Work of breathing. Medical search

RESPIRATORY MUSCLE contraction during INHALATION. The work is accomplished in three phases: LUNG COMPLIANCE work, that required to expand the LUNGS against its elastic forces; tissue resistance work, that required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures; and AIRWAY RESISTANCE work, that required to overcome airway resistance during the movement of air into the lungs. Work of breathing does not refer to expiration, which is entirely a passive process caused by elastic recoil of the lung and chest cage. (Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p406)

The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).

Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.

The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.

Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration.

Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.

The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.

The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.

The act of BREATHING in.

A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.

Productive or purposeful activities.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase of spontaneous respiration.

The number of times an organism breathes with the lungs (RESPIRATION) per unit time, usually per minute.

These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.

The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.

Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.

Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.

The act of BREATHING out.

Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.

Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.

A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.

A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.

Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.

Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.

Techniques for effecting the transition of the respiratory-failure patient from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous ventilation, while meeting the criteria that tidal volume be above a given threshold (greater than 5 ml/kg), respiratory frequency be below a given count (less than 30 breaths/min), and oxygen partial pressure be above a given threshold (PaO2 greater than 50mm Hg). Weaning studies focus on finding methods to monitor and predict the outcome of mechanical ventilator weaning as well as finding ventilatory support techniques which will facilitate successful weaning. Present methods include intermittent mandatory ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and mandatory minute volume ventilation.

The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.

A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).

A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.

Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.

Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.

An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.

Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.

Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.

Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

The upper part of the trunk between the NECK and the ABDOMEN. It contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.

The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry.

That part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT or the air within the respiratory tract that does not exchange OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE with pulmonary capillary blood.

The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).

A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death.

Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Respirators to protect individuals from breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors.

The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.

An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.

The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.

A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

Physiological or psychological effects of periods of work which may be fixed or flexible such as flexitime, work shifts, and rotating shifts.

The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)

Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.

Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)

Excision of the adenoids. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. The images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle.

Assessment of physiological capacities in relation to job requirements. It is usually done by measuring certain physiological (e.g., circulatory and respiratory) variables during a gradually increasing workload until specific limitations occur with respect to those variables.

The outer margins of the thorax containing SKIN, deep FASCIA; THORACIC VERTEBRAE; RIBS; STERNUM; and MUSCLES.

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is IC.

Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)

Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.

Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)

An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.

Devices that cover the nose and mouth to maintain aseptic conditions or to administer inhaled anesthetics or other gases. (UMDNS, 1999)

The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.

Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways.

Resumption of normal work routine following a hiatus or period of absence due to injury, disability, or other reasons.

Stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. In humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.

A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.

A technique of respiratory therapy, in either spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated patients, in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle by pressurization of the ventilatory circuit. (On-Line Medical Dictionary [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne(UK): The University Dept. of Medical Oncology: The CancerWEB Project; c1997-2003 [cited 2003 Apr 17]. Available from: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/)

The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.

A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.

Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.

A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.

A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).

Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.

The posture of an individual lying face up.

Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.

The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.

Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)

HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.

Methods of creating machines and devices.

Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.

Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.

Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The position or attitude of the body.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.

The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.

Devices or pieces of equipment placed in or around the mouth or attached to instruments to protect the external or internal tissues of the mouth and the teeth.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.

Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.

The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.

Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.

Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators ("iron lung"), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass ("tortoise shell").

Forced expiratory effort against a closed GLOTTIS.

The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.

The motion of air currents.

The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The rate of airflow measured during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination.

Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.

Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.

Devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. It is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments.

The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.

A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.

An involuntary or voluntary pause in breathing, sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness.

A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.

Surgical incision of the trachea.

Continuous recording of the carbon dioxide content of expired air.

Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.

Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

The ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.

The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.

Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).

The mouth, teeth, jaws, pharynx, and related structures as they relate to mastication, deglutition, and speech.

The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.

A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.

Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.

Any tests done on exhaled air.

A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.

A collection of lymphoid nodules on the posterior wall and roof of the NASOPHARYNX.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.

A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.

The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.

The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.

Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.

An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.

Place or physical location of work or employment.

Freedom from activity.

Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with MOTOR NEURON DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; injury to the PHRENIC NERVE; and other disorders.

A sport involving mountain climbing techniques.

Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during PHYSICAL EXERTION. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer.

Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)

Application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase when the patient has an artificial airway in place and is connected to a ventilator.

The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Experimental devices used in inhalation studies in which a person or animal is either partially or completely immersed in a chemically controlled atmosphere.

A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.

The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).

The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.

That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)

An infant during the first month after birth.

The noninvasive measurement or determination of the partial pressure (tension) of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide locally in the capillaries of a tissue by the application to the skin of a special set of electrodes. These electrodes contain photoelectric sensors capable of picking up the specific wavelengths of radiation emitted by oxygenated versus reduced hemoglobin.

A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.

The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Energy expenditure and substrate utilization in adults with cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus. (1/231)

BACKGROUND: The onset of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus (CFDM) is often associated with a decline in clinical and nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize energy expenditure (EE) and substrate utilization during rest, exercise, and recovery from exercise in patients with CF diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: EE, substrate utilization, minute ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were calculated by indirect calorimetry durng rest; a 30-min, low-to-medium-intensity exercise bout on a treadmill; and a 45-min postexercise recovery period (in reclining position) in 10 CF, 7 CFDM, and 10 control subjects between 18 and 45 y of age. RESULTS: In all 3 periods, minute ventilation was higher in the CF and CFDM groups than in the control subjects (P < 0.01). During rest and exercise, the CF and CFDM groups maintained EE values at the high end of the normal range of the control subjects. However, during recovery, EE was higher in the CF and CFDM groups than in the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: EE may be higher than usual for the patients with CF and CFDM during periods of recovery from mild exercise or activity because of increased work of breathing consistent with higher ventilatory requirements. This information may be useful for patients receiving nutritional counseling who may choose to exercise regularly, but are concerned about possible weight loss. (+info)

Estimation of inspiratory pressure drop in neonatal and pediatric endotracheal tubes. (2/231)

Endotracheal tubes (ETTs) constitute a resistive extra load for intubated patients. The ETT pressure drop (DeltaP(ETT)) is usually described by empirical equations that are specific to one ETT only. Our laboratory previously showed that, in adult ETTs, DeltaP(ETT) is given by the Blasius formula (F. Lofaso, B. Louis, L. Brochard, A. Harf, and D. Isabey. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146: 974-979, 1992). Here, we also propose a general formulation for neonatal and pediatric ETTs on the basis of adimensional analysis of the pressure-flow relationship. Pressure and flow were directly measured in seven ETTs (internal diameter: 2.5-7.0 mm). The measured pressure drop was compared with the predicted drop given by general laws for a curved tube. In neonatal ETTs (2.5-3.5 mm) the flow regime is laminar. The DeltaP(ETT) can be estimated by the Ito formula, which replaces Poiseuille's law for curved tubes. For pediatric ETTs (4.0-7.0 mm), DeltaP(ETT) depends on the following flow regime: for laminar flow, it must be calculated by the Ito formula, and for turbulent flow, by the Blasius formula. Both formulas allow for ETT geometry and gas properties. (+info)

Muscle kinematics for minimal work of breathing. (3/231)

A mathematical model was analyzed to obtain a quantitative and testable representation of the long-standing hypothesis that the respiratory muscles drive the chest wall along the trajectory for which the work of breathing is minimal. The respiratory system was modeled as a linear elastic system that can be expanded either by pressure applied at the airway opening (passive inflation) or by active forces in respiratory muscles (active inflation). The work of active expansion was calculated, and the distribution of muscle forces that produces a given lung expansion with minimal work was computed. The calculated expression for muscle force is complicated, but the corresponding kinematics of muscle shortening is simple: active inspiratory muscles shorten more during active inflation than during passive inflation, and the ratio of active to passive shortening is the same for all active muscles. In addition, the ratio of the minimal work done by respiratory muscles during active inflation to work required for passive inflation is the same as the ratio of active to passive muscle shortening. The minimal-work hypothesis was tested by measurement of the passive and active shortening of the internal intercostal muscles in the parasternal region of two interspaces in five supine anesthetized dogs. Fractional changes in muscle length were measured by sonomicrometry during passive inflation, during quiet breathing, and during forceful inspiratory efforts against a closed airway. Active muscle shortening during quiet breathing was, on average, 70% greater than passive shortening, but it was only weakly correlated with passive shortening. Active shortening inferred from the data for more forceful inspiratory efforts was approximately 40% greater than passive shortening and was highly correlated with passive shortening. These data support the hypothesis that, during forceful inspiratory efforts, muscle activation is coordinated so as to expand the chest wall with minimal work. (+info)

Influence of respiratory muscle work on VO(2) and leg blood flow during submaximal exercise. (4/231)

The work of breathing (W(b)) normally incurred during maximal exercise not only requires substantial cardiac output and O(2) consumption (VO(2)) but also causes vasoconstriction in locomotor muscles and compromises leg blood flow (Q(leg)). We wondered whether the W(b) normally incurred during submaximal exercise would also reduce Q(leg). Therefore, we investigated the effects of changing the W(b) on Q(leg) via thermodilution in 10 healthy trained male cyclists [maximal VO(2) (VO(2 max)) = 59 +/- 9 ml. kg(-1). min(-1)] during repeated bouts of cycle exercise at work rates corresponding to 50 and 75% of VO(2 max). Inspiratory muscle work was 1) reduced 40 +/- 6% via a proportional-assist ventilator, 2) not manipulated (control), or 3) increased 61 +/- 8% by addition of inspiratory resistive loads. Increasing the W(b) during submaximal exercise caused VO(2) to increase; decreasing the W(b) was associated with lower VO(2) (DeltaVO(2) = 0.12 and 0.21 l/min at 50 and 75% of VO(2 max), respectively, for approximately 100% change in W(b)). There were no significant changes in leg vascular resistance (LVR), norepinephrine spillover, arterial pressure, or Q(leg) when W(b) was reduced or increased. Why are LVR, norepinephrine spillover, and Q(leg) influenced by the W(b) at maximal but not submaximal exercise? We postulate that at submaximal work rates and ventilation rates the normal W(b) required makes insufficient demands for VO(2) and cardiac output to require any cardiovascular adjustment and is too small to activate sympathetic vasoconstrictor efferent output. Furthermore, even a 50-70% increase in W(b) during submaximal exercise, as might be encountered in conditions where ventilation rates and/or inspiratory flow resistive forces are higher than normal, also does not elicit changes in LVR or Q(leg). (+info)

Impaired load dependence of diaphragm relaxation during congestive heart failure in the rabbit. (5/231)

The load dependence (LD) of relaxation was studied in the diaphragm of rabbits with congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF (n = 15) was induced by combined chronic volume and pressure overload. Aortic insufficiency was induced by forcing a catheter through the aortic sigmoid valves, followed 3 wk later by abdominal aortic stenosis. Six weeks after the first intervention, animals developed CHF. Sham-operated animals served as controls (C; n = 12). Diaphragm mechanics were studied in vitro on isolated strips, at 22 degrees C, in isotonic and isometric loading conditions. Contractility was lower in the CHF group, as reflected by lower total tension: 1.11 +/- 0.10 in CHF vs. 2.38 +/- 0.15 N/cm(2) in C in twitch (P < 0.001) and 2.46 +/- 0.22 in CHF vs. 4.90 +/- 0.25 N. cm(-2) in C in tetanus (P < 0.001). The index LD was used to quantify the load dependence of relaxation: LD is <1 in load-dependent muscles and tends toward 1 in load-independent muscles. LD was significantly higher in CHF than in C rabbits, in both twitch (0.99 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.75 +/- 0.03; P < 0. 001) and tetanus (0.95 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.02; P < 0.001). In the CHF rabbits' diaphragm, the fall in total tension was linearly related to the fall in load dependence of relaxation. The decrease in load dependence of relaxation in CHF animals suggests sarcoplasmic reticulum abnormalities. Impairment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum may also partly account for the decrease in contractile performance of diaphragm in CHF animals. (+info)

Static respiratory muscle work during immersion with positive and negative respiratory loading. (6/231)

Upright immersion imposes a pressure imbalance across the thorax. This study examined the effects of air-delivery pressure on inspiratory muscle work during upright immersion. Eight subjects performed respiratory pressure-volume relaxation maneuvers while seated in air (control) and during immersion. Hydrostatic, respiratory elastic (lung and chest wall), and resultant static respiratory muscle work components were computed. During immersion, the effects of four air-delivery pressures were evaluated: mouth pressure (uncompensated); the pressure at the lung centroid (PL,c); and at PL,c +/-0.98 kPa. When breathing at pressures less than the PL,c, subjects generally defended an expiratory reserve volume (ERV) greater than the immersed relaxation volume, minus residual volume, resulting in additional inspiratory muscle work. The resultant static inspiratory muscle work, computed over a 1-liter tidal volume above the ERV, increased from 0.23 J. l(-1), when subjects were breathing at PL,c, to 0.83 J. l(-1) at PL,c -0.98 kPa (P < 0.05), and to 1.79 J. l(-1) at mouth pressure (P < 0.05). Under the control state, and during the above experimental conditions, static expiratory work was minimal. When breathing at PL,c +0.98 kPa, subjects adopted an ERV less than the immersed relaxation volume, minus residual volume, resulting in 0.36 J. l(-1) of expiratory muscle work. Thus static inspiratory muscle work varied with respiratory loading, whereas PL,c air supply minimized this work during upright immersion, restoring lung-tissue, chest-wall, and static muscle work to levels obtained in the control state. (+info)

Response to inspiratory resistive loading during sleep in normal children and children with obstructive apnea. (7/231)

The response to inspiratory resistance loading (IRL) of the upper airway during sleep in children is not known. We, therefore, evaluated the arousal responses to IRL during sleep in children with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) compared with controls. Children with OSAS aroused at a higher load than did controls (23 +/- 8 vs. 15 +/- 7 cmH(2)O. l(-1). s; P < 0.05). Patients with OSAS had higher arousal thresholds during rapid eye movement (REM) vs. non-REM sleep (P < 0.001), whereas normal subjects had lower arousal thresholds during REM (P < 0.005). Ventilatory responses to IRL were evaluated in the controls. There was a marked decrease in tidal volume both immediately (56 +/- 17% of baseline at an IRL of 15 cmH(2)O. l(-1). min; P < 0.001) and after 3 min of IRL (67 +/- 23%, P < 0.005). The duty cycle increased. We conclude that children with OSAS have impaired arousal responses to IRL. Despite compensatory changes in respiratory timing, normal children have a decrease in minute ventilation in response to IRL during sleep. However, arousal occurs before gas-exchange abnormalities. (+info)

Chronic recordings of hypoglossal nerve activity in a dog model of upper airway obstruction. (8/231)

The activity of the hypoglossal nerve was recorded during pharyngeal loading in sleeping dogs with chronically implanted cuff electrodes. Three self-coiling spiral-cuff electrodes were implanted in two beagles for durations of 17, 7, and 6 mo. During quiet wakefulness and sleep, phasic hypoglossal activity was either very small or not observable above the baseline noise. Applying a perpendicular force on the submental region by using a mechanical device to narrow the pharyngeal airway passage increased the phasic hypoglossal activity, the phasic esophageal pressure, and the inspiratory time in the next breath during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. The phasic hypoglossal activity sustained at the elevated level while the force was present and increased with increasing amounts of loading. The hypoglossal nerve was very active in rapid-eye-movement sleep, especially when the submental force was present. The data demonstrate the feasibility of chronic recordings of the hypoglossal nerve with cuff electrodes and show that hypoglossal activity has a fast and sustained response to the internal loading of the pharynx induced by applying a submental force during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. (+info)

The display device may be configured to display a work of breathing graphic indicating one or more work of breathing measures ... The system may include a breathing support device configured to deliver gas to a patient and a display device associated with ... the total work of breathing comprising a patient work of breathing component and a device work of breathing component, the ... the patients work of breathing comprising a work of breathing provided by the patient, patients work of breathing comprising ...

http://www.google.ca/patents/US8021310

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... but breathing requires work, and work of breathing can be much greater underwater, and work of breathing is similar to other ... Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit ... The ability of a diver to respond to increases in work of breathing is limited. As work of breathing increases, the additional ... Joules per second Work of breathing should more accurately be called power of breathing unless referring to the work associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_of_breathing

The 4-7-8 breathing technique, or relaxation breath, is a method for reducing anxiety and promoting sleep. This article covers ... How it works and benefits. There is some evidence to suggest that deep breathing techniques have a positive impact on a ... What is 4-7-8 breathing?. Share on Pinterest. Practicing the 4-7-8 breathing technique can help with reducing anxiety and ... In this article, we look at how to perform this breathing technique, why it might work, and apps that could help. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324417

... the dynamic work of breathing (Wdyn) was measured while the animals ran on a treadmill at different intensities (7-13 km.h-1,+ ... In six dogs trained to wear a mask and to swallow an esophageal balloon, the dynamic work of breathing (Wdyn) was measured ... 10972309 - Changes in work practice after a respiratory health survey among welders in new zealand.. 12042369 - Respiratory- ... increases markedly and therefore the cost of breathing is greatly diminished. This mechanism would save oxygen for the ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Work-breathing-in-dog-during/7228759.html

Breathing Easier: How Houston Is Working To Clean Up Its Air. Breathing Easier: How Houston Is Working To Clean Up Its Air. ... Breathing Easier: How Houston Is Working To Clean Up Its Air Intensely smoggy days are striking less often thanks to better ... Breathing Easier: How Houston Is Working To Clean Up Its Air. Listen · 7:47 7:47. ... Breathing Easier: How Houston Is Working To Clean Up Its Air 7:47. ...

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https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/breathe-easy-healthier-indoor-air-cold-weather-part-1

Fitzpatrick DT, Conkin J. Improved pulmonary function in working divers breathing nitrox at shallow depths. Aviat Space Environ ... This study examined changes in pulmonary function in a cohort of working divers breathing a 46% oxygen enriched mixture while ... and medical specialists working in both basic medical research and in its clinical applications. It is the most used and cited ... diving at depths less than 12 m. Methods: A total of 43 working divers from the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL), NASA-Johnson ...

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2003/00000074/00000007/art00011

Isnt it about time you reflected on all the hard work they do? ... You can breathe up to 36,000 times a day without even thinking ... New babies at rest breathe between 40 and 50 times per minute but by the time theyre five years old, their breathing rate ... Your lungs can breathe in and out as much as 36,000 times a day without you even having to think about it. Isnt it about time ... How Lungs Work - A Little Gas Goes a Long Way. Very simply, the function of the lungs is to absorb oxygen, a gas that your body ...

https://www.kidzworld.com/article/7181-how-the-lungs-work

The increased rate of breathing returns the carbon dioxide concentration to normal and the breathing rate then slows down. ... If you try to hold your breath, your body will override your action and force you to let out that breath and start breathing ... centers of the developing childs brain are working just like those of an adult even though they are not yet breathing air. ... You don-t have to think about breathing because your bodys autonomic nervous system controls it, as it does many other ...

https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/respiratory/lung3.htm

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https://www.medscape.com/answers/1004104-175884/1004104-overview

Spontaneous breathing during ventilator failure may impose work approximating the physiologic work of breathing. This imposed ... Imposed Work of Breathing During Ventilator Failure. Paul N Austin CRNA PhD Lt Col USAF NC, Robert S Campbell RRT FAARC, Jay A ... Minimizing the imposed work of breathing (WOBI) is a principal goal of mechanical ventilation as well as of mechanical ... Key words: imposed work of breathing, ventilator failure, anti-asphyxia valve, pressure-time product, ventilator, test lung, ...

http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/06.02/06.02.0667.cfm

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark OBrien at IMDb Breathing Lessons: The ... Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark OBrien is a 1996 American short documentary film directed by Jessica Yu. It won ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "New York Times: Breathing Lessons: The Life and Work of Mark OBrien". Movies & TV ... Life and Work of Mark OBrien at Fanlight Productions v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_Lessons:_The_Life_and_Work_of_Mark_OBrien

Download this Fragment Of Breathing Apparatus In The Operating Room Blurred Background With Team Surgeon At Work In Hospital ... During Their Work photo now. And search more of iStocks library of royalty-free stock images that features Anesthetic photos ... blurred background with team surgeon at work in hospital during their work. Fragment of breathing apparatus in the operating ... Fragment of breathing apparatus in the operating room, blurred background with team surgeon at work in hospital during their ...

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Ozonation aside, the best way to get extra oxygen into your human body is to learn to breathe better. It even works when you ... To learn how to breathe better click on Rapidly Developing Your Breathing ... Ozone Therapy: That Extra Oxygen Molecule Can Work Wonders. by Michael Grant White 0 comment(s) Respiratory Chemistry ... The oxygen you breathe is present in the air as a pair of oxygen atoms. This is the most stable form of oxygen, and itâ€™s ...

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... on and off the ventilator will aid in calculating the work of breathing and the effects of NIPPV on work of breathing. ... Noninvasive Examination of the Work of Breathing in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).. The safety and ... However, the work of breathing and the effects of noninvasive ventilation on caloric use have not been studied in patients with ... Noninvasive Examination of the Work of Breathing in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00718003?term=Amyotrophic+Lateral+Sclerosis+

body breathing breathing process diaphragm exhalation human body human body system inhalation life-saving technologies lung ... Creating Model Lungs: Just Breathe! (for Informal Learning). Subject Areas:. Biology. Print this activity ... Engineers are currently working on creating an implantable, artificial lung to aid people with serious lung diseases. One way ... The opposite happens when you breathe out. Your diaphragm relaxes and the ribs and lungs push in which causes air to be pushed ...

https://www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_human_lesson09_activity1

Work-related asthma is considered the most common respiratory illness in industrialized countries. It can cut short a career, ... Home » Breathe easy: Recognizing and treating work-related asthma. Breathe easy: Recognizing and treating work-related asthma. ... Report examines work-related asthma in California. Nearly half of workers with work-related asthma dont receive pneumonia shot ... Typically, employees notice symptoms are worse at work and improved away from work, but some cases are less straightforward. ...

https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/breathe-easy-recognizing-and-treating-work-related-asthma-2

... therapy is presumed to be a decrease in work of breathing (WOB). To assess this, diaphragmatic electrical activity and ... The effect of high flow nasal cannula therapy on the work of breathing in infants with bronchiolitis Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015 Jul ... The main physiological impact of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is presumed to be a decrease in work of breathing (WOB ... Keywords: breathing pattern; electrical activity of the diaphragm; end expiratory level; esophageal pressure; oxygen therapy; ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24846750/?dopt=Abstract

A new study claims that breathing in 40-60 percent oxygen, as opposed to the 21 percent air provides, could actually fight ... Breathing In Extra Oxygen Shows Promise In Fighting Cancer And Boosting Immune System: But Will It Work In Humans?. Mar 5, 2015 ... "Breathing supplemental oxygen opens up the gates of the tumor fortress and wakes up sleepy anti-tumor cells, enabling these ... But if its possible to reap the benefits of oxygen in a non-toxic way, it could be a game-changer: "This is exciting work," ...

https://www.medicaldaily.com/breathing-extra-oxygen-shows-promise-fighting-cancer-and-boosting-immune-system-will-324646

The mechanical work on the lung required during spontaneous breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was compared ... Mechanical work on the lungs and work of breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure and continuous positive airway ... The mechanical work on the lung required during spontaneous breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was compared ... At the level of 20 cm H2O, PEEP increased the mean total work per minute by 116 percent and the total work per liter by 121 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/380939/?dopt=Abstract

During assisted mechanical ventilation (AMV) flow asynchrony increases the work of breathing (WOB) performed by the patient ... Key words: acute lung injury, assisted mechanical ventilation, imposed work of breathing, inspiratory flow rate, inspiratory ... The Effects of Tidal Volume Demand on Work of Breathing During Simulated Lung-Protective Ventilation. ... which may elevate work of breathing (WOB). Increasing the ventilator inspiratory flow may not sufficiently reduce WOB, because ...

http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/08.02/08.02.0898.cfm

Work of breathing (WOB) is specific work of breathing divided by the mean lung volume at tidal breathing which is FRCpleth + VT ... Total specific work of breathing (sWOB) and work of breathing (WOB) were evaluated. Inspiratory and expiratory sWOB and WOB ... Body plethysmography; Obesity; Work of breathing; Interstitial lung disease; COPD; Emphysema. Introduction. Work of breathing ... expiratory and total work of breathing (WOBin, WOBex and WOB) and specific work of breathing (sWOBin, sWOBex and sWOB) were ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/work-of-breathing-in-obesity-assessed-with-body-plethysmographycomparison-with-emphysematic-copd-and-pulmonary-fibrosis-jcrdc-1000109.php?aid=70252

Study shows unassisted method works best to restore independent breathing in patients on ventilators. ... One is to use a tracheostomy collar, which is placed over a breathing tube in a tracheotomy incision in the throat, and through ... Successful weaning for both groups was defined as the ability to sustain five days of unassisted breathing. "The results of the ... "By contributing to the evidence base for weaning from machine-assisted breathing, this study will help improve the quality of ...

https://www.healthcanal.com/lungs-breathing/35636-study-shows-unassisted-method-works-best-to-restore-independent-breathing-in-patients-on-ventilators.html

Work of breathing during CPAP and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2016; 0:F1-F4. 2 ... Work of breathing during CPAP and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula ... Work of breathing during CPAP and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula ... Work of breathing. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:1311-4. 3) Grinnan DC1, Truwit JD. Clinical review: respiratory mechanics in ...

https://fn.bmj.com/content/101/5/F404.responses

Breathing Should Never Be Hard Work - One Mans Journey with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Electronic book text) / Author: ... Breathing Should Never Be Hard Work - One Mans Journey with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Electronic book text) Robert ... Breathing Should Never Be Hard Work - One Mans Journey with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Electronic book text) ... The huge efforts of getting up in the morning, visiting the local pub for "attitude adjustment hour" and just breathing. The ...

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... and larger differences in imposed work of breathing between interfaces. The imposed work of breathing was highest for the RAM ... Resistance to breathing measured as imposed work of breathing (mJ/breath) for inner diameter expiratory tubing of 3-12 mm with ... Resistance to breathing was measured as imposed work of breathing (mJ/breath). ... build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is ...

https://fn.bmj.com/content/105/5/550

The term WOB might therefore be inaccurate to indicate the actual effort necessary for the patient to breathe, because it overlooks the energy expended during the isometric phase of respiration (muscle contraction without volume displacement). (bmj.com)
Most individuals tend to relate breathing with respiration, thinking they are one and the same, however truly the procedure of respiration is a much longer, more complex system, of which breathing is just one of its lots of actions. (koopatheband.com)
There are also 2 various types of respiration: mobile as well as physical, the latter which worries the process of breathing and the respiratory system . (koopatheband.com)
For people as well as other oxygen-breathing animals, the procedure of respiration happens within the lungs, driven by a collection of auto mechanics called inhalation and exhalation. (koopatheband.com)
Work of breathing is the energy used by the muscles for respiration. (litfl.com)
Many people tend to relate breathing with respiration, assuming they are identical, however really the procedure of respiration is a lot longer, much more complicated system, which breathing is simply one of its lots of steps. (notjustforhire.com)
There are also 2 different kinds of respiration: cellular and also physical, the latter which worries the procedure of breathing and the respiratory system . (notjustforhire.com)
Interior respiration is the procedure of cells in the body exchanging gases, while exterior respiration is the process of respiration that really happens within breathing organs like the lungs. (notjustforhire.com)
For humans and also various other oxygen-breathing animals, the process of respiration occurs within the lungs, driven by a series of auto mechanics called inhalation as well as exhalation. (notjustforhire.com)
Many people tend to equate breathing with respiration, presuming they are one and the same, yet truly the process of respiration is a much longer, extra challenging system, of which breathing is just among its lots of steps. (apecaccelerator.org)
There are likewise two different kinds of respiration: cellular and also physiological, the latter which concerns the procedure of breathing as well as the breathing system . (apecaccelerator.org)
reflected work by the muscles of respiration and not sepsis-associated systemic tissue dysoxia. (biomedcentral.com)

You can set aside time each day, approximately 10 minutes, to practice deep breathing, and you can use your downtime to encourage brain-nourishing, anxiety-reducing breath. (healthyplace.com)
The 4-7-8 breathing technique, also known as "relaxing breath," involves breathing in for 4 seconds, holding the breath for 7 seconds, and exhaling for 8 seconds. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The 4-7-8 breathing technique requires a person to focus on taking a long, deep breath in and out. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Studies suggest that 6 weeks of practicing pranayamic breathing, or breathing that focuses on controlling breath movement, may have a positive effect on a person's heart rate variability, which correlates with stress, and also improve cognition and anxiety. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In this context it generally means the work of an average single breath taken through the specified apparatus for given conditions of ambient pressure, underwater environment, flow rate during the breathing cycle, and gas mixture - underwater divers may breathe oxygen-rich breathing gas to reduce the risk of decompression sickness, or gases containing helium to reduce narcotic effects. (wikipedia.org)
If you try to hold your breath, your body will override your action and force you to let out that breath and start breathing again. (howstuffworks.com)
To help keep your attention on the breath, it can help to use words - just saying to yourself, silently, 'breathing in' on the in-breath, and 'breathing out' on the out-breath. (mindfulwork.co.uk)
So as you bring attention to the physical sensation of breathing, you deliberately make the out breath longer and deeper than the in-breath. (mindfulwork.co.uk)
This time, I took a breath, looked him in the eyes, and said, 'Can I please have a proper breathing test before you rule out asthma? (yahoo.com)
There are three main types of deep breathing exercises, the deep breathing, modified lion`s breath , and focused breathing. (fotolog.com)
One of the first changes you'll observe when things are stressful or hectic is in your breathing pattern, which can become shallow, or in some cases, you may find yourself holding your breath. (smartbrief.com)
When you breathe from your diaphragm, you're taking a much deeper breath than if you breathe from your chest. (wikihow.com)
Breathe normally for a breath or two, and then switch to taking a slow, deep breath. (wikihow.com)
This guide discussed of using the simple 7-minute breathing Exercise to keep charging your breath to become Qi. (dyracuse.com)
One third of the expired breath, high in carbon dioxide, is retained in the mask and breathed in again by the patient. (ehow.co.uk)
There's a swathe of books on breath being published this year, while breath-work classes are popping up alongside Pilates and Zumba on gym timetables. (goodhousekeeping.com)
We can slow our breathing down to help us feel calm and present, or quicken the pace of the breath, to a particular rhythm, to pep up our energies," says Aimee Hartley, certified transformational breath facilitator, yoga teacher, and author of Breathe Well . (goodhousekeeping.com)
Slowing the breath down to the optimum six breaths a minute - breathing in for five and out for five - will activate the vagus nerve. (goodhousekeeping.com)
Another area of our lives where breath-work might come in handy is to help us sleep better. (goodhousekeeping.com)
Is breath-work good for physical health? (goodhousekeeping.com)
We breathe in to take in oxygen, and take a breath bent on eliminate co2! (apecaccelerator.org)
At times, you can control your breathing pattern, such as when you hold your breath or sing. (nih.gov)
Yogis - and you - can work with a mindful, deep breath. (cbd-click.com)
Somatic Breath Therapy through pregnancy and beyond is very gentle and safe both for you and baby and utilizes the very same breathing pattern you were born with and that you will notice your baby doing naturally. (smore.com)
It's believed that the concentrated carbon dioxide from your breath in the bag can reach your bloodstream and reset your breathing. (thisblogrules.com)
They remove oxygen from the air you're breathing so that when you draw in a full breath there's simply less oxygen in that volume of air. (trainright.com)
In the kundalini class, students practice the breath of fire and breathe salt deeply into their lungs. (yogabasics.com)

Without intentionally learning deep breathing exercises for anxiety, many of us breathe in shallow breaths that are too rapid without even realizing it. (healthyplace.com)
In gas flow across a constant section this equates to a volume flowing against a pressure: Work = Pressure x Volume and Power = Work / time with SI units for Power: Watts = Joules per second Work of breathing should more accurately be called power of breathing unless referring to the work associated with a specific number of breaths, or a given interval of time. (wikipedia.org)
Yet if the patient's T I exceeds that of the ventilator, "double-triggering" (ie, 2 ventilator breaths for a single breathing effort) may occur and frustrate attempts to achieve LPV. (rcjournal.com)
You take slow, deep, even breaths to change your breathing pattern and prevent rapid breathing (hyperventilation). (mayoclinic.org)
To ensure you are taking deep breaths, try counting in your head to seven as you breathe in. (wikihow.com)
If you've ever been to a yoga class or tried meditation, you'll have been encouraged to pay full attention to your breathing, taking deeper belly breaths to bring your awareness to the present moment. (goodhousekeeping.com)
Another from Brigham Young University in Utah found that breathing at resonance frequency, which is six breaths per minute, appears to play an important role in lowering heart rate. (goodhousekeeping.com)
After just a few breaths through the device, you can enjoy noticeably clearer lungs and easier breathing. (techtimes.com)

How Lungs Work - Did U Know? (kidzworld.com)
While mammals' lungs work with air, which is 200,000 parts per million oxygen, a fish's gills are working with water, which is only up to 8 parts per million oxygen. (reference.com)

This chart of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM shows how you breathe. (lung.ca)
It's essential to work out and find out correct breathing methods to maintain a solid cardiovascular and respiratory system. (notjustforhire.com)
To help adjust your breathing to changing needs, your body has sensors that help your respiratory system provide enough oxygen to the body while removing carbon dioxide. (nih.gov)
Information on the respiratory system and how we breathe. (craighospital.org)
The Role of the Respiratory System is to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. (craighospital.org)
The respiratory system can sometimes go a little haywire if the nerves that control breathing are damaged. (craighospital.org)
The finely ground salt particles can be breathed in deeply for health benefits that you wouldn't get breathing air, say, at the beach, where salt particles are too large to reach the lower respiratory system. (yogabasics.com)

From this finding it seems that during exercise, when the temperature rises and the ventilation increases to dissipate heat, the airway size, at least in some portion of the respiratory tract, increases markedly and therefore the cost of breathing is greatly diminished. (biomedsearch.com)
Minimizing the imposed work of breathing (WOB I ) is a principal goal of mechanical ventilation as well as of mechanical ventilator design. (rcjournal.com)
BACKGROUND: Lung-protective ventilation (LPV) can result in a ventilator tidal volume (V T ) below patient V T demand, which may elevate work of breathing (WOB). (rcjournal.com)
During assisted mechanical ventilation (AMV) flow asynchrony increases the work of breathing (WOB) performed by the patient because (it is thought) the ventilator fails to push the inspired gas at the same flow as the inspiratory muscles attempt to pull gas into the lungs. (rcjournal.com)
Studies have documented ineffective ventilation of non-breathing newborns and the inability to follow the HBB algorithm among providers. (readbyqxmd.com)
Our goal is just to shorten the duration of controlled mandatory ventilation, paralysis and prone position by dissecting the different factors involved in the pathophysiology of early severe diffuse ARDS, including fever control, cardiac output and microcirculation, upright position, normalized chemoresponse to acidosis and C[O.sub.2], normalized work of breathing with low PS-high PEEP, lowered inflammation and early spontaneous ventilation with alpha-2 agonists. (thefreedictionary.com)
The goals of ventilation include oxygenation, lung protection, reduced work of breathing , acid-base balance and that the patient should be comfortable on the ventilator. (thefreedictionary.com)
Puritan Bennett™ ventilation systems are designed to promote more natural breathing and help improve patient comfort. (medtronic.com)
ANCHOR=],[LINK=]) In doing so, Puritan Bennett™ ventilation systems help improve weaning success by improving patient-ventilator synchrony and reducing work of breathing. (medtronic.com)

To breathe in and breathe out, we utilize our intercostal muscles, the muscular tissue group that exists between our ribs. (koopatheband.com)
When we breathe in with the nose or mouth, these intercostal muscles contract, our sternum moves up and also out in addition to our ribs, as well as our diaphragm flattens. (notjustforhire.com)
Similarly, when we breathe out, our intercostal muscles and our diaphragm relax. (apecaccelerator.org)
The parasympathetic nervous system tells the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to tighten and relax more quickly or more slowly to adjust your breathing rate in response to carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the brain. (nih.gov)

Some of this work is to overcome frictional resistance to flow, and part is used to deform elastic tissues, and is stored as potential energy, which is recovered during the passive process of exhalation, Tidal breathing does not require active muscle contraction during exhalation. (wikipedia.org)
METHODS: A test lung was modified to simulate spontaneous breathing with a tidal volume of 0.5 L and peak inspiratory flow of 60 L/min. (rcjournal.com)
Knowing that inspiratory work will be equal to the integral ("area under the curve") of PdV from the functional residual capacity (FRC, air left in the lung after normal expiration) to the tidal volume (VT, air inspired during normal breathing). (rk.md)
Their pressure-volume loop would appear much flatter than illustrated suggesting that they require more pressure to achieve the same tidal volume as before, and as such, their work of breathing (the area under the curve) will be increased. (rk.md)

Learning to breathe deeply disrupts the cycle, allowing anxiety to diminish and racing thoughts to slow down. (healthyplace.com)
Breathe slowly and deeply as in one of the above anxiety breathing exercises. (healthyplace.com)
Breathing and affirmations: Breathe slowly and deeply as above, and while doing so, repeat a word or a phrase that to you is calming, inspiring, motivating, etc ( Use These Positive Affirmations for Anxiety Relief ). (healthyplace.com)
Breathe deeply enough so you can see it rise and fall. (healthyplace.com)
When people report feeling like they can breathe deeper, it is likely because breathing deeply or forcefully has helped the muscles loosen up and increased the mobility of your ribs. (trainright.com)

2020 is set to be quite an important year for him as he would be returning with Breathe 2 and then there is also an appearance in Shakuntala Devi . (koimoi.com)

The diaphragm is the main muscle used for breathing. (nih.gov)

Deep breathing is sometimes associated with the practice known as yoga meditation . (healthyplace.com)
Yoga breathing exercises for anxiety are helpful. (healthyplace.com)
Research is demonstrating that deep, yoga-like breathing creates smooth brain waves, the type of brainwaves associated with deep relaxation (Imparato, 2016). (healthyplace.com)
Rhythmic breathing is a core part of many meditation and yoga practices as it promotes relaxation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Breathing exercises used for asthma include the Buteyko technique, Papworth method and yoga breathing (pranayama). (mayoclinic.org)
Walking, tai chi, qigong, yoga and breathing are all simple yet powerful meditative movements that help accumulate more energy rather than take it away from the body. (alarabiya.net)
As such, most of the public doesn't know what a Yoga Therapist is or why they would want to work with one. (breathingdeeply.com)
I thought I'd do my part and write the top reasons to work with a Yoga Therapist. (breathingdeeply.com)
Working with a Yoga Therapist should leave a client feeling empowered to self assess as part of their healing process. (breathingdeeply.com)
When working with a Yoga Therapist, a client should always feel on equal ground within the confines of healthy boundaries. (breathingdeeply.com)
There are of course, many more reasons to work with a Yoga Therapist! (breathingdeeply.com)
The kundalini yoga class in the salt cave is about the practice of breathing. (yogabasics.com)
She completed a 200-hr teacher training at the Baptiste-affiliated Breathe Yoga in Pittsford, NY, and a subsequent Baptiste Level One Training. (yogabasics.com)

If You experience multiple symptoms, we recommend you use The Breathe Easy Anti Snoring Mouthpiece immediately. (amazonaws.com)
Work-related asthma is first and foremost asthma, so it's the same symptoms that you would get if you have non-occupational asthma," said Dr. John E. Rooney, an allergist with Ear, Nose & Throat Associates of New York PC in Massapequa, NY. (safetyandhealthmagazine.com)
Typically, employees notice symptoms are worse at work and improved away from work, but some cases are less straightforward. (safetyandhealthmagazine.com)
For example, beta blockers -- prescribed for heart conditions -- need to be used with caution with the beta-agonists prescribed for lung conditions, because they can reduce the effects of your medicine, worsening your breathing symptoms. (livestrong.com)
Fever, chills, difficulty breathing and coughing may be signs of an infection, but some of these symptoms, like worsening breathing, can be caused by the medication itself. (livestrong.com)
For more serious symptoms such as chest pain, irregular heartbeat or sudden worsening of breathing symptoms, seek medical attention right away. (livestrong.com)
It's a simple but effective system for managing breathing conditions and symptoms. (techtimes.com)

4. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the work of breathing calculation module is configured to receive the data from the one or more sensors associated with an artificial airway inserted in the patient. (google.ca)
A pneumotachograph and pressure tap were placed at the proximal airway between the breathing circuit and endotracheal tube. (rcjournal.com)
An estimated 20 million Americans suffer from asthma, a chronic inflammatory airway disease marked by breathing difficulties. (safetyandhealthmagazine.com)
The mechanical work on the lung required during spontaneous breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was compared with different methods of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in nine young healthy athletes (surfers) at levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O. (nih.gov)
In contrast, with methods of CPAP that maintained the airway pressure (Paw) constant, the total work per minute decreased by 45 per cent at a PEEP of 10 cm H2O and remained at this level with PEEP of 15 and 20 cm H2O. (nih.gov)
Use of a device that supplies humidified oxygen is more effective than a technique that reduces positive airway pressure delivered to the lungs in helping patients who have been on a ventilator more than 21 days regain the ability to breathe on their own, according to a study supported by the National Institutes of Health. (healthcanal.com)
We read with great interest the recent article by Shetty et al (Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2016;0:F1-F4) who showed that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) in infants with evolving or established bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have similar effects on work of breathing (WOB).1 Like many other articles in this field, Shetty's paper unfortunately suffers from in. (bmj.com)
In its original design with low-resistance interface and wide-bore expiratory tubing, the bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is pressure stable and easy to breathe through. (bmj.com)
By using adjuncts like bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP), the work of breathing will be partly alleviated and their P-V loop will look more like this diagram. (rk.md)
Snoring, followed by airway collapse, leads to periods of intermittent pauses in breathing known as apnea. (livestrong.com)
This loosens mucus from your airway walls, allowing you to cough it out naturally, helping you breathe normally once again . (techtimes.com)

New babies at rest breathe between 40 and 50 times per minute but by the time they're five years old, their breathing rate decreases to around 25 times per minute. (kidzworld.com)
If the oxygen concentration in the blood decreases, they tell the respiratory centers to increase the rate and depth of breathing. (howstuffworks.com)
Also early during the onset of ARDS, pulmonary compliance decreases severely, contributing to an increased work of breathing and respiratory distress. (thefreedictionary.com)
Elastic work of breathing typically decreases with increased respiratory rate. (litfl.com)
Listening to songs while working decreases stress hormones that harm our immune system, weight and memory if not kept in check. (inc.com)

Breathing Exercises for Anxiety Work! (healthyplace.com)
Do you need breathing exercises to reduce anxiety? (healthyplace.com)
If, however, your chest hand is feeling the action, you might want to try these breathing exercises for anxiety and stress. (healthyplace.com)
Anxiety breathing exercises are natural relaxation techniques that decrease anxiety, help the quality of our thoughts, and improve mood. (healthyplace.com)
Breathing properly reduces both anxiety and stress. (healthyplace.com)
The best breathing exercises to relieve anxiety and stress are simple and can be done at any time and in any place. (healthyplace.com)
The goal is to be aware of your breathing and your feelings of stress, anxiety, and tension so you can use breathing exercises for anxiety relief in the moment . (healthyplace.com)
Deep breathing to reduce anxiety and stress is most effective when done regularly. (healthyplace.com)
Getting tense and angry won't get you moving any faster, but using the time to breathe and lower anxiety will allow you to reach your destination feeling calmer and more centered. (healthyplace.com)
This breathing pattern aims to reduce anxiety or help people get to sleep. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There is some evidence to suggest that deep breathing techniques have a positive impact on a person's anxiety and stress levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The most common uses of 4-7-8 breathing are for reducing stress and anxiety. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Since inadequate and irregular sleep can lead to serious health problems such as fatigue, depression, cardiovascular disease, and anxiety [ 5 ], breathing rate monitoring is critical to detect early signs of several diseases such as diabetes and heart disease [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
I regularly see people with prominent anxiety or who suffer panic attacks who can feel worse when they try to focus on their breathing," explains Dr Nasiruddin. (goodhousekeeping.com)

Breathe in slowly through your mouth for five counts (or whatever feels comfortable), hold it for approximately five counts, then release slowly through your mouth for seven (the exhale should be a little longer than the inhale). (healthyplace.com)
Do one of the above breathing exercises, but on the exhale, place the tip of your tongue on the roof of your mouth just behind your front teeth. (healthyplace.com)
Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. (wikipedia.org)
People who use CPAP have to breathe against constant resistance from the pre-programmed setting, but those who use BiPAP technology don't have to work as hard to exhale against the lower EPAP. (livestrong.com)
With some products, there's also a component of 'resisted breathing', where you have to physically work harder to inhale and exhale. (trainright.com)

Respiratory rate is directly proportional to resistive work. (litfl.com)

After a bit of back and forth, I received a short breathing test using a peak flow meter . (yahoo.com)
While you're getting the feel for deep breathing, try going back and forth. (wikihow.com)
Your lungs are encased by pleura, a thin membrane that protects them and helps them slide back and forth as you breathe in and out. (nih.gov)

Alternate nostril breathing: Place your forefinger and thumb on your nose. (healthyplace.com)
Breathe in slowly through the open nostril. (healthyplace.com)
2. Alternate nostril breathing (nadi shodhana) can improve cardiovascular function and slow down your heart rate. (cbd-click.com)
Once we breathe in air by the nostril for it to succeed in the alveoli (the tiny air sacs within the lungs), the passageway must be 100% saturated with water. (navanjnews.in)

The overall aim of this project is to evaluate how many calories are used by ALS patients while at rest, when placed on NIPPV, and when breathing against a resistance. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Objectives: Body plethysmography is a lung function testing method usually applied for determination of thoracic gas volume and airways resistance, but option to measure work of breathing is available in most models. (omicsonline.org)
Methods The effect of nasal interface resistance and expiratory tubing diameter was evaluated with simulated breathing in a mechanical lung model without interface leakage. (bmj.com)
Results High-resistance interfaces and narrow expiratory tubing increased the work of breathing. (bmj.com)
Conclusion Our study shows the significant effect on CPAP delivery and imposed work of breathing when using high-resistance interfaces and narrow expiratory tubing in bCPAP systems. (bmj.com)
High-resistance interfaces and narrow expiratory tubing in bCPAP systems can significantly affect CPAP delivery and imposed work of breathing, potentially introducing the risk of CPAP failure or complications. (bmj.com)
Potentially, a more plausible theory of why tracheostomy might benefit a patient in terms of weaning would be reduced work of breathing because of a decrease in gas flow resistance in a tracheostomy tube, as compared to an ETT. (thefreedictionary.com)
AirPhysio provides resistance to the air, and your body has to work slightly harder to breathe. (techtimes.com)
Breathing against resistance in training doesn't result in an increase in the amount of oxygen you can take in per minute when you remove the resistance. (trainright.com)

Shallow, chest breathing has negative impacts on both body and brain. (healthyplace.com)
The cycle feeds on itself, and because it's difficult to break, shallow breathing becomes a habit. (healthyplace.com)
It sounds shallow, but it's what works for me. (thoughtcatalog.com)
When we become stressed or anxious, what tends to happen is that our breathing becomes short and shallow, although we might not notice it at the time. (goodhousekeeping.com)

The Vital Sync™ weaning readiness and spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) Monitoring application may allow clinicians to streamline and simplify the implementation of protocolized weaning. (medtronic.com)
Once clinicians initiate a spontaneous breathing trial, the Vital Sync™ SBT remote monitoring feature evaluates multiple patient parameters against the SBT protocol criteria. (medtronic.com)
what were the criteria for deciding that patient can undergo first spontaneous breathing trial? (freelancer.com)

Inspiratory, expiratory and total work of breathing (WOBin, WOBex and WOB) and specific work of breathing (sWOBin, sWOBex and sWOB) were measured. (omicsonline.org)
The device uses Oscillating Positive Expiratory Pressure (OPEP) to improve your breathing naturally. (techtimes.com)

Further exhalation requires muscular work. (wikipedia.org)
This work (generally during the inhalation phase) is stored as potential energy which is recovered during exhalation. (wikipedia.org)
Even during exhalation, the air you breathe out is sterilized and filtered too, effectively protecting asymptomatic people from infecting others around them. (yankodesign.com)

Very simply, breathe in slowly through your nose and out slowly through your mouth. (healthyplace.com)
If you often find your nasal passage is blocked up due to congestion, and you experience limited breathing through your nose, A snoring nose clip is the right stop snoring device for you. (amazonaws.com)
The nose clip work by gently holding your nostrils wide apart while you are sleeping through the night. (amazonaws.com)
VO] Breathe Right opens your nose so you're able to breathe better. (breatheright.com)
During the lions breathing, you should take as much air as you can through your nose, widely open your mouth, and breathe out loudly. (fotolog.com)
If you need to, you can breathe just through your nose or your mouth. (wikihow.com)
Deep breathing helps increase oxygen flow throughout the body and can be done in two simple steps: First, breathe in slowly through your nose, filling up your lungs completely, and then slowly breathe out through your mouth. (inc.com)

They seem simple, but Breathe Right ® nasal strips have unique engineering that make them an effective tool for managing nighttime congestion and improving sleep. (breatheright.com)
VO] Breathe Right nasal strips use a combination of gentle, but strong adhesive and an unique reflex action to actually physically pull your nasal passage open. (breatheright.com)
Because Breathe Right nasal strips are drug-free, there are no medicinal side effects and no waiting for anything to kick in. (breatheright.com)
VO] Applying Breathe Right nasal strips is quite simple. (breatheright.com)
VO] To remove your Breathe Right nasal strip, you may want to wash your face with soap and warm water. (breatheright.com)
The main physiological impact of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is presumed to be a decrease in work of breathing (WOB). (nih.gov)
A group at Arkansas Children's Hospital recently completed a study, looking at work of breathing in an animal model comparing NIV NAVA with the unsynchronized nasal intermittent positive pressure (NIPPV) mode currently used at this hospital. (checkorphan.org)

If the carbon dioxide concentration gets too high, then both types of chemoreceptors signal the respiratory centers to increase the rate and depth of breathing. (howstuffworks.com)
The increased rate of breathing returns the carbon dioxide concentration to normal and the breathing rate then slows down. (howstuffworks.com)
We breathe in to absorb oxygen, as well as breathe bent on eliminate carbon dioxide! (koopatheband.com)
Our lungs also take carbon dioxide from our blood and release it into the air when we breathe out. (lung.ca)
When we breathe, carbon dioxide is expelled from the body, and oxygen is breathed in from the air, passing into the lungs and entering the bloodstream to be carried around the body. (ehow.co.uk)
In healthy people, breathing is stimulated by the need to get rid of carbon dioxide rather than the need to breathe in oxygen. (ehow.co.uk)
Chemical receptors identify when carbon dioxide levels are raised and respond by making the body breathe out carbon dioxide and breathe in air through the lungs. (ehow.co.uk)
Rather than raised carbon dioxide these individuals rely upon lowered oxygen levels to stimulate their breathing. (ehow.co.uk)
This causes an even greater build up of carbon dioxide trapped in the body, and they stop breathing because their respiratory stimulus has gone. (ehow.co.uk)
Because of the one way valves, they are breathing back in some of the carbon dioxide they just breathed out. (ehow.co.uk)
The mask delivers exhaled carbon dioxide as well as oxygen, maintaining the breathing stimulus which would cease if high levels of oxygen were delivered. (ehow.co.uk)
This is the actual exchange of oxygen as well as carbon dioxide between an organism as well as its atmosphere, which includes the process of breathing straight. (notjustforhire.com)
This is the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in between a microorganism and its setting, which includes the procedure of breathing directly. (apecaccelerator.org)
Sensors in the brain and in two blood vessels, the aorta and the carotid artery in the neck, that detect carbon dioxide or oxygen levels in your blood and change your breathing rate as needed. (nih.gov)

Our aim was to study the effect of these alterations on CPAP delivery and work of breathing in a mechanical lung model. (bmj.com)
The main outcome was delivered CPAP and imposed work of breathing. (bmj.com)

When you breathe in, your diaphragm and other muscles expand to allow room for your lungs to fill. (kidzworld.com)
You breathe heavier and faster, your heart beats faster, your muscles hurt and you sweat. (howstuffworks.com)
The body has an incredibly complex set of processes to meet the demands of working muscles. (howstuffworks.com)
In this article, we will look at how your body responds to strenuous exercise -- how muscles, blood circulation, breathing and body heat are affected. (howstuffworks.com)
In running and swimming, your muscles are working to accelerate your body and keep it moving. (howstuffworks.com)
In weightlifting, your muscles are working to move a weight. (howstuffworks.com)
In strenuous exercise, just about every system in your body either focuses its efforts on helping the muscles do their work, or it shuts down. (howstuffworks.com)
The body's muscles and nervous system help control your breathing. (nih.gov)
These muscles control the lips, tongue, soft palate, and other structures to help with breathing. (nih.gov)
These muscles help you breathe in when other muscles involved in breathing are not working well or when lung disease impairs your breathing. (nih.gov)
Spinal cord injuries at the level of T6 and higher will affect the accessory breathing muscles. (craighospital.org)
As an endurance athlete, your goal is to maximize your ability to deliver oxygen to working muscles. (trainright.com)

and a force acts on a body, the work done by the force is equal to the increase of the kinetic and potential energy of the body, since all the energy expended by the agency exerting the force must be gained by the body. (thefreedictionary.com)

A simple introduction to mindful breathing - in one minute a day for 5 days. (mindfulwork.co.uk)
Hopefully you've made a start on simple mindful breathing techniques. (mindfulwork.co.uk)
It's the one leadership muscle that requires you to practice mindful working, so the flow of your day is intentional, rather than series of "bush fire" events that consume your attention and sap your energy. (smartbrief.com)
Mindful working allows you to become the centered leader on which others can depend. (smartbrief.com)
As you engage in mindful working, the benefits will become evident. (smartbrief.com)
Every workplace is ripe with stressors that can periodically derail your sense of centeredness and prevent you from working in a mindful manner. (smartbrief.com)
In a helpful video, Sepala demonstrates how to practice mindful breathing in just five minutes. (smartbrief.com)

Practice distancing yourself from these stressors so that you can determine a way to reduce or negate the stress and allow yourself to move forward with your work. (business.com)
They practice a form of contemplation that I call "work-inspired reflection," which allows them to make meaning of their experiences, learn more about their own leadership and plan for how they want to apply that learning in the future. (smartbrief.com)
Close your eyes, and practice your deep breathing. (wikihow.com)

This effect can occur in an upright open-circuit diver, where the chest is deeper than the regulator, and in a rebreather diver if the chest is deeper than the counterlung and will increase the work of breathing. (wikipedia.org)

You don'-t have to think about breathing because your body's autonomic nervous system controls it, as it does many other functions in your body. (howstuffworks.com)

INTRODUCTION: Ventilators possess an anti-asphyxia valve that allows spontaneous breathing of ambient air during ventilator failure. (rcjournal.com)
This study examined the imposed work of breathing and pressure-time product of 8 critical care and 9 portable ventilators, using a laboratory simulation of spontaneous breathing during ventilator failure. (rcjournal.com)
Numerous investigators have evaluated the WOB I characteristics of ventilators during simulated spontaneous breathing. (rcjournal.com)
Additionally, American Society of Testing and Materials standards (ASTM standards F1100 and F1246) require ventilators to incorporate a mechanical safety valve, often referred to as an anti-asphyxia valve, that allows spontaneous breathing from ambient air in the event of power (electric or compressed gas) failure. (rcjournal.com)

It's essential to work out and learn proper breathing techniques to keep a strong cardiovascular as well as breathing system. (koopatheband.com)
It's important to work out as well as find out appropriate breathing methods to keep a solid cardiovascular as well as breathing system. (apecaccelerator.org)

it's harder to breathe," she says. (npr.org)
Sometimes, it just can't be denied: that call to the mountains, the winding roads and trails waiting to be explored, and the fresh air that…feels a lot harder to breathe in. (bicycling.com)
Another reason fish must work harder to "breathe" is that water is thicker than air and therefore more difficult to process. (reference.com)

Other sea animals, such as whales, breathe oxygen from the air because they are mammal. (reference.com)

But breathing is what sends oxygen to your brain to combat stress by activating your parasympathetic nervous system, so you need to breathe most effectively when events at work are most challenging. (smartbrief.com)
Connected breathing balances the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to reduce the stress hormone cortisol and create relaxation. (smore.com)

People who breathe fire professionally have to go to great lengths to keep themselves and their audiences safe. (howstuffworks.com)
Magazines, books, and Web sites often have incomplete or incorrect instructions, so people who want to learn to breathe fire should do so only with the help of a trained professional . (howstuffworks.com)
Even though 'breathing' is not the most technically accurate word, it is the word most people associate with this type of fire stunt. (howstuffworks.com)
There is limited scientific research to support this method, but there is a lot of anecdotal evidence to suggest that this type of deep, rhythmic breathing is relaxing and may help ease people into sleep. (medicalnewstoday.com)
People who are interested in trying breathing techniques but unsure of their ability to self-regulate may wish to use an app to help them. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Engineers are currently working on creating an implantable, artificial lung to aid people with serious lung diseases. (teachengineering.org)
This review clearly indicates that breathing control is likely to have a detrimental effect on dyspnoea and work of breathing in people with severe COPD ([FEV.sub.1] %predicted 30-50). (thefreedictionary.com)
People with bronchitis experience breathing difficulties caused by a reduced capacity to carry air through the bronchi into the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Most of the people suffer a lot because of the heart-breaking incidents that happen in the relationships, or work pressure in office, or financial issues or anything else. (dyracuse.com)
Breathing exercises can be beneficial for people with conditions affecting their lungs, but also can play a large part in managing stress, insomnia and general sluggishness for those without physical problems," agrees GP Dr Ismat Nasiruddin . (goodhousekeeping.com)
Stanford scholars from across the social sciences, science and medicine are working together to better understand what works - and what doesn't work - when people want to make a change in their lives. (stanford.edu)
The idea is to freeze yourself and create a distraction, which some people find actually works. (thisblogrules.com)
Not many people are familiar with the work of Constantine Buteyko. (revivinghealth.com)

You hold the AirPhysio mouthpiece to your mouth, then breathe in and out through the device. (techtimes.com)

This is the real exchange of oxygen and also co2 in between an organism and its setting, which involves the procedure of breathing directly. (koopatheband.com)

This lifting action helps open inflamed sinus passages and makes it easier to breathe. (breatheright.com)
AirPhysio helps clear excess mucus buildup in your lungs, making it easier to breathe. (techtimes.com)
It makes it easier to breathe while allowing you to maintain maximum lung capacity. (techtimes.com)

In a normal resting state the work of breathing constitutes about 5% of the total body oxygen consumption. (wikipedia.org)
Noses perform a number of vital functions for our body including, of course, breathing and filtering out unwanted particles. (breatheright.com)
Years ago, he discovered that a receptor located on the surface of immune cells, the A2A adenosine receptor, works against the body by actually helping cancer grow. (medicaldaily.com)
Piirila P, Smith HJ, Hodgson U, Sovijärvi AR (2016) Work of Breathing in Obesity Assessed with Body Plethysmography Comparison with Emphysematic COPD and Pulmonary Fibrosis. (omicsonline.org)
The aim of the study was to evaluate the relevance of work of breathing measured by body plethysmography in obese subjects and to compare the results with those of healthy controls and patients with pulmonary diseases of different pulmonary mechanics. (omicsonline.org)
The results concerning COPD correspond earlier study, but the present results suggest that body plethysmography is suitable for the assessment of work of breathing also in obesity. (omicsonline.org)
The estimate of specific work of breathing can be measured by plotting breathing volume measured at mouth (derived from integration of breathing flow) against box shift volume, which is measured from the change of pressure within the body plethysmograph due to compression and decompression of thoracic gas during breathing [ 6 , 8 , 9 ]. (omicsonline.org)
If the force acts in a direction other than that of the motion of the body, then only that component of the force in the direction of the motion produces work. (thefreedictionary.com)
Thus when a 5-lb (22.4-newton) force pulls a body 10 ft (3 m), it does 50 foot-pounds (67.2 meter-newtons) of work. (thefreedictionary.com)
If a force acts on a body constrained to remain stationary, no work is done by the force. (thefreedictionary.com)
In this review, you are going to find how "breathing" can help to refresh your beloved soul, body and mind by just making a few changes in your life. (dyracuse.com)
When the pauses are long enough or frequent enough, the brain is deprived of oxygen and it signals the body to cough, choke or gasp to re-start the breathing cycle. (livestrong.com)
Breathing is the process that brings oxygen in the air into your lungs and moves oxygen and through your body. (lung.ca)
The body works to maintain constant blood oxygen levels. (ehow.co.uk)
Their chemical receptors will sense high body oxygen levels, so there is no stimulus to make these individuals breathe. (ehow.co.uk)
Working-in exercises can provide the body with beneficial energy to the hormonal system, spinal area and organs. (alarabiya.net)
By aiding relaxation, controlled deep breathing lowers the harmful effects of the stress hormone cortisol on your body and even improves your core muscle stability. (goodhousekeeping.com)
To meet the needs of working muscle, the body has an orchestrated response involving the heart , blood vessels, nervous system, lungs , liver and skin . (howstuffworks.com)
In contrast, your body needs to restrict how much air you breathe if the air contains irritants or toxins. (nih.gov)
The way we breathe impacts the body and mind in many ways. (cbd-click.com)
The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle of the body. (craighospital.org)

At the level of 20 cm H2O, PEEP increased the mean total work per minute by 116 percent and the total work per liter by 121 percent. (nih.gov)
Use of PEEP did not increase the functional residual capacity (FRC) in these spontaneously breathing subjects. (nih.gov)

The respiratory centers that control your rate of breathing are in the brainstem or medulla . (howstuffworks.com)
The central chemosensory control of breathing involves highly specialized neuronal populations in the brainstem, but what about astrocytes? (sciencemag.org)
Thus, brainstem astrocytes have the ability to sense changes in blood and brain CO 2 , and pH directly, and may control the activity of the respiratory neuronal networks to regulate breathing. (sciencemag.org)
We found that 5-HT 4 receptors are abundantly expressed in the Pre-Boetzinger complex (PBC), a region in the lower brainstem that is known to generate and control spontaneous breathing movements ( 12 ). (sciencemag.org)

If your belly hand is moving out and back in, congratulations-you're deep breathing. (healthyplace.com)
When deep breathing becomes a habit, the brain benefits from normal blood flow and the fight-or-flight response switches off. (healthyplace.com)
Learning deep breathing techniques will allow you to harness the power of breathing. (healthyplace.com)
For example, a 2011 review article in Health Science Journal identifies some of the potential health benefits of deep breathing techniques, particularly for deep breathing from the diaphragm. (medicalnewstoday.com)
I wish I could tell you that therapy or deep breathing or retraining my brain to think positive have taken away my fears completely - but that would be a lie. (thoughtcatalog.com)
In addition, the researchers discovered several clinical variables associated with the time required for successful weaning in addition to weaning technique: age, ventilator duration before randomizing, the ratio of how fast and deep a patient could breathe, and the strength of a patient's ability to inhale. (healthcanal.com)
In this paper, we propose DeepFilter, a deep learning-based fine-grained breathing rate monitoring algorithm that works on smartphone and achieves professional-level accuracy. (hindawi.com)
To enter the alpha state of mind, start by getting relaxed, and then move on to different techniques that can get you in the alpha state of mind, including deep breathing, countdowns, and visualizations. (wikihow.com)
After you relaxing your mind for the alpha state, it's up to you which method you use to achieve it, though it's a good idea to incorporate deep breathing in any other method you choose. (wikihow.com)
So the experts certainly agree that deep breathing benefits your wellbeing by helping you de-stress and unwind. (goodhousekeeping.com)
Stress leaves your immune system more susceptible to numerous health conditions, so deep breathing exercises can help you reduce these effects," says Dr Nasiruddin. (goodhousekeeping.com)
2021) ᐉ Do Deep Breathing Exercises Really Work? (cbd-click.com)
Why is Deep Breathing Important? (cbd-click.com)
Connected breathing slows down the brainwave patterns to Theta, connected to deep relaxation, and meditation, which will also help you go into the Delta states of sleep and deep rest much easier. (smore.com)

There is limited clinical research to support these claims about 4-7-8 breathing or other breathing techniques. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The peer-reviewed monthly journal, Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ASEM) provides contact with physicians, life scientists, bioengineers, and medical specialists working in both basic medical research and in its clinical applications. (ingentaconnect.com)
A prominent clinical manifestation of increased work of breathing in children with obstructive sleep apnea is failure to thrive (FTT). (medscape.com)
The need for simultaneous compensation of cardiac and breathing motion still poses a challenge for widespread clinical use. (readbyqxmd.com)
I am looking for a professional who can conduct a market research regarding clinical trials which involve work of breathing in mechanically ventilated patients in Intensive care unit. (freelancer.com)

Having studied briefly the work of Buteyko practitioners, who work with breathing as a tool for health, I wondered if low oxygen levels might further contribute to the shift towards anaerobic metabolism. (revivinghealth.com)

Your breathing usually does not require any thought, because it is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, also called the involuntary nervous system. (nih.gov)
The autonomic nervous system has different effects on your breathing. (nih.gov)

METHODS: A standard WOB lung model simulated assisted breathing. (rcjournal.com)
A comprehensive review of research on asthma breathing methods found there is not enough evidence to say whether or not this CAM treatment really works. (mayoclinic.org)

Isono S, Shimada A, Utsugi M, Konno A, Nishino T. Comparison of static mechanical properties of the passive pharynx between normal children and children with sleep-disordered breathing. (medscape.com)
This imposed work may prevent effective breathing through the anti-asphyxia valve during mechanical ventilator failure due to electrical failure. (rcjournal.com)
A simple machine machine, arrangement of moving and stationary mechanical parts used to perform some useful work or to provide transportation. (thefreedictionary.com)
I'm a Harvard-trained cardiothoracic anesthesiologist and intensive care doctor working in the Texas Medical Center with interests in ultrasonography, mechanical circulatory support, and all things tech. (rk.md)

She was admitted to the medical intensive care unit (MICU), where she remained tachypneic with stridor and paradoxical abdominal breathing. (thefreedictionary.com)

It is estimated by some reports that over 60% of snoring results from the tongue falling to the back of the throat interfering with the breathing airflow causing the vibrations that are heard as snoring.The major benefit of the snoring strap is that the jaw is kept forward and this helps stop the tongue from falling back and constricting the airways of the throat. (amazonaws.com)
The salt loosens the mucus, which begins to clear quickly, and inflammation is reduced, which makes more room in the airways for you to breathe. (balibetterbreathing.com)
It clears mucus from your airways, helping you breathe more easily. (techtimes.com)

Improved Pulmonary Function in Working Divers Breathing Nitrox at. (ingentaconnect.com)
This study examined changes in pulmonary function in a cohort of working divers breathing a 46% oxygen enriched mixture while diving at depths less than 12 m. (ingentaconnect.com)
Video: Resperate company endorses pursed lip breathing and shows pulmonary function improvement in real time. (breathinglabs.com)

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Energy expenditure and substrate utilization in adults with cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus. (1/231)

Estimation of inspiratory pressure drop in neonatal and pediatric endotracheal tubes. (2/231)

Muscle kinematics for minimal work of breathing. (3/231)

Influence of respiratory muscle work on VO(2) and leg blood flow during submaximal exercise. (4/231)

Impaired load dependence of diaphragm relaxation during congestive heart failure in the rabbit. (5/231)

Static respiratory muscle work during immersion with positive and negative respiratory loading. (6/231)

Response to inspiratory resistive loading during sleep in normal children and children with obstructive apnea. (7/231)

Chronic recordings of hypoglossal nerve activity in a dog model of upper airway obstruction. (8/231)

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Work of Breathing

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