation. It also functions as a regulator of MESODERM formation during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Neural Crest: The two longitudinal ridges along the PRIMITIVE STREAK appearing near the end of GASTRULATION during development of nervous system (NEURULATION). The ridges are formed by folding of NEURAL PLATE. Between the ridges is a neural groove which deepens as the fold become elevated. When the folds meet at midline, the groove becomes a closed tube, the NEURAL TUBE.Embryonic Development: Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Poly A: A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Inhibins: Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectivelyProteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Cell-Free System: A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)Chromatin: The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Fibroblast Growth Factors: A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.RNA, Ribosomal: The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)Sodium Channels: Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.Egg Proteins: Proteins which are found in eggs (OVA) from any species.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.DNA Replication: The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Neural Plate: The region in the dorsal ECTODERM of a chordate embryo that gives rise to the future CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Tissue in the neural plate is called the neuroectoderm, often used as a synonym of neural plate.Fertilization: The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Blastocyst: A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Genes, Homeobox: Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Chloride Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.Nuclear Envelope: The membrane system of the CELL NUCLEUS that surrounds the nucleoplasm. It consists of two concentric membranes separated by the perinuclear space. The structures of the envelope where it opens to the cytoplasm are called the nuclear pores (NUCLEAR PORE).Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Nodal Protein: The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development.beta Catenin: A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.Eye: The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.Nerve Tissue ProteinsDose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.Epithelial Sodium Channels: Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Cyclin B: A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Somites: Paired, segmented masses of MESENCHYME located on either side of the developing spinal cord (neural tube). Somites derive from PARAXIAL MESODERM and continue to increase in number during ORGANOGENESIS. Somites give rise to SKELETON (sclerotome); MUSCLES (myotome); and DERMIS (dermatome).Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Nodal Signaling Ligands: Members of the transforming growth factor superfamily that play a role in pattern formation and differentiation during the pregastrulation and GASTRULATION stages of chordate development. Several nodal signaling ligands are specifically involved in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during development. The protein group is named after a critical region of the vertebrate embryo PRIMITIVE STREAK referred to as HENSEN'S NODE.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.PhosphoproteinsChlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated: Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.Symporters: Membrane transporters that co-transport two or more dissimilar molecules in the same direction across a membrane. Usually the transport of one ion or molecule is against its electrochemical gradient and is "powered" by the movement of another ion or molecule with its electrochemical gradient.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Muscles: Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.Genes, mos: Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (mos) originally isolated from the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV). The proto-oncogene mos (c-mos) codes for a protein which is a member of the serine kinase family. There is no evidence as yet that human c-mos can become transformed or has a role in human cancer. However, in mice, activation can occur when the retrovirus-like intracisternal A-particle inserts itself near the c-mos sequence. The human c-mos gene is located at 8q22 on the long arm of chromosome 8.Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.Zebrafish: An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.RNA, Small Nuclear: Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.Progesterone: The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

The homeobox gene Pitx2: mediator of asymmetric left-right signaling in vertebrate heart and gut looping. (1/8290)

Left-right asymmetry in vertebrates is controlled by activities emanating from the left lateral plate. How these signals get transmitted to the forming organs is not known. A candidate mediator in mouse, frog and zebrafish embryos is the homeobox gene Pitx2. It is asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm, tubular heart and early gut tube. Localized Pitx2 expression continues when these organs undergo asymmetric looping morphogenesis. Ectopic expression of Xnr1 in the right lateral plate induces Pitx2 transcription in Xenopus. Misexpression of Pitx2 affects situs and morphology of organs. These experiments suggest a role for Pitx2 in promoting looping of the linear heart and gut.  (+info)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway stimulates mos mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation. (2/8290)

The Mos protein kinase is a key regulator of vertebrate oocyte maturation. Oocyte-specific Mos protein expression is subject to translational control. In the frog Xenopus, the translation of Mos protein requires the progesterone-induced polyadenylation of the maternal Mos mRNA, which is present in the oocyte cytoplasm. Both the Xenopus p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and maturation-promoting factor (MPF) signaling pathways have been proposed to mediate progesterone-stimulated oocyte maturation. In this study, we have determined the relative contributions of the MAPK and MPF signaling pathways to Mos mRNA polyadenylation. We report that progesterone-induced Mos mRNA polyadenylation was attenuated in oocytes expressing the MAPK phosphatase rVH6. Moreover, inhibition of MAPK signaling blocked progesterone-induced Mos protein accumulation. Activation of the MAPK pathway by injection of RNA encoding Mos was sufficient to induce both the polyadenylation of synthetic Mos mRNA substrates and the accumulation of endogenous Mos protein in the absence of MPF signaling. Activation of MPF, by injection of cyclin B1 RNA or purified cyclin B1 protein, also induced both Mos protein accumulation and Mos mRNA polyadenylation. However, this action of MPF required MAPK activity. By contrast, the cytoplasmic polyadenylation of maternal cyclin B1 mRNA was stimulated by MPF in a MAPK-independent manner, thus revealing a differential regulation of maternal mRNA polyadenylation by the MAPK and MPF signaling pathways. We propose that MAPK-stimulated Mos mRNA cytoplasmic polyadenylation is a key component of the positive-feedback loop, which contributes to the all-or-none process of oocyte maturation.  (+info)

Identification and cloning of xp95, a putative signal transduction protein in Xenopus oocytes. (3/8290)

A 95-kDa protein in Xenopus oocytes, Xp95, was shown to be phosphorylated from the first through the second meiotic divisions during progesterone-induced oocyte maturation. Xp95 was purified and cloned. The Xp95 protein sequence exhibited homology to mouse Rhophilin, budding yeast Bro1, and Aspergillus PalA, all of which are implicated in signal transduction. It also contained three conserved features including seven conserved tyrosines, a phosphorylation consensus sequence for the Src family of tyrosine kinases, and a proline-rich domain near the C terminus that contains multiple SH3 domain-binding motifs. We showed the following: 1) that both Xp95 isolated from Xenopus oocytes and a synthetic peptide containing the Src phosphorylation consensus sequence of Xp95 were phosphorylated in vitro by Src kinase and to a lesser extent by Fyn kinase; 2) Xp95 from Xenopus oocytes or eggs was recognized by an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, and the relative abundance of tyrosine-phosphorylated Xp95 increased during oocyte maturation; and 3) microinjection of deregulated Src mRNA into Xenopus oocytes increased the abundance of tyrosine-phosphorylated Xp95. These results suggest that Xp95 is an element in a tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that may be involved in progesterone-induced Xenopus oocyte maturation.  (+info)

Voltage sensors in domains III and IV, but not I and II, are immobilized by Na+ channel fast inactivation. (4/8290)

Using site-directed fluorescent labeling, we examined conformational changes in the S4 segment of each domain of the human skeletal muscle sodium channel (hSkM1). The fluorescence signals from S4 segments in domains I and II follow activation and are unaffected as fast inactivation settles. In contrast, the fluorescence signals from S4 segments in domains III and IV show kinetic components during activation and deactivation that correlate with fast inactivation and charge immobilization. These results indicate that in hSkM1, the S4 segments in domains III and IV are responsible for voltage-sensitive conformational changes linked to fast inactivation and are immobilized by fast inactivation, while the S4 segments in domains I and II are unaffected by fast inactivation.  (+info)

Acute effects of ethanol on kainate receptors with different subunit compositions. (5/8290)

Previous studies showed that recombinant homomeric GluR6 receptors are acutely inhibited by ethanol. This study examined the acute actions of ethanol on recombinant homomeric and heteromeric kainate (KA) receptors with different subunit configurations. Application of 25 to 100 mM ethanol produced inhibition of a similar magnitude of both GluR5-Q and GluR6-R KA receptor-dependent currents in Xenopus oocytes. Ethanol decreased the KA Emax without affecting the EC50 and its effect was independent of the membrane holding potential for both of these receptors subtypes. Ethanol also inhibited homomeric and heteromeric receptors transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. In these cells, the expression of heteromeric GluR6-R subunit-containing receptors was confirmed by testing their sensitivity to 1 mM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid. Ethanol inhibited to a similar extent KA-gated currents mediated by receptors composed of either GluR6 or GluR6 + KA1 subunits, and to a slightly lesser extent receptors composed of GluR6 + KA2 subunits. Acute ethanol's effects were tested on GluR5 KA receptors that are expressed as homomers (GluR5-Q) or heteromers (GluR5-R + KA1 and GluR5-R + KA2). Homomeric and heteromeric GluR5 KA receptors were all inhibited to a similar extent by ethanol; however, there was slightly more inhibition of GluR5-R + KA2 receptors. Thus, recombinant KA receptors with different subunit compositions are all acutely inhibited to a similar extent by ethanol. In light of recent reports that KA receptors regulate neurotransmitter release and mediate synaptic currents, we postulate that these receptors may play a role in acute ethanol intoxication.  (+info)

Modulation of the channel activity of the epsilon2/zeta1-subtype N-methyl D-aspartate receptor by PSD-95. (6/8290)

A channel-associated protein PSD-95 has been shown to induce clustering of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, interacting with the COOH terminus of the epsilon subunit of the receptors. The effects of PSD-95 on the channel activity of the epsilon2/zeta1 heteromeric NMDA receptor were examined by injection of PSD-95 cRNA into Xenopus oocytes expressing the NMDA receptors. Expression of PSD-95 decreased the sensitivity of the NMDA receptor channels to L-glutamate. Mutational studies showed that the interaction between the COOH terminus of the epsilon2 subunit of the NMDA receptor and the second PSD-95/Dlg/Z0-1 domain of PSD-95 is critical for the decrease in glutamate sensitivity. It is known that protein kinase C markedly potentiates the channel activity of the NMDA receptor expressed in oocytes. PSD-95 inhibited the protein kinase C-mediated potentiation of the channels. Thus, we demonstrated that PSD-95 functionally modulates the channel activity of the epsilon2/zeta1 NMDA receptor. PSD-95 makes signal transmission more efficient by clustering the channels at postsynaptic sites. In addition to this, our results suggest that PSD-95 plays a protective role against neuronal excitotoxicity by decreasing the glutamate sensitivity of the channels and by inhibiting the protein kinase C-mediated potentiation of the channels.  (+info)

Characterization of two related Drosophila gamma-tubulin complexes that differ in their ability to nucleate microtubules. (7/8290)

gamma-tubulin exists in two related complexes in Drosophila embryo extracts (Moritz, M., Y. Zheng, B.M. Alberts, and K. Oegema. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 142:1- 12). Here, we report the purification and characterization of both complexes that we name gamma-tubulin small complex (gammaTuSC; approximately 280,000 D) and Drosophila gammaTuRC ( approximately 2,200,000 D). In addition to gamma-tubulin, the gammaTuSC contains Dgrip84 and Dgrip91, two proteins homologous to the Spc97/98p protein family. The gammaTuSC is a structural subunit of the gammaTuRC, a larger complex containing about six additional polypeptides. Like the gammaTuRC isolated from Xenopus egg extracts (Zheng, Y., M.L. Wong, B. Alberts, and T. Mitchison. 1995. Nature. 378:578-583), the Drosophila gammaTuRC can nucleate microtubules in vitro and has an open ring structure with a diameter of 25 nm. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals a modular structure with approximately 13 radially arranged structural repeats. The gammaTuSC also nucleates microtubules, but much less efficiently than the gammaTuRC, suggesting that assembly into a larger complex enhances nucleating activity. Analysis of the nucleotide content of the gammaTuSC reveals that gamma-tubulin binds preferentially to GDP over GTP, rendering gamma-tubulin an unusual member of the tubulin superfamily.  (+info)

Identification of a novel domain shared by putative components of the endocytic and cytoskeletal machinery. (8/8290)

We have identified a approximately 140 amino acid domain that is shared by a variety of proteins in budding and fission yeast, nematode, rat, mouse, frog, oat, and man. Typically, this domain is located within 20 residues of the N-terminus of the various proteins. The percent identity among the domains in the 12 proteins ranges from 42 to 93%, with 16 absolutely conserved residues: N-x(11-13)-V-x2-A-T-x(34-36)-R-x(7-8)-W-R-x3-K-x12-G-x-E-x15 -L-x11-12-D-x-G-R-x11-D-x7-R. Even though these proteins share little beyond their segment of homology, data are emerging that several of the proteins are involved in endocytosis and or regulation of cytoskeletal organization. We have named this protein segment the ENTH domain, for Epsin N-terminal Homology domain, and hypothesize that it is a candidate for binding specific ligands and/or enzymatic activity in the cell.  (+info)

Cloning and expression of the Cdx family from the frog Xenopus tropicalis - ePrints - Newcastle UniversityCloning and expression of the Cdx family from the frog Xenopus tropicalis - ePrints - Newcastle University
The caudal-related (Cdx) homeodomain transcription factors have a conserved role in the development of posterior structures in both vertebrates and invertebrates. A particularly interesting finding is that Cdx proteins have an important function in the regulation of expression from a subset of Hox genes. In this study, we report the cloning of cDNAs from the Cdx genes of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis. Xenopus tropicalis is a diploid species, related to the commonly used laboratory animal Xenopus laevis, and has attracted attention recently as a potential genetic model for animal development. The Xenopus tropicalis cDNAs, Xtcad1, Xtcad2, and Xtcad3, show between 88 and 94% sequence identity with their Xenopus laevis orthologues. This finding corresponds to between 90 and 95% identity at the level of derived amino acid sequence. We also present a detailed description of Xtcad1, Xtcad2, and Xtcad3 expression during normal development. In common with the Cdx genes of other vertebrates, the ...
News :: SiluranaNews :: Silurana
We have moved to other location and our principal breeding facility will be closed in October. All animals, including breeding pairs of Silurana tropicalis, adult males of Silurana tropicalis, adult Xenopus laevis, albino Xenopus laevis and the whole breeding colony of Xenopus amieti are for ...
The Transcriptome of Xenopus TropicalisThe Transcriptome of Xenopus Tropicalis
The frog genus Xenopus is widely used as a model system for studying developmental biology and fundamental cell biological processes. The advantages that Xenopus offer as an experimental system include (1) the availability of large abundant eggs that are easily manipulated, (2) ready accessibility to any developmental stage, and (3) conservation of cellular pathways between Xenopus and mammals. Over the past 50 years, pioneering studies on Xenopus have been crucial towards our understanding of nuclear reprogramming, embryonic patterning, membrane channels and receptors, and the cell cycle.. Despite its popularity for biomedical research, genomic resources for Xenopus have been lagging behind other model organisms. A major reason for this is that early developmental and molecular studies have relied on a particular species known as Xenopus laevis, which is pseudotetraploid as a result of genome duplication around 30 million years ago. The presence of four copies of every gene complicates genetic ...
Wells DE et al. (2011), A genetic map of Xenopus tropicalis. - Xenbase PaperWells DE et al. (2011), A genetic map of Xenopus tropicalis. - Xenbase Paper
We present a genetic map for Xenopus tropicalis, consisting of 2886 Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism (SSLP) markers. Using a bioinformatics-based strategy, we identified unique SSLPs within the X. tropicalis genome. Scaffolds from X. tropicalis genome assembly 2.0 (JGI) were scanned for Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs); unique SSRs were then tested for amplification and polymorphisms using DNA from inbred Nigerian and Ivory Coast individuals. Thus identified, the SSLPs were genotyped against a mapping cross panel of DNA samples from 190 F2 individuals. Nearly 4000 SSLPs were genotyped, yielding a 2886-marker genetic map consisting of 10 major linkage groups between 73 and 132cM in length, and 4 smaller linkage groups between 7 and 40cM. The total effective size of the map is 1658cM, and the average intermarker distance for each linkage group ranged from 0.27 to 0.75cM. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) was carried out using probes for genes located on mapped scaffolds to assign linkage ...
Xenopus Cell Fate Tissue Maps - Xenbase | A Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis resourceXenopus Cell Fate Tissue Maps - Xenbase | A Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis resource
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Characterization of MPF and MAPK activities during meiotic maturation of Xenopus tropicalis oocytesCharacterization of MPF and MAPK activities during meiotic maturation of Xenopus tropicalis oocytes
Resumption of meiosis in oocytes of Xenopus tropicalis required translation but not transcription, and was marked by the appearance of a white spot and a dark ring, coincident with entry into metaphase I and the onset of anaphase I, respectively. Cyclin B(2)/p34(cdc2) activity increased prior to the …
Domain combination pairs containing Cysteine-rich domain and PH domain-like in Xenopus tropicalis 76 4.2Domain combination pairs containing Cysteine-rich domain and PH domain-like in Xenopus tropicalis 76 4.2
Domain architectures containing both Cysteine-rich domain and PH domain-like in Xenopus tropicalis 76_4.2. Links to architectures containing these domain pairs in other groups of genomes are provided. Domain pairs which are not adjacent can be added/removed.
Browse ORF cDNA clones by species Xenopus tropicalis, page 196Browse ORF cDNA clones by species Xenopus tropicalis, page 196
GenEZ™ ORF cDNA clones makes it easy to order customized expression-ready ORF clones from the worlds largest commercial ORF clone database. You can Browse ORF cDNA clones by species Xenopus tropicalis, page 196
Xenopus Blimp1 protein Summary Report | CureHunterXenopus Blimp1 protein Summary Report | CureHunter
Xenopus Blimp1 protein: controls anterior endomesodermal cell fate in Spemanns organizer in Xenopus; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank AF182280
View source for Xenopus development time / temperature charts - XenbaseView source for Xenopus development time / temperature charts - Xenbase
Xenbase would like to thank Mustafa Khokha for making his data for these charts available to us. ,br/>,br/>Original reference:,br/> Khokha, M. K., Chung, C., Bustamante, E. L., Gaw, L. W., Trott, K. A., Yeh, J., Lim, N., Lin, J. C., Taverner, N., Amaya, E., Papalopulu, N., Smith, J. C., Zorn, A. M., Harland, R. M. and Grammer, T. C. (2002), Techniques and probes for the study of Xenopus tropicalis development. Developmental Dynamics, 225: 499-510. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.10184 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12454926?dopt=Abstract] ===Xenopus tropicalis=== {, border="1" class="tableizer-table" class="tableizer-firstrow" ! ! colspan=3 align="center" , 16°C ! colspan=3 align="center" , 18°C ! colspan=3 align="center" , 22°C ! colspan=3 align="center" , 25°C ! colspan=3 align="center" , 28°C ! colspan=3 align="center" , 30°C ,- , ,b>NF Stage,/b> , ,b>Average,/b> , ,b>Minimum,/b> , ,b>Maximum,/b> , ,b>Average,/b> , ,b>Minimum,/b> , ,b>Maximum,/b> , ,b>Average,/b> , ,b>Minimum,/b> , ...
Xenopus XVLG1 protein Summary Report | CureHunterXenopus XVLG1 protein Summary Report | CureHunter
Xenopus XVLG1 protein: a Xenopus DEAD box protein; homologous to Drosophila vasa; MW 78,238 Da; pI 5.54; amino acid sequence given in first source
Download stats for annotation package xenopus.db0Download stats for annotation package xenopus.db0
This page was generated on 2020-11-25 00:02:29 -0500 (Wed, 25 Nov 2020). xenopus.db0 home page: release version, devel version.. Number of downloads for annotation package xenopus.db0, year by year, from 2020 back to 2009 (years with no downloads are omitted):. ...
atp12a-like - Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha - Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) - atp12a-like gene ...atp12a-like - Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha - Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) - atp12a-like gene ...
p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...
plekha3 gene cDNA ORF clone, Xenopus tropicalis(tropical clawed frog) - GenScriptplekha3 gene cDNA ORF clone, Xenopus tropicalis(tropical clawed frog) - GenScript
Next-day shipping cDNA ORF clones derived from plekha3 pleckstrin homology domain containing A3 available at GenScript, starting from $99.00.
Gentaur Molecular :Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Embryo9 \ B1X34000-9Gentaur Molecular :Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Embryo9 \ B1X34000-9
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Embryo9 \ B1X34000-9 for more molecular products just contact us
pax2 - Paired box 2 - Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) - pax2 gene & proteinpax2 - Paired box 2 - Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) - pax2 gene & protein
p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class="publication">Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href="http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php">Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...
kelch domain-containing protein 8A [Xenopus tropicalis] - Protein - NCBIkelch domain-containing protein 8A [Xenopus tropicalis] - Protein - NCBI
Opens the Highlight Feature Bar and highlights feature annotations from the FEATURES table of the record. The Highlight Feature Bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately. Links in the FEATURES table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence. More... ...
Silurana ImagesSilurana Images
This page is a collection of images that are attached to a branch of the Tree of Life.. For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.. close box ...
Has RNAi been successful using siRNA in Zebrafish and Xenopus? - QIAGENHas RNAi been successful using siRNA in Zebrafish and Xenopus? - QIAGEN
Zhou Y, Ching YP, Kok KH, Kung HF, Jin DY. Post-transcriptional suppression of gene expression in Xenopus embryos by small interfering RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Apr 1; 30(7): 1664- ...
Gentaur Molecular :Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Normal Tissue Spleen PHA treated \ B1X34246-PhaGentaur Molecular :Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Normal Tissue Spleen PHA treated \ B1X34246-Pha
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Normal Tissue Spleen PHA_treated \ B1X34246-Pha for more molecular products just contact us
Small Molecules for Xenopus Research - XenbaseSmall Molecules for Xenopus Research - Xenbase
Please help us to improve this small molecules wiki and our other wikis by registering for a wiki account through our normal feedback email. ...
Alphabetic Listing of Presenting Authors - B | 2014 Xenopus GeneticsAlphabetic Listing of Presenting Authors - B | 2014 Xenopus Genetics
If you have been assigned a 10 minute talk you have a platform session.. If you have any questions or comments, please email [email protected] ...
Gautier Lab:Xenopus resources - OpenWetWareGautier Lab:Xenopus resources - OpenWetWare
In our laboratory, we use Xenopus laevis, commonly known as the African clawed frog (learn more on wikipedia). Xenopus laevis is a great model system for dissecting the molecular pathways in DNA replication and the maintenance of genomic stability. Cell-free extracts made from Xenopus eggs contain all the proteins necessary to undergo 12 rounds of cell-cycle regulated, semi-conservative DNA replication in the absence of transcription. Events in these extracts are highly synchronous, allowing the analysis of short-lived intermediates and the dissection of signal transduction cascades. Particularly, the function of essential proteins can be addressed by immunodepletion or neutralization of these proteins, coupled to rescue with recombinant proteins. Xenopus cell-free extracts are generated by centrifuging unfertilized Xenopus eggs and isolating the cytoplasmic layer. Female Xenopus can be induced to lay an abundance of eggs after hormone injection. In fact, Xenopus laevis were used as a pregnancy ...
Structural and functional characteristics of xenavidin, the first frog avidin from Xenopus tropicalis | BMC Structural Biology ...Structural and functional characteristics of xenavidin, the first frog avidin from Xenopus tropicalis | BMC Structural Biology ...
Although thoroughly studied in terms of structural, biochemical and biophysical characteristics, the biological functions of avidins are not fully understood. Here, we expand the research on avidins by reporting xenavidin, the first avidin-like protein from a frog, which was identified as an expressed sequence tag (EST) from the Xenopus tropicalis genome project. Avidins appear to be conserved among egg-laying vertebrates [3, 4, 6] and are thought to have a role as defence proteins against microbial infections [43, 44]. Bird eggs contain egg yolk, the compartment for embryonic development, and the egg white that surrounds the egg yolk provides both nutrients and protection for the embryo. In frogs, the equivalent to egg white is called egg jelly [45]. The avidin content of egg jelly may have an important role in the embryonic development of frogs, a hypothesis that is also supported by recent studies within natural bird populations, in which the concentration of avidin in egg white appears to be ...
eFGF and its mode of action in the community effect during Xenopus myogenesis | DevelopmenteFGF and its mode of action in the community effect during Xenopus myogenesis | Development
The community effect is an interaction among a group of many nearby precursor cells, necessary for them to maintain tissue-specific gene expression and differentiate co-ordinately. During Xenopus myogenesis, the muscle precursor cells must be in group contact throughout gastrulation in order to develop into terminally differentiated muscle. The molecular basis of this community interaction has not to date been elucidated. We have developed an assay for testing potential community factors, in which isolated muscle precursor cells are treated with a candidate protein and cultured in dispersion. We have tested a number of candidate factors and we find that only eFGF protein is able to mediate a community effect, stimulating stable muscle-specific gene expression in demonstrably single muscle precursor cells. In contrast, Xwnt8, bFGF, BMP4 and TGF(β)2 do not show this capacity. We show that eFGF is expressed in the muscle precursor cells at the right time to mediate the community effect. Moreover, ...
Theoretical basis of the community effect in development | BMC Systems Biology | Full TextTheoretical basis of the community effect in development | BMC Systems Biology | Full Text
Genetically identical cells often show significant variation in gene expression profile and behaviour even in the same physiological condition. Notably, embryonic cells destined to the same tissue maintain a uniform transcriptional regulatory state and form a homogeneous cell group. One mechanism to keep the homogeneity within embryonic tissues is the so-called community effect in animal development. The community effect is an interaction among a group of many nearby precursor cells, and is necessary for them to maintain tissue-specific gene expression and differentiate in a coordinated manner. Although it has been shown that the cell-cell communication by a diffusible factor plays a crucial role, it is not immediately obvious why a community effect needs many cells. In this work, we propose a model of the community effect in development, which consists in a linear gene cascade and cell-cell communication. We examined the properties of the model theoretically using a combination of stochastic and
Resources | Free Full-Text | Recent Research Progress and Potential Uses of the Amphibian Xenopus as a Biomedical and...Resources | Free Full-Text | Recent Research Progress and Potential Uses of the Amphibian Xenopus as a Biomedical and...
The amphibian Xenopus has long been a comparative model system of choice for a number of different biological research areas, including immunology. Specifically, the evolutionary distance between amphibians and mammals, including humans, allows for the study of both species-specific adaptations, as well as conserved features of the immune system. Furthermore, the Xenopus genus includes species with multiple levels of polyploidy, thereby providing a unique model to study whole genome duplication and its effects thereof on individual genes. To better exploit this amphibian model, the development and innovative applications of novel research tools have been a priority. In this regard, recent advances in adapting the transgenesis approach to Xenopus have allowed for in vivo studies of the impact of loss and gain of function of specific genes at the level of the whole organism, further enhancing the potential uses of Xenopus as an important biomedical model system. This review highlights some of the major
Frog: Oocyte Positive Female Xenopus laevis, Pigmented, Live Specimen | Adult Frogs | Xenopus Laevis Pigmented | Xenopus Frogs ...Frog: Oocyte Positive Female Xenopus laevis, Pigmented, Live Specimen | Adult Frogs | Xenopus Laevis Pigmented | Xenopus Frogs ...
Buy Frog: Oocyte Positive Female Xenopus laevis, Pigmented, Live Specimen, LM00531 at Nasco. You will find a unique blend of products for Arts & Crafts, Education, Healthcare, Agriculture, and more!
DIGITAL.CSIC: Activation of intracellular kinases in Xenopus oocytes by p21ras and phospholipases: a comparative studyDIGITAL.CSIC: Activation of intracellular kinases in Xenopus oocytes by p21ras and phospholipases: a comparative study
Signal transduction induced by generations of second messengers from membrane phospholipids is a major regulatory mechanism in the control of cell proliferation. Indeed, oncogenic p21ras alters the intracellular levels of phospholipid metabolites in both mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. However, it is still controversial whether this alteration it is biologically significant. We have analyzed the ras-induced signal transduction pathway in Xenopus oocytes and have correlated its mechanism of activation with that of the three most relevant phospholipases (PLs). After microinjection, ras-p21 induces a rapid PLD activation followed by a late PLA2 activation. By contrast, phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC was not activated under similar conditions. When each of these PLs was studied for its ability to activate intracellular signalling kinases, all of them were found to activate maturation-promoting factor efficiently. However, only PLD was able to activate MAP kinase and S6 kinase II, a similar ...
Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines and their use in the study of embryonic inductionXenopus tropicalis transgenic lines and their use in the study of embryonic induction
For over a century, amphibian embryos have been a source of significant insight into developmental mechanisms, including fundamental discoveries about the process of induction. The recently developed transgenesis for Xenopus offers new approaches to these poorly understood processes, particularly wh …
Common Clawed Frogs articles - Encyclopedia of LifeCommon Clawed Frogs articles - Encyclopedia of Life
All modes of Xenopus research (embryos, cell-free extracts, and oocytes) are commonly used in direct studies of human disease genes and to study the basic science underlying initiation and progression of cancer.[19] Xenopus embryos for in vivo studies of human disease gene function: Xenopus embryos are large and easily manipulated, and moreover, thousands of embryos can be obtained in a single day. Indeed, Xenopus was the first vertebrate animal for which methods were developed to allow rapid analysis of gene function using misexpression (by mRNA injection [20]). Injection of mRNA in Xenopus that led to the cloning of interferon.[21] Moreover, the use of morpholino-antisense oligonucleotides for gene knockdowns in vertebrate embryos, which is now widely used, was first developed by Janet Heasman using Xenopus.[22] In recent years, these approaches have played in important role in studies of human disease genes. The mechanism of action for several genes mutated in human cystic kidney disorders ...
Some bio-electric parameters of early Xenopus embryos | DevelopmentSome bio-electric parameters of early Xenopus embryos | Development
Membrane potential and resistance were measured in eggs, cleavage stages and blastulae of the South African toad Xenopus laevis, using intracellular microelectrodes.. The membrane potential increased from −6·5 ± 2mV in eggs to −57 ± 8·0mV at the mid-blastula stage.. The input resistance of fertile eggs ranged from 0·5 MΩ to 5·0 MΩ corresponding to a specific resistance of 20-200kΩcm2. During the first two or three division cycles the input resistance usually decreased by a factor of 2-10 and then subsequently rose during the blastula stages from a mean value of 600 ± 100kΩ at stage 5 to 2·0 ± 0·5 MΩ at stage 8.. At all developmental stages examined, point polarization of a surface cell in the embryo by rectangular current pulses of 0·5−6 × 10−8 A produced voltage deflexions in other surface cells. This was seen even when several (7-8) cell junctions intervened between the current passing and voltage recording microelectrodes at distances of more than 1 mm. These ...
HOGENOM: XENTR44 2 PE17HOGENOM: XENTR44 2 PE17
ID XENTR44_2_PE17 STANDARD; PRT; 490 AA. AC XENTR44_2_PE17; Q6GL03; DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 1, Created) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 2, Last sequence update) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 3, Last annotation update) DE SubName: Full=Ariadne homolog 2; (XENTR44_2.PE17). GN Name=arih2; Synonyms=Arih2; ORFNames=TNeu126e05.1-001; OS XENOPUS (SILURANA) TROPICALIS. OC Eukaryota; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; OC Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; OC Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amphibia; Batrachia; Anura; Mesobatrachia; OC Pipoidea; Pipidae; Xenopodinae; Xenopus. OX NCBI_TaxID=8364; RN [0] RP -.; RG -.; RL -.; CC -!- SEQ. DATA ORIGIN: Translated from the HOGENOM CDS XENTR44_2.PE17. CC Xenopus tropicalis scaffold scaffold_44 JGI4.1 partial sequence CC 1000001..1992362 annotated by Ensembl CC -!- ANNOTATIONS ORIGIN:Q6GL03_XENTR CC -!- SIMILARITY: Contains 1 IBR-type zinc finger. CC -!- GENE_FAMILY: HOG000216611 [ FAMILY / ALN / TREE ] DR ...
Difference between revisions of Xenopus Genome Project - Marcotte LabDifference between revisions of "Xenopus Genome Project" - Marcotte Lab
Xenopus laevis is an essential model organism in several areas of biology. In addition to the key attributes of these embryos for in vivo imaging, cell-free extracts from Xenopus provide among the most powerful in vitro systems for studies of cell and molecular biology. A complete sequence of the X. laevis genome is an essential resource for accurate identification of peptides for mass-spec analyses, for cloning of an ORFeome, for identifying evolutionarily conserved regulatory regions, and for design of morpholino-oligonucleotides for gene knockdowns. The Wallingford and Marcotte labs have obtained funding from the Texas Institute for Drug and Diagnostic Development (TI3D), in coordination with projects funded by the National Institutes of Health, to begin sequencing of the X. laevis genome. We are primarily working with Scott Hunicke-Smith at the University of Texas Genome Sequencing and Analysis facility, with funding sufficient for ~20x coverage of the X. laevis genome using ABI SOLiD ...
Xenopus Genome Project - Marcotte LabXenopus Genome Project - Marcotte Lab
Xenopus laevis is an essential model organism in several areas of biology. In addition to the key attributes of these embryos for in vivo imaging, cell-free extracts from Xenopus provide among the most powerful in vitro systems for studies of cell and molecular biology. A complete sequence of the X. laevis genome is an essential resource for accurate identification of peptides for mass-spec analyses, for cloning of an ORFeome, for identifying evolutionarily conserved regulatory regions, and for design of morpholino-oligonucleotides for gene knockdowns. The Wallingford and Marcotte labs obtained funding from the Texas Institute for Drug and Diagnostic Development (TI3D), in conjunction with projects funded by the National Institutes of Health, to begin sequencing of the X. laevis genome. We began the project with Scott Hunicke-Smith at the University of Texas Genome Sequencing and Analysis facility, with funding sufficient for ~20x coverage of the X. laevis genome using ABI SOLiD next-generation ...
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL CAP CELLS IN XENOPUS - A MEASURE OF THE START OF ANIMAL CAP COMPETENCE TO FORM MESODERM - WRAP:...THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL CAP CELLS IN XENOPUS - A MEASURE OF THE START OF ANIMAL CAP COMPETENCE TO FORM MESODERM - WRAP:...
UNSPECIFIED. (1987) THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL CAP CELLS IN XENOPUS - A MEASURE OF THE START OF ANIMAL CAP COMPETENCE TO FORM MESODERM. DEVELOPMENT, 101 (3). pp. 557-563. ISSN 0950-1991 ...
Tissue and developmental specificity of a polysialo-ganglioside species in the amphibian Xenopus.Tissue and developmental specificity of a polysialo-ganglioside species in the amphibian Xenopus.
Xenopus embryos contain a considerable amount of a polysialo-ganglioside not yet fully characterized; in this paper, we will refer to it as ganglioside XI. Preliminary experiments indicate asialo-GMI as the core structure of the ganglioside XI and pa
AID 145963 - Inhibition of the NMB evoked increases in chloride currents in xenopus oocytes expressing human NMB receptor -...AID 145963 - Inhibition of the NMB evoked increases in chloride currents in xenopus oocytes expressing human NMB receptor -...
BioAssay record AID 145963 submitted by ChEMBL: Inhibition of the NMB evoked increases in chloride currents in xenopus oocytes expressing human NMB receptor.
Role of TCF in body axis formation: Discovery of a Dual Action of XTCF-3 in Xenopus Body Axis Formation / Книги / БиохимияRole of TCF in body axis formation: Discovery of a Dual Action of XTCF-3 in Xenopus Body Axis Formation / Книги / Биохимия
A novel role of TCF family in body axis formation. Revolutionary high impact discoveries are described, elucidating the missing link in the Wnt pathway and protein-TCF combinations with dual functions. By studying the primary axis formation of Xenopus laevis, it was firstly shown that, in combination with beta-catenin, TCF acts as a potent activator of proto-oncogenes. Secondly, it was discovered that in combination with the Groucho family of proteins, TCF acts as suppressor of oncogene transcription. Stronlgy suggesting that TCF controls oncogene transcription in a dual fashion. These discoveries contributed to the origination of a major area of cancer research and opened multiple angles for cancer therapy development ...
A minimal model of a community effect. (A) A schematic | Open-iA minimal model of a community effect. (A) A schematic | Open-i
A minimal model of a community effect. (A) A schematic depiction of the model. Each molecule or state is indicated in red, and arrows indicate reactions/transit
The heat shock response in xenopus oocytes, embryos, and somatic cells: A regulatory role for chromatin<...The heat shock response in xenopus oocytes, embryos, and somatic cells: A regulatory role for chromatin<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The heat shock response in xenopus oocytes, embryos, and somatic cells. T2 - A regulatory role for chromatin. AU - Landsberger, N.. AU - Ranjan, M.. AU - Almouzni, G.. AU - Stump, D.. AU - Wolffe, A. P.. PY - 1995. Y1 - 1995. N2 - The heat shock response in Xenopus laevis has been reported to be developmentally regulated at the transcriptional level. We find that the heat shock response of an exogenous Xenopus hsp70 gene introduced into Xenopus oocytes, embryos, and somatic cells is dependent on the transcriptional assay conditions employed. Under conditions of efficient chromatin assembly, transcription from the Xenopus hsp70 gene promoter is repressed in oocytes and embryos, yet the promoter responds to heat shock by activating transcription. Under conditions of inefficient chromatin assembly, the Xenopus hsp70 gene is constitutively active in oocytes and somatic cells. Our results resolve previous controversy concerning the existence of a heat shock response for the hsp70 ...
Enhanced XAO: the ontology of Xenopus anatomy and development underpins more accurate annotation of gene expression and queries...Enhanced XAO: the ontology of Xenopus anatomy and development underpins more accurate annotation of gene expression and queries...
The African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis are prominent animal model organisms. Xenopus research contributes to the understanding of genetic, developmental and molecular mechanisms underlying human disease. The Xenopus Anatomy Ontology (XAO) reflects the anatomy and embryological development of Xenopus. The XAO provides consistent terminology that can be applied to anatomical feature descriptions along with a set of relationships that indicate how each anatomical entity is related to others in the embryo, tadpole, or adult frog. The XAO is integral to the functionality of Xenbase ( http://www.xenbase.org ), the Xenopus model organism database. We significantly expanded the XAO in the last five years by adding 612 anatomical terms, 2934 relationships between them, 640 synonyms, and 547 ontology cross-references. Each term now has a definition, so database users and curators can be certain they are selecting the correct term
Xenopus - WikipediaXenopus - Wikipedia
Xenopus (/ˈzɛnəpəs/) (Gk., ξενος, xenos=strange, πους, pous=foot, commonly known as the clawed frog) is a genus of highly aquatic frogs native to sub-Saharan Africa. Twenty species are currently described in the Xenopus genus. The two best-known species of this genus are Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, which are commonly studied as model organisms for developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, neuroscience and for modelling human disease and birth defects. The genus is also known for its polyploidy, with some species having up to 12 sets of chromosomes. All species of Xenopus have flattened, somewhat egg-shaped and streamlined bodies, and very slippery skin (because of a protective mucus covering). The frogs skin is smooth, but with a lateral line sensory organ that has a stitch-like appearance. The frogs are all excellent swimmers and have powerful, fully webbed toes, though the fingers lack webbing. Three of the toes on each foot have conspicuous black claws. The ...
Stability of maternal mRNA in Xenopus embryos: role of transcription and translation. | Molecular and Cellular BiologyStability of maternal mRNA in Xenopus embryos: role of transcription and translation. | Molecular and Cellular Biology
The first 12 cell divisions of Xenopus laevis embryos do not require gene transcription. This means that the regulation of gene expression during this period is controlled at post transcriptional levels and makes Xenopus early development a potentially interesting biological system with which to study the mechanisms involved. We describe here the stability characteristics of several maternal Xenopus mRNAs which are deadenylated soon after fertilisation (J. Paris and M. Philippe, Dev. Biol., in press). We show that these mRNAs were only degraded in the embryo after the midblastula transition (MBT), when gene transcription was initiated. The kinetics with which the deadenylated maternal mRNAs decreased in the post-MBT embryos showed sequence specificity. The degradation of these mRNAs after the MBT was inhibited by cycloheximide but was not affected by dactinomycin. Therefore, the destabilization of these mRNAs does not appear to be initiated by new embryonic gene transcripts. Sequence comparisons ...
Antimicrobial peptides with therapeutic potential from skin secretions of the Marsabit clawed frog Xenopus borealis (Pipidae) -...Antimicrobial peptides with therapeutic potential from skin secretions of the Marsabit clawed frog Xenopus borealis (Pipidae) -...
Nine peptides with differential growth inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the tetraploid frog Xenopus borealis Parker, 1936 (Pipidae). Structural characterization of the peptides demonstrated that they were orthologous to magainin-2 (1 peptide), peptide glycine-leucine-amide, PGLa (2 peptides), caerulein-precursor fragments, CPF (4 peptides), and xenopsin-precursor fragments, XPF (2 peptides), previously isolated from Xenopus laevis and X. amieti. In addition, a second magainin-related peptide (G**KFLHSAGKFGKAFLGEVMIG) containing a two amino acid residue deletion compared with magainin-2 was identified that had only weak antimicrobial activity. The peptide with the greatest potential for development into a therapeutically valuable anti-infective agent was CPF-B1 (GLGSLLGKAFKIGLKTVGKMMGGAPREQ) with MIC=5 microM against E. coli, MIC=5 microM against S. aureus, and MIC=25 microM against Candida albicans, and
Microtransplantation of membranes from cultured cells to Xenopus oocytes: A method to study neurotransmitter receptors embedded...Microtransplantation of membranes from cultured cells to Xenopus oocytes: A method to study neurotransmitter receptors embedded...
In this work, we report an efficient method to easily study transmitter receptors originally assembled in cultured cell lines and then microtransplanted to a sturdy and convenient host cell system, the Xenopus oocyte. This method has been recently used to transplant assembled transmitter receptors from human brain to Xenopus oocyte (7), following a method developed a few years ago to microtransplant AcChoRs and chloride channels from the electric organ of Torpedo to the Xenopus oocyte membrane (5, 6). Here, we injected membrane vesicles prepared from cultured cell lines, and this approach led to a rapid incorporation of neurotransmitter receptors in the oocyte plasma membrane. In this way, functional AMPA-type GluR1, α7-AcChoRs, and α4β2-AcChoRs from cultured cells were microtransplanted to the oocytes, and their respective transmitter-activated currents were analyzed.. We report here that the gross electrophysiological and pharmacological characteristics of the transmitter-gated receptors ...
Xenopus Staufen is a component of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing Vg1 RNA and kinesin<...Xenopus Staufen is a component of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing Vg1 RNA and kinesin<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Xenopus Staufen is a component of a ribonucleoprotein complex containing Vg1 RNA and kinesin. AU - Yoon, Young J.. AU - Mowry, Kimberly L.. PY - 2004/7. Y1 - 2004/7. N2 - RNA localization is a key mechanism for generating cell and developmental polarity in a wide variety of organisms. We have performed studies to investigate a role for the Xenopus homolog of the double-stranded RNA-binding protein, Staufen, in RNA localization during oogenesis. We have found that Xenopus Staufen (XStau) is present in a ribonucleoprotein complex, and associates with both a kinesin motor protein and vegetally localized RNAs Vg1 and VegT. A functional role for XStau was revealed through expression of a dominant-negative version that blocks localization of Vg1 RNA in vivo. Our results suggest a central role for XStau in RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes, and provide evidence that Staufen is a conserved link between specific mRNAs and the RNA localization machinery.. AB - RNA localization is a key ...
Xotx genes in the developing brain of Xenopus laevis | IRIS Università di PisaXotx genes in the developing brain of Xenopus laevis | IRIS Università di Pisa
The vertebrate Otx gene family is related to otd, a gene contributing to head development in Drosophila. We previously reported on the expression of Xotx2 gene, homologous to the murine Otx2 gene, during early Xenopus development. In the present paper we report an extensive analysis of the expression pattern of Xotx2 during later stages of development and also the cloning and developmental expression of two additional Otx Xenopus genes, Xotx1 and Xotx4. These latter two genes bear a good degree of homology to murine Otx1, higher for Xotx1 than for Xorx4. Both these genes are expressed in the forebrain and midbrain regions and their developmental patterns of expression are very similar, although not perfectly superimposable. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of the three Xotx genes suggest that they may be involved in the early subdivision of the rostral brain, providing antero-posterior positional information within the most anterior districts of the neuraxis. The three Xotx genes are ...
AID 710275 - Antagonist activity at rat GluK1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes by two-electrode voltage-clamp at membrane...AID 710275 - Antagonist activity at rat GluK1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes by two-electrode voltage-clamp at membrane...
BioAssay record AID 710275 submitted by ChEMBL: Antagonist activity at rat GluK1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes by two-electrode voltage-clamp at membrane potential -60 to -80 mV electrophysiology assay.
Lab frog Xenopus laevis genome sequence shows what happens when genomes collide | EurekAlert! Science NewsLab frog Xenopus laevis genome sequence shows what happens when genomes collide | EurekAlert! Science News
The common laboratory frog Xenopus laevis has puzzled researchers because it has twice the normal number of genes. A newly published genome sequence shows why: between 15 and 20 million years ago, two different species interbred and produced a hybrid, which then mated with its parent species to eventually form a new organism with a doubled genome. The frog has since adapted to the excess by losing or disabling many of these genes.
Int J Dev Biol - Using Xenopus as a model system for an undergraduate laboratory course in vertebrate development at the...Int J Dev Biol - Using Xenopus as a model system for an undergraduate laboratory course in vertebrate development at the...
The goal of this laboratory course is to introduce vertebrate developmental biology to undergraduate students, emphasizing both classical and contemporary aspects of this field. During the course, the students combine the use of living Xenopus laevis material with active tutorial participation, with the aim of illustrating how the fertilized egg can generate the diversity of cell types and complexity of pattern seen only a few days later in the embryo. Special emphasis is given to the observation and manipulation of living material. The laboratory course includes a comprehensive analysis of both oogenesis and early development and is divided into two overlapping parts that combine tutorial and practical approaches. The first part is devoted to oogenesis; oocytes are sorted out, allowed to mature in vitro and observed in histological section. In the second part, students perform an in vitro fertilization of Xenopus eggs and a mesoderm and neural induction assay of animal cap explants. Successful
Silencer (genetics)Silencer (genetics)
Bouchia clawed frogBouchia clawed frog
De Wittes clawed frogDe Witte's clawed frog
Müllers platannaMüller's platanna
Eritrea clawed frogEritrea clawed frog
Largens clawed frogLargen's clawed frog
Marsabit clawed frogMarsabit clawed frog
Mawa clawed frogMawa clawed frog
Peters platannaPeters' platanna
Andres clawed frogAndre's clawed frog
Lake Oku clawed frogLake Oku clawed frog
Uganda clawed frogUganda clawed frog
Cape platannaCape platanna
Western clawed frogWestern clawed frog
Frasers platannaFraser's platanna
Ensembl genome database projectEnsembl genome database project
CingulinCingulin
OSR1OSR1
List of organisms by chromosome countList of organisms by chromosome count
BlastulaBlastula
Formyl peptide receptor 3Formyl peptide receptor 3
NeurulationNeurulation
FGF and mesoderm formationFGF and mesoderm formation
Formyl peptide receptor 1Formyl peptide receptor 1
AmphibianAmphibian
Christine HoltChristine Holt
Neurogenic placodesNeurogenic placodes
Trefoil domainTrefoil domain
Tim HuntTim Hunt
Animal testing on frogsAnimal testing on frogs
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
XenopusXenopus laevisXenopus ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianMolecular Sequence DataGastrulaOvumMicroinjectionsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalAmino Acid SequenceBase SequenceCloning, MolecularEmbryonic InductionMesodermMetamorphosis, BiologicalIn Situ HybridizationEctodermRNA, ComplementaryRNA, MessengerSequence Homology, Amino AcidBlastulaCell ExtractsBody PatterningLarvaDNA, ComplementaryNervous SystemTranscription FactorsActivinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-mosTranscription Factor TFIIIAOogenesisVitellogeninsGoosecoid ProteinMorphogenesisTranscription, GeneticRNA, Ribosomal, 5SDNAMembrane PotentialsRNABone Morphogenetic ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsMaturation-Promoting FactorT-Box Domain ProteinsWnt ProteinsCarrier ProteinsSignal TransductionSequence AlignmentRecombinant ProteinsDNA-Binding ProteinsAnimals, Genetically ModifiedKineticsGene ExpressionCell NucleusElectrophysiologyNotochordCDC2 Protein KinaseOrganizers, EmbryonicProtein BiosynthesisTailEndodermIon Channel GatingZebrafish ProteinsMitosisOligonucleotides, AntisenseFetal ProteinsNucleoplasminsPotassium ChannelsMelanophoresNuclear ProteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsTranscription Factor 3MeiosisZygoteBlastomeresGastrulationBone Morphogenetic Protein 4MutationProtein BindingDNA PrimersTime FactorsNeural CrestEmbryonic DevelopmentTrans-ActivatorsCell Cycle ProteinsPoly ABiological TransportInhibinsProteinsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidModels, BiologicalCell-Free SystemChromatinPhosphorylationMembrane ProteinsFibroblast Growth FactorsRNA, RibosomalSodium ChannelsEgg ProteinsSpecies SpecificityGene LibraryElectric ConductivityDNA ReplicationProtein Structure, TertiaryProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesBinding SitesNeural PlateFertilizationCell MembraneBlastocystPlasmidsGenes, HomeoboxReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionGene Expression RegulationMutagenesis, Site-DirectedChloride ChannelsNuclear EnvelopeBlotting, NorthernCalciumNodal Proteinbeta CateninEyeConserved SequenceIon ChannelsNerve Tissue ProteinsDose-Response Relationship, DrugRNA-Binding ProteinsEpithelial Sodium ChannelsMicrotubulesTissue DistributionCell DifferentiationCyclin BPhylogenySomitesCells, CulturedCell LineNodal Signaling LigandsSodiumPhosphoproteinsChloridesTransfectionPromoter Regions, GeneticPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedSymportersProtein IsoformsRepressor ProteinsMusclesGreen Fluorescent ProteinsCell CycleGenes, mosProtein KinasesZebrafishRNA, Small NuclearProgesterone
Alphabetic Listing of Presenting Authors - B | 2014 Xenopus GeneticsAlphabetic Listing of Presenting Authors - B | 2014 Xenopus Genetics
Download stats for annotation package xenopus.db0Download stats for annotation package xenopus.db0
Has RNAi been successful using siRNA in Zebrafish and Xenopus? - QIAGENHas RNAi been successful using siRNA in Zebrafish and Xenopus? - QIAGEN
Xenopus XVLG1 protein Summary Report | CureHunterXenopus XVLG1 protein Summary Report | CureHunter
Domain combination pairs containing Cysteine-rich domain and PH domain-like in Xenopus tropicalis 76 4.2Domain combination pairs containing Cysteine-rich domain and PH domain-like in Xenopus tropicalis 76 4.2
The Transcriptome of Xenopus TropicalisThe Transcriptome of Xenopus Tropicalis
Gentaur Molecular :Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Embryo9 \ B1X34000-9Gentaur Molecular :Biochai \ cDNA Library Xenopus Embryo9 \ B1X34000-9
Cloning and expression of the Cdx family from the frog Xenopus tropicalis - ePrints - Newcastle UniversityCloning and expression of the Cdx family from the frog Xenopus tropicalis - ePrints - Newcastle University
Xenopus | University of CambridgeXenopus | University of Cambridge
Xenopus MoviesXenopus Movies
Mesoderm Induction in Xenopus | SpringerLinkMesoderm Induction in Xenopus | SpringerLink
Xenopus - WikipediaXenopus - Wikipedia
Developmental genetics in Xenopus tropicalis. - PubMed - NCBIDevelopmental genetics in Xenopus tropicalis. - PubMed - NCBI
Xenopus ruwenzoriensis (Uganda Clawed Frog)Xenopus ruwenzoriensis (Uganda Clawed Frog)
Apoptosis in XenopusApoptosis in Xenopus
Xenopus lenduensis - WikipediaXenopus lenduensis - Wikipedia
Photoreceptor cells in the Xenopus retina. - PubMed - NCBIPhotoreceptor cells in the Xenopus retina. - PubMed - NCBI
Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)
Control of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in Xenopus oocytes | PNASControl of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in Xenopus oocytes | PNAS
Mitogen-activated protein kinase and neural specification in Xenopus | PNASMitogen-activated protein kinase and neural specification in Xenopus | PNAS
Container of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus Laevis PosterContainer of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus Laevis Poster
Lysozyme - Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog)Lysozyme - Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog)
Purification of the MeCP2/Histone Deacetylase Complex from Xenopus laevis | SpringerLinkPurification of the MeCP2/Histone Deacetylase Complex from Xenopus laevis | SpringerLink
Xenopus clivii Peracca, 1898 | Amphibian Species of the WorldXenopus clivii Peracca, 1898 | Amphibian Species of the World
Practical zebra fishes/xenopus - RESALPractical 'zebra fishes/xenopus' - RESAL
Islet-1 Immunoreactivity in the Developing Retina of Xenopus laevisIslet-1 Immunoreactivity in the Developing Retina of Xenopus laevis
Addgene: porcupine - XenopusAddgene: porcupine - Xenopus
Music Video - XenopusMusic Video - Xenopus
RING finger protein - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)RING finger protein - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)
Xenopus Egg Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway | Science SignalingXenopus Egg Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway | Science Signaling
Xotch inhibits cell differentiation in the Xenopus retinaXotch inhibits cell differentiation in the Xenopus retina
Developmental Biology - Effects of cyclopamine on Xenopus embryoDevelopmental Biology - Effects of cyclopamine on Xenopus embryo
Deficient Induction Response in a Xenopus Nucleocytoplasmic HybridDeficient Induction Response in a Xenopus Nucleocytoplasmic Hybrid
Xcsp - Xenopus Cysteine String Protein | AcronymFinderXcsp - Xenopus Cysteine String Protein | AcronymFinder
XMAP - Xenopus Microtubule Assembly Protein | AcronymFinderXMAP - Xenopus Microtubule Assembly Protein | AcronymFinder
XenopusXenopus
Testing Xenopus tadpole behaviour | School of Biological Sciences | University of BristolTesting Xenopus tadpole behaviour | School of Biological Sciences | University of Bristol
Xenopus Infect Dis FXenopus Infect Dis F
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
XenopusXenopus laevisXenopus ProteinsEmbryo, NonmammalianMolecular Sequence DataGastrulaOvumMicroinjectionsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalAmino Acid SequenceBase SequenceCloning, MolecularEmbryonic InductionMesodermMetamorphosis, BiologicalIn Situ HybridizationEctodermRNA, ComplementaryRNA, MessengerSequence Homology, Amino AcidBlastulaCell ExtractsBody PatterningLarvaDNA, ComplementaryNervous SystemTranscription FactorsActivinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-mosTranscription Factor TFIIIAOogenesisVitellogeninsGoosecoid ProteinMorphogenesisTranscription, GeneticRNA, Ribosomal, 5SDNAMembrane PotentialsRNABone Morphogenetic ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsMaturation-Promoting FactorT-Box Domain ProteinsWnt ProteinsCarrier ProteinsSignal TransductionSequence AlignmentRecombinant ProteinsDNA-Binding ProteinsAnimals, Genetically ModifiedKineticsGene ExpressionCell NucleusElectrophysiologyNotochordCDC2 Protein KinaseOrganizers, EmbryonicProtein BiosynthesisTailEndodermIon Channel GatingZebrafish ProteinsMitosisOligonucleotides, AntisenseFetal ProteinsNucleoplasminsPotassium ChannelsMelanophoresNuclear ProteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsTranscription Factor 3MeiosisZygoteBlastomeresGastrulationBone Morphogenetic Protein 4MutationProtein BindingDNA PrimersTime FactorsNeural CrestEmbryonic DevelopmentTrans-ActivatorsCell Cycle ProteinsPoly ABiological TransportInhibinsProteinsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidModels, BiologicalCell-Free SystemChromatinPhosphorylationMembrane ProteinsFibroblast Growth FactorsRNA, RibosomalSodium ChannelsEgg ProteinsSpecies SpecificityGene LibraryElectric ConductivityDNA ReplicationProtein Structure, TertiaryProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesBinding SitesNeural PlateFertilizationCell MembraneBlastocystPlasmidsGenes, HomeoboxReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionGene Expression RegulationMutagenesis, Site-DirectedChloride ChannelsNuclear EnvelopeBlotting, NorthernCalciumNodal Proteinbeta CateninEyeConserved SequenceIon ChannelsNerve Tissue ProteinsDose-Response Relationship, DrugRNA-Binding ProteinsEpithelial Sodium ChannelsMicrotubulesTissue DistributionCell DifferentiationCyclin BPhylogenySomitesCells, CulturedCell LineNodal Signaling LigandsSodiumPhosphoproteinsChloridesTransfectionPromoter Regions, GeneticPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedSymportersProtein IsoformsRepressor ProteinsMusclesGreen Fluorescent ProteinsCell CycleGenes, mosProtein KinasesZebrafishRNA, Small NuclearProgesterone
ZebrafishTropicalisClawed frogOocytesEmbryoTadpolesHomologGenusOocyteGeneEggsBlastulaFrog Xenopus laevisAmphibianMesodermEmbryonic DevelopmentProteinsTadpoleSignalingCell-free extractsAmphibiansImmune systemActivinORFeomeMolecularTissueMammalianRetinalInjectionReceptors1998DaudinBiologyModelExpression
Zebrafish1
Tropicalis17
Clawed frog12
Oocytes14
Embryo9
Tadpoles2
Homolog4
Genus4
  • Twenty species are currently described in the Xenopus genus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oligocene) in southwestern Tanzania, providing the earliest evidence for the genus Xenopus in sub-Saharan Africa. (bioone.org)
  • Based on morphological, biochemical and karyological characters, the genus Xenopus can be divided into two main groups (subgenera), Silurana and Xenopus , and the latter into five subgroups. (thebhs.org)
  • Furthermore, the Xenopus genus includes species with multiple levels of polyploidy, thereby providing a unique model to study whole genome duplication and its effects thereof on individual genes. (mdpi.com)
Oocyte2
Gene7
Eggs7
Blastula1
Frog Xenopus laevis1
Amphibian3
  • In the amphibian Xenopus , fertilization of the egg results in the establishment of a parallel array of microtubules with the plus end pointing away from the sperm entry point. (sciencemag.org)
  • We provide evidence, in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, consistent with an evolutionarily conserved and crucial role of the immune system in controlling neoplasia, which involves a striking variety of anti-tumoral immune effectors including conventional CTLs, c lassical MHC c lass Ia u nrestricted CTLs (CCU-CTLs) that interact with nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules, CD8 NKT-like cells and NK cells. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • The amphibian Xenopus has long been a comparative model system of choice for a number of different biological research areas, including immunology. (mdpi.com)
Mesoderm2
Embryonic Development1
  • Scientists soon realized that Xenopus was also a valuable and versatile laboratory model for basic biology, enabling studies that shed light on both fundamental mechanisms of vertebrate embryonic development and mechanisms underlying human diseases. (eurekalert.org)
Proteins1
Tadpole1
Signaling1
  • The transcription factor Snai2, which is induced by canonical Wnt signaling to be expressed in the early CNC, is pivotal for CNC induction and migration in Xenopus . (nature.com)
Cell-free extracts1
  • However, the wide breadth of Xenopus research stems from the additional fact that cell-free extracts made from Xenopus are a premier in vitro system for studies of fundamental aspects of cell and molecular biology. (wikipedia.org)
Amphibians2
  • Our animal resource facility include four newly renovated rooms in the vivarium that are designated for maintaining experimentally manipulated amphibians and for maintaining and breeding stocks of outbred, partially inbred, and cloned lines of Xenopus. (rochester.edu)
  • A good starting point would be 2 gram/litre, but Xenopus are surprisingly salt-tolerant amphibians, and you could raise this a bit after a week or so to perhaps 3-5 gram/litre for a few days if needs be. (wetwebmedia.com)
Immune system1
Activin1
  • 1997 ) A Xenopus type 1 activin receptor mediates the mesodermal but not neural specification during embryogenesis. (biologists.org)
ORFeome3
  • The Xenopus community is in full support of this project and the ORFeome was voted as a top priority of needed Xenopus resources. (xenbase.org)
  • Clone isolation and validation of the 40% of genes not currently represented in the Xenopus ORFeome v1.0 in Gateway entry vectors. (xenbase.org)
  • The Xenopus ORFeome sequences have been cloned from Xenopus cDNA libraries or have been chemically synthesized. (xenbase.org)
Molecular1
Tissue1
  • XL177 Xenopus tissue culture cells were fixed in cold methanol and stained with 0.6 μg/ml affinity-purified anti-TPX2N, monoclonal anti-tubulin, and Hoechst 33258 followed by FITC-labeled anti-mouse and TRITC-labeled anti-rabbit antibodies. (rupress.org)
Mammalian1
  • Finally, despite the biological and physical similarities between Xenopus TCGF and mammalian IL-2, anti-human IL-2 monoclonal antibodies do not recognize Xenopus TCGF. (hindawi.com)
Retinal1
Injection1
  • Injection of mRNA in Xenopus that led to the cloning of interferon. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors2
  • We examined the effect of Con A on nerve-induced receptor accumulation and on the mobility of ACh receptors in cultured Xenopus muscle cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • In addition to the accumulation of receptors, the nerve disperses preexisting receptor clusters prior to induction of high-density regions along the contact area, and, at this early stage, denervation disperses nerve-induced receptor clusters in Xenopus cultures (Kuromi and Kidokoro, 1984a, b). (jneurosci.org)
19981
  • Wade, P. A., Jones, P. L., Vermaak, D., and Wolffe, A. P. (1998) A multiple subunit Mi-2 histone deacetylase from Xenopus laevis cofractionates with an associated Snf2 superfamily ATPase. (springer.com)
Daudin1
Biology3
  • Xenopus is remarkable for modeling human diseases including birth defects, cancer, and stem cell biology. (cshl.edu)
  • In addition, Xenopus is emerging as an excellent model system for toxicology, neurobiology, regenerative biology, and other areas of biomedical science [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
  • Indeed, the use of Xenopus in various areas of biomedical research including tumor biology, transplantation biology, self-tolerance, and auto immunity is steadily increasing and has significantly contributed to advances in these fields. (mdpi.com)
Model6
  • A Xenopus model of alkaptonuria. (genetics-gsa.org)
  • The recent development of transgenic Xenopus technology offers the promise that this animal model will be utilized more than ever before. (indigo.ca)
  • This comparative model, in Xenopus , may provide an alternative to the mouse in exploring, within an evolutionary context, the interactions between tumors and their host. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • Pigment organelles in Xenopus laevis melanophores are used by the animal to change skin color, and they provide a good model for studying intracellular organelle transport. (diva-portal.org)
  • This review highlights some of the major uses and applications of the Xenopus model. (mdpi.com)
  • This development of novel research tools has proved critical to further empowering Xenopus as a model system and keeping it at the forefront of biomedical research. (mdpi.com)
Expression1
  • Here we show that a cilia-driven leftward flow precedes asymmetric nodal expression in the frog Xenopus. (nih.gov)
Download stats for annotation package xenopus.db0
Download stats for annotation package xenopus.db0 (bioconductor.org)
Developmental Biology - Effects of cyclopamine on Xenopus embryo
Developmental Biology - Effects of cyclopamine on Xenopus embryo (swarthmore.edu)
A functional approach to understanding the role of NCKX5 in Xenopus pigmentation
A functional approach to understanding the role of NCKX5 in Xenopus pigmentation (journals.plos.org)
Crocodile-faced Dtella (Gehyra xenopus) · iNaturalist
Crocodile-faced Dtella (Gehyra xenopus) · iNaturalist (inaturalist.org)
ORF cDNA clones, no result with GeneID: xenopus-tropicalis
ORF cDNA clones, no result with GeneID: xenopus-tropicalis (genscript.com)
The B-Subdomain of the Xenopus laevis XFIN KRAB-AB Domain Is Responsible for Its Weaker Transcriptional Repressor Activity...
The B-Subdomain of the Xenopus laevis XFIN KRAB-AB Domain Is Responsible for Its Weaker Transcriptional Repressor Activity... (journals.plos.org)
Xenopus morpholino screen
Xenopus morpholino screen (www2.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/~smithlab/)
Α subunits in GABA A receptors are dispensable for GABA and diazepam action | Scientific Reports
Α subunits in GABA A receptors are dispensable for GABA and diazepam action | Scientific Reports (nature.com)
Phase separation of TPX2 enhances and spatially coordinates microtubule nucleation | Nature Communications
Phase separation of TPX2 enhances and spatially coordinates microtubule nucleation | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Identification of a urate transporter, ABCG2, with a common functional polymorphism causing gout | PNAS
Identification of a urate transporter, ABCG2, with a common functional polymorphism causing gout | PNAS (pnas.org)
Harvard BBS PhD Program
Harvard BBS PhD Program (hms.harvard.edu)
Allosteric coupling between proximal C-terminus and selectivity filter is facilitated by the movement of transmembrane segment...
Allosteric coupling between proximal C-terminus and selectivity filter is facilitated by the movement of transmembrane segment... (nature.com)
Mesoderm Induction in Xenopus | SpringerLink
Mesoderm Induction in Xenopus | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
GLUT8 is a glucose transporter responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the blastocyst | PNAS
GLUT8 is a glucose transporter responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the blastocyst | PNAS (pnas.org)
Silencer (genetics) - Wikipedia
Silencer (genetics) - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
HELLS and CDCA7 comprise a bipartite nucleosome remodeling complex defective in ICF syndrome | PNAS
HELLS and CDCA7 comprise a bipartite nucleosome remodeling complex defective in ICF syndrome | PNAS (pnas.org)
Testing Xenopus tadpole behaviour | School of Biological Sciences | University of Bristol
Testing Xenopus tadpole behaviour | School of Biological Sciences | University of Bristol (bris.ac.uk)
ZEISS AURIGA Compact - Produkt Trailer - YouTube
ZEISS AURIGA Compact - Produkt Trailer - YouTube (youtube.com)
Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)
Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) (cabi.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Organizers - TAGC 2020
Organizers - TAGC 2020 (genetics-gsa.org)
Words That Start with X: Own Scrabble with These 43 Plays | Best Life
Words That Start with X: Own Scrabble with These 43 Plays | Best Life (bestlifeonline.com)
Researchers - Xenopus Laevis Research Resource for Immunobiology - University of Rochester Medical Center
Researchers - Xenopus Laevis Research Resource for Immunobiology - University of Rochester Medical Center (urmc.rochester.edu)
Color Atlas of Xenopus laevis Histology, Book by Allan F. Wiechmann (Paperback) | chapters.indigo.ca
Color Atlas of Xenopus laevis Histology, Book by Allan F. Wiechmann (Paperback) | chapters.indigo.ca (chapters.indigo.ca)
Vivarium - Xenopus Laevis Research Resource for Immunobiology - University of Rochester Medical Center
Vivarium - Xenopus Laevis Research Resource for Immunobiology - University of Rochester Medical Center (urmc.rochester.edu)
Cell Lines - Models To Study - Xenopus Laevis Research Resource for Immunobiology - University of Rochester Medical Center
Cell Lines - Models To Study - Xenopus Laevis Research Resource for Immunobiology - University of Rochester Medical Center (urmc.rochester.edu)
Control of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in Xenopus oocytes | PNAS
Control of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in Xenopus oocytes | PNAS (pnas.org)
Tissue-Specific Gene Inactivation in Xenopus laevis: Knockout of lhx1 in the Kidney with CRISPR/Cas9 | Genetics
Tissue-Specific Gene Inactivation in Xenopus laevis: Knockout of lhx1 in the Kidney with CRISPR/Cas9 | Genetics (genetics.org)
Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development - Oxford Scholarship
Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Neural Development - Oxford Scholarship (oxfordscholarship.com)
Anti-sumo2.L Antibody Products | Biocompare.com
Anti-sumo2.L Antibody Products | Biocompare.com (biocompare.com)
Purification of the MeCP2/Histone Deacetylase Complex from Xenopus laevis | SpringerLink
Purification of the MeCP2/Histone Deacetylase Complex from Xenopus laevis | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Loss of human Greatwall results in G2 arrest and multiple mitotic defects due to deregulation of the cyclin B-Cdc2/PP2A balance...
Loss of human Greatwall results in G2 arrest and multiple mitotic defects due to deregulation of the cyclin B-Cdc2/PP2A balance... (pnas.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
De novo mutations in SMCHD1 cause Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome and abrogate nasal development | Nature Genetics
De novo mutations in SMCHD1 cause Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome and abrogate nasal development | Nature Genetics (nature.com)