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Work of BreathingRespirationMouth BreathingRespiratory MechanicsBreathing ExercisesSleep Apnea SyndromesTidal VolumePulmonary VentilationInhalationApneaWorkCarbon DioxideRespiratory Physiological PhenomenaPolysomnographyOxygenIntermittent Positive-Pressure BreathingRespiratory RateRespiratory MusclesDiaphragmAirway ResistanceHeliumSnoringExhalationAnoxiaRespiratory CenterHyperventilationSleep Apnea, CentralRespiratory Function TestsChemoreceptor CellsVentilator WeaningAirPulmonary Gas ExchangeSleep Apnea, ObstructiveBlood Gas AnalysisRespiration, ArtificialSleepFetal MovementPlethysmographyCheyne-Stokes RespirationPlethysmography, Whole BodyAir PressureAirway ObstructionLung Volume MeasurementsLungThoraxRespiration DisordersPartial PressureRespiratory InsufficiencyPositive-Pressure RespirationOximetryRespiratory Dead SpacePeriodicityWakefulnessHeart RateIntercostal MusclesDecompression SicknessSleep StagesPhrenic NerveTime FactorsOxygen ConsumptionRespiratory Protective DevicesRespiratory SystemHyperoxiaFunctional Residual CapacityHypoventilationElectromyographyWork Schedule ToleranceLung ComplianceAerosolsOxygen Inhalation TherapyAdenoidectomyRespiratory-Gated Imaging TechniquesWork Capacity EvaluationThoracic WallInspiratory CapacityAbdominal MusclesLung Diseases, ObstructiveTonsillectomyDivingMasksVagotomyRespiratory TherapyReturn to WorkPulmonary Stretch ReceptorsMedulla OblongataSpirometryPressureLarynxContinuous Positive Airway PressureExpiratory Reserve VolumeCarotid BodyAir Pollutants, OccupationalNosePharynxDecompressionReflexIntubation, IntratrachealSupine PositionPlethysmography, ImpedanceVagus NerveSleep, REMBlood PressureTracheostomyBrain StemAltitudeAdministration, InhalationDisorders of Excessive SomnolenceObesity Hypoventilation SyndromeEquipment DesignNasal ObstructionPhysical ExertionRespiratory Physiological ProcessesVentilationPostureGasesDeglutitionMovementAnesthesiaVital CapacityInhalation ExposureManikinsMouth ProtectorsModels, BiologicalOccupational ExposureAutonomic Nervous SystemArrhythmia, SinusNasal CavityArousalLaryngeal NervesVentilators, Negative-PressureValsalva ManeuverTotal Lung CapacityAir MovementsMonitoring, PhysiologicAnalysis of VarianceForced Expiratory Flow RatesExerciseArtifactsNebulizers and VaporizersHypoglossal NerveDoxapramAlgorithmsSeverity of Illness IndexOccupational DiseasesBreath HoldingTongueTracheotomyCapnographyForced Expiratory VolumeProspective StudiesAnesthesia, InhalationCardiovascular Physiological PhenomenaVentilation-Perfusion RatioExercise TestReference ValuesBronchial SpasmOccupational HealthHypocapniaAsthmaStomatognathic SystemAtmospheric PressurePalate, SoftSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedBreath TestsHumidityAdenoidsQuestionnairesReproducibility of ResultsAltitude SicknessPulmonary Disease, Chronic ObstructiveMouthTracheaAnesthesia, GeneralNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.)WorkplaceRestRespiratory ParalysisMountaineeringErgometryParasomniasIntermittent Positive-Pressure VentilationResidual VolumeSheepAtmosphere Exposure ChambersRibsDogsRats, Sprague-DawleyHeart Rate, FetalCardiac OutputPulmonary CirculationAbdomenHemodynamicsCross-Sectional StudiesAnesthetics, InhalationInfant, NewbornBlood Gas Monitoring, TranscutaneousAsphyxiaPharyngeal MusclesAnimals, NewbornCatsRisk Factors
Work of Breathing: RESPIRATORY MUSCLE contraction during INHALATION. The work is accomplished in three phases: LUNG COMPLIANCE work, that required to expand the LUNGS against its elastic forces; tissue resistance work, that required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures; and AIRWAY RESISTANCE work, that required to overcome airway resistance during the movement of air into the lungs. Work of breathing does not refer to expiration, which is entirely a passive process caused by elastic recoil of the lung and chest cage. (Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8th ed, p406)Respiration: The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).Mouth Breathing: Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.Respiratory Mechanics: The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.Breathing Exercises: Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration.Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T.Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas inspired or expired per unit of time, usually measured in liters per minute.Inhalation: The act of BREATHING in.Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.Work: Productive or purposeful activities.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Respiratory Physiological Phenomena: Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.Polysomnography: Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing: Application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase of spontaneous respiration.Respiratory Rate: The number of times an organism breathes with the lungs (RESPIRATION) per unit time, usually per minute.Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the DIAPHRAGM and the INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.Airway Resistance: Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.Helium: Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.Exhalation: The act of BREATHING out.Anoxia: Relatively complete absence of oxygen in one or more tissues.Respiratory Center: Part of the brain located in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and PONS. It receives neural, chemical and hormonal signals, and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the DIAPHRAGM and other respiratory muscles.Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.Sleep Apnea, Central: A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.Respiratory Function Tests: Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.Chemoreceptor Cells: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptor cells may monitor external stimuli, as in TASTE and OLFACTION, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood.Ventilator Weaning: Techniques for effecting the transition of the respiratory-failure patient from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous ventilation, while meeting the criteria that tidal volume be above a given threshold (greater than 5 ml/kg), respiratory frequency be below a given count (less than 30 breaths/min), and oxygen partial pressure be above a given threshold (PaO2 greater than 50mm Hg). Weaning studies focus on finding methods to monitor and predict the outcome of mechanical ventilator weaning as well as finding ventilatory support techniques which will facilitate successful weaning. Present methods include intermittent mandatory ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and mandatory minute volume ventilation.Air: The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.Pulmonary Gas Exchange: The exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood that occurs across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.Sleep Apnea, Obstructive: A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)Blood Gas Analysis: Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.Respiration, Artificial: Any method of artificial breathing that employs mechanical or non-mechanical means to force the air into and out of the lungs. Artificial respiration or ventilation is used in individuals who have stopped breathing or have RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY to increase their intake of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2).Sleep: A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.Fetal Movement: Physical activity of the FETUS in utero. Gross or fine fetal body movement can be monitored by the mother, PALPATION, or ULTRASONOGRAPHY.Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it.Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.Plethysmography, Whole Body: Measurement of the volume of gas in the lungs, including that which is trapped in poorly communicating air spaces. It is of particular use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment.Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.Lung Volume Measurements: Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.Lung: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.Thorax: The upper part of the trunk between the NECK and the ABDOMEN. It contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Respiration Disorders: Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.Partial Pressure: The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Respiratory Insufficiency: Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)Positive-Pressure Respiration: A method of mechanical ventilation in which pressure is maintained to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of expiration, thus reducing the shunting of blood through the lungs and improving gas exchange.Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry.Respiratory Dead Space: That part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT or the air within the respiratory tract that does not exchange OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE with pulmonary capillary blood.Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.Heart Rate: The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.Intercostal Muscles: Respiratory muscles that arise from the lower border of one rib and insert into the upper border of the adjoining rib, and contract during inspiration or respiration. (From Stedman, 25th ed)Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death.Sleep Stages: Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep.Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Respiratory Protective Devices: Respirators to protect individuals from breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors.Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.Functional Residual Capacity: The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.Hypoventilation: A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Work Schedule Tolerance: Physiological or psychological effects of periods of work which may be fixed or flexible such as flexitime, work shifts, and rotating shifts.Lung Compliance: The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)Aerosols: Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.Oxygen Inhalation Therapy: Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)Adenoidectomy: Excision of the adenoids. (Dorland, 28th ed)Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques: Timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. The images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle.Work Capacity Evaluation: Assessment of physiological capacities in relation to job requirements. It is usually done by measuring certain physiological (e.g., circulatory and respiratory) variables during a gradually increasing workload until specific limitations occur with respect to those variables.Thoracic Wall: The outer margins of the thorax containing SKIN, deep FASCIA; THORACIC VERTEBRAE; RIBS; STERNUM; and MUSCLES.Inspiratory Capacity: The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the TIDAL VOLUME and the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is IC.Abdominal Muscles: Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (from Stedman, 25th ed)Lung Diseases, Obstructive: Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.Tonsillectomy: Surgical removal of a tonsil or tonsils. (Dorland, 28th ed)Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.Masks: Devices that cover the nose and mouth to maintain aseptic conditions or to administer inhaled anesthetics or other gases. (UMDNS, 1999)Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.Respiratory Therapy: Care of patients with deficiencies and abnormalities associated with the cardiopulmonary system. It includes the therapeutic use of medical gases and their administrative apparatus, environmental control systems, humidification, aerosols, ventilatory support, bronchopulmonary drainage and exercise, respiratory rehabilitation, assistance with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and maintenance of natural, artificial, and mechanical airways.Return to Work: Resumption of normal work routine following a hiatus or period of absence due to injury, disability, or other reasons.Pulmonary Stretch Receptors: Stretch receptors found in the bronchi and bronchioles. Pulmonary stretch receptors are sensors for a reflex which stops inspiration. In humans, the reflex is protective and is probably not activated during normal respiration.Medulla Oblongata: The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.Spirometry: Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.Pressure: A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Larynx: A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: A technique of respiratory therapy, in either spontaneously breathing or mechanically ventilated patients, in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure throughout the respiratory cycle by pressurization of the ventilatory circuit. (On-Line Medical Dictionary [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne(UK): The University Dept. of Medical Oncology: The CancerWEB Project; c1997-2003 [cited 2003 Apr 17]. Available from: http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/)Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV.Carotid Body: A small cluster of chemoreceptive and supporting cells located near the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The carotid body, which is richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries, senses the pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the blood and plays a crucial role in their homeostatic control.Air Pollutants, Occupational: Air pollutants found in the work area. They are usually produced by the specific nature of the occupation.Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.Pharynx: A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Intubation, Intratracheal: A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.Supine Position: The posture of an individual lying face up.Plethysmography, Impedance: Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).Sleep, REM: A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Altitude: A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.Administration, Inhalation: The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.Disorders of Excessive Somnolence: Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome: HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.Equipment Design: Methods of creating machines and devices.Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.Physical Exertion: Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.Respiratory Physiological Processes: Biological actions and events that support the functions of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.Ventilation: Supplying a building or house, their rooms and corridors, with fresh air. The controlling of the environment thus may be in public or domestic sites and in medical or non-medical locales. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Posture: The position or attitude of the body.Gases: The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Deglutition: The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.Inhalation Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.ManikinsMouth Protectors: Devices or pieces of equipment placed in or around the mouth or attached to instruments to protect the external or internal tissues of the mouth and the teeth.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.Autonomic Nervous System: The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS.Arrhythmia, Sinus: Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.Arousal: Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.Laryngeal Nerves: Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.Ventilators, Negative-Pressure: Body ventilators that assist ventilation by applying intermittent subatmospheric pressure around the thorax, abdomen, or airway and periodically expand the chest wall and inflate the lungs. They are relatively simple to operate and do not require tracheostomy. These devices include the tank ventilators ("iron lung"), Portalung, Pneumowrap, and chest cuirass ("tortoise shell").Valsalva Maneuver: Forced expiratory effort against a closed GLOTTIS.Total Lung Capacity: The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.Air Movements: The motion of air currents.Monitoring, Physiologic: The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Forced Expiratory Flow Rates: The rate of airflow measured during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination.Exercise: Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.Nebulizers and Vaporizers: Devices that cause a liquid or solid to be converted into an aerosol (spray) or a vapor. It is used in drug administration by inhalation, humidification of ambient air, and in certain analytical instruments.Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Severity of Illness Index: Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.Occupational Diseases: Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.Breath Holding: An involuntary or voluntary pause in breathing, sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness.Tongue: A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.Tracheotomy: Surgical incision of the trachea.Capnography: Continuous recording of the carbon dioxide content of expired air.Forced Expiratory Volume: Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Anesthesia, Inhalation: Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena: Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio: The ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (Stedman, 25th ed)Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Bronchial Spasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.Hypocapnia: Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.Asthma: A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).Stomatognathic System: The mouth, teeth, jaws, pharynx, and related structures as they relate to mastication, deglutition, and speech.Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned.Palate, Soft: A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted: Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.Breath Tests: Any tests done on exhaled air.Humidity: A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.Adenoids: A collection of lymphoid nodules on the posterior wall and roof of the NASOPHARYNX.Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Altitude Sickness: Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive: A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.Mouth: The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi.Anesthesia, General: Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.): An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.Workplace: Place or physical location of work or employment.Rest: Freedom from activity.Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with MOTOR NEURON DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; injury to the PHRENIC NERVE; and other disorders.Mountaineering: A sport involving mountain climbing techniques.Ergometry: Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during PHYSICAL EXERTION. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer.Parasomnias: Movements or behaviors associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals from sleep that may impair sleep maintenance. Parasomnias are generally divided into four groups: arousal disorders, sleep-wake transition disorders, parasomnias of REM sleep, and nonspecific parasomnias. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p191)Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation: Application of positive pressure to the inspiratory phase when the patient has an artificial airway in place and is connected to a ventilator.Residual Volume: The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Atmosphere Exposure Chambers: Experimental devices used in inhalation studies in which a person or animal is either partially or completely immersed in a chemically controlled atmosphere.Ribs: A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Heart Rate, Fetal: The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.Cardiac Output: The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).Pulmonary Circulation: The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.Hemodynamics: The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.Anesthetics, Inhalation: Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth.Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous: The noninvasive measurement or determination of the partial pressure (tension) of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide locally in the capillaries of a tissue by the application to the skin of a special set of electrodes. These electrodes contain photoelectric sensors capable of picking up the specific wavelengths of radiation emitted by oxygenated versus reduced hemoglobin.Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.Pharyngeal Muscles: The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Energy expenditure and substrate utilization in adults with cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus. (1/231)

BACKGROUND: The onset of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus (CFDM) is often associated with a decline in clinical and nutritional status. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize energy expenditure (EE) and substrate utilization during rest, exercise, and recovery from exercise in patients with CF diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: EE, substrate utilization, minute ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were calculated by indirect calorimetry durng rest; a 30-min, low-to-medium-intensity exercise bout on a treadmill; and a 45-min postexercise recovery period (in reclining position) in 10 CF, 7 CFDM, and 10 control subjects between 18 and 45 y of age. RESULTS: In all 3 periods, minute ventilation was higher in the CF and CFDM groups than in the control subjects (P < 0.01). During rest and exercise, the CF and CFDM groups maintained EE values at the high end of the normal range of the control subjects. However, during recovery, EE was higher in the CF and CFDM groups than in the control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: EE may be higher than usual for the patients with CF and CFDM during periods of recovery from mild exercise or activity because of increased work of breathing consistent with higher ventilatory requirements. This information may be useful for patients receiving nutritional counseling who may choose to exercise regularly, but are concerned about possible weight loss.  (+info)

Estimation of inspiratory pressure drop in neonatal and pediatric endotracheal tubes. (2/231)

Endotracheal tubes (ETTs) constitute a resistive extra load for intubated patients. The ETT pressure drop (DeltaP(ETT)) is usually described by empirical equations that are specific to one ETT only. Our laboratory previously showed that, in adult ETTs, DeltaP(ETT) is given by the Blasius formula (F. Lofaso, B. Louis, L. Brochard, A. Harf, and D. Isabey. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146: 974-979, 1992). Here, we also propose a general formulation for neonatal and pediatric ETTs on the basis of adimensional analysis of the pressure-flow relationship. Pressure and flow were directly measured in seven ETTs (internal diameter: 2.5-7.0 mm). The measured pressure drop was compared with the predicted drop given by general laws for a curved tube. In neonatal ETTs (2.5-3.5 mm) the flow regime is laminar. The DeltaP(ETT) can be estimated by the Ito formula, which replaces Poiseuille's law for curved tubes. For pediatric ETTs (4.0-7.0 mm), DeltaP(ETT) depends on the following flow regime: for laminar flow, it must be calculated by the Ito formula, and for turbulent flow, by the Blasius formula. Both formulas allow for ETT geometry and gas properties.  (+info)

Muscle kinematics for minimal work of breathing. (3/231)

A mathematical model was analyzed to obtain a quantitative and testable representation of the long-standing hypothesis that the respiratory muscles drive the chest wall along the trajectory for which the work of breathing is minimal. The respiratory system was modeled as a linear elastic system that can be expanded either by pressure applied at the airway opening (passive inflation) or by active forces in respiratory muscles (active inflation). The work of active expansion was calculated, and the distribution of muscle forces that produces a given lung expansion with minimal work was computed. The calculated expression for muscle force is complicated, but the corresponding kinematics of muscle shortening is simple: active inspiratory muscles shorten more during active inflation than during passive inflation, and the ratio of active to passive shortening is the same for all active muscles. In addition, the ratio of the minimal work done by respiratory muscles during active inflation to work required for passive inflation is the same as the ratio of active to passive muscle shortening. The minimal-work hypothesis was tested by measurement of the passive and active shortening of the internal intercostal muscles in the parasternal region of two interspaces in five supine anesthetized dogs. Fractional changes in muscle length were measured by sonomicrometry during passive inflation, during quiet breathing, and during forceful inspiratory efforts against a closed airway. Active muscle shortening during quiet breathing was, on average, 70% greater than passive shortening, but it was only weakly correlated with passive shortening. Active shortening inferred from the data for more forceful inspiratory efforts was approximately 40% greater than passive shortening and was highly correlated with passive shortening. These data support the hypothesis that, during forceful inspiratory efforts, muscle activation is coordinated so as to expand the chest wall with minimal work.  (+info)

Influence of respiratory muscle work on VO(2) and leg blood flow during submaximal exercise. (4/231)

The work of breathing (W(b)) normally incurred during maximal exercise not only requires substantial cardiac output and O(2) consumption (VO(2)) but also causes vasoconstriction in locomotor muscles and compromises leg blood flow (Q(leg)). We wondered whether the W(b) normally incurred during submaximal exercise would also reduce Q(leg). Therefore, we investigated the effects of changing the W(b) on Q(leg) via thermodilution in 10 healthy trained male cyclists [maximal VO(2) (VO(2 max)) = 59 +/- 9 ml. kg(-1). min(-1)] during repeated bouts of cycle exercise at work rates corresponding to 50 and 75% of VO(2 max). Inspiratory muscle work was 1) reduced 40 +/- 6% via a proportional-assist ventilator, 2) not manipulated (control), or 3) increased 61 +/- 8% by addition of inspiratory resistive loads. Increasing the W(b) during submaximal exercise caused VO(2) to increase; decreasing the W(b) was associated with lower VO(2) (DeltaVO(2) = 0.12 and 0.21 l/min at 50 and 75% of VO(2 max), respectively, for approximately 100% change in W(b)). There were no significant changes in leg vascular resistance (LVR), norepinephrine spillover, arterial pressure, or Q(leg) when W(b) was reduced or increased. Why are LVR, norepinephrine spillover, and Q(leg) influenced by the W(b) at maximal but not submaximal exercise? We postulate that at submaximal work rates and ventilation rates the normal W(b) required makes insufficient demands for VO(2) and cardiac output to require any cardiovascular adjustment and is too small to activate sympathetic vasoconstrictor efferent output. Furthermore, even a 50-70% increase in W(b) during submaximal exercise, as might be encountered in conditions where ventilation rates and/or inspiratory flow resistive forces are higher than normal, also does not elicit changes in LVR or Q(leg).  (+info)

Impaired load dependence of diaphragm relaxation during congestive heart failure in the rabbit. (5/231)

The load dependence (LD) of relaxation was studied in the diaphragm of rabbits with congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF (n = 15) was induced by combined chronic volume and pressure overload. Aortic insufficiency was induced by forcing a catheter through the aortic sigmoid valves, followed 3 wk later by abdominal aortic stenosis. Six weeks after the first intervention, animals developed CHF. Sham-operated animals served as controls (C; n = 12). Diaphragm mechanics were studied in vitro on isolated strips, at 22 degrees C, in isotonic and isometric loading conditions. Contractility was lower in the CHF group, as reflected by lower total tension: 1.11 +/- 0.10 in CHF vs. 2.38 +/- 0.15 N/cm(2) in C in twitch (P < 0.001) and 2.46 +/- 0.22 in CHF vs. 4.90 +/- 0.25 N. cm(-2) in C in tetanus (P < 0.001). The index LD was used to quantify the load dependence of relaxation: LD is <1 in load-dependent muscles and tends toward 1 in load-independent muscles. LD was significantly higher in CHF than in C rabbits, in both twitch (0.99 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.75 +/- 0.03; P < 0. 001) and tetanus (0.95 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.02; P < 0.001). In the CHF rabbits' diaphragm, the fall in total tension was linearly related to the fall in load dependence of relaxation. The decrease in load dependence of relaxation in CHF animals suggests sarcoplasmic reticulum abnormalities. Impairment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum may also partly account for the decrease in contractile performance of diaphragm in CHF animals.  (+info)

Static respiratory muscle work during immersion with positive and negative respiratory loading. (6/231)

Upright immersion imposes a pressure imbalance across the thorax. This study examined the effects of air-delivery pressure on inspiratory muscle work during upright immersion. Eight subjects performed respiratory pressure-volume relaxation maneuvers while seated in air (control) and during immersion. Hydrostatic, respiratory elastic (lung and chest wall), and resultant static respiratory muscle work components were computed. During immersion, the effects of four air-delivery pressures were evaluated: mouth pressure (uncompensated); the pressure at the lung centroid (PL,c); and at PL,c +/-0.98 kPa. When breathing at pressures less than the PL,c, subjects generally defended an expiratory reserve volume (ERV) greater than the immersed relaxation volume, minus residual volume, resulting in additional inspiratory muscle work. The resultant static inspiratory muscle work, computed over a 1-liter tidal volume above the ERV, increased from 0.23 J. l(-1), when subjects were breathing at PL,c, to 0.83 J. l(-1) at PL,c -0.98 kPa (P < 0.05), and to 1.79 J. l(-1) at mouth pressure (P < 0.05). Under the control state, and during the above experimental conditions, static expiratory work was minimal. When breathing at PL,c +0.98 kPa, subjects adopted an ERV less than the immersed relaxation volume, minus residual volume, resulting in 0.36 J. l(-1) of expiratory muscle work. Thus static inspiratory muscle work varied with respiratory loading, whereas PL,c air supply minimized this work during upright immersion, restoring lung-tissue, chest-wall, and static muscle work to levels obtained in the control state.  (+info)

Response to inspiratory resistive loading during sleep in normal children and children with obstructive apnea. (7/231)

The response to inspiratory resistance loading (IRL) of the upper airway during sleep in children is not known. We, therefore, evaluated the arousal responses to IRL during sleep in children with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) compared with controls. Children with OSAS aroused at a higher load than did controls (23 +/- 8 vs. 15 +/- 7 cmH(2)O. l(-1). s; P < 0.05). Patients with OSAS had higher arousal thresholds during rapid eye movement (REM) vs. non-REM sleep (P < 0.001), whereas normal subjects had lower arousal thresholds during REM (P < 0.005). Ventilatory responses to IRL were evaluated in the controls. There was a marked decrease in tidal volume both immediately (56 +/- 17% of baseline at an IRL of 15 cmH(2)O. l(-1). min; P < 0.001) and after 3 min of IRL (67 +/- 23%, P < 0.005). The duty cycle increased. We conclude that children with OSAS have impaired arousal responses to IRL. Despite compensatory changes in respiratory timing, normal children have a decrease in minute ventilation in response to IRL during sleep. However, arousal occurs before gas-exchange abnormalities.  (+info)

Chronic recordings of hypoglossal nerve activity in a dog model of upper airway obstruction. (8/231)

The activity of the hypoglossal nerve was recorded during pharyngeal loading in sleeping dogs with chronically implanted cuff electrodes. Three self-coiling spiral-cuff electrodes were implanted in two beagles for durations of 17, 7, and 6 mo. During quiet wakefulness and sleep, phasic hypoglossal activity was either very small or not observable above the baseline noise. Applying a perpendicular force on the submental region by using a mechanical device to narrow the pharyngeal airway passage increased the phasic hypoglossal activity, the phasic esophageal pressure, and the inspiratory time in the next breath during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. The phasic hypoglossal activity sustained at the elevated level while the force was present and increased with increasing amounts of loading. The hypoglossal nerve was very active in rapid-eye-movement sleep, especially when the submental force was present. The data demonstrate the feasibility of chronic recordings of the hypoglossal nerve with cuff electrodes and show that hypoglossal activity has a fast and sustained response to the internal loading of the pharynx induced by applying a submental force during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep.  (+info)

Low-pressure support vs automatic tube compensation during spontaneous breathing trial for weaning | Annals of Intensive Care |...Low-pressure support vs automatic tube compensation during spontaneous breathing trial for weaning | Annals of Intensive Care |...
During spontaneous breathing trial, low-pressure support is thought to compensate for endotracheal tube resistance, but it actually should provide overassistance. Automatic tube compensation is an option available in the ventilator to compensate for flow-resistance of endotracheal tube. Its effects on patient effort have been poorly investigated. We aimed to compare the effects of low-pressure support and automatic tube compensation during spontaneous breathing trial on breathing power and lung ventilation distribution. We performed a randomized crossover study in 20 patients ready to wean. Each patient received both methods for 30 min separated by baseline ventilation: pressure support 0 cmH2O and automatic tube compensation 100% in one period and pressure support 7 cmH2O without automatic tube compensation in the other period, a 4 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure being applied in each. Same ventilator brand (Evita XL, Draeger, Germany) was used. Breathing power was assessed from Campbell diagram
Transcutaneous electromyographic respiratory muscle recordings to quantify patient-ventilator interaction in mechanically...Transcutaneous electromyographic respiratory muscle recordings to quantify patient-ventilator interaction in mechanically...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Transcutaneous electromyographic respiratory muscle recordings to quantify patient-ventilator interaction in mechanically ventilated children. AU - Koopman, Alette A.. AU - Blokpoel, Robert G.T.. AU - van Eykern, Leo A.. AU - de Jongh, Frans H.C.. AU - Burgerhof, Johannes G.M.. AU - Kneyber, Martin C.J.. PY - 2018/1/24. Y1 - 2018/1/24. N2 - Background: To explore the feasibility of transcutaneous electromyographic respiratory muscle recordings to automatically quantify the synchronicity of patient-ventilator interaction in the pediatric intensive care unit. Methods: Prospective observational study in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit in an university hospital. Spontaneous breathing mechanically ventilated children , 18 years of age were eligible for inclusion. Patients underwent a 5-min continuous recording of ventilator pressure waveforms and transcutaneous electromyographic signal of the diaphragm. To evaluate patient-ventilator interaction, the obtained neural ...
pressure support ventilation settings - pressure support ventilation settings online Wholesalerspressure support ventilation settings - pressure support ventilation settings online Wholesalers
pressure support ventilation settings & pressure support ventilation settings online Wholesalers - choose pressure support ventilation settings from 2740 list of China pressure support ventilation settings Manufacturers.
Get PDF - Respiratory comfort and breathing pattern during volume proportional assist ventilation and pressure support...Get PDF - Respiratory comfort and breathing pattern during volume proportional assist ventilation and pressure support...
Mols, G.; von Ungern-Sternberg, B.; Rohr, E.; Haberthür, C.; Geiger, K.; Guttmann, J., 2000: Respiratory comfort and breathing pattern during volume proportional assist ventilation and pressure support ventilation: a study on volunteers with artificially reduced compliance
Patient-Ventilator Interactions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) Under Non-Invasive Ventilation - Full Text...Patient-Ventilator Interactions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) Under Non-Invasive Ventilation - Full Text...
Patients under NIV for hypercapnic COPD have several reasons to develop patient-ventilatory asynchrony: delayed cycling, and insufficient expiratory time may induce progressive dynamic hyperinflation, and increase intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi); too high levels of pressure support may also contribute to dynamic hyperinflation. Increase in PEEPi is associated with two respiratory events: unrewarded inspiratory efforts, and auto-triggering.. Our hypotheses are: 1/that these events occur frequently in COPD under NIV and that they are not detected by medical history or usual monitoring tools (SpO2; PtcCO2); 2/ that they can be easily detected by polysomnography; 3/ that simple adjustments of ventilator parameters aiming to reduce dynamic hyperinflation and unrewarded inspiratory efforts may improve efficacy of ventilation, quality of sleep and comfort of treatment.. The present study compares the results of two consecutive sleep studies: 1.PSG under NIV in severe stable COPD ...
Imposed Work of Breathing During Ventilator FailureImposed Work of Breathing During Ventilator Failure
INTRODUCTION: Ventilators possess an anti-asphyxia valve that allows spontaneous breathing of ambient air during ventilator failure. This study examined the imposed work of breathing and pressure-time product of 8 critical care and 9 portable ventilators, using a laboratory simulation of spontaneous breathing during ventilator failure. METHODS: A test lung was modified to simulate spontaneous breathing with a tidal volume of 0.5 L and peak inspiratory flow of 60 L/min. A pneumotachograph and pressure tap were placed at the proximal airway between the breathing circuit and endotracheal tube. Flow was derived from the pressure drop across the pneumotachograph. Signals were amplified, integrated, and saved to a spreadsheet program, and imposed work of breathing and pressure-time product were calculated. Also measured were the inspiratory pressure required to open the anti-asphyxia valve (cracking pressure), time to cracking pressure, maximum negative inspiratory pressure, and time to maximum ...
Search Tag: patient-ventilator synchrony | HealthManagement.orgSearch Tag: patient-ventilator synchrony | HealthManagement.org
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Effect of different inspiratory rise time and cycling off criteria during pressure support ventilation in patients recovering...Effect of different inspiratory rise time and cycling off criteria during pressure support ventilation in patients recovering...
Our results suggest that in patients recovering from acute lung injury during pressure support ventilation, a) the shortest inspiratory rise time reduces the WOBI; and b) at 15 cm H2O of pressure support ventilation, the lowest cycling off criteria reduces the respiratory rate and increases the tida …
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0045236/00001http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0045236/00001
Thematrices r 2Y :, i Y :, j L I r 2U :, i Y :, j L I r 2U :, i U :, j L I r 2t 0 Y :, j L I r 2t 0 U :, j L I r 2t 0 t 0 L I r 2t f Y :, j L I r 2t f U :, j L I r 2t f t 0 L I and r 2t f t f L I areobtainedinasparsemanneras r 2Y :, i Y :, j L I = 2664 diag @ 2 L I @ y i @ y j 1N 0 N 1 0 1 N 0 3775 ,( i =1,..., n y j =1,..., i ), r 2U :, i Y :, j L I = diag @ 2 L I @ u i @ y j 1N 0 N 1 # ,( i =1,..., n u j =1,..., n y ), r 2U :, i U :, j L I = diag @ 2 L I @ u i @ u j 1N ,( i =1,..., n u j =1,..., i ), r 2t 0 Y :, j L I = ( @ 2 L I @ t 0 @ y j 1N ) T 0 # ,( j =1,..., n y ), r 2t 0 U :, j L I = ( @ 2 L I @ t 0 @ u j 1N ) T ,( j =1,..., n u ), r 2t 0 t 0 L I = @ 2 L I @ t 2 0 r 2t f Y :, j L I = ( @ 2 L I @ t f @ y j 1N ) T 0 # ,( j =1,..., n y ), r 2t f U :, j L I = ( @ 2 L I @ t f @ u j 1N ) T ,( j =1,..., n u ), r 2t f t 0 L I = @ 2 L I @ t f @ t 0 r 2t f t f L I = @ 2 L I @ t 2 f (3 78) ItisseenthatthederivativesgiveninEq.( 3 78 )arefunctionsofthederivativesof L I ...
ORBi: Browsing ORBiORBi: Browsing ORBi
in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (2012), 13(4), 234-9. OBJECTIVE:: Selected optimal respiratory cycles should allow calculation of respiratory mechanic parameters focusing on patient-ventilator interaction. New computer software automatically selecting ... [more ▼]. OBJECTIVE:: Selected optimal respiratory cycles should allow calculation of respiratory mechanic parameters focusing on patient-ventilator interaction. New computer software automatically selecting optimal breaths and respiratory mechanic derived from those cycles are evaluated. DESIGN:: Retrospective study. SETTING:: University level III neonatal intensive care unit. SUBJECTS:: Ten mins synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation and assist/control ventilation recordings from ten newborns. INTERVENTION:: The ventilator provided respiratory mechanic data (ventilator respiratory cycles) every 10 secs. Pressure, flow, and volume waves and pressure volume, pressure flow, and ventilator volume flow loops were reconstructed from ...
Universidade de Brasília Archives - POWERbreathe BlogUniversidade de Brasília Archives - POWERbreathe Blog
4. What are the best endpoints to evaluate the effects of IMT on the process of discontinuing from MV?. Which kind of device should be used to IMT? POWERbreathe K-Series.. "The biggest challenge in the training of mechanically ventilated patients is the use of conventional devices to impose loads on the respiratory muscles. When training starts, the patient must be disconnected from the ventilator and the respiratory monitoring is lost.". "A new class of device is now available that is possible to monitor respiratory variables during the training. One example of this is the POWERbreathe K-Series (POWERbreathe-HaB UK) an electronic K-device with feedback software that helps professionals to understand what is happening with patients during their training. This device provides automatically processed information on external inspiratory work. Moreover, power and breathing patterns during loaded breathing tasks is shown, thus the onset of fatigue can be detected earlier.". "POWERbreathe K-Series was ...
Asynchrony - The Canadian Society of Respiratory TherapistsAsynchrony - The Canadian Society of Respiratory Therapists
Branson RD, Blakeman TC, Robinson BR. Asynchrony and dyspnea. Respir Care. 2013; 58(6): 973-89.. Thille AW, Cabello B, Galia F, Lyazidi A, Brochard L. Reduction of patient-ventilator asynchrony by reducing tidal volume during pressure-support ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2008; 34(8): 1477-86.. ...
A new method to detect patient-ventilator interactions in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation | Taulí+D+IA new method to detect patient-ventilator interactions in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation | Taulí+D+I
In order to study the interactions between critically ill patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and the machine, CIBER Researchers from the Critical Care Unit of Parc Tauli in collaboration with researchers from the Althaia Foundation, IRBLleida and BetterCare developed a new…
Technology and Health Care - Volume 11, issue 6 - Journals - IOS PressTechnology and Health Care - Volume 11, issue 6 - Journals - IOS Press
Authors: Haberthür, Christoph , Lichtwarck-Aschoff, Michael , Guttmann, Josef Article Type: Research Article Abstract: During mechanical ventilation, the resistance of the endotracheal and tracheostomy tube (ETT) highly influences analysis of respiratory system mechanics and imposes additional work of breathing for the spontaneously breathing patient which both can be circumvented by applying the automatic tube compensation (ATC) mode. In the ATC mode, tracheal pressure (ptrach ) is continuously calculated on the basis of measured flow and airway pressure using predetermined tube specific coefficients. However, as during long-term ventilation the ETT might become partially obstructed by secretions or tube kinking, the predetermined coefficients are no longer valid rendering calculation of ptrach inaccurate. We propose an …easy-to-handle maneuver for the bedside determination of current tube coefficients in the tracheally intubated patient. Based on check-spot measurement of ptrach , current ...
Search of: congenital diaphragmatic hernia - List Results - ClinicalTrials.govSearch of: 'congenital diaphragmatic hernia' - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov
Device: Physiologic study measuring work of breathing which can be estimated by the esophageal and trans-diaphragmatic pressure-time product obtained by an esophageal ...
Plus itPlus it
Introduction: During exacerbations of obstructive lung diseases, inflammation and the accompanying bronchoconstriction lead to significant airway narrowing, i.e. resistive breathing (RB). In order to distinguish between the effects of the mechanical stressor and the underlying inflammation we developed a RB model via tracheal banding (TB), and investigated the effects of RB in mice with pre-existing lung inflammationinduced by endotoxin inhalation. Since smooth muscle tone is a crucial determinant of bronchoconstriction and involves nitric oxide (NO) signaling through soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activation, the expression of sGC was studied. Materials and Methods: Adult C57BL/6 mice underwent resistive breathing for 24 hours by placing a nylon band around the extrathoracic trachea, providing a 50% tracheal occlusion. The following groups were studied: 1. TB mice and quietly breathing sham operated mice (controls) 2. Mice treated with inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pseudomonas aeruginosa ...
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Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates. | Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteVolume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates. | Murdoch Children's Research Institute
Klingenberg C, Wheeler KI, McCallion N, Morley CJ, Davis PG. Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 10 : CD003666(2017) PubMed ...
Harms of unintentional leaks during volume targeted pressure support ventilation. - PubMed - NCBIHarms of unintentional leaks during volume targeted pressure support ventilation. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Moodys places IMAX ratings under review for downgrade due to potential acceleration of bondsMoody's places IMAX ratings under review for downgrade due to potential acceleration of bonds
New York, March 30, 2007 -- Moodys Investors Service placed the ratings of IMAX Corporation (IMAX) on review for downgrade based on the companys announcement on March 29 that it would further delay filing of its Form 10-K for fiscal 2006, resulting in a technical default under the financial reporting covenant within the indentures of its senior notes. IMAX intends to seek consent from bondholders to provide more time to file its financial statements and has already received a waiver from its bank lenders that extends the filing deadline to June 30. If IMAX 1) receives a similar waiver from bondholders such that no acceleration occurs and 2) files its financial statements by June 30, the outlook would likely revert to stable. A summary of todays action follows. IMAX Corporation - Corporate Family Rating, Placed on Review for Possible Downgrade, currently B3 - Probability of Default Rating, Placed on Review for Possible Downgrade, currently B3 - Senior Unsecured Bonds, Placed on Review for ...
Difficulty Breathing During Exertion and Waking Up with Breathing Difficulty: 25 CausesDifficulty Breathing During Exertion and Waking Up with Breathing Difficulty: 25 Causes
The freeMD virtual doctor has found 25 conditions that can cause Difficulty Breathing During Exertion and Waking Up with Breathing Difficulty. There are 2 somewhat common conditions that can cause Difficulty Breathing During Exertion and Waking Up with Breathing Difficulty. There are 7 uncommon conditions that can cause Difficulty Breathing During Exertion and Waking Up with Breathing Difficulty. There are 16 rare conditions that can cause Difficulty Breathing During Exertion and Waking Up with Breathing Difficulty.
aldehydes-ketones.pdf - n l t I I AldenLides\\J l l and l\\etones 1 D r o wt h e s t r u c t u r o lf o r m u l of o r t h e f...aldehydes-ketones.pdf - n l t I I AldenLides\\J l l and l\\etones 1 D r o wt h e s t r u c t u r o lf o r m u l of o r t h e f...
View aldehydes-ketones.pdf from CHEMISTRY 123 at Carson Graham Secondary. n l t I I AldenLides \J l l / , and l\etones 1 . D r o wt h e s t r u c t u r o lf o r m u l of o r t h e f o l l o w i n go
Sejtbiológia vizsga (júl. 5.) eredmények és megajánlott jegyek analitikus, NELL és gyógytornász hallgatóknak | Department of...Sejtbiológia vizsga (júl. 5.) eredmények és megajánlott jegyek analitikus, NELL és gyógytornász hallgatóknak | Department of...
Az analitikus, NELL és gyógytornász sejtbiológia vizsga (júl. 5) eredményeit a lap alján csatolt táblázatokban találják. ...
plot: pressure-time -- CFD Online Discussion Forumsplot: pressure-time -- CFD Online Discussion Forums
Hello everybody! I am working on a twophase flow in a horizontal pipe and Im having this problem: i have to create a plot ressure-time (my simulation
CPL systemCPL system
Every test offered in a pulmonary lab depends in one way or another on one simple measurement - volume. Whether it is expressed in liters or as ventilation, a pulmonary diagnostic system must first get volume measurements correct. The Stead-Wells Spirometer has long been recognized as the Gold Standard for volumetric measurements. It also provides a near zero resistant breathing circuit for FRC and DLCO measurements. It eliminates the need for high resistance demand valves found on flow based systems. MICRO GA ...
NewYork-Presbyterian Queens - Survival During Cardiac Arrest May Depend on Noisy BreathingNewYork-Presbyterian Queens - Survival During Cardiac Arrest May Depend on Noisy Breathing
The survival rates may be bolstered by nosier breathing, but calling 911 for emergency medical help and starting chest compressions without delay is critical. Many bystanders do not recognize abnormal breathing as a danger sign, says Dr. Ewy. "They call 911 and say that someone has fainted. When they are asked, are they breathing, they say, Oh yeah, they are breathing, so no one is dispatched.". Dr. Ewy continues, "Four or five minutes later, the person stops breathing and they call 911 again. That four or five minutes probably cost the patient his life.". Dr. Ewy says one problem may be the difficulty in finding a specific word or term that describes the abnormal breathing pattern. Case in point: "The most common description is snoring. A wife will say, my husband was snoring at night, and she woke up to find him dead." Immediate bystander action is vital and can be the difference between life or death, Dr. Ewy says. The results of the study illustrate the odds of gasping - and of survival - ...
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BreathingBreathing
Allergic Pet | Breathing (Breathing) Find all-natural and safe pet breathing issue treatment from Allergic Pet. Find pet relief after veterinary diagnosis for chronic breathing issues, asthma, and breathing problems.
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Experience IMAX 3D, with brightness, clarity and depth that create unmatched experiences that leap off the screen and into your lap. To see our current films and purchase tickets, please visit: http://www.dmns.org/imax/current-films/.
Breathing work synonyms, breathing work antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comBreathing work synonyms, breathing work antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Synonyms for breathing work in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for breathing work. 448 synonyms for work: be employed, do business, have a job, earn a living, be in work, hold down a job, labour, sweat, slave, toil, slog (away), drudge.... What are synonyms for breathing work?
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Sigurdsson, Samuel; Erlendsdóttir, Helga; Quirk, Sigríður Júlía; Kristjánsson, Júlíus; Hauksson, Kristján; Andrésdóttir, Birta Dögg Ingudóttir; Jónsson, Arnar Jan; Halldórsson, Kolbeinn Hans; Saemundsson, Arni; Ólason, Óli Hilmar; Hrafnkelsson, Birgir; Kristinsson, Karl G.; Haraldsson, Ásgeir (Elsevier BV, 2017-09) ...
Pet forum for dogs cats and humans - Pets.ca - Ive never heard breathing like this before!Pet forum for dogs cats and humans - Pets.ca - I've never heard breathing like this before!
Last night his breathing changed. On our walk, he started to wheeze loudly, exactly like a human asthmatic. Within a few minutes, his breathing changed again and went from bad to worse. The wheeze was replaced by a loud ratchet type sound. ([I]I dont remember if it was on the inhale or the exhale[/I].) Ive never heard anything like it. It reminded me of the sound a computer chair makes when you lean too far back on it and was just as loud. Once we were back at home his breathing returned to normal slowly, from ratchet to wheeze to labored to normal, the whole thing took about two hours with lots of drooling but no vomiting and no signs of edema. (The walk was only about three blocks total but it was hot outside. My dog had a drink of water just before we went out. Urine and stool were both normal ...
Unusual Baby Breathing: Why Your Infant Is Breathing Noisily When Asleep?Unusual Baby Breathing: Why Your Infant Is Breathing Noisily When Asleep?
Is it normal for your baby to have a raspy breathing while sleeping? Do they pause while in between breaths? Here is your answer to unusual baby breathing.
Difficulty BreathingDifficulty Breathing
Breathing difficulties make you feel as though you cannot get enough air. A blocked nose is a common cause of difficulty breathing. These articles discuss issues relating to difficulty breathing arising from a blocked nose.
Vendetta in IMAX | MoviefoneVendetta in IMAX | Moviefone
In news that is bound to have fanboys across the nation lying on the floor in a puddle of drool, its been announced that V for Vendetta will be simultaneously released in both IMAX and regular formats. Thats right: a wildly anticipated graphic novel ada
Breathing Machine 101Breathing Machine 101
A Breathing Machine (also known as a Ventilator) can save a persons life. Learn all about breathing machines and one very important question, here.
My breathing feels restricted - Doctor answersMy breathing feels restricted - Doctor answers
Helpful, trusted answers from doctors: Dr. Poochikian on my breathing feels restricted: Need more info: short of breath, feeling not getting enough air in, chest tightness, anxiety, wheezy, coughing, stomach gas, constipated, etc? All these are signs of different causes of breathing abnormalities.
Best Baby Breathing Monitor - Audio & Video | RespirationBest Baby Breathing Monitor - Audio & Video | Respiration
Understand how to baby breathing is recorded and why a best baby breathing monitor is useful with easy-to-record and playback messages, 24/7 video storage on SD card.
Just a thought about breathing - Discuss Cooking - Cooking ForumsJust a thought about breathing - Discuss Cooking - Cooking Forums
I noticed an argument (er, discussion) in another thread that discussed breathing various gasses. I hereby state that in all of my education, never was I taught that breathing any other gas except
Why is My Dog Having Trouble Breathing? | Canna-Pet®Why is My Dog Having Trouble Breathing? | Canna-Pet®
Have you noticed that your dog is having trouble breathing recently? Discover what may be causing your dog to have difficulty breathing here.
i have a hard time breathing - Breathing Conditions Questioni have a hard time breathing - Breathing Conditions Question
hi i have a hard time breathing n in highways it start worst how come what can it be it feels like my throat is tighting n if heats on i cant breath mre it feels like im going out of air what can i b
Breathing Problems: Causes, Tests, and TreatmentsBreathing Problems: Causes, Tests, and Treatments
WebMD explains common causes of breathing problems, including allergies and asthma. Learn more about breathing problems and how theyre diagnosed and treated.
Breathing Problems: 13 Ways Youre Breathing Wrong | Best LifeBreathing Problems: 13 Ways You're Breathing Wrong | Best Life
Read on to find out whether you have some serious breathing problems, and find out all the easy things you can do to correct them.
Struggling to understand my breathing test. | DailyStrengthStruggling to understand my breathing test. | DailyStrength
Ive had my breathing test for my breathing problems I was told at the time he could see something but could not tell me it needed to be my neurologist but my...
The Science of BreathingThe Science of Breathing
The Importance of Breathing. When someone has asked you what you were doing, you have probably often answered, Nothing. That was not quite accurate, however, was it? There are some things, you are doing all the time, and one of the most important of these is breathing.
Breathing heavy, not wheezing or coughing - Ask The DoctorBreathing heavy, not wheezing or coughing - Ask The Doctor
Patient: My 9 year old son is breathing kind of heavy. He has asthma and was coughing and wheezing earlier but after multiple breathing treatments and inhalers, he is now sleeping. Should I be worried and take him to the ER? ...
gams:model an absolute value in a linear model [GAMS Support Wiki]gams:model an absolute value in a linear model [GAMS Support Wiki]
positive variable xplus(j), xneg(j); obj.. z=e=sum(j, xplus(j) + xneg(j)); cons(i).. sum(j, a(i,j)*(xplus(j) - xneg(j))) =l= b(i); model foo /all/; solve foo minimizing z using lp ...
FAT J Online Egz ta fa alapanyagok - Sen FAT J Online Egz ta fa alapanyagok - Sen
A sen fa megmunk l sa nem t maszt k l n sebb neh zs geket, mivel nagyon egyenes rost , t m r strukt r ja miatt j l gyalulhat , s fel letkezelhet s ge is nagyon j . A sz r t sa nem okoz neh zs geket s gyorsan zajlik. (Rovatunk t mogat ja: Zol-G m Kft)
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A prosztata (d lmirigy) karcin m ja a f rfiak leggyakoribb tumoros betegs ge. Idej ben, azaz m g a t netek megmutatkoz sa el tt felfedezve j l gy gy

No data available that match "work of breathing"


AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth Care
Work of BreathingRespirationMouth BreathingRespiratory MechanicsBreathing ExercisesSleep Apnea SyndromesTidal VolumePulmonary VentilationInhalationApneaWorkCarbon DioxideRespiratory Physiological PhenomenaPolysomnographyOxygenIntermittent Positive-Pressure BreathingRespiratory RateRespiratory MusclesDiaphragmAirway ResistanceHeliumSnoringExhalationAnoxiaRespiratory CenterHyperventilationSleep Apnea, CentralRespiratory Function TestsChemoreceptor CellsVentilator WeaningAirPulmonary Gas ExchangeSleep Apnea, ObstructiveBlood Gas AnalysisRespiration, ArtificialSleepFetal MovementPlethysmographyCheyne-Stokes RespirationPlethysmography, Whole BodyAir PressureAirway ObstructionLung Volume MeasurementsLungThoraxRespiration DisordersPartial PressureRespiratory InsufficiencyPositive-Pressure RespirationOximetryRespiratory Dead SpacePeriodicityWakefulnessHeart RateIntercostal MusclesDecompression SicknessSleep StagesPhrenic NerveTime FactorsOxygen ConsumptionRespiratory Protective DevicesRespiratory SystemHyperoxiaFunctional Residual CapacityHypoventilationElectromyographyWork Schedule ToleranceLung ComplianceAerosolsOxygen Inhalation TherapyAdenoidectomyRespiratory-Gated Imaging TechniquesWork Capacity EvaluationThoracic WallInspiratory CapacityAbdominal MusclesLung Diseases, ObstructiveTonsillectomyDivingMasksVagotomyRespiratory TherapyReturn to WorkPulmonary Stretch ReceptorsMedulla OblongataSpirometryPressureLarynxContinuous Positive Airway PressureExpiratory Reserve VolumeCarotid BodyAir Pollutants, OccupationalNosePharynxDecompressionReflexIntubation, IntratrachealSupine PositionPlethysmography, ImpedanceVagus NerveSleep, REMBlood PressureTracheostomyBrain StemAltitudeAdministration, InhalationDisorders of Excessive SomnolenceObesity Hypoventilation SyndromeEquipment DesignNasal ObstructionPhysical ExertionRespiratory Physiological ProcessesVentilationPostureGasesDeglutitionMovementAnesthesiaVital CapacityInhalation ExposureManikinsMouth ProtectorsModels, BiologicalOccupational ExposureAutonomic Nervous SystemArrhythmia, SinusNasal CavityArousalLaryngeal NervesVentilators, Negative-PressureValsalva ManeuverTotal Lung CapacityAir MovementsMonitoring, PhysiologicAnalysis of VarianceForced Expiratory Flow RatesExerciseArtifactsNebulizers and VaporizersHypoglossal NerveDoxapramAlgorithmsSeverity of Illness IndexOccupational DiseasesBreath HoldingTongueTracheotomyCapnographyForced Expiratory VolumeProspective StudiesAnesthesia, InhalationCardiovascular Physiological PhenomenaVentilation-Perfusion RatioExercise TestReference ValuesBronchial SpasmOccupational HealthHypocapniaAsthmaStomatognathic SystemAtmospheric PressurePalate, SoftSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedBreath TestsHumidityAdenoidsQuestionnairesReproducibility of ResultsAltitude SicknessPulmonary Disease, Chronic ObstructiveMouthTracheaAnesthesia, GeneralNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.)WorkplaceRestRespiratory ParalysisMountaineeringErgometryParasomniasIntermittent Positive-Pressure VentilationResidual VolumeSheepAtmosphere Exposure ChambersRibsDogsRats, Sprague-DawleyHeart Rate, FetalCardiac OutputPulmonary CirculationAbdomenHemodynamicsCross-Sectional StudiesAnesthetics, InhalationInfant, NewbornBlood Gas Monitoring, TranscutaneousAsphyxiaPharyngeal MusclesAnimals, NewbornCatsRisk Factors
Imposed Work of Breathing During Ventilator FailureImposed Work of Breathing During Ventilator Failure
Breathing work synonyms, breathing work antonyms - FreeThesaurus.comBreathing work synonyms, breathing work antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com
Breathing Problems: 13 Ways Youre Breathing Wrong | Best LifeBreathing Problems: 13 Ways You're Breathing Wrong | Best Life
Patent US8021310 - Work of breathing display for a ventilation system - Google PatentsPatent US8021310 - Work of breathing display for a ventilation system - Google Patents
Breathing Exercises for Anxiety Work! Try These | HealthyPlaceBreathing Exercises for Anxiety Work! Try These | HealthyPlace
4-7-8 breathing: How it works, benefits, and uses4-7-8 breathing: How it works, benefits, and uses
Work of breathing in dog during exercise.Work of breathing in dog during exercise.
Breathing Easier: How Houston Is Working To Clean Up Its Air : NPRBreathing Easier: How Houston Is Working To Clean Up Its Air : NPR
Work of breathing - WikipediaWork of breathing - Wikipedia
Improved Pulmonary Function in Working Divers Breathing Nitrox at...: Ingenta ConnectImproved Pulmonary Function in Working Divers Breathing Nitrox at...: Ingenta Connect
Breathing and the Autonomic Nervous System - How Your Lungs Work | HowStuffWorksBreathing and the Autonomic Nervous System - How Your Lungs Work | HowStuffWorks
What are the adverse effects of the increased work of breathing due to childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?What are the adverse effects of the increased work of breathing due to childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?
Fragment Of Breathing Apparatus In The Operating Room Blurred Background With Team Surgeon At Work In Hospital During Their...Fragment Of Breathing Apparatus In The Operating Room Blurred Background With Team Surgeon At Work In Hospital During Their...
Ozone Therapy: That Extra Oxygen Molecule Can Work Wonders - Breathing.comOzone Therapy: That Extra Oxygen Molecule Can Work Wonders - Breathing.com
How Breathe Right Nasal Strips Work | Breathe RightHow Breathe Right Nasal Strips Work | Breathe Right
Noninvasive Examination of the Work of Breathing in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). - Full Text View -...Noninvasive Examination of the Work of Breathing in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). - Full Text View -...
Creating Model Working Lungs: Just Breathe - Activity - TeachEngineeringCreating Model Working Lungs: Just Breathe - Activity - TeachEngineering
Breathe easy: Recognizing and treating work-related asthmaBreathe easy: Recognizing and treating work-related asthma
The effect of high flow nasal cannula therapy on the work of breathing in infants with bronchiolitisThe effect of high flow nasal cannula therapy on the work of breathing in infants with bronchiolitis
Mechanical work on the lungs and work of breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure and continuous positive airway pressureMechanical work on the lungs and work of breathing with positive end-expiratory pressure and continuous positive airway pressure
The Effects of Tidal Volume Demand on Work of Breathing During Simulated Lung-Protective VentilationThe Effects of Tidal Volume Demand on Work of Breathing During Simulated Lung-Protective Ventilation
Work of Breathing in Obesity Assessed with Body Plethysmography Comparison with Emphysematic COPD and Pulmonary Fibrosis |...Work of Breathing in Obesity Assessed with Body Plethysmography Comparison with Emphysematic COPD and Pulmonary Fibrosis |...
Study shows unassisted method works best to restore independent breathing in patients on ventilators - Healthcanal.com :...Study shows unassisted method works best to restore independent breathing in patients on ventilators - Healthcanal.com :...
Work of breathing during CPAP and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula | ADC Fetal & Neonatal EditionWork of breathing during CPAP and heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
Breathing Should Never Be Hard Work - One Mans Journey with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Electronic book text): Robert...Breathing Should Never Be Hard Work - One Man's Journey with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Electronic book text): Robert...
Basic principles of neonatal bubble CPAP: effects on CPAP delivery and imposed work of breathing when altering the original...Basic principles of neonatal bubble CPAP: effects on CPAP delivery and imposed work of breathing when altering the original...
Most recent papers with the keyword Work of breathing | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Work of breathing | Read by QxMD
Work of Breathing | Article about Work of Breathing by The Free DictionaryWork of Breathing | Article about Work of Breathing by The Free Dictionary
Work of breathing | definition of work of breathing by Medical dictionaryWork of breathing | definition of work of breathing by Medical dictionary
Work of Breathing · Part OneWork of Breathing · Part One
Home remedies for bronchitis: How they work, typesHome remedies for bronchitis: How they work, types
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth Care
Work of BreathingRespirationMouth BreathingRespiratory MechanicsBreathing ExercisesSleep Apnea SyndromesTidal VolumePulmonary VentilationInhalationApneaWorkCarbon DioxideRespiratory Physiological PhenomenaPolysomnographyOxygenIntermittent Positive-Pressure BreathingRespiratory RateRespiratory MusclesDiaphragmAirway ResistanceHeliumSnoringExhalationAnoxiaRespiratory CenterHyperventilationSleep Apnea, CentralRespiratory Function TestsChemoreceptor CellsVentilator WeaningAirPulmonary Gas ExchangeSleep Apnea, ObstructiveBlood Gas AnalysisRespiration, ArtificialSleepFetal MovementPlethysmographyCheyne-Stokes RespirationPlethysmography, Whole BodyAir PressureAirway ObstructionLung Volume MeasurementsLungThoraxRespiration DisordersPartial PressureRespiratory InsufficiencyPositive-Pressure RespirationOximetryRespiratory Dead SpacePeriodicityWakefulnessHeart RateIntercostal MusclesDecompression SicknessSleep StagesPhrenic NerveTime FactorsOxygen ConsumptionRespiratory Protective DevicesRespiratory SystemHyperoxiaFunctional Residual CapacityHypoventilationElectromyographyWork Schedule ToleranceLung ComplianceAerosolsOxygen Inhalation TherapyAdenoidectomyRespiratory-Gated Imaging TechniquesWork Capacity EvaluationThoracic WallInspiratory CapacityAbdominal MusclesLung Diseases, ObstructiveTonsillectomyDivingMasksVagotomyRespiratory TherapyReturn to WorkPulmonary Stretch ReceptorsMedulla OblongataSpirometryPressureLarynxContinuous Positive Airway PressureExpiratory Reserve VolumeCarotid BodyAir Pollutants, OccupationalNosePharynxDecompressionReflexIntubation, IntratrachealSupine PositionPlethysmography, ImpedanceVagus NerveSleep, REMBlood PressureTracheostomyBrain StemAltitudeAdministration, InhalationDisorders of Excessive SomnolenceObesity Hypoventilation SyndromeEquipment DesignNasal ObstructionPhysical ExertionRespiratory Physiological ProcessesVentilationPostureGasesDeglutitionMovementAnesthesiaVital CapacityInhalation ExposureManikinsMouth ProtectorsModels, BiologicalOccupational ExposureAutonomic Nervous SystemArrhythmia, SinusNasal CavityArousalLaryngeal NervesVentilators, Negative-PressureValsalva ManeuverTotal Lung CapacityAir MovementsMonitoring, PhysiologicAnalysis of VarianceForced Expiratory Flow RatesExerciseArtifactsNebulizers and VaporizersHypoglossal NerveDoxapramAlgorithmsSeverity of Illness IndexOccupational DiseasesBreath HoldingTongueTracheotomyCapnographyForced Expiratory VolumeProspective StudiesAnesthesia, InhalationCardiovascular Physiological PhenomenaVentilation-Perfusion RatioExercise TestReference ValuesBronchial SpasmOccupational HealthHypocapniaAsthmaStomatognathic SystemAtmospheric PressurePalate, SoftSignal Processing, Computer-AssistedBreath TestsHumidityAdenoidsQuestionnairesReproducibility of ResultsAltitude SicknessPulmonary Disease, Chronic ObstructiveMouthTracheaAnesthesia, GeneralNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.)WorkplaceRestRespiratory ParalysisMountaineeringErgometryParasomniasIntermittent Positive-Pressure VentilationResidual VolumeSheepAtmosphere Exposure ChambersRibsDogsRats, Sprague-DawleyHeart Rate, FetalCardiac OutputPulmonary CirculationAbdomenHemodynamicsCross-Sectional StudiesAnesthetics, InhalationInfant, NewbornBlood Gas Monitoring, TranscutaneousAsphyxiaPharyngeal MusclesAnimals, NewbornCatsRisk Factors
OxygenVentilationNoseLungsChestBreathsBreathDifficulty BreathingVentilatorThroatVentilatorsPatternPatient'sMouthMeditationInhaleBodyProblemsProcedureIntercostal musclesDeeplyDiaphragm is the main muscleExhalationExercisesTidalResistive workYogaSpontaneous Breathing TrialExhaleGoing back and fAnxietyResistanceThefreedictionary.comChestDecreasesPeopleCarbonRespiratory systemEnergy expendedPulmonaryLungs WorkHigh flow nasal cannulaNasal passageProcedure of breathinLifePEEPBrainstemButeykoAutonomic nervouTechniqueHealthDeepExercisePatientCardiovascularMaskHarderMuscularClinicalMethods
Oxygen5
Ventilation1
Nose6
Lungs1
  • As Milana Perepyolkina , bestselling author of Gypsy Energy Secrets , explains: "When we wake up, we immediately jump into a tension mode and start breathing fast and from the top of our lungs. (bestlifeonline.com)
Chest4
Breaths1
  • Though you shouldn't be focusing on your breathing 24/7, it's still important to take some time every now and again to pay attention to your breaths-and the best time to do this is first thing in the morning. (bestlifeonline.com)
Breath1
  • Not only is mouth breathing annoying, but it can also have harmful side effects everywhere from your mouth to your mind, as taking in breath through the mouth deprives the body of the blood flow-regulating and immunity-boosting nitric oxide that the nasal passages provide. (bestlifeonline.com)
Difficulty Breathing1
Ventilator3
Throat4
Ventilators1
Pattern1
Patient's1
Mouth3
Meditation2
Inhale1
Body1
Problems2
Procedure1
Intercostal muscles4
Deeply6
Diaphragm is the main muscle1
Exhalation5
Exercises13
Tidal1
Resistive work1
Yoga12
Spontaneous Breathing Trial3
Exhale5
Going back and f1
Anxiety8
Resistance4
Thefreedictionary.com1
  • Retrieved September 8, 2015, from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/work+of+breathing Medical Dictionary. (wikipedia.org)
Chest7
Decreases4
People14
Carbon14
Respiratory system3
Energy expended1
  • and a force acts on a body, the work done by the force is equal to the increase of the kinetic and potential energy of the body, since all the energy expended by the agency exerting the force must be gained by the body. (thefreedictionary.com)
Pulmonary6
Lungs Work1
High flow nasal cannula1
  • The main physiological impact of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is presumed to be a decrease in work of breathing (WOB). (nih.gov)
Nasal passage1
Procedure of breathin1
  • This is the real exchange of oxygen and also co2 in between an organism and its setting, which involves the procedure of breathing directly. (koopatheband.com)
Life8
  • The peer-reviewed monthly journal, Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ASEM) provides contact with physicians, life scientists, bioengineers, and medical specialists working in both basic medical research and in its clinical applications. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • Just enjoy the easy breathing to overcome all your sadness and live back the blissful life with complete health and happiness forever. (dyracuse.com)
  • In this review, you are going to find how "breathing" can help to refresh your beloved soul, body and mind by just making a few changes in your life. (dyracuse.com)
  • Here, Brandon Bishop introduces the excellent program called Crystal Breathing to flood your living life with positive energy and allow you to experience the perfect clarity. (dyracuse.com)
  • Brandon's The Crystal Breathing is the revolutionary program to change your life for good. (dyracuse.com)
  • understanding, motivating and empowering their tribe members in work and in life. (inc.com)
  • And while breathing in and out seems like the most obvious thing in the world, something we all have in common, a gander around the animal kingdom reminds us that life is anything but simple. (slate.com)
  • It's completely ridiculous that I can be as sick as I am, and the biggest problem in their life is the fact I am sick, and they might have to work a double to cover it. (blogspot.com)
PEEP2
Brainstem4
Buteyko1
Autonomic nervou3
Technique6
  • In this article, we look at how to perform this breathing technique, why it might work, and apps that could help. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to some advocates of 4-7-8 breathing, the longer and more frequently a person uses the technique, the more effective it becomes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In addition, the researchers discovered several clinical variables associated with the time required for successful weaning in addition to weaning technique: age, ventilator duration before randomizing, the ratio of how fast and deep a patient could breathe, and the strength of a patient's ability to inhale. (healthcanal.com)
  • In mHealth field, accurate breathing rate monitoring technique has benefited a broad array of healthcare-related applications. (hindawi.com)
  • Here you can use the breathing technique that shows how to increase the Qi and decrease the Feng by making some of the specific changes to your breathing patterns, so it works directly to change your mental state easily. (dyracuse.com)
  • The 4-7-8 Breathing Technique Can Help You Fall Asleep Faster. (flipboard.com)
Health6
  • To help reduce the high financial and human health costs of WRA, the Ontario Lung Association in collaboration with Ontario Thoracic Society Provider Education Program, McMaster University, the Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers, and Health & Safety Ontario are providing workers, employers and primary care healthcare providers with up-to-date guideline-based education on work-related asthma through a two-part webinar series. (ccohs.ca)
  • For example, a 2011 review article in Health Science Journal identifies some of the potential health benefits of deep breathing techniques, particularly for deep breathing from the diaphragm. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It shows how to supercharge your breathing to Qi type breathing for experiencing the positive energy, joy, love and get amazing health. (dyracuse.com)
  • Learn evidence-based breathing therapies that can effectively treat serious health conditions. (naturaltherapypages.com.au)
  • We focused on creating more engaging spaces that make it fun to come to work and putting more emphasis on health and wellness. (inc.com)
  • According to recent statistics published by the Health and Safety Executive, work-related stress has climbed to its highest rate in 16 years . (crunch.co.uk)
Deep9
Exercise8
Patient6
  • The system may include a breathing support device configured to deliver gas to a patient and a display device associated with the breathing support device. (google.ca)
  • 3. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the data received by the work of breathing calculation module comprises data regarding delivery of the gas to the patient, including at least one of pressure and flow of the gas delivered to the patient. (google.ca)
  • Instead, physicians determine if the work of breathing is increased by gestalt or by examining the patient looking for signs of increased breathing effort. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, patients in those settings may be required to breathe via the anti-asphyxia valve for several minutes, and it is important that the WOB I be easily tolerated by the ventilator-dependent patient. (rcjournal.com)
  • In this "push-pull system," total WOB is thought to remain relatively constant, with only the distribution of work between the patient and the ventilator varying because of patient effort. (rcjournal.com)
  • She works with major publishers and specializes in evidence-based patient and physician medical content. (livestrong.com)
Cardiovascular2
Mask4
Harder3
Muscular2
Clinical4
Methods1
Altitude Training | How to Prepare for Cycling at High Elevation
Altitude Training | How to Prepare for Cycling at High Elevation (bicycling.com)
The magic of Vedic math - Gaurav Tekriwal - YouTube
The magic of Vedic math - Gaurav Tekriwal - YouTube (youtube.com)
4 Ways to Enter Alpha State of Mind - wikiHow
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The Tuna Industry's Dirty Little Secret - YouTube
The Tuna Industry's Dirty Little Secret - YouTube (youtube.com)
Sinus Infection: Sinusitis Dos and Don'ts
Sinus Infection: Sinusitis Dos and Don'ts (medicinenet.com)
Weaning Management Product Solutions | Medtronic (UK)
Weaning Management Product Solutions | Medtronic (UK) (medtronic.com)
Side Effects of Nebulizer Use | Livestrong.com
Side Effects of Nebulizer Use | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Breathing Freely | Science Signaling
Breathing Freely | Science Signaling (stke.sciencemag.org)
How Spiders Work | HowStuffWorks
How Spiders Work | HowStuffWorks (animals.howstuffworks.com)
Where Is Barometric Pressure the Lowest? | Reference.com
Where Is Barometric Pressure the Lowest? | Reference.com (reference.com)
Investors breathe sigh of relief as British American Tobacco sticks to targets
Investors breathe sigh of relief as British American Tobacco sticks to targets (telegraph.co.uk)
Creating Confidence @ Work - Anxiety UK
Creating Confidence @ Work - Anxiety UK (anxietyuk.org.uk)
1997 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
1997 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (oscars.org)
8 Ideas for Reducing Stress at Work - business.com
8 Ideas for Reducing Stress at Work - business.com (business.com)
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NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20041459 - Work-related asthma - 38 states and District of Columbia, 2006-2009. (cdc.gov)
What to know about sticking to New Year's resolutions | Stanford News
What to know about sticking to New Year's resolutions | Stanford News (news.stanford.edu)
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20043321 - Personal breathing zone exposures among hot-mix asphalt paving workers;...
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20043321 - Personal breathing zone exposures among hot-mix asphalt paving workers;... (cdc.gov)
1 what are hiccups | This Blog Rules | Why go elsewhere?
1 what are hiccups | This Blog Rules | Why go elsewhere? (thisblogrules.com)
How Fireworks Work. - Big Think
How Fireworks Work. - Big Think (bigthink.com)
August 1993 - Volume 35 - Issue 2 : Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
August 1993 - Volume 35 - Issue 2 : Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (journals.lww.com)
Inflamed Veins After Working Out | Livestrong.com
Inflamed Veins After Working Out | Livestrong.com (livestrong.com)
Pre-Natal and Post-Natal Breathing | Smore Newsletters
Pre-Natal and Post-Natal Breathing | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)
NIOSH Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program | NIOSH | CDC
NIOSH Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program | NIOSH | CDC (cdc.gov)
Farmers urged to bury their underpants to improve quality of their beef
Farmers urged to bury their underpants to improve quality of their beef (telegraph.co.uk)
At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100C. For this | bartleby
At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100C. For this | bartleby (bartleby.com)
Do you want your work to be better organised? - Vanguard News Nigeria
Do you want your work to be better organised? - Vanguard News Nigeria (vanguardngr.com)
Breathing Through Grief to Joy | Spirituality & Health
Breathing Through Grief to Joy | Spirituality & Health (spiritualityhealth.com)
Ask Rusty - SSDI and the Ticket to Work Program - SM Mirror
Ask Rusty - SSDI and the Ticket to Work Program - SM Mirror (smmirror.com)
Can Work Stress Be Linked to Stroke? - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Can Work Stress Be Linked to Stroke? - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com (healthcanal.com)
10 Techniques To Breathe Life Back Into Your Writing And Defeat Writer's Block | Thought Catalog
10 Techniques To Breathe Life Back Into Your Writing And Defeat Writer's Block | Thought Catalog (thoughtcatalog.com)
The Horror Of Sleep Paralysis Hallucinations Revealed In 46 Dark Drawings | Bored Panda
The Horror Of Sleep Paralysis Hallucinations Revealed In 46 Dark Drawings | Bored Panda (boredpanda.com)
Respiratory System | Smore Newsletters
Respiratory System | Smore Newsletters (smore.com)