Water. Medical search

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)

Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.

Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.

Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)

Any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized; for example, chlorination, filtration, primary treatment, ion exchange, and distillation. It includes treatment of WASTE WATER to provide potable and hygienic water in a controlled or closed environment as well as provision of public drinking water supplies.

Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.

Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.

The withholding of water in a structured experimental situation.

The flow of water in enviromental bodies of water such as rivers, oceans, water supplies, aquariums, etc. It includes currents, tides, and waves.

The consumption of liquids.

A class of porins that allow the passage of WATER and other small molecules across CELL MEMBRANES.

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

Large natural streams of FRESH WATER formed by converging tributaries and which empty into a body of water (lake or ocean).

Constructions built to access underground water.

Aquaporin 1 forms a water-specific channel that is constitutively expressed at the PLASMA MEMBRANE of ERYTHROCYTES and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL. It provides these cells with a high permeability to WATER. In humans polymorphisms of this protein result in the Colton blood group antigen.

Contaminated water generated as a waste product of human activity.

The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.

A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching.

Circulation of water among various ecological systems, in various states, on, above, and below the surface of the earth.

The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.

Environmental reservoirs of water related to natural WATER CYCLE by which water is obtained for various purposes. This includes but is not limited to watersheds, aquifers and springs.

Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.

Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes.

The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.

Pollutants, present in water or bodies of water, which exhibit radioactivity.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Water content outside of the lung vasculature. About 80% of a normal lung is made up of water, including intracellular, interstitial, and blood water. Failure to maintain the normal homeostatic fluid exchange between the vascular space and the interstitium of the lungs can result in PULMONARY EDEMA and flooding of the alveolar space.

Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A drive stemming from a physiological need for WATER.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Beaches, both natural and man-made, used for bathing and other activities.

Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.

Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).

Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Aquaporin 2 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. The translocation of aquaporin 2 to the apical PLASMA MEMBRANE is regulated by VASOPRESSIN, and MUTATIONS in AQP2 have been implicated in a variety of kidney disorders including DIABETES INSIPIDUS.

An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.

The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.

The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.

Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.

The solid substance formed by the FREEZING of water.

Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

Water particles that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Aquaporin 3 is an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed in the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS and is constitutively localized at the basolateral MEMBRANE.

Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

Water naturally or artificially infused with CARBON DIOXIDE.

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Aquaporin 6 is an aquaglyceroporin that is found primarily in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. AQP6 protein functions as an anion-selective channel.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.

A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)

The enrichment of a terrestrial or aquatic ECOSYSTEM by the addition of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, that results in a superabundant growth of plants, ALGAE, or other primary producers. It can be a natural process or result from human activity such as agriculture runoff or sewage pollution. In aquatic ecosystems, an increase in the algae population is termed an algal bloom.

Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.

The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)

The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

A genus of flagellate intestinal EUKARYOTES parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Gram-negative aerobic rods, isolated from surface water or thermally polluted lakes or streams. Member are pathogenic for man. Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent for LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

The ability of the kidney to excrete in the urine high concentrations of solutes from the blood plasma.

Disorders associated with acute or chronic exposure to compounds containing ARSENIC (ARSENICALS) which may be fatal. Acute oral ingestion is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and an encephalopathy which may manifest as SEIZURES, mental status changes, and COMA. Chronic exposure is associated with mucosal irritation, desquamating rash, myalgias, peripheral neuropathy, and white transverse (Mees) lines in the fingernails. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1212)

The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)

Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. Further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called SPOROZOITES. Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites.

Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.

The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.

Activity engaged in for pleasure.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Calamities producing great damage, loss of life, and distress. They include results of natural phenomena and man-made phenomena. Normal conditions of existence are disrupted and the level of impact exceeds the capacity of the hazard-affected community.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Reduced water permeability and altered ultrastructure in thin descending limb of Henle in aquaporin-1 null mice. (1/15056)

It has been controversial whether high water permeability in the thin descending limb of Henle (TDLH) is required for formation of a concentrated urine by the kidney. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) of rat TDLH has shown an exceptionally high density of intramembrane particles (IMPs), which were proposed to consist of tetramers of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels. In this study, transepithelial osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in isolated perfused segments (0.5-1 mm) of TDLH in wild-type (+/+), AQP1 heterozygous (+/-), and AQP1 null (-/-) mice. Pf was measured at 37 degrees C using a 100 mM bath-to-lumen osmotic gradient of raffinose, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran as the luminal volume marker. Pf was (in cm/s): 0.26 +/- 0.02 ([+/+]; SE, n = 9 tubules), 0.21 +/- 0.01 ([+/-]; n = 12), and 0.031 +/- 0.007 ([-/-]; n = 6) (P < 0.02, [+/+] vs. [+/-]; P < 0.0001, [+/+] vs. [-/-]). FFEM of kidney medulla showed remarkably fewer IMPs in TDLH from (-/-) vs. (+/+) and (+/-) mice. IMP densities were (in microm-2, SD, 5-12 micrographs): 5,880 +/- 238 (+/+); 5,780 +/- 450 (+/-); and 877 +/- 420 (-/-). IMP size distribution analysis revealed mean IMP diameters of 8.4 nm ([+/+] and [+/-]) and 5.2 nm ([-/-]). These results demonstrate that AQP1 is the principal water channel in TDLH and support the view that osmotic equilibration along TDLH by water transport plays a key role in the renal countercurrent concentrating mechanism. The similar Pf and AQP1 expression in TDLH of (+/+) and (+/-) mice was an unexpected finding that probably accounts for the unimpaired urinary concentrating ability in (+/-) mice. (+info)

The posterior nasal nerve plays an important role on cardiopulmonary reflexes to nasal application of capsaicin, distilled water and l-menthol in anesthetized dogs. (2/15056)

The sensory innervation of the cardiopulmonary reflexes to nasal application of capsaicin (CAPS), distilled water (DW) and l-menthol (LM) was studied in anesthetized dogs breathing through tracheostomy. A marked cardiopulmonary reflex was observed by CAPS and DW into the nasal cavity, while a prolongation of expiration was induced by LM. All these reflexes were significantly decreased by bilateral section of the posterior nasal nerve (PNN) and completely abolished by topical nasal anesthesia with lidocaine. Responses of the whole nerve activity of the PNN to these substances corresponded to the magnitude of the reflexes. These results indicate that PNN afferents play an important role on the reflex elicitation of the noxious, water and cold stimuli from the nasal cavity. (+info)

The accessibility of iron at the active site of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase to water as studied by 1H NMR paramagnetic relaxation. Effect of L-Phe and comparison with the rat enzyme. (3/15056)

The high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) ion at the active site of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) has a paramagnetic effect on the longitudinal relaxation rate of water protons. This effect is proportional to the concentration of enzyme, with a paramagnetic molar-relaxivity value at 400 MHz and 25 degrees C of 1. 3 (+/- 0.03) x 10(3) s-1 M-1. The value of the Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) for the relaxation rate was -14.4 +/- 1.1 kJ/mol for the resting enzyme, indicating a fast exchange of water protons in the paramagnetic environment. The frequency dependence of the relaxation rate also supported this hypothesis. Thus, the recombinant human PAH appears to have a more solvent-accessible catalytic iron than the rat enzyme, in which the water coordinated to the metal is slowly exchanging with the solvent. These findings may be related to the level of basal activity before activation for these enzymes, which is higher for human than for rat PAH. In the presence of saturating (5 mM) concentrations of the substrate L-Phe, the paramagnetic molar relaxivity for human PAH decreased to 0.72 (+/- 0.05) x 10(3) s-1 M-1 with no significant change in the Ea. Effective correlation times (tauC) of 1.8 (+/- 0.3) x 10(-10) and 1.25 (+/- 0.2) x 10(-10) s-1 were calculated for the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex, respectively, and most likely represent the electron spin relaxation rate (tauS) for Fe(III) in each case. Together with the paramagnetic molar-relaxivity values, the tauC values were used to estimate Fe(III)-water distances. It seems that at least one of the three water molecules coordinated to the iron in the resting rat and human enzymes is displaced from coordination on the binding of L-Phe at the active site. (+info)

Molecular dynamics study of substance P peptides in a biphasic membrane mimic. (4/15056)

Two neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and SP-tyrosine-8 (SP-Y8), have been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in a TIP3P water/CCl4 biphasic solvent system as a mimic for the water-membrane system. Initially, distance restraints derived from NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were incorporated in the restrained MD (RMD) in the equilibration stage of the simulation. The starting orientation/position of the peptides for the MD simulation was either parallel to the water/CCl4 interface or in a perpendicular/insertion mode. In both cases the peptides equilibrated and adopted a near-parallel orientation within approximately 250 ps. After equilibration, the conformation and orientation of the peptides, the solvation of both the backbone and the side chain of the residues, hydrogen bonding, and the dynamics of the peptides were analyzed from trajectories obtained in the RMD or the subsequent free MD (where the NOE restraints were removed). These analyses showed that the peptide backbone of nearly all residues are either solvated by water or are hydrogen-bonded. This is seen to be an important factor against the insertion mode of interaction. Most of the interactions with the hydrophobic phase come from the hydrophobic interactions of the side chains of Pro-4, Phe-7, Phe-8, Leu-10, and Met-11 for SP, and Phe-7, Leu-10, Met-11 and, to a lesser extent, Tyr-8 in SP-Y8. Concerted conformational transitions took place in the time frame of hundreds of picoseconds. The concertedness of the transition was due to the tendency of the peptide to maintain the necessary secondary structure to position the peptide properly with respect to the water/CCl4 interface. (+info)

Molecular dynamics study of substance P peptides partitioned in a sodium dodecylsulfate micelle. (5/15056)

Two neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and SP-tyrosine-8 (SP-Y8), have been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an explicit sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelle. Initially, distance restraints derived from NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were incorporated in the restrained MD (RMD) during the equilibration stage of the simulation. It was shown that when SP-Y8 was initially placed in an insertion (perpendicular) configuration, the peptide equilibrated to a surface-bound (parallel) configuration in approximately 450 ps. After equilibration, the conformation and orientation of the peptides, the solvation of both the backbone and the side chain of the residues, hydrogen bonding, and the dynamics of the peptides were analyzed from trajectories obtained from the RMD or the subsequent free MD (where the NOE restraints were removed). These analyses showed that the peptide backbones of all residues are either solvated by water or are hydrogen-bonded. This is seen to be an important factor against the insertion mode of interaction. Most of the interactions come from the hydrophobic interaction between the side chains of Lys-3, Pro-4, Phe-7, Phe-8, Leu-10, and Met-11 for SP, from Lys-3, Phe-7, Leu-10, and Met-11 in SP-Y8, and the micellar interior. Significant interactions, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding, between the N-terminal residues, Arg-Pro-Lys, and the micellar headgroups were observed. These latter interactions served to affect both the structure and, especially, the flexibility, of the N-terminus. The results from simulation of the same peptides in a water/CCl4 biphasic cell were compared with the results of the present study, and the validity of using the biphasic system as an approximation for peptide-micelle or peptide-bilayer systems is discussed. (+info)

Charge pairing of headgroups in phosphatidylcholine membranes: A molecular dynamics simulation study. (6/15056)

Molecular dynamics simulation of the hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer membrane in the liquid-crystalline phase was carried out for 5 ns to study the interaction among DMPC headgroups in the membrane/water interface region. The phosphatidylcholine headgroup contains a positively charged choline group and negatively charged phosphate and carbonyl groups, although it is a neutral molecule as a whole. Our previous study (Pasenkiewicz-Gierula, M., Y. Takaoka, H. Miyagawa, K. Kitamura, and A. Kusumi. 1997. J. Phys. Chem. 101:3677-3691) showed the formation of water cross-bridges between negatively charged groups in which a water molecule is simultaneously hydrogen bonded to two DMPC molecules. Water bridges link 76% of DMPC molecules in the membrane. In the present study we show that relatively stable charge associations (charge pairs) are formed between the positively and negatively charged groups of two DMPC molecules. Charge pairs link 93% of DMPC molecules in the membrane. Water bridges and charge pairs together form an extended network of interactions among DMPC headgroups linking 98% of all membrane phospholipids. The average lifetimes of DMPC-DMPC associations via charge pairs, water bridges and both, are at least 730, 1400, and over 1500 ps, respectively. However, these associations are dynamic states and they break and re-form several times during their lifetime. (+info)

Localization and environment of tryptophans in soluble and membrane-bound states of a pore-forming toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. (7/15056)

The location and environment of tryptophans in the soluble and membrane-bound forms of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin were monitored using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Fluorescence quenching of the toxin monomer in solution indicated varying degrees of tryptophan burial within the protein interior. N-Bromosuccinimide readily abolished 80% of the fluorescence in solution. The residual fluorescence of the modified toxin showed a blue-shifted emission maximum, a longer fluorescence lifetime as compared to the unmodified and membrane-bound alpha-toxin, and a 5- to 6-nm red edge excitation shift, all indicating a restricted tryptophan environment and deeply buried tryptophans. In the membrane-bound form, the fluorescence of alpha-toxin was quenched by iodide, indicating a conformational change leading to exposure of some tryptophans. A shorter average lifetime of tryptophans in the membrane-bound alpha-toxin as compared to the native toxin supported the conclusions based on iodide quenching of the membrane-bound toxin. Fluorescence quenching of membrane-bound alpha-toxin using brominated and spin-labeled fatty acids showed no quenching of fluorescence using brominated lipids. However, significant quenching was observed using 5- and 12-doxyl stearic acids. An average depth calculation using the parallax method indicated that the doxyl-quenchable tryptophans are located at an average depth of 10 A from the center of the bilayer close to the membrane interface. This was found to be in striking agreement with the recently described structure of the membrane-bound form of alpha-toxin. (+info)

Polarization-modulated FTIR spectroscopy of lipid/gramicidin monolayers at the air/water interface. (8/15056)

Monolayers of gramicidin A, pure and in mixtures with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), were studied in situ at the air/H2O and air/D2O interfaces by polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Simulations of the entire set of amide I absorption modes were also performed, using complete parameter sets for different conformations based on published normal mode calculations. The structure of gramicidin A in the DMPC monolayer could clearly be assigned to a beta6.3 helix. Quantitative analysis of the amide I bands revealed that film pressures of up to 25-30 mN/m the helix tilt angle from the vertical in the pure gramicidin A layer exceeded 60 degrees. A marked dependence of the peptide orientation on the applied surface pressure was observed for the mixed lipid-peptide monolayers. At low pressure the helix lay flat on the surface, whereas at high pressures the helix was oriented almost parallel to the surface normal. (+info)

In the medical field, water is a vital substance that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that makes up the majority of the body's fluids, including blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid. Water plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's temperature, transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, removing waste products, and lubricating joints. It also helps to regulate blood pressure and prevent dehydration, which can lead to a range of health problems. In medical settings, water is often used as a means of hydration therapy for patients who are dehydrated or have fluid imbalances. It may also be used as a diluent for medications or as a component of intravenous fluids. Overall, water is an essential component of human health and plays a critical role in maintaining the body's normal functions.

Aquaporins are a family of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across cell membranes. They are found in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans, and play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of water and other small solutes in cells and tissues. In the medical field, aquaporins are of particular interest because they are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including the regulation of blood pressure, the movement of water across the blood-brain barrier, and the transport of water and other solutes across epithelial tissues such as the kidney and the lungs. Abnormalities in aquaporin function have been linked to a number of diseases, including cystic fibrosis, polycystic kidney disease, and certain types of cancer. As such, aquaporins are the subject of ongoing research in the medical field, with the goal of developing new treatments and therapies for these and other diseases.

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the transport of water and other small molecules across cell membranes. It is primarily expressed in the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels, as well as in the epithelial cells that line the lungs, kidneys, and other organs. In the medical field, AQP1 is of particular interest because it is involved in a number of important physiological processes, including the regulation of blood pressure, the maintenance of fluid balance, and the clearance of waste products from the body. It is also involved in the development of certain diseases, such as hypertension, kidney disease, and pulmonary edema. AQP1 is a member of the aquaporin family of proteins, which are specialized channels that facilitate the movement of water and other small molecules across cell membranes. These channels are essential for many physiological processes, and their dysfunction can lead to a range of health problems.

In the medical field, "waste water" typically refers to water that has been contaminated with various types of biological, chemical, and physical pollutants, including bacteria, viruses, pharmaceuticals, and other harmful substances. This type of water is often generated by hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities, as well as by laboratories and research facilities that handle biological materials. Waste water from healthcare facilities can contain a wide range of contaminants, including blood, urine, feces, and other bodily fluids, as well as chemicals used in cleaning and disinfection. These contaminants can pose a significant risk to public health if they are not properly treated and disposed of. To prevent the spread of disease and protect public health, healthcare facilities are required to follow strict regulations for the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste water. This typically involves the use of specialized treatment systems, such as biological treatment systems, chemical treatment systems, or advanced oxidation processes, to remove or neutralize contaminants before the water is discharged into the environment.

Dehydration is a medical condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in. This can lead to a decrease in the amount of water and electrolytes in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms and complications. Dehydration can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and not drinking enough fluids. It can also occur in people who are sick or have an underlying medical condition that affects their ability to retain fluids. Symptoms of dehydration can include thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, fatigue, dizziness, headache, and confusion. In severe cases, dehydration can lead to more serious complications, such as seizures, coma, and even death. Treatment for dehydration typically involves replacing lost fluids and electrolytes through oral rehydration therapy or intravenous fluids, depending on the severity of the dehydration and the underlying cause. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may be dehydrated, as prompt treatment can prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It is a highly reactive gas that is commonly used in various industries, including medicine. In the medical field, chlorine is used as a disinfectant to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that can cause infections. It is often used in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities to disinfect surfaces, equipment, and water. Chlorine is also used in the production of various medical products, such as chlorhexidine, a widely used antiseptic in healthcare settings. Chlorine is also used in the production of certain medications, such as chloramphenicol, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. However, it is important to note that chlorine can also be toxic in high concentrations and can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow proper safety protocols when handling and using chlorine in the medical field.

In the medical field, sewage refers to the waste water that is generated from households, industries, and commercial establishments. It contains a mixture of water, solid waste, and various contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and chemicals. Sewage is considered a potential source of disease transmission and can pose a risk to public health if not properly treated and disposed of. Therefore, the collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage are important public health measures to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.

In the medical field, oxygen isotopes refer to the different forms of the element oxygen that have different atomic weights due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. The most common oxygen isotopes are oxygen-16, oxygen-17, and oxygen-18. Oxygen-16 is the most abundant and is the form of oxygen that is found in the air we breathe. Oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 are less abundant and are often used in medical research and diagnostic imaging. Oxygen isotopes can be used to study the metabolism and function of various organs and tissues in the body, and can also be used to diagnose and treat certain medical conditions.

Deuterium oxide, also known as heavy water, is a chemical compound composed of one oxygen atom and two deuterium atoms. It has the chemical formula D2O and is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid that is similar in appearance and properties to regular water (H2O). In the medical field, deuterium oxide is used as a tracer in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a non-invasive imaging technique that can provide detailed information about the structure and function of molecules in the body. Deuterium oxide is often used as a substitute for regular water in NMR studies because its slightly different chemical properties allow it to be distinguished from regular water in the spectra. Deuterium oxide has also been used in some clinical trials as a potential treatment for certain medical conditions, such as cancer and heart disease. However, its use in medicine is still limited and more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.

In the medical field, "Water Pollutants, Radioactive" refers to any substances that contaminate water sources with radioactive materials. These substances can come from a variety of sources, including nuclear power plants, mining operations, and medical facilities that handle radioactive materials. Radioactive water pollutants can pose significant health risks to humans and the environment. When ingested or inhaled, radioactive materials can damage cells and DNA, leading to an increased risk of cancer and other health problems. In addition, radioactive water pollutants can contaminate crops and drinking water supplies, leading to long-term health effects for people who consume these contaminated products. To prevent the spread of radioactive water pollutants, it is important to monitor water sources for radioactive contamination and to implement strict regulations and safety protocols for facilities that handle radioactive materials.

In the medical field, "soil" typically refers to the microorganisms and other biological material that can be found in soil. These microorganisms can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and can be present in various forms, such as in soil particles or as free-living organisms. Soil can also refer to the physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as its texture, pH, nutrient content, and water-holding capacity. These properties can affect the growth and health of plants, and can also impact the spread of soil-borne diseases and infections. In some cases, soil can also be used as a medium for growing plants in a controlled environment, such as in a greenhouse or laboratory setting. In these cases, the soil may be specially formulated to provide the necessary nutrients and conditions for optimal plant growth.

In the medical field, arsenic is a toxic heavy metal that can cause a range of health problems when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Arsenic is found naturally in the environment and can also be released into the air, water, and soil through human activities such as mining, smelting, and the use of certain pesticides and herbicides. Long-term exposure to arsenic can lead to a variety of health problems, including skin lesions, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Arsenic poisoning can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and headache. In severe cases, it can lead to organ failure and death. In the medical field, arsenic poisoning is treated by removing the source of exposure and providing supportive care to manage symptoms. In some cases, chelation therapy may be used to remove arsenic from the body. It is important to note that the risk of arsenic poisoning can be reduced by avoiding exposure to contaminated water and soil, and by following safe practices when handling and disposing of arsenic-containing materials.

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a group of organic chemicals that are formed when chlorine or other disinfectants react with organic matter in water. They are commonly found in drinking water and can be a potential health concern. In the medical field, THMs are often studied as potential carcinogens and have been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer. They can also cause other health problems, such as liver and kidney damage, and may have negative effects on the nervous system. THMs are typically measured in drinking water to ensure that they are within safe levels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for THMs of 80 parts per billion (ppb) in drinking water.

Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the movement of water and other small molecules across cell membranes, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). It is the most abundant water channel protein in the brain and spinal cord, and it is primarily expressed in astrocytes, a type of glial cell that provides support and protection to neurons. In the medical field, AQP4 is of particular interest because it has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and Alexander disease. In MS and NMO, AQP4 is thought to be involved in the formation of inflammatory lesions in the brain and spinal cord, while in Alexander disease, it is associated with the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in astrocytes. AQP4 has also been studied in the context of other neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy, as well as in the development of new therapies for these conditions. For example, drugs that target AQP4 have shown promise in preclinical studies as potential treatments for MS and NMO, and ongoing clinical trials are evaluating their safety and efficacy in humans.

Sodium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. In the medical field, sodium is often measured in the blood and urine to assess its levels and monitor its balance in the body. Sodium is primarily responsible for regulating the body's fluid balance, which is essential for maintaining blood pressure and proper functioning of the heart, kidneys, and other organs. Sodium is also involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and the production of stomach acid. Abnormal levels of sodium in the body can lead to various medical conditions, including hyponatremia (low sodium levels), hypernatremia (high sodium levels), and dehydration. Sodium levels can be affected by various factors, including diet, medications, and underlying medical conditions. In the medical field, sodium levels are typically measured using a blood test called a serum sodium test or a urine test called a urine sodium test. These tests can help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions related to sodium levels, such as kidney disease, heart failure, and electrolyte imbalances.

Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of water balance in the body. It is primarily expressed in the kidney, where it is responsible for the reabsorption of water from the filtrate in the collecting ducts. This process is essential for maintaining proper hydration levels in the body and preventing dehydration. AQP2 is regulated by the hormone vasopressin, which is produced by the hypothalamus in response to dehydration or low blood pressure. Vasopressin binds to receptors on the surface of the collecting duct cells, activating a signaling cascade that leads to the insertion of AQP2 into the cell membrane. This allows water to pass through the cell membrane and into the bloodstream, where it can be transported to the rest of the body. Abnormal regulation of AQP2 can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by excessive urine production and dehydration, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which is caused by a deficiency in AQP2.

Chlorine compounds are chemical compounds that contain chlorine as an element. In the medical field, chlorine compounds are commonly used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and antifungals. They are also used in the production of various pharmaceuticals and medical devices. One of the most well-known chlorine compounds used in medicine is hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is produced by the immune system as a natural defense against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is also used as a disinfectant in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Other chlorine compounds used in medicine include chlorhexidine, which is used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes and skin cleansers, and chloramphenicol, which is used as an antibiotic to treat bacterial infections. However, it is important to note that some chlorine compounds can be toxic and can cause harm if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow proper safety protocols when handling and using chlorine compounds in the medical field.

In the medical field, "ice" typically refers to the use of cold therapy to reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling. Ice is often applied to the affected area for 15-20 minutes at a time, several times a day, to help alleviate discomfort and promote healing. Ice therapy is commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including sprains, strains, bruises, and muscle soreness. It can also be used to reduce inflammation and swelling after surgery or other medical procedures. It's important to note that while ice therapy can be effective for many conditions, it's not appropriate for everyone. People with certain medical conditions, such as Raynaud's disease or diabetes, may need to avoid ice therapy or use it with caution. It's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider before using ice therapy to ensure that it's safe and appropriate for your individual needs.

Vasopressins are a group of hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. They play a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. There are two main types of vasopressins: arginine vasopressin (AVP) and desmopressin (DDAVP). AVP is primarily responsible for regulating water balance in the body, while DDAVP is used to treat certain types of bleeding disorders. Vasopressins work by constricting blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. They also stimulate the kidneys to retain water, which helps to maintain blood volume and blood pressure. In addition, vasopressins can affect the heart rate and contractility, as well as the permeability of blood vessels. Abnormal levels of vasopressins can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including diabetes insipidus, which is characterized by excessive thirst and urination, and central diabetes insipidus, which is caused by a deficiency of AVP. Vasopressin levels can also be affected by certain medications, such as diuretics, and by certain medical conditions, such as heart failure and kidney disease.

Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is a protein that acts as a water channel in the cell membrane of various tissues in the human body. It is primarily expressed in the skin, where it plays a crucial role in regulating water balance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). AQP3 is also found in the kidney, where it helps to regulate the concentration of solutes in the urine. In addition, AQP3 has been implicated in the development of certain diseases, such as skin disorders, kidney disease, and cancer.

Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen that has one extra neutron in its nucleus compared to the most common isotope of hydrogen, protium. In the medical field, deuterium is sometimes used as a tracer in nuclear medicine imaging studies. For example, deuterium oxide (heavy water) can be used to label certain molecules, such as glucose or amino acids, which can then be injected into the body and imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This can help doctors to visualize the uptake and metabolism of these molecules in different tissues and organs, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions. Deuterium is also used in some types of radiation therapy, where it is used to replace hydrogen atoms in certain molecules to make them more radioactive, allowing them to be targeted to specific cancer cells.

In the medical field, carbonated water refers to water that has been infused with carbon dioxide gas under pressure, resulting in the formation of carbonic acid and the characteristic fizzy texture and taste. Carbonated water is often used as a beverage, but it can also be used in medical treatments for various conditions. For example, carbonated water can be used to help relieve symptoms of acid reflux by neutralizing stomach acid. It can also be used as a gargle to soothe a sore throat or as a compress to reduce swelling and inflammation. In some cases, carbonated water may be used as a laxative to help relieve constipation. However, it's important to note that carbonated water should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment for serious conditions. If you have a medical condition, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate treatment.

Electrolytes are minerals that are essential for the proper functioning of the body's cells, tissues, and organs. They are ions that carry an electrical charge and are necessary for maintaining the balance of fluids in the body, transmitting nerve impulses, and regulating muscle contractions. In the medical field, electrolytes are often measured in blood and urine tests to assess the body's electrolyte balance. The most common electrolytes measured in these tests are sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Electrolyte imbalances can occur due to various factors, including dehydration, kidney disease, heart failure, certain medications, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and thyroid disorders. Electrolyte imbalances can lead to a range of symptoms, including muscle cramps, weakness, confusion, and in severe cases, cardiac arrest or seizures. Therefore, it is important to maintain proper electrolyte balance through a balanced diet and appropriate medical treatment when necessary.

In the medical field, protons are subatomic particles that have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus of an atom. They are one of the two types of particles that make up atomic nuclei, the other being neutrons, which have no charge. Protons are important in medical applications because they can be used in a type of radiation therapy called proton therapy. Proton therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses beams of protons to target and destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. This is because protons have a unique property called the Bragg peak, which allows them to deposit most of their energy at a specific depth in the body before coming to a stop. This makes proton therapy particularly effective for treating certain types of cancer, such as brain tumors and pediatric cancers.

Aquaporin 6 (AQP6) is a protein that acts as a water channel in the cell membrane of various tissues in the human body. It is primarily expressed in the kidney, where it plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water from the filtrate in the renal tubules. AQP6 is also found in the lens of the eye, where it helps regulate the movement of water and ions to maintain the shape and transparency of the lens. In addition, AQP6 has been implicated in the regulation of cell volume, transepithelial transport, and the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Mutations in the AQP6 gene have been associated with several human diseases, including cataracts, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Arsenic poisoning is a condition that occurs when a person is exposed to high levels of arsenic, a toxic element that can be found in the environment, food, and water. Arsenic poisoning can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, skin rash, hair loss, and damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. In severe cases, arsenic poisoning can lead to organ failure, coma, and death. Treatment for arsenic poisoning typically involves removing the person from the source of exposure, providing supportive care to manage symptoms, and in some cases, administering medications to remove arsenic from the body.

In the medical field, industrial waste refers to any waste materials generated during the production, processing, or distribution of medical products or services. This can include a wide range of materials, such as packaging materials, contaminated equipment, used needles and syringes, biological waste, and chemical waste. Medical industrial waste is considered hazardous because it can contain infectious agents, toxins, and other harmful substances that can pose a risk to human health and the environment if not properly managed. As a result, medical facilities are required to follow strict regulations and guidelines for the collection, storage, transportation, and disposal of medical industrial waste to ensure that it is handled safely and responsibly.

Urea is a chemical compound that is produced in the liver as a waste product of protein metabolism. It is then transported to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine. In the medical field, urea is often used as a diagnostic tool to measure kidney function. High levels of urea in the blood can be a sign of kidney disease or other medical conditions, while low levels may indicate malnutrition or other problems. Urea is also used as a source of nitrogen in fertilizers and as a raw material in the production of plastics and other chemicals.

In the medical field, ions are charged particles that are either positively or negatively charged. They are formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, and they play a crucial role in many bodily functions. For example, ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride are essential for maintaining the proper balance of fluids in the body, which is necessary for proper nerve and muscle function. Imbalances in these ions can lead to a variety of medical conditions, such as hypertension, heart disease, and muscle cramps. In addition, ions are also important in the transmission of nerve impulses and the functioning of the immune system. They are also used in medical treatments such as electrotherapy and iontophoresis, which involve the application of electrical currents to the body to treat various conditions.

In the medical field, body weight refers to the total mass of an individual's body, typically measured in kilograms (kg) or pounds (lbs). It is an important indicator of overall health and can be used to assess a person's risk for certain health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Body weight is calculated by measuring the amount of mass that a person's body contains, which includes all of the organs, tissues, bones, and fluids. It is typically measured using a scale or other weighing device, and can be influenced by factors such as age, gender, genetics, and lifestyle. Body weight can be further categorized into different types, such as body mass index (BMI), which takes into account both a person's weight and height, and waist circumference, which measures the size of a person's waist. These measures can provide additional information about a person's overall health and risk for certain conditions.

In the medical field, the term "carbon" typically refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 6, which is a vital component of all living organisms. Carbon is the building block of organic molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are essential for the structure and function of cells and tissues. In medicine, carbon is also used in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications. For example, carbon-13 (13C) is a stable isotope of carbon that is used in metabolic studies to investigate the function of enzymes and pathways in the body. Carbon-14 (14C) is a radioactive isotope of carbon that is used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of organic materials, including human remains. Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas that is produced by the body during respiration and is exhaled. It is also used in medical applications, such as in carbon dioxide laser therapy, which uses the energy of CO2 lasers to treat various medical conditions, including skin disorders, tumors, and eye diseases.

In the medical field, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas that is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration and is exhaled by the body. It is also used in medical applications such as carbon dioxide insufflation during colonoscopy and laparoscopic surgery, and as a component of medical gases used in anesthesia and respiratory therapy. High levels of CO2 in the blood (hypercapnia) can be a sign of respiratory or metabolic disorders, while low levels (hypocapnia) can be caused by respiratory failure or metabolic alkalosis.

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S is a type of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that is found in bacteria and archaea. It is a small subunit of the ribosome, which is the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. The 16S rRNA is located in the 30S subunit of the ribosome and is essential for the binding and decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during translation. The sequence of the 16S rRNA is highly conserved among bacteria and archaea, making it a useful target for the identification and classification of these organisms. In the medical field, the 16S rRNA is often used in molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing to study the diversity and evolution of bacterial and archaeal populations. It is also used in the development of diagnostic tests for bacterial infections and in the identification of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Potassium is a mineral that is essential for the proper functioning of many bodily processes. It is the most abundant positively charged ion in the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, regulating muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, and supporting the proper functioning of the heart. In the medical field, potassium is often measured in blood tests to assess its levels and determine if they are within the normal range. Abnormal potassium levels can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain medications, kidney disease, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions such as Addison's disease or hyperaldosteronism. Low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) can cause muscle weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias, while high levels (hyperkalemia) can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and even cardiac arrest. Treatment for potassium imbalances typically involves adjusting the patient's diet or administering medications to correct the imbalance.

In the medical field, oxygen is a gas that is essential for the survival of most living organisms. It is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart disease, and anemia. Oxygen is typically administered through a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen tank, and is used to increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. This can help to improve oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs, which is important for maintaining normal bodily functions. In medical settings, oxygen is often used to treat patients who are experiencing difficulty breathing due to conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma. It may also be used to treat patients who have suffered from a heart attack or stroke, as well as those who are recovering from surgery or other medical procedures. Overall, oxygen is a critical component of modern medical treatment, and is used in a wide range of clinical settings to help patients recover from illness and maintain their health.

In the medical field, nitrogen is a chemical element that is commonly used in various medical applications. Nitrogen is a non-metallic gas that is essential for life and is found in the air we breathe. It is also used in the production of various medical gases, such as nitrous oxide, which is used as an anesthetic during medical procedures. Nitrogen is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as nitrogen narcosis, which is a condition that occurs when a person breathes compressed air that contains high levels of nitrogen. Nitrogen narcosis can cause symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, and disorientation, and it is typically treated by reducing the amount of nitrogen in the air that the person is breathing. In addition, nitrogen is used in the production of various medical devices and equipment, such as medical imaging equipment and surgical instruments. It is also used in the production of certain medications, such as nitroglycerin, which is used to treat heart conditions. Overall, nitrogen plays an important role in the medical field and is used in a variety of medical applications.

Plant extracts refer to the active compounds or bioactive molecules that are extracted from plants and used in the medical field for various therapeutic purposes. These extracts are obtained through various extraction methods, such as solvent extraction, steam distillation, and cold pressing, and can be used in the form of powders, liquids, or capsules. Plant extracts have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and are now widely used in modern medicine as well. They are used to treat a wide range of conditions, including inflammation, pain, anxiety, depression, and cancer. Some examples of plant extracts used in medicine include aspirin (extracted from willow bark), quinine (extracted from cinchona bark), and morphine (extracted from opium poppy). Plant extracts are also used in the development of new drugs and therapies. Researchers extract compounds from plants and test them for their potential therapeutic effects. If a compound shows promise, it can be further developed into a drug that can be used to treat a specific condition. It is important to note that while plant extracts can be effective in treating certain conditions, they can also have side effects and may interact with other medications. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before using plant extracts as a form of treatment.

Fluorides are compounds that contain the fluoride ion (F-). In the medical field, fluorides are commonly used to prevent tooth decay and improve oral health. They can be found in a variety of products, including toothpaste, mouthwashes, and fluoride supplements. Fluoride works by strengthening tooth enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria in the mouth. It can also help to remineralize tooth enamel that has already been damaged by acid. Fluoride is also used in water treatment to reduce the risk of tooth decay in communities. In addition, fluoride is sometimes used in dental procedures, such as fluoride varnishes and fluoride gels, to further strengthen teeth and prevent decay. While fluoride is generally considered safe and effective, excessive exposure to fluoride can lead to dental fluorosis, a condition that causes white or brown stains on the teeth. It is important to use fluoride products in moderation and to follow the instructions on the label.

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... (The Fabulous Thunderbirds album), 1997 High Water (El-P album), 2004 High Water I (2018) and High Water II (2019), ... Look up high water in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. High Water or Highwater may refer to: High water, the state of tide when ... Highwater (film), a 2008 documentary Step Up: High Water, a web television series High Water (TV series), A Polish-language TV ... "High Water", a song by Rush from the 1987 album Hold Your Fire "High Water (For Charley Patton)", a 2001 song by Bob Dylan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Water

There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (H. i. inermis) and the Korean water deer (H. i. argyropus). The water deer is ... Chinese Water Deer Hydropotes inermis - Chinese water deer - archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine Chinese Water Deer ... Thus, the water deer became the newest, and 327th, mammal species to be listed among the fauna of Russia. The water deer has ... In Korea, water deer are found nationwide and are known as gorani (고라니). Water deer inhabit the land alongside rivers, where ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_deer

Levels of surface water lessen as a result of evaporation as well as water moving into the ground becoming ground-water. ... Water portal Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant Meltwater Optimum water content for tillage Water resources ... a total ban on ground water usage during water recessions would allow surface water to retain better levels required for ... Surface water is water located on top of land, forming terrestrial (surrounding by land on all sides) waterbodies, and may also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water

... , water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. ... Water vapor reflects radar to a lesser extent than do water's other two phases. In the form of drops and ice crystals, water ... Provides water for plants and animals: Water vapour gets converted to rain and snow that serve as a natural source of water for ... Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor

Walverden Water Catlow Brook Colne Water Wanless Water Trawden Brook Wycoller Beck River Laneshaw Blacko Water Admergill Water ... Pendle Water once supplied water to the Burnley Water Treatment Works, which is situated on Wood End Lane. On Tuesday 8 August ... The river then flows south through Higherford and Barrowford, where it is joined by Colne Water. It collects Walverden Water as ... Pendle Water flows east through the villages of Barley and Roughlee before collecting Blacko Water, which drains the Admergill ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendle_Water

... may refer to: "Cool Water" (song), a song by Bob Nolan Cool Water (album), an album by Caravan "Cool Water", the ... "Cool Water", a song by Talking Heads from the album Naked Cool Water (perfume), a perfume brand Carbonated water This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cool Water. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ... album's title track "Cool, Cool Water", a song by the Beach Boys " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Water

A water dog is a type of gundog bred to flush and retrieve game from water. Water dogs are considered the progenitors of most ... particularly in the waters around Spain and Portugal. In addition to their roles as ships' dogs, in Medieval Europe water dogs ... Water dogs are an ancient type of dog, used by ancient mariners to retrieve objects lost overboard as well as to pass messages ... Water dogs continued to be seen aboard ships until modern times. They were known to be prevalent in the Spanish Armada and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_dog

... (also known as soda water, bubbly water, sparkling water, fizzy water, club soda, water with gas, in many ... Soda water made in this way tends not to be as carbonated as commercial soda water because water from the refrigerator is not ... By itself, carbonated water appears to have little impact on health. Carbonated water such as club soda or sparkling water is ... plain carbonated water was generally known either as soda water, due to the sodium salts it contained, or seltzer water, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonated_water

A water container, water canister or water can is a medium-sized portable container for transport, storage and use of water. ... Water canisters are used for excursions, camping, boat trips, in cabins without tap water, or as a household drinking water ... Cylindrical water jugs of the type used on water dispensers (typically around 15-30 liters). People in Uganda filling up water ... Bottle Bottled water Water tank Rainwater tank Watering can Jerrycan (i.e. 20 liters) Barrel or drum (i.e. 200 liters) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_canister

... Limited, trading principally as Icon Water, is a water and wastewater public utility that is an Australian Capital ... Water is gravity fed to Canberra via the Bendora Gravity Main and pumped from Googong Dam. Icon Water operates, and maintains ... "Interactive ACT water supply map". Icon Water Limited. 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 ... The company provides drinking water and wastewater services to the ACT. Icon Water is also a 50% owner of ActewAGL, a multi- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_Water

... at AllMusic DiCrescenzo, Brent. "Far: Water and Solutions: Pitchfork Review". Pitchfork. Archived from the ... "Far - Water & Solutions". PunkNews. November 16, 2001. Retrieved March 14, 2022. 'Water and Solutions', one of the beautiful ... Jon Goff (2004-08-11). "Far: Water & Solutions (Re-issue)". PopMatters. Retrieved 2019-03-21. "Least hated: FAR 'Water & ... Water & Solutions' tour with The Pauses". Brooklyn Vegan. Retrieved March 14, 2022. The Making of Water & Solutions - 1997 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_&_Solutions

... (also water seller) is a profession that existed before the advent of centralized water supply systems. A water ... In the 1940s Chengdu water carriers still went barefoot to show that they go deep into the river to collect the purest water. ... carrier collected water from a source (a river, a well, water pumps, etc.) and transported or carried containers with water to ... Tunisia, early 20th century Water carriers on the Ganges, early 20th century Rajasthan in 2006 Venice, 19th century Water ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_carrier

... is an American brand of bottled water with a social mission of "helping children get clean water." A Starbucks ... "Ethos Water Fund". Starbucks.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved 2009-04-09. "Ethos Bottled Water ... Currently, Premium Waters, Inc. bottles Ethos Water from the Lafayette Spring in Lafayette Township. Harris, Jessica (2007-11- ... to help support water, sanitation and hygiene education programs. Ethos water is manufactured by PepsiCo and Safeway's Lucerne ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos_Water

The treated water is called alkaline water. Proponents claim that consumption of alkaline water results in a variety of health ... A water ionizer (also known as an alkaline ionizer) is a home appliance which claims to raise the pH of drinking water by using ... Drinking ionized water or alkaline water does not alter the body's pH due to acid-base homeostasis. Additionally, marketers ... Water portal Alkaline diet Pseudoscience Quackery Electrodeionization Magnetic water treatment Negative air ionization therapy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_ionizer

An old stone bridge crosses the Kells Water, separating Kells from the adjacent village of Connor. The Kells Water is a nursery ... The water is still used in some industrial processes, such as in a dye works near Connor. Kellswater Flute Band was founded in ... The Kells Water is a small river in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It flows through Moorfields and Kells and is a tributary ... The band takes its name not from the area but from the river Kells Water, immortalised in the song Bonnie Kellswater, the river ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kells_Water

... which has about three times the amount of water as Eela Water does. "Eela Water Water Body ID 704". eip.ceh.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 ... The outflow from Eela Water heads west through Little Eela Water and the Burn of Eelawater to head out to sea through Hamar Voe ... Eela Water on Let's Fish 1903 survey of Eela Water (CS1 maint: location missing publisher, Articles with short description, ... "View map: Loch of Flugarth; Eela Water (Vol. 6, Plate 99) - Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eela_Water

The Water Banquet is an offshoot of Henan cuisine and has existed since the Sui dynasty. It is sometimes credited to the Tang ... The Water Banquet (Chinese: 水席, shǔixí) is a Chinese set of dishes comprising eight cold and 16 warm dishes cooked in various ... It has a history going back more than 1,000 years and the residents of Luoyang often use the Water Banquet to treat important ... "Cultural heritage in Henan: Luoyang Water Banquet". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-06. (Articles containing Chinese- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Banquet

In agriculture water storage, water is stored for later use in natural water sources, such as groundwater aquifers, soil water ... Water stored in dams and reservoirs can be treated for drinking water, but in the past due to poor taxing and high water prices ... Water storage is a broad term referring to storage of both potable water for consumption, and non potable water for use in ... When a water table reaches capacity, or all soil is completely saturated, the water table meets the surface of the ground where ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_storage

A water castle, sometimes water-castle, is a castle where natural or artificial water is part of its defences. (It can be ... "water palace/manor". Forde-Johnston describes such a site as "a castle in which water plays a prominent part in the defences." ... Water castle route at achen-tourismus.de. Retrieved 12 March 2021. Water Castles Route at nrw-tourism.com. Retrieved 12 March ... ISBN 978-0-370-30236-2. Lepage (2023), p. 331: "Water castle: A medieval castle in which natural or artificial water was part ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_castle

... where it is joined by the Old Water to form Cluden Water. Cluden Water flows east and southeast to join the River Nith just ... Cairn Water is a small river in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The river, formed by the confluence of the Castlefern, ... The confluence of these streams forms the Cairn Water. The parish is named for the river valley. The river flows east past ... "Cairn Water - Dumfries and Galloway". Explore Britain. Retrieved 14 February 2012. "River Cairn - Dumfries & Galloway Angling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn_Water

... at Lost Film Files: Paramount lost films - 1925 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rugged Water. ... Rugged Water is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Irvin Willat and written by James Shelley Hamilton and Joseph C. ... Rugged Water at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie Lobby poster v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different ... Driven insane by his experiences, Bartlett ventures out in a small boat in rough water, and Calvin rescues him. The old man ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugged_Water

... can refer to: The capybara The gourami A year of the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese zodiac This disambiguation page ... lists articles associated with the title Water pig. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pig

Non-meteoric forms of groundwater are connate water and magmatic water, also termed juvenile water. Connate water is trapped in ... Meteoric water is the water derived from precipitation (snow and rain). This includes water from lakes, rivers, and icemelts, ... Magmatic water rises from great depth accompanying magma intrusion and affects mineralogy. In other words, meteoric water is ... Because rock containing connate water is typically formed from ocean sediments, connate water is normally saline. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoric_water

... usually uses a water block, a water pump, and a water-to-air heat exchanger. By transferring device heat to a ... As an alternative to OTC, industrial cooling towers may use recirculated river water, coastal water (seawater), or well water. ... fresh river water or fresh cooling water; but volumes of water lost during evaporative cooling may decrease natural habitat for ... but the weight of the water and pumping system significantly reduces the portability of water-cooled firearms. Water-cooled ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cooling

Water is an extended play by Sister Hazel, released on February 9, 2018. The EP is the first part of a series of four EPs ... "Sister Hazel Announces New EP "Water"". Nashville. 17 December 2017. Lou, Laura (February 6, 2018). "Beyond The Music with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(EP)

... is a small freshwater loch in the south of the island of Hoy, Orkney. It drains in to Heldale Water via Hoglinns ... "Hoglinns Water". British Lakes. Retrieved 7 December 2013. "Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897- ... "Muckle & Peerie Waters; Loch of Skaill; Hoglinns Water - Bathymetrical Survey, 1897-1909 - National Library of Scotland". ... Pages using infobox body of water with auto short description, Coordinates on Wikidata, Articles using infobox body of water ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoglinns_Water

"Water Warriors (kids water blasters)". Water Warriors. Buzz Bee Toys Inc. Retrieved 21 March 2012. Bob. "History of the Super ... "Water Warriors Steady Stream". The Armoury. isoaker.com. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "Water Gun / Water Blaster Product Analyses ... "Water Gun / Water Blaster Analyses Listings / Soaker Database :: :: iSoaker.com". isoaker.com. Retrieved 19 March 2012. "Water ... "Water Warriors Vanquisher". The Armoury. isoaker.com. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "Water Gun / Water Blaster Product Analyses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Warriors

A water rocket is a type of model rocket using water as its reaction mass. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, ... Water pressure forcing all the air in an empty water hose into the rocket. Pressure is the same as the water main. An air ... Water and gas are used in combination, with the gas providing a means to store energy, as it is compressible, and the water ... In Russia, Water Rocket. The Guinness World Record of launching most water rockets is held by Royal College, Colombo when on 10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_rocket

... diseases related to water, global water, safe water for sanitation and hygiene, other uses of water, and how to make water safe ... including drinking water, swimming / recreational water, recreational water illnesses, ... Drinking Water. Know where your tap water comes from, how its treated, if its safe to drink, and how to protect yourself from ... Other Uses of Water. Water can be used for many needs-ranging from bathing, cooking, and recreation to agriculture, industry, ...

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/

Where treated tap water is available, aging or inadequate water treatment infrastructure might not effectively disinfect water ... travelers should avoid using water from the hot water tap for drinking or food preparation, because hot tap water can contain ... Safe water system.. Sobsey MD, Stauber CE, Casanova LM, Brown JM, Elliott MA. Point of use household drinking water filtration ... Bottled water has become the convenient solution for most travelers, but in some places, bottled water might not be superior to ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/preparing/water-disinfection

Learn how water pollution can cause plants to die and other problems. ... Primer on Water Quality (U.S. Geological Survey) * Safe Water and Your Health (National Institute of Environmental Health ... Quiz: Water and Your Health (Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Womens Health) ... We all need clean water. People need it to grow crops and to operate factories, and for drinking and recreation. Fish and ...

https://medlineplus.gov/waterpollution.html

Water treatment plant donated by the United Nations System arrives in Cuba The equipment, designed for water treatment and ... distribution, has a daily capacity of 75,000 liters of water, which can benefit up to 5,000 people ...

https://www.unicef.org/cuba/en/topics/water-purification

In September 2005, Waters released Ça Ira (pronounced [sa iˈʁa], French for "it will be fine"; Waters added the subtitle, " ... In 1984, Waters released his first solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, which dealt with Waterss feelings about ... Waters married his fifth wife, Kamilah Chavis, in October 2021.[211] Waters has homes in Long Island and Hampshire.[212] He is ... In 1976, Waters married Carolyne Christie, the niece of the third Marquess of Zetland.[204] They had a son, Harry Waters, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters

Find out what chemicals are in your tap water. ... EWGs Tap Water Database chemical contaminant results for ... tap water provided by this water utility was in compliance with federal health-based drinking water standards. ... EWGs drinking water quality report shows results of tests conducted by the water utility and provided to the Environmental ... One of the best ways to push for cleaner water is to hold accountable the elected officials who have a say in water quality - ...

https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/system.php?pws=GA2670003

... for governments to put in place better water policies and they will be used to develop a broader OECD perspective on water ... Principle 9. Mainstream integrity and transparency practices across water policies, water institutions and water governance ... comparable and policy-relevant water and water-related data and information, and use it to guide, assess and improve water ... The OECD Principles on Water Governance. The OECD Water Governance Principles provide the 12 must-dos for governments to ...

https://www.oecd.org/regional/regionaldevelopment/oecd-principles-on-water-governance.htm

Swimmers are at risk for respiratory infections if they breathe in small droplets of water (mist) from a pool or hot tub that ... It becomes a health concern when it grows and spreads in human-made water systems. For example, Legionella can grow and ... Below are steps you can take to test hot tub/ spa water and find out if it is being properly maintained. ... People can get Legionnaires disease or Pontiac fever when they breathe in small droplets of water (mist) that contain ...

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/swimmers/rwi/respiratory-infections.html

If you live near any body of water, check out an outrigger canoe club. ...

https://www.active.com/whittier-ca/water-sports

Find great designs on high quality durable Stainless Steel Water Bottles and Sport Bottles. ✓Free Returns ✓100% Satisfaction ... Mugs Water Bottles 1 Liter Stainless Steel Water Bottles Insulated Water Bottles 30 oz Stainless Steel Water Bottles ... Keep your hydration on lock and stop using boring, plastic water bottles. Shop our wide variety of Lithuanian Water Bottles to ... From workouts to office life, your water bottle can be a conversation starter or bonding experience. Plus, youll always know ...

https://www.cafepress.com/+lithuanian+water-bottles

Sparkling Water direct from Safeway. Browse our selection and order groceries for home delivery or convenient Drive Up and Go ... Sparkling and Still Drinking Water Sparkling water, seltzer water, and bottled drinking water have quickly become must-have ... Next time youre looking for carbonated and still water drinks, stop in and make a selection from top brands like La Croix, ... Wondering where to buy distilled water? Look no further. We offer a variety of bottled and gallon options, so be sure to stock ...

https://www.safeway.com/shop/aisles/beverages/water-sparkling-water.3132.html?page=1&sort=&brand=Proud+Source

... can start to review current and prospective technologies for water usage, as well as sustainability. ... This conference is aimed at understanding the current status of water usage, treatment, and recycling so that we, as a ... Food-Energy-Water Nexus This session addresses emerging themes related to the inter-dependent Food-Energy-Water (FEW) systems ... Innovation in the Water Sector This session aims to highlight applications and research of advanced water treatment methods ...

https://www.aiche.org/ifs/conferences/water-conference/2021

Suntory launches calcium-enriched water 24-May-2002. The Suntory Water Group has launched calcium-enriched water under the ... Alkaline water brand FulHum says its jet black mineral water can disrupt the bottled water and energy drinks sectors. ... Sweet water without the calories 07-Aug-2002. Sankt Olav Spring Water, the Swedish company behind the Sankt Olav brand of ... Enhanced water - American science, European branding 24-Jan-2005. Sales of oxygen-enriched water have almost quadrupled in ...

https://www.nutraingredients.com/tag/keyword/Food/Water

... What is a Watershed? A watershed is an area of land that drains water into a stream or other body ... The water is impacted by what happens in the watershed.. The climate and amount of precipitation determine how much water is ... Understanding local water conditions is an important component of source water assessment and protection. ... Watershed conditions can directly affect the quantity and quality of source water supplies. Water travels over the lands ...

https://www.amwater.com/njaw/Water-Wastewater-Information/Water-Learning-Center/source-water

For water years 2014 onward, choose a water year and parameter and an on-demand Water-Year Summary report will be generated. ... For 2014 water year, records fair. For 2015 water year, records fair. For 2016 water year, records fair, discharges above ... For water years 2006 through 2013, choose a water year and an Annual Water Data Report will be provided. ... Click to hide Water-Year Summary instructions and information * Water-Year Summary reports summarize a year of hydrologic data ...

https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt/?site_no=02198375

Category:Water in Charente-Maritime. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository ... Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Water_in_Charente-Maritime&oldid=767066667" ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_in_Charente-Maritime

The start of the new year meant the start of new water rules in fast-growing southern Hillsborough County. The county ordinance ... The low pressure, attributed to peak demand from landscape watering, raised having to issue possible boil water notices for ... The county built a storage tank holding 3 million gallons of water a day to be used during peak demand, and a booster pump ... "Sun City Center, the Ruskin area - the watering once a week was not satisfactory to a lot of them," said Commissioner Michael ...

https://news.yahoo.com/hillsborough-lifts-water-restrictions-south-171700817.html

Reconstructing Historical VOC Concentrations in Drinking Water through water modeling for Epidemiological Studies at U.S. ... Water modeling is a scientific method to help ATSDR estimate water system conditions prior to March 1987. Water modeling will ... help identify where and when certain areas at Camp Lejeune received VOC-contaminated drinking water. ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/lejeune/water-modeling.html

... safe drinking water to people in developing countries. 100% of public donations go to water projects. ... water is a non-profit organization bringing clean, ... We have plenty of water to drink -- even the water in our ... Its about clean water for 100 communities in India. Your donation will help bring running water directly into the homes of ... 100% of the money will be used to build clean water projects, and when theyre complete, charity: water will send us photos and ...

https://www.charitywater.org/closed/chris-barnett/septemberwheelie

Order bottled water online for pickup or delivery. Find ingredients, recipes, coupons and more. ... Find bottled water at a store near you. ... Crystal Geyser Alpine Spring Bottled Water. 6 bottles / 16.9 fl ... Simple Truth Vapor Distilled Electrolyte Bottled Water. 24 bottles / 16.9 fl oz ... Smartwater® Vapor Distilled Electrolyte Premium Bottled Water. 6 bottles / 33.8 fl oz ...

https://www.ralphs.com/q/bottled+water

... taking shorter showers and watering your lawn less. ... You can lower your water bill by following these 9 tips, ... To minimize outdoor water waste: *Water before sunrise or after sunset so water can sink into the soil instead of evaporating ... News of rising prices and growing water shortages may have you thinking about ways to reduce water usage-and shrink your water ... They let you adjust timing, set watering zones and can automatically adjust watering based on weather. You can reduce water use ...

https://www.experian.com/blogs/ask-experian/how-to-lower-water-bill/

Was the painting water lilies by Monet painted with oil paints?. Yes yes all his water lilies paintings were oil paintings. ... How do water lilies get in a pond?. Probably by the huge lily pad on top of the water. ... What is the value of Monets water lilies?. There is not only one Monet painting of the water lily pond. Over the last 30 years ... Does pond weed eat water lilies?. Pond weed does not eat water lilies, but it does require a large amount of oxygen which often ...

https://www.answers.com/Q/Where_was_the_water_lilies_pond_painted

Conventional power plants generate power by boiling water to produce steam that spins huge electricity-generating turbines. ... As our demand for electricity continues to rise, water dependence puts the electricity sector, water resources, and other water ... In places where using energy requires a large share of available water, or where water resources are scarce or stressed by ... Clean Energy Opportunities in Californias Water Sector Investing in clean, renewable energy in the water sector will benefit ...

https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/energy-and-water-use

Changing a Water Right using the Transfer Process ... The use of water under a water right is restricted to the terms ... For example, if a water right holder establishes the right to irrigate a particular 20-acre tract of land, the water cannot be ... The water right holder must file a transfer application with the Department to change a point of diversion, point of ... It cannot be used for any other purpose than the type of use indicated in the water right. ...

https://www.oregon.gov/owrd/programs/WaterRights/Transfers/Pages/default.aspx

Water reclamation and intersectoral water transfer between agriculture and cities . A FAO economic wastewater study. Water ... Management of water resources in the oasis of Figuig, Morocco. Desalination and Water Treatment. ... Evaluating the costs and benefits of water-reuse and exchange projects involving cities and farmers. Water International. 36 , ... Sustainable and regenerative development of water mills as an example of agricultural technologies for small farms. Water. 14 ...

http://www.ub.edu/aigua/en/personal/93862274/TPAR?time=1680300000

Home Water Trout Uprisal Hoody reminds you and those around you to protect our home waters. Fair Trade Certified™ sewn. ... We must protect our home waters. Patagonia is in business to save our home planet, and using resources wisely is key. By ...

https://www.patagonia.com/product/home-water-trout-uprisal-hoody/39661.html?cgid=womens-new-sweatshirts-hoodies

... the search for water is paramount, thanks to its vital role in the evolution of life as we know it. However, finding the life- ... Water worlds in the Milky Way. How do planets get their water? Scientists are looking for evidence in light from white dwarfs. ... Uncharted waters. What, then, are scientists looking for? Water is the key ingredient for life on Earth. So, when we search for ... Wheres the water from?. Despite our familiarity with our own planet, scientists still dont know the source of Earths water. ...

https://www.astronomy.com/science/water-worlds-in-the-milky-way/

"What we can tell off the number from the side is that they dont have a permit to be taking water from a city of Phoenix fire ... A truck with the company name E & J Construction LLC siphoning hundreds of gallons of water just steps from their doors out of ... "When theyre hooking up directly with a hose, thats something thats a little off and it shows they may be stealing water," ... We reached out to the city who tells us while companies can be permitted to withdraw city water, this one wasnt. ...

https://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/central-phoenix/construction-company-accused-of-stealing-water-from-fire-hydrant

... sterile water, USP and reagent-grade water as well as ASTM Types 1, 2, and 4, ACS-grade and deionized water. Shop Lab Water ... Browse a wide selection of water grades and volumes including HPLC-grade, ... USP water, reagent-grade water, ASTM Type 1, type 2 and type 4, DNA-grade water, ACS-grade water, and deionized (DI) water. Our ... Water. We offer a wide selection of water grades and volumes ideal for manufacturing, quality control, analytical and general ...

https://www.coleparmer.com/c/water

Damaged and disrupted by the several years of conflict, water, sanitation and hygiene services and facilities have impacted the safe and regular access of about 14.6 million people to safe water, among other WASH services, while 7.6 million people are estimated to be in acute need for WASH services. (unicef.org)

Skip the bland disposable bottles and show off your unique style or mood with a water bottle. (cafepress.com)

Many types of bacteria and viruses can cause intestinal (enteric) infection through drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Parasitic worms are not commonly transmitted through drinking water, but drinking water is a potential means of transmission for some. (cdc.gov)
Substantial progress has been made toward the goal of safe drinking water and sanitation worldwide, particularly in Asia and Latin America. (cdc.gov)
All international travelers-especially long-term travelers and expatriates-should become familiar with and use simple methods to ensure safe drinking water. (cdc.gov)
About 844 million people lack even a basic drinking-water service. (news-medical.net)
Additionally, at least 2 billion people utilize a drinking water source that is contaminated with feces. (news-medical.net)
It is mainly caused by bacteria named Vibrio cholerae via consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. (news-medical.net)
Sparkling water , seltzer water, and bottled drinking water have quickly become must-have additions to every grocery list. (safeway.com)
Signature Select Refreshe Drinking Water - 24-16.9 Fl. (safeway.com)
Aquafina Purified Drinking Water - 24-16.9 Fl. (safeway.com)
Source water assessments evaluate local conditions and support development of strategies to manage risk to sources of supply for drinking water. (amwater.com)
In 2021, the county said it had committed to providing an additional 6 million gallons a day of drinking water to 23,000 new homes and apartments over the coming six years. (yahoo.com)
Water modeling will help identify where and when certain areas at Camp Lejeune received VOC-contaminated drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Implementation of these recommendations should contribute to the achievement of continuous levels of optimally fluoridated drinking water for the U.S. population, minimize potential fluoride overfeeds (i.e., any fluoride level that is greater than the recommended control range of the water system), and contribute to the safe operation of all fluoridated water systems. (cdc.gov)
Water fluoridation is the deliberate addition of the natural trace element fluorine (in the ionic form as fluoride) into drinking water in accordance with scientific and dental guidelines (1-9). (cdc.gov)
Additional comments were obtained from state dental officials, state drinking water personnel, and others (e.g., schools of public health, dental societies, and engineers from private industry). (cdc.gov)
In 2015, 91% of the world's population had access to an improved drinking-water source, compared with 76% in 1990. (who.int)
2.6 billion people have gained access to an improved drinking-water source since 1990. (who.int)
Globally, at least 1.8 billion people use a drinking-water source contaminated with faeces. (who.int)
Contaminated drinking-water is estimated to cause 502 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year. (who.int)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets regulations for treating and monitoring drinking water delivered by community water systems. (cdc.gov)
Drinking water protection programs at the state and national levels play a critical role in ensuring high-quality drinking water and in protecting the public's health. (cdc.gov)
The Tracking Network has data and information about the levels of several contaminants that can be found in drinking water. (cdc.gov)
These contaminants were selected for the Tracking Network because they occur more frequently in drinking water at levels that may be of public health significance. (cdc.gov)
The drinking water data used in the Tracking Network are gathered as part of the water quality monitoring requirements set out by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies. (cdc.gov)
Tracking Network data are the only set of consistent drinking water quality data nationwide. (cdc.gov)
The indicators for drinking water describe public water use and the levels of various contaminants in public water supplies. (cdc.gov)
These data show quarterly and yearly average concentrations of a contaminant in finished drinking water. (cdc.gov)
You can use these data to estimate potential long-term exposure to contaminants in drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Making sure that drinking water remains in compliance with recommended standards is the most important way to prevent health problems caused by contaminants in drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Protecting water sources, providing effective and reliable water treatment, and monitoring water quality are the main strategies for providing high-quality drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. (bvsalud.org)

Vegan protein waters have been launched by Vieve, a 2018 start-up enjoying phenomenal success in spite of setbacks. (nutraingredients.com)
For 2018 water year, records good to poor, discharges above 17,000 ft³/s are not computed. (usgs.gov)

In both high-income and low- and middle-income countries, lack of potable water is one of the most immediate public health problems faced after natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis), or in refugee camps. (cdc.gov)
Some larger hotels and resorts might use additional onsite water treatment to generate potable water. (cdc.gov)
emergency supply of potable water. (cdc.gov)

Efficacy is not compromised by contaminants or particles in the water. (cdc.gov)

Contaminants can enter water supplies by direct runoff, contributing flow from smaller streams, and/or infiltration into the ground. (amwater.com)
The data is gathered from state grant recipients and can be used to estimate the population potentially exposed to contaminants in community water systems. (cdc.gov)
These data show the number of community water systems and their concentrations of contaminants. (cdc.gov)
These data show estimates of the number of people served by community water systems along with the concentration of contaminants. (cdc.gov)

The county built a storage tank holding 3 million gallons of water a day to be used during peak demand, and a booster pump station near the intersection of Big Bend and Balm Riverview roads to increase pressure in water lines. (yahoo.com)
The average American uses 82 gallons of water daily, costing the average family $1,100 annually, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports. (experian.com)
And because the average family wastes 180 gallons of water per week, according to the EPA, there's lots of opportunity to save. (experian.com)
A bath uses as much as 70 gallons of water, per the EPA, while a five-minute shower uses 10 to 25. (experian.com)

NSF performs electrical safety certifications for food equipment, municipal water products and systems, on-site wastewater products and pool and spa equipment. (nsf.org)
Be part of an important discussion on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from water and wastewater utilities and the immediate research needed to address this issue. (aiche.org)
Water is needed for domestic purposes, for agricultural, industrial and energy production, and these uses are highly inter-linked, potentially in competition, and they generate wastewater that may cause pollution. (bvsalud.org)
Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally. (bvsalud.org)

In 1990, Waters staged one of the largest rock concerts in history, The Wall - Live in Berlin , with an attendance of 450,000. (wikipedia.org)

The deterioration in WASH related services such as the lack of treatment of water supply systems, the contamination of water due to damages and leaks in sewer lines and inadequate chlorination levels in addition to the prevalence of sub-optimal hygiene practices that have contributed to the re-emergence and outbreak of water-borne diseases such as hepatitis and watery diarrhoea. (unicef.org)
For advisories without evidence of contamination, tap water may be used for patients with healthy immune systems. (cdc.gov)
For advisories with evidence of contamination (microbial/chemical) do not use tap water for bath or shower. (cdc.gov)
This can increase the risk of household water contamination and provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (who.int)

Bacteria, viruses, parasites and pollution contaminate freshwater stores resulting in water scarcity. (who.int)
Water scarcity is a major problem even in areas where there is plenty of rainfall. (who.int)
Water scarcity can also lead to diseases such as trachoma (an eye infection that can lead to blindness), plague and typhus. (who.int)
Water scarcity affects 1 in 3 people in the African Region and is getting worse with population growth, urbanization and increases in household and industrial uses. (who.int)
Water scarcity often encourages people to store water in their homes. (who.int)
climate change severs water scarcity in some parts of the world, and the risk of flooding in others. (bvsalud.org)
Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity. (bvsalud.org)

In fact, approximately 159 million individuals are dependent on surface water, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports. (news-medical.net)
663 million people rely on unimproved sources, including 159 million dependent on surface water. (who.int)

Waterborne diseases are a risk for international travelers who visit countries where access to safe water, adequate sanitation, and proper hygiene is limited, and for wilderness visitors who rely on surface water in any country, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
Majority of water-borne diseases worldwide mainly affect children due to poor hygiene and weak immunity. (news-medical.net)
We focus on affected populations in Syria to ensure those in need and the most vulnerable receive timely, life-saving and gender responsive Water, Sanitation & Hygiene assistance. (unicef.org)
Strengthening hygiene education, through WASH-in-schools projects which focus on safe water provision, handwashing, menstrual hygiene management and food preparation, and working with partners on hygiene education to manage the risks of contaminated irrigation products. (unicef.org)
Fresh water is not only needed for drinking but also cooking, food production and a variety of other uses such as sanitation, hygiene and cleanliness practises. (who.int)

All activities outlined in the UN-Water Work Programme are primarily implemented through Members and Partners. (unwater.org)

Keep your hydration on lock and stop using boring, plastic water bottles. (cafepress.com)
Shop our wide variety of Lithuanian Water Bottles to express your personality and shrink your environmental footprint. (cafepress.com)
Fill two plastic soda bottles with sand or pebbles and put them in your toilet tank to reduce water flow. (experian.com)

By 2025, half of the world's population will be living in water-stressed areas. (who.int)

Where untreated surface or well water is used, and no sanitation infrastructure exists, the risk for waterborne infection is high. (cdc.gov)

The low pressure, attributed to peak demand from landscape watering, raised having to issue possible boil water notices for customers or potentially hampering firefighting efforts in the region. (yahoo.com)

Protecting and meeting water and sanitation needs of vulnerable families and children, especially those in remote or peripheral areas, who due to the disruption of water treatment facilities have had to resort to unsafe alternatives, risking their wellbeing and at times their lives. (unicef.org)

Next time you're looking for carbonated and still water drinks, stop in and make a selection from top brands like La Croix , Sparkling Ice, smartwater, and bubly. (safeway.com)
smartwater Water Premium Vapor Distilled - 12-33.8 Fl. (safeway.com)

Alkaline water brand FulHum says its jet black mineral water can disrupt the bottled water and energy drinks sectors. (nutraingredients.com)

According to a new projection from the Department of the Interior, Lake Mead's water level will be below 1,050 feet above sea level come January -- the threshold required to declare a Tier 2 shortage starting in 2023. (tetongravity.com)

Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), Emergency Water Supply Planning Guide for Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities (2012) pdf icon [PDF - 2.07 MB] and standards published by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) external icon ), United States Pharmaocopeia (USP), and manufacturers' instructions. (cdc.gov)

Topo Chico Mineral Water - 12-12 Fl. (safeway.com)
S. PELLEGRINO Sparkling Natural Mineral Water - 12-16.9 Fl. (safeway.com)
Regular consumption of silicon-rich mineral water could help to reduce the clinical signs of Alzheimer's disease by removing excess levels of aluminium that are linked to the disease, suggest researchers. (nutraingredients.com)

Check manufacturer's instructions for use for type of water to be used typically they may indicate the use of sterile, distilled, or demineralized bottled water for humidifiers. (cdc.gov)

The OECD Water Governance Principles provide the 12 must-do's for governments to design and implement effective, efficient, and inclusive water policies. (oecd.org)
These recommendations are written with the assumption that the reader either has an engineering background or at least is familiar with basic water supply engineering principles. (cdc.gov)

Healthcare facilities should develop an Emergency Water Supply Plan ( EWSP pdf icon [PDF - 2.07 MB]) to prepare for, respond to, and recover from a total or partial interruption of the facilities' normal water supply. (cdc.gov)
Water supply interruption can be caused by several types of events such as a natural disaster, a failure of the community water system, construction damage or even an act of terrorism. (cdc.gov)
The recommendations address water fluoridation for both community public water supply systems and school public water supply systems. (cdc.gov)
Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries' economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction. (who.int)
We know from other studies regarding lung disease that NTM are in the water supply, and we know that many of our patients had used tap water to irrigate their sinuses, even though we discourage them from using tap water. (cdc.gov)

Water-borne diseases are the ones caused by pathogenic microbes spread via contaminated water. (news-medical.net)
The knowledge of the different types of water-borne diseases has come to the forefront with the advent of globalization over the past few decades. (news-medical.net)
These water sources can transmit water-borne diseases, which have been linked to about 502,000 diarrheal deaths every year. (news-medical.net)
The most common of all water-borne diseases, diarrhea, mainly affects children below five years of age. (news-medical.net)
It possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high among the water-borne diseases. (news-medical.net)
Major precipitation events such as heavy rains or snowfall increase the risk of the water-borne diseases. (news-medical.net)
A lack of clean water increases the risk of diarrhoeal diseases as cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery, and other water-borne tropical diseases. (who.int)

International travelers and wilderness visitors have no reliable resources to evaluate local water system quality. (cdc.gov)

Bacteria, often from sewage spills, can pollute fresh or salt water. (medlineplus.gov)
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria transmitted via contaminated water. (news-medical.net)
Eleclean's advanced 'Electro-Oxidation' technology turns water into ROS - disinfectant that effectively destroy activity of virus and bacteria. (who.int)

From workouts to office life, your water bottle can be a conversation starter or bonding experience. (cafepress.com)
Bai Antioxidant Infusion Kula Watermelon Flavored Water Bottle - 6-18 Fl. (safeway.com)

Use bottled or boiled water for infants, young children and anyone with a weakened immune system, wounds, or abrasions. (cdc.gov)
Small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants may also have a particularly high body water content (90% for SGA infants vs 84% for appropriate for gestational age [AGA] infants at 25-30 weeks' gestation). (medscape.com)

Focusing on transitional WASH projects that would bridge the gap between humanitarian response and longer-term investments, such as water and waste water treatment technologies, wetlands construction and the use of treated waste water for irrigation. (unicef.org)

It's an era of opportunity for bottled water, with consumers wanting a healthy alternative to many other drinks on the market. (nutraingredients.com)
UK-based Market researcher Zenith International reports regular carbonated drinks are no longer the world's biggest beverage category as they were surpassed by bottled waters in volume terms in 2007. (nutraingredients.com)

Where treated tap water is available, aging or inadequate water treatment infrastructure might not effectively disinfect water or maintain water quality during distribution. (cdc.gov)

In some places, the availability of water is so scarce that people have neither the time nor the money to afford the water purifiers or other water treatment mechanisms. (news-medical.net)
People can get Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever when they breathe in small droplets of water (mist) that contain Legionella . (cdc.gov)
The county's south-central water system serves 465,000 people. (yahoo.com)
If everyone who hits the 'like' button would donate $25, just think of what Wheelie for Water could do for these people! (charitywater.org)
Prior to the conflict, people in Syria had benefited from well-developed centrally-managed water systems, while in terms of sewage systems and treatment plants only major cities were being adequately served. (unicef.org)
That affected the share of treatable and drinkable water reaching people in peripheral locations, who had to resort to less-developed technologies and possibly unsafe alternatives to cater for their needs. (unicef.org)
About 90% of people in the United States get their water from a community water system. (cdc.gov)
This indicator shows the number of community water systems per state and the number of people receiving water from those community water systems. (cdc.gov)
Water and sanitation are at the very core of sustainable development, critical for thriving people, planet and prosperity. (bvsalud.org)

Integrated water resources management is essential to harness synergies as well as to manage potential trade-offs across sectors and regions, to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. (bvsalud.org)
Implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. (bvsalud.org)

The temporary rules, approved by the County Commission in December 2020, were intended to offset what the county termed "dangerously low" water pressure in the southern part of the county utility system. (yahoo.com)
Through UN-Water they address the cross-cutting nature of water and maximize system-wide coordinated action and coherence. (unwater.org)
View point-level community water system data using Tracking Network's data explorer tool. (cdc.gov)

Watershed conditions can directly affect the quantity and quality of source water supplies. (amwater.com)
While they are not gathered specifically to assess the level of exposure or to track changes in water quality over time, they can be used to determine the potential for public health impacts from contaminant levels of concern. (cdc.gov)
You can use these data to see how well the community water systems are producing high-quality water. (cdc.gov)

NSF Health Sciences, LLC provides training, risk assessments and water management plan development for building owners and managers. (nsf.org)
Clearly allocate and distinguish roles and responsibilities for water policymaking, policy implementation, operational management and regulation, and foster co-ordination across these responsible authorities. (oecd.org)
Commercial and residential property owners now will follow the same twice-a-week countywide watering schedule set by the Southwest Florida Water Management District. (yahoo.com)

It becomes a health concern when it grows and spreads in human-made water systems. (cdc.gov)
This deterioration jeopardizes public health and sustains a high risk of disease for children and families in the areas lacking adequate water and sanitation facilities. (unicef.org)
and Evanston, Illinois) demonstrated the oral health benefits of fluoridated water in several communities and established water fluoridation as a practical, effective public health measure that would prevent dental caries (11-14). (cdc.gov)
Water is essential for life and good health. (who.int)
In low- and middle-income countries, 38% of health care facilities lack improved water source, 19% do not have improved sanitation and 35% lack water and soap for handwashing. (who.int)
These measures provide information to the public on the water systems where PFAS chemicals and perchlorate were detected, and where the two chemicals with the EPA health advisory (PFOA and PFOS) were found in exceedance of that level. (cdc.gov)

Savvy consumers now look well beyond classic nutritional attributes such as vitamins and minerals, and are thirsty for functional beverages, says hydrogen-rich water HFactor. (nutraingredients.com)

Get wet, turn the water off, soap up and turn the water back on to rinse off. (experian.com)

News of rising prices and growing water shortages may have you thinking about ways to reduce water usage-and shrink your water bill. (experian.com)

We have plenty of water to drink -- even the water in our toilets is clean! (charitywater.org)

Many developing countries do not have proper water treatment plants, especially in the rural areas. (news-medical.net)
As the Global Bottled Water Congress takes place in Lisbon this week, Zenith International takes a look at areas to keep an. (nutraingredients.com)
The rules, which also prohibited overnight watering, applied to the areas south of the Alafia River. (yahoo.com)
UN-Water's Members and Partners all have specific mandates and focus areas related to water and sanitation. (unwater.org)

The two-year rule, which the county estimated would reduce peak daily demand by 15 million gallons, allowed the county time to complete a pair of projects to boost water pressure. (yahoo.com)

Natural calamities such as earthquakes or major cyclones often cause drastic changes in the ecosystem of the water bodies. (news-medical.net)

Transmission of these pathogens occurs while using infected water for drinking, food preparation, and washing clothes, among others. (news-medical.net)

This method is a quantitative procedure for the measurement of perchlorate, nitrate and iodide in tap water using ion chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Measures of perchlorate, nitrate, and iodide in water were assessed in a subsample of participants aged 12 years and older. (cdc.gov)

Interested organisations should read the Guidelines on UN-Water Partners and submit the application form found in the last two pages of the Guidelines. (unwater.org)
Since 1979, CDC has developed guidelines and/or recommendations for managers of fluoridated public water systems. (cdc.gov)

Assuring continuous access to safe water for children. (unicef.org)

Water travels over the land's surface - farm fields, forests, lawns and city streets - on its course to a waterway. (amwater.com)

Anatomy8

Organisms8

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science3

Health Care30

Geographicals1

Reduced water permeability and altered ultrastructure in thin descending limb of Henle in aquaporin-1 null mice. (1/15056)

The posterior nasal nerve plays an important role on cardiopulmonary reflexes to nasal application of capsaicin, distilled water and l-menthol in anesthetized dogs. (2/15056)

The accessibility of iron at the active site of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase to water as studied by 1H NMR paramagnetic relaxation. Effect of L-Phe and comparison with the rat enzyme. (3/15056)

Molecular dynamics study of substance P peptides in a biphasic membrane mimic. (4/15056)

Molecular dynamics study of substance P peptides partitioned in a sodium dodecylsulfate micelle. (5/15056)

Charge pairing of headgroups in phosphatidylcholine membranes: A molecular dynamics simulation study. (6/15056)

Localization and environment of tryptophans in soluble and membrane-bound states of a pore-forming toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. (7/15056)

Polarization-modulated FTIR spectroscopy of lipid/gramicidin monolayers at the air/water interface. (8/15056)

Water

Water Supply

Fresh Water

Body Water

Water Pollution

Water Purification

Water Pollutants, Chemical

Water Pollutants

Water Deprivation

Water Movements

Water Softening

Drinking

Aquaporins

Seawater

Water-Electrolyte Balance

Rivers

Water Wells

Aquaporin 1

Waste Water

Dehydration

Temperature

Immersion

Filtration

Chlorine

Water Cycle

Plant Transpiration

Environmental Monitoring

Disinfection

Water Resources

Sewage

Oxygen Isotopes

Deuterium Oxide

Water Pollutants, Radioactive

Solvents

Soil

Extravascular Lung Water

Drinking Behavior

Time Factors

Arsenic

Thirst

Ecosystem

Bathing Beaches

Droughts

Seasons

Trihalomethanes

Plant Leaves

Models, Molecular

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Desiccation

Water Pollution, Radioactive

Swimming Pools

Aquaporin 4

Permeability

Sodium

Thermodynamics

Aquaporin 2

Swimming

Air

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Humidity

Baths

Colony Count, Microbial

Osmotic Pressure

Chlorine Compounds

Ice

Lakes

Models, Chemical

Vasopressins

Rain

Diffusion

Cell Membrane Permeability

Bacteria

Aquaporin 3

Deuterium

Carbonated Water

Electrolytes

Protons

Feces

Aquaporin 6

Solubility