A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
Any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized; for example, chlorination, filtration, primary treatment, ion exchange, and distillation. It includes treatment of WASTE WATER to provide potable and hygienic water in a controlled or closed environment as well as provision of public drinking water supplies.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.
The withholding of water in a structured experimental situation.
The flow of water in enviromental bodies of water such as rivers, oceans, water supplies, aquariums, etc. It includes currents, tides, and waves.
'Water softening' is a water treatment process that reduces the hardness of water by removing calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations (such as iron and manganese) through the use of ion-exchange resins or other methods like nanofiltration or reverse osmosis.
The consumption of liquids.
A class of porins that allow the passage of WATER and other small molecules across CELL MEMBRANES.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.
Large natural streams of FRESH WATER formed by converging tributaries and which empty into a body of water (lake or ocean).
Constructions built to access underground water.
Aquaporin 1 forms a water-specific channel that is constitutively expressed at the PLASMA MEMBRANE of ERYTHROCYTES and KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL. It provides these cells with a high permeability to WATER. In humans polymorphisms of this protein result in the Colton blood group antigen.
Contaminated water generated as a waste product of human activity.
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.
A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching.
Circulation of water among various ecological systems, in various states, on, above, and below the surface of the earth.
The loss of water vapor by plants to the atmosphere. It occurs mainly from the leaves through pores (stomata) whose primary function is gas exchange. The water is replaced by a continuous column of water moving upwards from the roots within the xylem vessels. (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.
Environmental reservoirs of water related to natural WATER CYCLE by which water is obtained for various purposes. This includes but is not limited to watersheds, aquifers and springs.
Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.
Stable oxygen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element oxygen, but differ in atomic weight. O-17 and 18 are stable oxygen isotopes.
The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.
Pollutants, present in water or bodies of water, which exhibit radioactivity.
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
Water content outside of the lung vasculature. About 80% of a normal lung is made up of water, including intracellular, interstitial, and blood water. Failure to maintain the normal homeostatic fluid exchange between the vascular space and the interstitium of the lungs can result in PULMONARY EDEMA and flooding of the alveolar space.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A drive stemming from a physiological need for WATER.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Beaches, both natural and man-made, used for bathing and other activities.
Prolonged dry periods in natural climate cycle. They are slow-onset phenomena caused by rainfall deficit combined with other predisposing factors.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Methanes substituted with three halogen atoms, which may be the same or different.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).
'Water Pollution, Radioactive' is the contamination of water bodies with radioactive substances, typically as a result of human activities such as mining, nuclear power generation, or improper waste disposal, which can lead to harmful health effects in humans and aquatic life due to radiation exposure.
'Swimming pools' in a medical context typically refers to man-made bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities, which can also serve as potential reservoirs for various infectious diseases if not properly maintained, including those transmitted through waterborne pathogens, fecal contamination, or poor water chemistry.
Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.
Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
Aquaporin 2 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. The translocation of aquaporin 2 to the apical PLASMA MEMBRANE is regulated by VASOPRESSIN, and MUTATIONS in AQP2 have been implicated in a variety of kidney disorders including DIABETES INSIPIDUS.
An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.
The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.
Inorganic compounds that contain chlorine as an integral part of the molecule.
The solid substance formed by the FREEZING of water.
Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.
Water particles that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.
The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.
A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Aquaporin 3 is an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed in the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS and is constitutively localized at the basolateral MEMBRANE.
Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.
Water naturally or artificially infused with CARBON DIOXIDE.
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Aquaporin 6 is an aquaglyceroporin that is found primarily in KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. AQP6 protein functions as an anion-selective channel.
The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.
A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
Learning the correct route through a maze to obtain reinforcement. It is used for human or animal populations. (Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 6th ed)
The enrichment of a terrestrial or aquatic ECOSYSTEM by the addition of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, that results in a superabundant growth of plants, ALGAE, or other primary producers. It can be a natural process or result from human activity such as agriculture runoff or sewage pollution. In aquatic ecosystems, an increase in the algae population is termed an algal bloom.
Closable openings in the epidermis of plants on the underside of leaves. They allow the exchange of gases between the internal tissues of the plant and the outside atmosphere.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.
A genus of flagellate intestinal EUKARYOTES parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape.
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
Gram-negative aerobic rods, isolated from surface water or thermally polluted lakes or streams. Member are pathogenic for man. Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent for LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
The ability of the kidney to excrete in the urine high concentrations of solutes from the blood plasma.
Disorders associated with acute or chronic exposure to compounds containing ARSENIC (ARSENICALS) which may be fatal. Acute oral ingestion is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and an encephalopathy which may manifest as SEIZURES, mental status changes, and COMA. Chronic exposure is associated with mucosal irritation, desquamating rash, myalgias, peripheral neuropathy, and white transverse (Mees) lines in the fingernails. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1212)
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.
A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.
An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.
The discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. Further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called SPOROZOITES. Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.
The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.
Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Activity engaged in for pleasure.
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Calamities producing great damage, loss of life, and distress. They include results of natural phenomena and man-made phenomena. Normal conditions of existence are disrupted and the level of impact exceeds the capacity of the hazard-affected community.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Reduced water permeability and altered ultrastructure in thin descending limb of Henle in aquaporin-1 null mice. (1/15056)

It has been controversial whether high water permeability in the thin descending limb of Henle (TDLH) is required for formation of a concentrated urine by the kidney. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) of rat TDLH has shown an exceptionally high density of intramembrane particles (IMPs), which were proposed to consist of tetramers of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels. In this study, transepithelial osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in isolated perfused segments (0.5-1 mm) of TDLH in wild-type (+/+), AQP1 heterozygous (+/-), and AQP1 null (-/-) mice. Pf was measured at 37 degrees C using a 100 mM bath-to-lumen osmotic gradient of raffinose, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran as the luminal volume marker. Pf was (in cm/s): 0.26 +/- 0.02 ([+/+]; SE, n = 9 tubules), 0.21 +/- 0.01 ([+/-]; n = 12), and 0.031 +/- 0.007 ([-/-]; n = 6) (P < 0.02, [+/+] vs. [+/-]; P < 0.0001, [+/+] vs. [-/-]). FFEM of kidney medulla showed remarkably fewer IMPs in TDLH from (-/-) vs. (+/+) and (+/-) mice. IMP densities were (in microm-2, SD, 5-12 micrographs): 5,880 +/- 238 (+/+); 5,780 +/- 450 (+/-); and 877 +/- 420 (-/-). IMP size distribution analysis revealed mean IMP diameters of 8.4 nm ([+/+] and [+/-]) and 5.2 nm ([-/-]). These results demonstrate that AQP1 is the principal water channel in TDLH and support the view that osmotic equilibration along TDLH by water transport plays a key role in the renal countercurrent concentrating mechanism. The similar Pf and AQP1 expression in TDLH of (+/+) and (+/-) mice was an unexpected finding that probably accounts for the unimpaired urinary concentrating ability in (+/-) mice.  (+info)

The posterior nasal nerve plays an important role on cardiopulmonary reflexes to nasal application of capsaicin, distilled water and l-menthol in anesthetized dogs. (2/15056)

The sensory innervation of the cardiopulmonary reflexes to nasal application of capsaicin (CAPS), distilled water (DW) and l-menthol (LM) was studied in anesthetized dogs breathing through tracheostomy. A marked cardiopulmonary reflex was observed by CAPS and DW into the nasal cavity, while a prolongation of expiration was induced by LM. All these reflexes were significantly decreased by bilateral section of the posterior nasal nerve (PNN) and completely abolished by topical nasal anesthesia with lidocaine. Responses of the whole nerve activity of the PNN to these substances corresponded to the magnitude of the reflexes. These results indicate that PNN afferents play an important role on the reflex elicitation of the noxious, water and cold stimuli from the nasal cavity.  (+info)

The accessibility of iron at the active site of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase to water as studied by 1H NMR paramagnetic relaxation. Effect of L-Phe and comparison with the rat enzyme. (3/15056)

The high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) ion at the active site of recombinant human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) has a paramagnetic effect on the longitudinal relaxation rate of water protons. This effect is proportional to the concentration of enzyme, with a paramagnetic molar-relaxivity value at 400 MHz and 25 degrees C of 1. 3 (+/- 0.03) x 10(3) s-1 M-1. The value of the Arrhenius activation energy (Ea) for the relaxation rate was -14.4 +/- 1.1 kJ/mol for the resting enzyme, indicating a fast exchange of water protons in the paramagnetic environment. The frequency dependence of the relaxation rate also supported this hypothesis. Thus, the recombinant human PAH appears to have a more solvent-accessible catalytic iron than the rat enzyme, in which the water coordinated to the metal is slowly exchanging with the solvent. These findings may be related to the level of basal activity before activation for these enzymes, which is higher for human than for rat PAH. In the presence of saturating (5 mM) concentrations of the substrate L-Phe, the paramagnetic molar relaxivity for human PAH decreased to 0.72 (+/- 0.05) x 10(3) s-1 M-1 with no significant change in the Ea. Effective correlation times (tauC) of 1.8 (+/- 0.3) x 10(-10) and 1.25 (+/- 0.2) x 10(-10) s-1 were calculated for the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex, respectively, and most likely represent the electron spin relaxation rate (tauS) for Fe(III) in each case. Together with the paramagnetic molar-relaxivity values, the tauC values were used to estimate Fe(III)-water distances. It seems that at least one of the three water molecules coordinated to the iron in the resting rat and human enzymes is displaced from coordination on the binding of L-Phe at the active site.  (+info)

Molecular dynamics study of substance P peptides in a biphasic membrane mimic. (4/15056)

Two neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and SP-tyrosine-8 (SP-Y8), have been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in a TIP3P water/CCl4 biphasic solvent system as a mimic for the water-membrane system. Initially, distance restraints derived from NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were incorporated in the restrained MD (RMD) in the equilibration stage of the simulation. The starting orientation/position of the peptides for the MD simulation was either parallel to the water/CCl4 interface or in a perpendicular/insertion mode. In both cases the peptides equilibrated and adopted a near-parallel orientation within approximately 250 ps. After equilibration, the conformation and orientation of the peptides, the solvation of both the backbone and the side chain of the residues, hydrogen bonding, and the dynamics of the peptides were analyzed from trajectories obtained in the RMD or the subsequent free MD (where the NOE restraints were removed). These analyses showed that the peptide backbone of nearly all residues are either solvated by water or are hydrogen-bonded. This is seen to be an important factor against the insertion mode of interaction. Most of the interactions with the hydrophobic phase come from the hydrophobic interactions of the side chains of Pro-4, Phe-7, Phe-8, Leu-10, and Met-11 for SP, and Phe-7, Leu-10, Met-11 and, to a lesser extent, Tyr-8 in SP-Y8. Concerted conformational transitions took place in the time frame of hundreds of picoseconds. The concertedness of the transition was due to the tendency of the peptide to maintain the necessary secondary structure to position the peptide properly with respect to the water/CCl4 interface.  (+info)

Molecular dynamics study of substance P peptides partitioned in a sodium dodecylsulfate micelle. (5/15056)

Two neuropeptides, substance P (SP) and SP-tyrosine-8 (SP-Y8), have been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an explicit sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelle. Initially, distance restraints derived from NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were incorporated in the restrained MD (RMD) during the equilibration stage of the simulation. It was shown that when SP-Y8 was initially placed in an insertion (perpendicular) configuration, the peptide equilibrated to a surface-bound (parallel) configuration in approximately 450 ps. After equilibration, the conformation and orientation of the peptides, the solvation of both the backbone and the side chain of the residues, hydrogen bonding, and the dynamics of the peptides were analyzed from trajectories obtained from the RMD or the subsequent free MD (where the NOE restraints were removed). These analyses showed that the peptide backbones of all residues are either solvated by water or are hydrogen-bonded. This is seen to be an important factor against the insertion mode of interaction. Most of the interactions come from the hydrophobic interaction between the side chains of Lys-3, Pro-4, Phe-7, Phe-8, Leu-10, and Met-11 for SP, from Lys-3, Phe-7, Leu-10, and Met-11 in SP-Y8, and the micellar interior. Significant interactions, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding, between the N-terminal residues, Arg-Pro-Lys, and the micellar headgroups were observed. These latter interactions served to affect both the structure and, especially, the flexibility, of the N-terminus. The results from simulation of the same peptides in a water/CCl4 biphasic cell were compared with the results of the present study, and the validity of using the biphasic system as an approximation for peptide-micelle or peptide-bilayer systems is discussed.  (+info)

Charge pairing of headgroups in phosphatidylcholine membranes: A molecular dynamics simulation study. (6/15056)

Molecular dynamics simulation of the hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer membrane in the liquid-crystalline phase was carried out for 5 ns to study the interaction among DMPC headgroups in the membrane/water interface region. The phosphatidylcholine headgroup contains a positively charged choline group and negatively charged phosphate and carbonyl groups, although it is a neutral molecule as a whole. Our previous study (Pasenkiewicz-Gierula, M., Y. Takaoka, H. Miyagawa, K. Kitamura, and A. Kusumi. 1997. J. Phys. Chem. 101:3677-3691) showed the formation of water cross-bridges between negatively charged groups in which a water molecule is simultaneously hydrogen bonded to two DMPC molecules. Water bridges link 76% of DMPC molecules in the membrane. In the present study we show that relatively stable charge associations (charge pairs) are formed between the positively and negatively charged groups of two DMPC molecules. Charge pairs link 93% of DMPC molecules in the membrane. Water bridges and charge pairs together form an extended network of interactions among DMPC headgroups linking 98% of all membrane phospholipids. The average lifetimes of DMPC-DMPC associations via charge pairs, water bridges and both, are at least 730, 1400, and over 1500 ps, respectively. However, these associations are dynamic states and they break and re-form several times during their lifetime.  (+info)

Localization and environment of tryptophans in soluble and membrane-bound states of a pore-forming toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. (7/15056)

The location and environment of tryptophans in the soluble and membrane-bound forms of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin were monitored using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Fluorescence quenching of the toxin monomer in solution indicated varying degrees of tryptophan burial within the protein interior. N-Bromosuccinimide readily abolished 80% of the fluorescence in solution. The residual fluorescence of the modified toxin showed a blue-shifted emission maximum, a longer fluorescence lifetime as compared to the unmodified and membrane-bound alpha-toxin, and a 5- to 6-nm red edge excitation shift, all indicating a restricted tryptophan environment and deeply buried tryptophans. In the membrane-bound form, the fluorescence of alpha-toxin was quenched by iodide, indicating a conformational change leading to exposure of some tryptophans. A shorter average lifetime of tryptophans in the membrane-bound alpha-toxin as compared to the native toxin supported the conclusions based on iodide quenching of the membrane-bound toxin. Fluorescence quenching of membrane-bound alpha-toxin using brominated and spin-labeled fatty acids showed no quenching of fluorescence using brominated lipids. However, significant quenching was observed using 5- and 12-doxyl stearic acids. An average depth calculation using the parallax method indicated that the doxyl-quenchable tryptophans are located at an average depth of 10 A from the center of the bilayer close to the membrane interface. This was found to be in striking agreement with the recently described structure of the membrane-bound form of alpha-toxin.  (+info)

Polarization-modulated FTIR spectroscopy of lipid/gramicidin monolayers at the air/water interface. (8/15056)

Monolayers of gramicidin A, pure and in mixtures with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), were studied in situ at the air/H2O and air/D2O interfaces by polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Simulations of the entire set of amide I absorption modes were also performed, using complete parameter sets for different conformations based on published normal mode calculations. The structure of gramicidin A in the DMPC monolayer could clearly be assigned to a beta6.3 helix. Quantitative analysis of the amide I bands revealed that film pressures of up to 25-30 mN/m the helix tilt angle from the vertical in the pure gramicidin A layer exceeded 60 degrees. A marked dependence of the peptide orientation on the applied surface pressure was observed for the mixed lipid-peptide monolayers. At low pressure the helix lay flat on the surface, whereas at high pressures the helix was oriented almost parallel to the surface normal.  (+info)

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Body water refers to the total amount of water present in the human body. It is an essential component of life and makes up about 60-70% of an adult's body weight. Body water is distributed throughout various fluid compartments within the body, including intracellular fluid (water inside cells), extracellular fluid (water outside cells), and transcellular fluid (water found in specific bodily spaces such as the digestive tract, eyes, and joints). Maintaining proper hydration and balance of body water is crucial for various physiological processes, including temperature regulation, nutrient transportation, waste elimination, and overall health.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

Water purification is the process of removing or reducing contaminants in water to make it safe and suitable for specific uses, such as drinking, cooking, irrigation, or medical purposes. This is typically achieved through physical, chemical, or biological methods, or a combination thereof. The goal is to eliminate or reduce harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, parasites, heavy metals, pesticides, and other pollutants that can cause illness or negatively impact human health, aquatic life, or the environment.

The specific purification methods used may vary depending on the nature of the contaminants and the desired level of purity for the intended use. Common techniques include filtration (using various types of filters like activated carbon, ceramic, or reverse osmosis), disinfection (using chemicals like chlorine or UV light to kill microorganisms), sedimentation (allowing particles to settle and be removed), and distillation (heating water to create steam, which is then condensed back into pure water).

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.

Water deprivation is a condition that occurs when an individual is deliberately or unintentionally not given access to adequate water for a prolonged period. This can lead to dehydration, which is the excessive loss of body water and electrolytes. In severe cases, water deprivation can result in serious health complications, including seizures, kidney damage, brain damage, coma, and even death. It's important to note that water is essential for many bodily functions, including maintaining blood pressure, regulating body temperature, and removing waste products from the body. Therefore, it's crucial to stay hydrated by drinking an adequate amount of water each day.

I'm not aware of a medical definition for the term "water movements." It is possible that it could be used in a specific context within a certain medical specialty or procedure. However, I can provide some general information about how the term "water" is used in a medical context.

In medicine, "water" often refers to the fluid component of the body, which includes all the fluids inside and outside of cells. The movement of water within the body is regulated by various physiological processes, such as osmosis and hydrostatic pressure. Disorders that affect the regulation of water balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, which can have serious consequences for health.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "water movements," I may be able to give a more specific answer.

Water softening is not a medical term, but rather a process used in water treatment. It refers to the removal of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and certain iron compounds that make water "hard." These minerals can cause scaling and other problems when water is heated or used in appliances and plumbing systems.

In a medical context, softened water may have implications for skin health, as hard water can leave deposits on the skin that can lead to dryness and irritation. However, there is no specific medical definition associated with 'water softening.'

The term "drinking" is commonly used to refer to the consumption of beverages, but in a medical context, it usually refers to the consumption of alcoholic drinks. According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, "drinking" is defined as:

1. The act or habit of swallowing liquid (such as water, juice, or alcohol)
2. The ingestion of alcoholic beverages

It's important to note that while moderate drinking may not pose significant health risks for some individuals, excessive or binge drinking can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and increased risk of injury or violence.

Aquaporins are a type of membrane protein that function as water channels, allowing the selective and efficient transport of water molecules across biological membranes. They play crucial roles in maintaining fluid homeostasis, regulating cell volume, and supporting various physiological processes in the body. In humans, there are 13 different aquaporin subtypes (AQP0 to AQP12) that have been identified, each with distinct tissue expression patterns and functions. Some aquaporins also facilitate the transport of small solutes such as glycerol and urea. Dysfunction or misregulation of aquaporins has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including neurological disorders, cancer, and water balance-related diseases.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

Water-electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for various bodily functions such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance, and pH regulation. The body maintains this balance through mechanisms that control water intake, excretion, and electrolyte concentration in various body fluids like blood and extracellular fluid. Disruptions in water-electrolyte balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, and imbalances in electrolytes can cause conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rivers" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical term referring to large, flowing bodies of water that usually empty into a sea or an ocean. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

"Water wells" are not a medical term, but rather a term used in environmental and public health fields. A water well is a structure created to access groundwater in underground aquifers. They can be drilled or dug, and the water they provide is often used for drinking, irrigation, and other purposes.

In the context of medicine and public health, water wells are important because they can provide a safe source of clean water, which is essential for preventing waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and hepatitis A. However, if water wells are not constructed or maintained properly, they can become contaminated with bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or other pollutants that can cause illness. Therefore, it's important to regularly test and monitor the quality of water from wells to ensure it's safe for consumption.

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a type of aquaporin, which is a family of water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across biological membranes. Aquaporin 1 is primarily responsible for facilitating water movement in various tissues, including the kidneys, red blood cells, and the brain.

In the kidneys, AQP1 is located in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb of the loop of Henle, where it helps to reabsorb water from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. In the red blood cells, AQP1 aids in the regulation of cell volume by allowing water to move in and out of the cells in response to osmotic changes. In the brain, AQP1 is found in the choroid plexus and cerebral endothelial cells, where it plays a role in the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

Defects or mutations in the AQP1 gene can lead to various medical conditions, such as kidney disease, neurological disorders, and blood disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "waste water" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Wastewater is a term that is more commonly used in the fields of environmental science and engineering. Here is a definition from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):

Wastewater: Water that has been affected by human use and is no longer suitable for immediate reuse without treatment. Wastewater includes sewage, which is a combination of liquid wastes from homes, businesses, and industries, as well as runoff from streets and agricultural operations.

It's important to note that while wastewater may not be a medical term, there are certainly public health implications when it comes to the treatment and disposal of wastewater. Improperly treated wastewater can contain pathogens and other contaminants that can pose risks to human health.

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. It's normal to lose water throughout the day through activities like breathing, sweating, and urinating; however, if you don't replenish this lost fluid, your body can become dehydrated.

Mild to moderate dehydration can cause symptoms such as:
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Headache
- Dark colored urine
- Muscle cramps

Severe dehydration can lead to more serious health problems, including heat injury, urinary and kidney problems, seizures, and even hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition that occurs when your blood volume is too low.

Dehydration can be caused by various factors such as illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), excessive sweating, high fever, burns, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. It's essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially during hot weather, exercise, or when you're ill.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

In medical terms, "immersion" is not a term with a specific clinical definition. However, in general terms, immersion refers to the act of placing something or someone into a liquid or environment completely. In some contexts, it may be used to describe a type of wound care where the wound is covered completely with a medicated dressing or solution. It can also be used to describe certain medical procedures or therapies that involve submerging a part of the body in a liquid, such as hydrotherapy.

Filtration in the medical context refers to a process used in various medical treatments and procedures, where a substance is passed through a filter with the purpose of removing impurities or unwanted components. The filter can be made up of different materials such as paper, cloth, or synthetic membranes, and it works by trapping particles or molecules based on their size, shape, or charge.

For example, filtration is commonly used in kidney dialysis to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood. In this case, the patient's blood is pumped through a special filter called a dialyzer, which separates waste products and excess fluids from the blood based on size differences between these substances and the blood cells. The clean blood is then returned to the patient's body.

Filtration is also used in other medical applications such as water purification, air filtration, and tissue engineering. In each case, the goal is to remove unwanted components or impurities from a substance, making it safer or more effective for use in medical treatments and procedures.

Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It is a member of the halogen group of elements and is the second-lightest halogen after fluorine. In its pure form, chlorine is a yellow-green gas under standard conditions.

Chlorine is an important chemical compound that has many uses in various industries, including water treatment, disinfection, and bleaching. It is also used in the production of a wide range of products, such as plastics, solvents, and pesticides.

In medicine, chlorine compounds are sometimes used for their antimicrobial properties. For example, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is a common disinfectant used to clean surfaces and equipment in healthcare settings. Chlorhexidine is another chlorine compound that is widely used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical and dental procedures.

However, it's important to note that exposure to high concentrations of chlorine gas can be harmful to human health, causing respiratory irritation, coughing, and shortness of breath. Long-term exposure to chlorine can also lead to more serious health effects, such as damage to the lungs and other organs.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. The "water cycle" is a scientific concept and a natural process that describes the movement and distribution of water on Earth, including in the atmosphere, on land, and in oceans. It is not a medical definition. However, I will provide a brief explanation of the water cycle for you.

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, consists of several key processes:

1. Evaporation: The transformation of liquid water into water vapor due to solar radiation, primarily from oceans, lakes, and rivers.
2. Transpiration: The release of water vapor into the atmosphere through plant leaves during photosynthesis.
3. Condensation: The process by which water vapor turns back into liquid form as it cools in the atmosphere, forming clouds.
4. Precipitation: The discharge of water from clouds to the Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
5. Runoff and Infiltration: Water that reaches the land through precipitation either infiltrates into the ground or becomes runoff, which flows into rivers, lakes, and oceans.
6. Sublimation: The direct transformation of ice or snow into water vapor without passing through the liquid phase.

These processes work together to circulate and redistribute water throughout Earth's ecosystems, playing a crucial role in supporting life on our planet.

Plant transpiration is the process by which water vapor escapes from leaves and other aerial parts of plants to the atmosphere. It is a type of evapotranspiration, which refers to both evaporation from land surfaces and transpiration from plants. Water molecules are absorbed by plant roots from the soil, move up through the xylem tissue to the leaves, and then evaporate from the leaf surface through stomatal pores. This process helps in the transportation of nutrients from the soil to various parts of the plant, regulates the temperature of the plant, and maintains the turgor pressure within the cells. Plant transpiration is influenced by environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, humidity, and wind speed.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces through the use of chemicals, heat, or other methods. The goal of disinfection is to reduce the number of pathogens to a level that is considered safe for human health. Disinfection is an important step in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings, food processing facilities, and other environments where there is a risk of infection transmission.

It's important to note that disinfection is not the same as sterilization, which is the complete elimination of all microorganisms, including spores. Disinfection is generally less effective than sterilization but is often sufficient for most non-critical surfaces and objects. The choice between disinfection and sterilization depends on the level of risk associated with the item or surface being treated and the intended use of that item or surface.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Water Resources" is not a term typically used in the medical field. It is more commonly found in environmental science, engineering, and policy contexts. Water resources refer to the various sources of water that are potentially useful or available for human use, such as surface waters (lakes, rivers, streams), groundwater, and stored/treated water supplies. The management and protection of water resources are crucial for public health, as access to clean and safe water is essential for preventing waterborne diseases and maintaining good hygiene practices.

Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.

Oxygen isotopes are different forms or varieties of the element oxygen that have the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei, which is 8, but a different number of neutrons. The most common oxygen isotopes are oxygen-16 (^{16}O), which contains 8 protons and 8 neutrons, and oxygen-18 (^{18}O), which contains 8 protons and 10 neutrons.

The ratio of these oxygen isotopes can vary in different substances, such as water molecules, and can provide valuable information about the origins and history of those substances. For example, scientists can use the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in ancient ice cores or fossilized bones to learn about past climate conditions or the diets of ancient organisms.

In medical contexts, oxygen isotopes may be used in diagnostic tests or treatments, such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans, where a radioactive isotope of oxygen (such as oxygen-15) is introduced into the body and emits positrons that can be detected by specialized equipment to create detailed images of internal structures.

Deuterium oxide, also known as heavy water, is a compound consisting of two atoms of deuterium (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) and one atom of oxygen. Its chemical formula is D2O. Deuterium oxide has physical and chemical properties similar to those of regular water (H2O), but its density and boiling point are slightly higher due to the increased atomic weight. It is used in various scientific research applications, including as a tracer in biochemical and medical studies.

Radioactive water pollutants refer to contaminants in water sources that contain radioactive materials. These materials can include substances such as radium, uranium, and cesium, which emit ionizing radiation. This type of pollution can occur through various means, including the disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, hospitals, and research facilities; oil and gas drilling operations; and mining activities.

Exposure to radioactive water pollutants can have serious health consequences, as ionizing radiation has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other harmful effects. Therefore, it is essential to regulate and monitor radioactive water pollution to protect public health and the environment.

Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.

However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil" is not a term that has a medical definition. Soil is defined as the top layer of earth in which plants grow, a mixture of organic material, clay, sand, and silt. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Extravascular lung water (EVLW) refers to the amount of fluid that has accumulated in the lungs outside of the pulmonary vasculature. It is not a part of the normal physiology and can be a sign of various pathological conditions, such as heart failure, sepsis, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

EVLW can be measured using various techniques, including transpulmonary thermodilution and pulmonary artery catheterization. Increased EVLW is associated with worse outcomes in critically ill patients, as it can lead to impaired gas exchange, decreased lung compliance, and increased work of breathing.

It's important to note that while EVLW can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, it should be interpreted in the context of other clinical findings and used as part of a comprehensive assessment.

Drinking behavior refers to the patterns and habits related to alcohol consumption. This can include the frequency, quantity, and context in which an individual chooses to drink alcohol. Drinking behaviors can vary widely among individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural norms, personal beliefs, mental health status, and genetic predisposition.

Problematic drinking behaviors can include heavy drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which is characterized by a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling intake, being preoccupied with alcohol, continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems, having to drink more to get the same effect, or having withdrawal symptoms when rapidly decreasing or stopping alcohol.

It's important to note that drinking behaviors can have significant impacts on an individual's health and well-being, as well as their relationships, work, and other aspects of their life. If you are concerned about your own drinking behavior or that of someone else, it is recommended to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or addiction specialist.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring semi-metal element that can be found in the earth's crust. It has the symbol "As" and atomic number 33 on the periodic table. Arsenic can exist in several forms, including inorganic and organic compounds. In its pure form, arsenic is a steel-gray, shiny solid that is brittle and easily pulverized.

Arsenic is well known for its toxicity to living organisms, including humans. Exposure to high levels of arsenic can cause various health problems, such as skin lesions, neurological damage, and an increased risk of cancer. Arsenic can enter the body through contaminated food, water, or air, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.

In medicine, arsenic has been used historically in the treatment of various diseases, including syphilis and parasitic infections. However, its use as a therapeutic agent is limited due to its toxicity. Today, arsenic trioxide is still used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a type of blood cancer. The drug works by inducing differentiation and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in APL cells, which contain a specific genetic abnormality. However, its use is closely monitored due to the potential for severe side effects and toxicity.

Thirst, also known as dry mouth or polydipsia, is a physiological need or desire to drink fluids to maintain fluid balance and hydration in the body. It is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus in response to changes in osmolality and volume of bodily fluids, particularly blood. Thirst can be triggered by various factors such as dehydration, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, certain medications, and medical conditions affecting the kidneys, adrenal glands, or other organs. It is a vital homeostatic mechanism to ensure adequate hydration and proper functioning of various bodily systems.

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

I'm not aware of a specific medical definition for "bathing beaches." The term "bathing beach" is commonly used to refer to a public shoreline area, such as on a lake or ocean, that is designated for swimming or bathing. However, in a public health context, the term might be used to describe a body of water where people are more likely to swim and therefore where water quality and safety need to be closely monitored.

Public health agencies may test the water at bathing beaches for contaminants such as bacteria or chemicals that could pose a risk to swimmers' health. If high levels of these contaminants are detected, the agency may issue an advisory or closure of the beach to protect public health. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards for water quality at bathing beaches and provides guidance to states and localities on monitoring and managing beach water quality.

"Drought" is not a medical term. It is a term used in meteorology and environmental science to refer to a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to water shortage and scarcity in the affected areas. Droughts can have various impacts on human health, including dehydration, heat-related illnesses, reduced air quality, increased transmission of waterborne diseases, and mental health issues related to stress and displacement. However, drought itself is not a medical condition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a group of chemical compounds that are formed as byproducts when chlorine or other disinfectants are used to treat water, including drinking water, swimming pools, and spas. They consist of four halogens - three of which are halogen atoms (chlorine, bromine, or iodine) and one hydrogen atom. The most common THMs formed during water treatment include chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform.

Exposure to high levels of trihalomethanes has been linked to a variety of health problems, including an increased risk of cancer, reproductive issues, and developmental effects. As a result, regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States have set limits on the amount of THMs that can be present in drinking water. Regular monitoring and treatment are necessary to ensure that these limits are not exceeded and that the public is protected from potential health hazards associated with exposure to trihalomethanes.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Desiccation is a medical term that refers to the process of extreme dryness or the state of being dried up. It is the removal of water or moisture from an object or tissue, which can lead to its dehydration and preservation. In medicine, desiccation may be used as a therapeutic technique for treating certain conditions, such as drying out wet wounds or preventing infection in surgical instruments. However, desiccation can also have harmful effects on living tissues, leading to cell damage or death.

In a broader context, desiccation is also used to describe the process of drying up of an organ, tissue, or body part due to various reasons such as exposure to air, heat, or certain medical conditions that affect moisture regulation in the body. For example, diabetic patients may experience desiccation of their skin due to decreased moisture production and increased evaporation caused by high blood sugar levels. Similarly, people living in dry climates or using central heating systems may experience desiccation of their mucous membranes, leading to dryness of the eyes, nose, and throat.

Water pollution, radioactive, refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, groundwater, and oceans) with radioactive substances. These substances can include naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) or human-made radionuclides, which can be released into the environment through various activities such as mining, nuclear power generation, medical facilities, and waste disposal.

Radioactive water pollution can have severe consequences for both the environment and human health. Exposure to radioactive substances in water can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other adverse health effects. Additionally, radioactive contamination can harm aquatic life, disrupt ecosystems, and reduce the quality and safety of water resources for drinking, irrigation, and recreation.

Radioactive water pollution is typically addressed through a combination of regulatory controls, best management practices, and remediation efforts to prevent or minimize the release of radioactive substances into the environment and to mitigate their impacts on human health and the ecosystem.

I'm not able to provide a medical definition for "swimming pools" as it is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. However, swimming pools are bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities. They can be found in various settings such as residential homes, community centers, hotels, and fitness clubs. Swimming pools can contain either chlorinated or saltwater and should be properly maintained to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and algae that can cause illnesses.

If you have any medical concerns related to swimming or using swimming pools, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for advice tailored to your specific situation.

Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein that is primarily found in the membranes of astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system. AQP4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of water homeostasis and the clearance of excess fluid from the brain and spinal cord. It also facilitates the rapid movement of water across the blood-brain barrier and between astrocytes, which is important for maintaining proper neuronal function and protecting the brain from edema or swelling.

Mutations in the AQP4 gene can lead to various neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a severe autoimmune condition that affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. In NMOSD, the immune system mistakenly attacks AQP4 proteins, causing inflammation, demyelination, and damage to the nervous tissue.

In the context of medicine and physiology, permeability refers to the ability of a tissue or membrane to allow the passage of fluids, solutes, or gases. It is often used to describe the property of the capillary walls, which control the exchange of substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The permeability of a membrane can be influenced by various factors, including its molecular structure, charge, and the size of the molecules attempting to pass through it. A more permeable membrane allows for easier passage of substances, while a less permeable membrane restricts the movement of substances.

In some cases, changes in permeability can have significant consequences for health. For example, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (a specialized type of capillary that regulates the passage of substances into the brain) has been implicated in a number of neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury.

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:

* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.

Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thermodynamics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. However, the principles of thermodynamics can be applied to biological systems, including those in the human body, such as in the study of metabolism or muscle function. But in a medical context, "thermodynamics" would not be a term used independently as a diagnosis, treatment, or any medical condition.

Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is a type of aquaporin, which is a water channel protein found in the membranes of cells. Specifically, AQP2 is located in the principal cells of the collecting ducts in the kidneys. It plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption and urine concentration by facilitating the movement of water across the cell membrane in response to the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone). When vasopressin binds to receptors on the cell surface, it triggers a cascade of intracellular signals that lead to the translocation of AQP2 water channels from intracellular vesicles to the apical membrane. This increases the permeability of the apical membrane to water, allowing for efficient reabsorption of water and concentration of urine. Dysfunction in AQP2 has been implicated in various kidney disorders, such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "swimming" is not typically considered a medical term. It refers to the act of moving through water using your arms and legs in a rhythmic pattern, often as a form of exercise, recreation, or competition. However, if you're referring to a medical condition related to swimming, such as "swimmer's ear" (otitis externa), I would be happy to provide a definition for that.

Swimmer's ear is a type of outer ear infection caused by water remaining in the ear after swimming or bathing, creating a moist environment that can lead to bacterial growth. It can also be caused by scratching or damaging the lining of the ear canal through the use of cotton swabs or other objects. Symptoms may include itching, redness, pain, and sometimes discharge from the ear. If left untreated, swimmer's ear can lead to more serious complications, such as hearing loss or damage to the inner ear.

In medical terms, 'air' is defined as the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. It primarily consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and small amounts of other gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of neon, helium, and methane.

Air is essential for human life, as it provides the oxygen that our bodies need to produce energy through respiration. We inhale air into our lungs, where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism, is exhaled out of the body through the lungs and back into the atmosphere.

In addition to its role in respiration, air also plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate and weather patterns, as well as serving as a medium for sound waves and other forms of energy transfer.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Humidity, in a medical context, is not typically defined on its own but is related to environmental conditions that can affect health. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is often discussed in terms of absolute humidity (the mass of water per unit volume of air) or relative humidity (the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the maximum possible absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage). High humidity can contribute to feelings of discomfort, difficulty sleeping, and exacerbation of respiratory conditions such as asthma.

A bath generally refers to the act of immersing or cleaning the body in a mixture of water and sometimes other substances, such as soap or essential oils. In a medical context, there are several types of therapeutic baths that may be prescribed for various purposes:

1. Sitz bath: A shallow bath that only covers the hips and buttocks, used to treat conditions like hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or other localized infections.
2. Hydrotherapy bath: A therapeutic bath using water at different temperatures, pressures, or with added substances (e.g., Epsom salts, essential oils) for relaxation, pain relief, or to improve circulation and promote healing.
3. Balneotherapy: The use of mineral-rich waters from natural springs or artificial mineral baths for therapeutic purposes, often used in the treatment of skin conditions, arthritis, or musculoskeletal disorders.
4. Medicated bath: A bath with added medical substances (e.g., medicated oils, salts) to treat various skin conditions, promote relaxation, or relieve pain.
5. Whirlpool bath: A therapeutic bath using water jets to create a swirling motion and provide hydrotherapy benefits for relaxation, pain relief, or improved circulation.

It is essential to follow medical advice when taking therapeutic baths, as incorrect usage can lead to adverse effects.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

Osmotic pressure is a fundamental concept in the field of physiology and biochemistry. It refers to the pressure that is required to be applied to a solution to prevent the flow of solvent (like water) into it, through a semi-permeable membrane, when the solution is separated from a pure solvent or a solution of lower solute concentration.

In simpler terms, osmotic pressure is the force that drives the natural movement of solvent molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, across a semi-permeable membrane. This process is crucial for maintaining the fluid balance and nutrient transport in living organisms.

The osmotic pressure of a solution can be determined by its solute concentration, temperature, and the ideal gas law. It is often expressed in units of atmospheres (atm), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), or pascals (Pa). In medical contexts, understanding osmotic pressure is essential for managing various clinical conditions such as dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and dialysis treatments.

Chlorine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain chlorine (Cl), which is a member of the halogen group in the periodic table. Chlorine is a highly reactive element that readily forms compounds with many other elements and molecules.

Chlorine compounds can be found in various forms, including inorganic and organic compounds. Inorganic chlorine compounds include salts of hydrochloric acid, such as sodium chloride (table salt), and chlorides of metals, such as copper chloride and silver chloride. Other inorganic chlorine compounds include chlorine gas (Cl2), hypochlorous acid (HClO), and chlorine dioxide (ClO2).

Organic chlorine compounds are those that contain carbon atoms bonded to chlorine atoms. Examples of organic chlorine compounds include chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, and pesticides, such as DDT and lindane.

Chlorine compounds have a wide range of uses in various industries, including water treatment, disinfection, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and manufacturing. However, some chlorine compounds can be harmful or toxic to humans and the environment, particularly if they are released into the air, water, or soil in large quantities. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of chlorine compounds properly to minimize potential health and environmental risks.

"Ice" is a slang term that is commonly used to refer to crystal methamphetamine, which is a powerful and highly addictive stimulant drug. It gets its name from its crystalline appearance. Medically, methamphetamine is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity, but only under strict medical supervision due to its potential for abuse and serious side effects.

Crystal methamphetamine, on the other hand, is an illegal drug that is produced and sold on the black market. It can be smoked, injected, snorted or swallowed, and it produces a euphoric rush followed by a long-lasting high. Long-term use of crystal methamphetamine can lead to serious health consequences, including addiction, psychosis, dental problems (meth mouth), memory loss, aggression, and cardiovascular damage.

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Lakes" is not a medical term that has a specific definition in the context of medicine or healthcare. It is a geographical term used to describe large bodies of water surrounded by land. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

A chemical model is a simplified representation or description of a chemical system, based on the laws of chemistry and physics. It is used to explain and predict the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions. Chemical models can take many forms, including mathematical equations, diagrams, and computer simulations. They are often used in research, education, and industry to understand complex chemical processes and develop new products and technologies.

For example, a chemical model might be used to describe the way that atoms and molecules interact in a particular reaction, or to predict the properties of a new material. Chemical models can also be used to study the behavior of chemicals at the molecular level, such as how they bind to each other or how they are affected by changes in temperature or pressure.

It is important to note that chemical models are simplifications of reality and may not always accurately represent every aspect of a chemical system. They should be used with caution and validated against experimental data whenever possible.

Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. When the body is dehydrated or experiencing low blood pressure, vasopressin is released into the bloodstream, where it causes the kidneys to decrease the amount of urine they produce and helps to constrict blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. This helps to maintain adequate fluid volume in the body and ensure that vital organs receive an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood. In addition to its role in water balance and blood pressure regulation, vasopressin also plays a role in social behaviors such as pair bonding and trust.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "rain" is not a medical term. In general, rain refers to water droplets that fall from the sky as part of the Earth's weather cycle. These drops form when moisture in the air condenses and cools, creating clouds which eventually become heavy enough to release the collected water.

If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Diffusion, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly distributed throughout a space or solution. This passive transport mechanism does not require energy and relies solely on the random motion of particles. Diffusion is a vital process in many biological systems, including the exchange of gases in the lungs, the movement of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes, and the spread of drugs and other substances throughout tissues.

Cell membrane permeability refers to the ability of various substances, such as molecules and ions, to pass through the cell membrane. The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Its primary function is to protect the cell's internal environment and maintain homeostasis.

The permeability of the cell membrane depends on its structure, which consists of a phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins. The hydrophilic (water-loving) heads of the phospholipids face outward, while the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails face inward, creating a barrier that is generally impermeable to large, polar, or charged molecules.

However, specific proteins within the membrane, called channels and transporters, allow certain substances to cross the membrane. Channels are protein structures that span the membrane and provide a pore for ions or small uncharged molecules to pass through. Transporters, on the other hand, are proteins that bind to specific molecules and facilitate their movement across the membrane, often using energy in the form of ATP.

The permeability of the cell membrane can be influenced by various factors, such as temperature, pH, and the presence of certain chemicals or drugs. Changes in permeability can have significant consequences for the cell's function and survival, as they can disrupt ion balances, nutrient uptake, waste removal, and signal transduction.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is a type of aquaglyceroporin, which is a subclass of aquaporins - water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water and small solutes across biological membranes. AQP3 is primarily expressed in the epithelial cells of various tissues, including the skin, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.

In the skin, AQP3 plays a crucial role in maintaining skin hydration by facilitating water transport across the cell membrane. It also transports small neutral solutes like glycerol and urea, which contribute to skin moisturization and elasticity. In addition, AQP3 has been implicated in several physiological processes, such as wound healing, epidermal proliferation, and cutaneous sensory perception.

In the kidneys, AQP3 is involved in water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, helping to regulate body fluid homeostasis. In the gastrointestinal tract, it facilitates water absorption and secretion, contributing to maintaining proper hydration and electrolyte balance. Dysregulation of AQP3 has been associated with various pathological conditions, such as skin disorders, kidney diseases, and cancer.

Deuterium is a stable and non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The atomic nucleus of deuterium, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one neutron, giving it an atomic weight of approximately 2.014 atomic mass units (amu). It is also known as heavy hydrogen or heavy water because its hydrogen atoms contain one neutron in addition to the usual one proton found in common hydrogen atoms.

Deuterium occurs naturally in trace amounts in water and other organic compounds, typically making up about 0.015% to 0.018% of all hydrogen atoms. It can be separated from regular hydrogen through various methods such as electrolysis or distillation, and it has many applications in scientific research, particularly in the fields of chemistry and physics.

In medical contexts, deuterium is sometimes used as a tracer to study metabolic processes in the body. By replacing hydrogen atoms in specific molecules with deuterium atoms, researchers can track the movement and transformation of those molecules within living organisms. This technique has been used to investigate various physiological processes, including drug metabolism, energy production, and lipid synthesis.

Carbonated water, also known as seltzer or soda water, is artificially infused with carbon dioxide gas under pressure, causing it to become fizzy. This process is called carbonation. The pH of carbonated water is close to neutral, but it can have a slightly acidic taste due to the dissolved carbon dioxide. It may be flavored or unflavored and consumed as a refreshing beverage or used as a mixer in cocktails. Carbonated water has no significant nutritional value and its effects on health are generally considered to be minimal, although excessive consumption may lead to bloating and gas.

Electrolytes are substances that, when dissolved in water, break down into ions that can conduct electricity. In the body, electrolytes are responsible for regulating various important physiological functions, including nerve and muscle function, maintaining proper hydration and acid-base balance, and helping to repair tissue damage.

The major electrolytes found in the human body include sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. These electrolytes are tightly regulated by various mechanisms, including the kidneys, which help to maintain their proper balance in the body.

When there is an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, it can lead to a range of symptoms and health problems. For example, low levels of sodium (hyponatremia) can cause confusion, seizures, and even coma, while high levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) can lead to heart arrhythmias and muscle weakness.

Electrolytes are also lost through sweat during exercise or illness, so it's important to replace them through a healthy diet or by drinking fluids that contain electrolytes, such as sports drinks or coconut water. In some cases, electrolyte imbalances may require medical treatment, such as intravenous (IV) fluids or medication.

In the context of medicine, particularly in relation to cancer treatment, protons refer to positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Proton therapy, a type of radiation therapy, uses a beam of protons to target and destroy cancer cells with high precision, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. The concentrated dose of radiation is delivered directly to the tumor site, reducing side effects and improving quality of life during treatment.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Aquaporin 6 (AQP6) is a protein that functions as a water channel in the membranes of certain cells. It is a member of the aquaporin family, which are proteins that allow the selective transport of water and small solutes across biological membranes. Aquaporin 6 is primarily expressed in the kidney, where it is localized to the intracellular vesicles of intercalated cells in the collecting ducts. It is thought to play a role in acid-base balance and urine concentration by regulating the movement of water and hydrogen ions (protons) across cell membranes. Aquaporin 6 has also been found to be permeable to anions, making it unique among aquaporins. Additionally, AQP6 has been identified in other tissues such as the brain, lung, and testis, but its function in these tissues is not well understood.

Solubility is a fundamental concept in pharmaceutical sciences and medicine, which refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent (usually water) at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed as mass of solute per volume or mass of solvent (e.g., grams per liter, milligrams per milliliter). The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent results in a homogeneous solution where the solute particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.

Understanding the solubility of drugs is crucial for their formulation, administration, and therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs with low solubility may not dissolve sufficiently to produce the desired pharmacological effect, while those with high solubility might lead to rapid absorption and short duration of action. Therefore, optimizing drug solubility through various techniques like particle size reduction, salt formation, or solubilization is an essential aspect of drug development and delivery.

Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.

In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.

Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites that can cause the diarrheal disease known as cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals. These microscopic pathogens infect the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration.

Cryptosporidium parasites have a complex life cycle, including several developmental stages within host cells. They are protected by an outer shell called oocyst, which allows them to survive outside the host's body for extended periods, making them resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants commonly used in water treatment.

Transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. People at higher risk for severe illness include young children, elderly people, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, cancer treatment, or organ transplantation.

Preventive measures include proper hand hygiene, avoiding consumption of untreated water or raw fruits and vegetables likely to be contaminated, and practicing safe sex. For immunocompromised individuals, antiparasitic medications such as nitazoxanide may help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceans and Seas" are not medical terms. Generally speaking, an ocean is a large body of saltwater that covers a majority of the Earth's surface, and a sea is a smaller body of saltwater that may be partially enclosed by land. However, if you have any questions related to marine biology or environmental science, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Enterobacteriaceae is a family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. Many species within this family are capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Some common examples of Enterobacteriaceae include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella enterica.

These bacteria are typically characterized by their ability to ferment various sugars and produce acid and gas as byproducts. They can also be distinguished by their biochemical reactions, such as their ability to produce certain enzymes or resist specific antibiotics. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can range from mild to severe, depending on the species involved and the overall health of the infected individual.

Some infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and foodborne illnesses. Proper hygiene, such as handwashing and safe food handling practices, can help prevent the spread of these bacteria and reduce the risk of infection.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

Maze learning is not a medical term per se, but it is a concept that is often used in the field of neuroscience and psychology. It refers to the process by which an animal or human learns to navigate through a complex environment, such as a maze, in order to find its way to a goal or target.

Maze learning involves several cognitive processes, including spatial memory, learning, and problem-solving. As animals or humans navigate through the maze, they encode information about the location of the goal and the various landmarks within the environment. This information is then used to form a cognitive map that allows them to navigate more efficiently in subsequent trials.

Maze learning has been widely used as a tool for studying learning and memory processes in both animals and humans. For example, researchers may use maze learning tasks to investigate the effects of brain damage or disease on cognitive function, or to evaluate the efficacy of various drugs or interventions for improving cognitive performance.

Eutrophication is the process of excessive nutrient enrichment in bodies of water, which can lead to a rapid growth of aquatic plants and algae. This overgrowth can result in decreased levels of oxygen in the water, harming or even killing fish and other aquatic life. The primary cause of eutrophication is the addition of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater discharge, and air pollution.

In advanced stages, eutrophication can lead to a shift in the dominant species in the aquatic ecosystem, favoring those that are better adapted to the high-nutrient conditions. This can result in a loss of biodiversity and changes in water quality, making it difficult for many organisms to survive.

Eutrophication is a significant global environmental problem, affecting both freshwater and marine ecosystems. It can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs), which can produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. In addition, eutrophication can impact water use for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry, making it a critical issue for public health and economic development.

Stomata are microscopic pores found in the epidermis of plant leaves, stems, and other organs. They are essential for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere, allowing the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen. Plant stomata consist of two guard cells that surround and regulate the size of the pore. The opening and closing of the stomatal pore are influenced by environmental factors such as light, humidity, and temperature, as well as internal signals within the plant.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geologic sediments" is not a term used in medical definitions. Geological sediments are deposits of material that accumulate over time, usually in layers, as a result of natural geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. These sediments can eventually become rock formations and provide important clues about the Earth's history, including information about past climates, environments, and life on Earth.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

In medicine, "absorption" refers to the process by which substances, including nutrients, medications, or toxins, are taken up and assimilated into the body's tissues or bloodstream after they have been introduced into the body via various routes (such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal).

The absorption of a substance depends on several factors, including its chemical properties, the route of administration, and the presence of other substances that may affect its uptake. For example, some medications may be better absorbed when taken with food, while others may require an empty stomach for optimal absorption.

Once a substance is absorbed into the bloodstream, it can then be distributed to various tissues throughout the body, where it may exert its effects or be metabolized and eliminated by the body's detoxification systems. Understanding the process of absorption is crucial in developing effective medical treatments and determining appropriate dosages for medications.

Giardia is a genus of microscopic parasitic flagellates that cause giardiasis, a type of diarrheal disease. The most common species to infect humans is Giardia intestinalis (also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia duodenalis). These microscopic parasites are found worldwide, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water.

Giardia exists in two forms: the trophozoite, which is the actively feeding form that multiplies in the small intestine, and the cyst, which is the infective stage that is passed in feces and can survive outside the body for long periods under appropriate conditions. Infection occurs when a person ingests contaminated water or food, or comes into direct contact with an infected person's feces.

Once inside the body, the cysts transform into trophozoites, which attach to the lining of the small intestine and disrupt the normal function of the digestive system, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, dehydration, and weight loss. In some cases, giardiasis can cause long-term health problems, particularly in children, including malnutrition and developmental delays.

Preventing the spread of Giardia involves maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing diapers, avoiding contaminated water sources, and practicing safe food handling and preparation. In cases where infection occurs, medication is usually effective in treating the illness.

Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.

Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.

Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Molecular conformation, also known as spatial arrangement or configuration, refers to the specific three-dimensional shape and orientation of atoms that make up a molecule. It describes the precise manner in which bonds between atoms are arranged around a molecular framework, taking into account factors such as bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles.

Conformational isomers, or conformers, are different spatial arrangements of the same molecule that can interconvert without breaking chemical bonds. These isomers may have varying energies, stability, and reactivity, which can significantly impact a molecule's biological activity and function. Understanding molecular conformation is crucial in fields such as drug design, where small changes in conformation can lead to substantial differences in how a drug interacts with its target.

Legionella is the genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that can cause serious lung infections known as legionellosis. The most common species causing disease in humans is Legionella pneumophila. These bacteria are widely found in natural freshwater environments such as lakes and streams. However, they can also be found in man-made water systems like cooling towers, hot tubs, decorative fountains, and plumbing systems. When people breathe in small droplets of water containing the bacteria, especially in the form of aerosols or mist, they may develop Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia, or Pontiac fever, a milder flu-like illness. The risk of infection increases in individuals with weakened immune systems, chronic lung diseases, older age, and smokers. Appropriate disinfection methods and regular maintenance of water systems can help prevent the growth and spread of Legionella bacteria.

A computer simulation is a process that involves creating a model of a real-world system or phenomenon on a computer and then using that model to run experiments and make predictions about how the system will behave under different conditions. In the medical field, computer simulations are used for a variety of purposes, including:

1. Training and education: Computer simulations can be used to create realistic virtual environments where medical students and professionals can practice their skills and learn new procedures without risk to actual patients. For example, surgeons may use simulation software to practice complex surgical techniques before performing them on real patients.
2. Research and development: Computer simulations can help medical researchers study the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone. By creating detailed models of cells, tissues, organs, or even entire organisms, researchers can use simulation software to explore how these systems function and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Drug discovery and development: Computer simulations are an essential tool in modern drug discovery and development. By modeling the behavior of drugs at a molecular level, researchers can predict how they will interact with their targets in the body and identify potential side effects or toxicities. This information can help guide the design of new drugs and reduce the need for expensive and time-consuming clinical trials.
4. Personalized medicine: Computer simulations can be used to create personalized models of individual patients based on their unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics. These models can then be used to predict how a patient will respond to different treatments and identify the most effective therapy for their specific condition.

Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in modern medicine, enabling researchers and clinicians to study complex systems and make predictions about how they will behave under a wide range of conditions. By providing insights into the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone, computer simulations are helping to advance our understanding of human health and disease.

Kidney concentrating ability refers to the capacity of the kidneys to increase the concentration of solutes, such as urea and minerals, and remove waste products while reabsorbing water to maintain fluid balance in the body. This is primarily regulated by the hormone vasopressin (ADH), which signals the collecting ducts in the nephrons of the kidneys to absorb more water, resulting in the production of concentrated urine. A decreased kidney concentrating ability may indicate a variety of renal disorders or diseases, such as diabetes insipidus or chronic kidney disease.

Arsenic poisoning is a condition that occurs when a person ingests or comes into contact with a toxic amount of arsenic, a naturally occurring element found in the earth's crust. Arsenic has no smell or taste, making it difficult to detect in food, water, or air.

Acute arsenic poisoning can occur after a single large exposure to arsenic, while chronic arsenic poisoning occurs after repeated or long-term exposure to lower levels of arsenic. The symptoms of acute arsenic poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle cramps. In severe cases, it can lead to death due to heart failure or respiratory failure.

Chronic arsenic poisoning can cause a range of health problems, including skin changes such as pigmentation and hard patches on the palms and soles, weakness, peripheral neuropathy, and an increased risk of cancer, particularly skin, lung, bladder, and kidney cancer. It can also affect cognitive development in children.

Arsenic poisoning is treated by removing the source of exposure and providing supportive care to manage symptoms. Chelation therapy may be used to remove arsenic from the body in cases of severe acute poisoning or chronic poisoning with high levels of arsenic. Prevention measures include monitoring and reducing exposure to arsenic in food, water, and air, as well as proper handling and disposal of arsenic-containing products.

Photosynthesis is not strictly a medical term, but it is a fundamental biological process with significant implications for medicine, particularly in understanding energy production in cells and the role of oxygen in sustaining life. Here's a general biological definition:

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose (or sugar), using water and carbon dioxide. This process primarily takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in structures called thylakoids. The overall reaction can be summarized as:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the reactants, while glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are the products. Photosynthesis has two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve the conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH, which are used to power the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves the synthesis of glucose from CO2 and water using the ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions.

Understanding photosynthesis is crucial for understanding various biological processes, including cellular respiration, plant metabolism, and the global carbon cycle. Additionally, research into artificial photosynthesis has potential applications in renewable energy production and environmental remediation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "industrial waste" is not a term that has a medical definition. Industrial waste is a term used to describe waste produced by industrial activities, such as manufacturing, mining, and construction. It can include a wide variety of materials, including chemicals, metals, soil, and water. Proper management and disposal of industrial waste are important for protecting the environment and public health. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terminology, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Urea is not a medical condition but it is a medically relevant substance. Here's the definition:

Urea is a colorless, odorless solid that is the primary nitrogen-containing compound in the urine of mammals. It is a normal metabolic end product that is excreted by the kidneys and is also used as a fertilizer and in various industrial applications. Chemically, urea is a carbamide, consisting of two amino groups (NH2) joined by a carbon atom and having a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the carbon atom. Urea is produced in the liver as an end product of protein metabolism and is then eliminated from the body by the kidneys through urination. Abnormal levels of urea in the blood, known as uremia, can indicate impaired kidney function or other medical conditions.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as α-helices and β-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

Salinity is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, salinity refers to the level of salt or sodium content in a substance, usually measured in parts per thousand (ppt). In a medical context, salinity might be discussed in relation to things like the body's fluid balance or the composition of certain bodily fluids, such as sweat or tears.

It is worth noting that in some cases, high salinity levels can have negative effects on health. For example, consuming water with very high salt content can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can be dangerous. Similarly, exposure to high-salinity environments (such as seawater) can cause skin irritation and other problems in some people. However, these are not direct medical definitions of salinity.

An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electric charge. Cations are positively charged ions, which have lost electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions, which have gained electrons. Ions can play a significant role in various physiological processes within the human body, including enzyme function, nerve impulse transmission, and maintenance of acid-base balance. They also contribute to the formation of salts and buffer systems that help regulate fluid composition and pH levels in different bodily fluids.

Fluid waste disposal in a medical context refers to the proper and safe management of liquid byproducts generated during medical procedures, patient care, or research. These fluids can include bodily excretions (such as urine, feces, or vomit), irrigation solutions, blood, or other biological fluids.

The process of fluid waste disposal involves several steps:

1. Collection: Fluid waste is collected in appropriate containers that are designed to prevent leakage and contamination.
2. Segregation: Different types of fluid waste may require separate collection and disposal methods based on their infectious or hazardous nature.
3. Treatment: Depending on the type and volume of fluid waste, various treatments can be applied, such as disinfection, sterilization, or chemical neutralization, to reduce the risk of infection or harm to the environment and personnel.
4. Disposal: Treated fluid waste is then disposed of according to local regulations, which may involve transporting it to a designated waste management facility for further processing or disposal in a safe and environmentally friendly manner (e.g., deep well injection, incineration, or landfilling).
5. Documentation and tracking: Proper records should be maintained to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and to enable effective monitoring and auditing of the waste disposal process.

It is essential to handle fluid waste disposal carefully to minimize the risk of infection, protect the environment, and maintain regulatory compliance. Healthcare facilities must adhere to strict guidelines and regulations regarding fluid waste management to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and the community.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

An oocyst is a thick-walled, environmentally resistant spore-like structure produced by some protozoan parasites, such as Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, during their life cycle. These oocysts can survive for long periods in the environment and can infect a host when ingested, leading to infection and disease. The term "oocyst" is specific to certain groups of protozoan parasites and should not be confused with other types of spores produced by fungi or bacteria.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

In the context of medical definitions, 'carbon' is not typically used as a standalone term. Carbon is an element with the symbol C and atomic number 6, which is naturally abundant in the human body and the environment. It is a crucial component of all living organisms, forming the basis of organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with various elements, allowing for the creation of complex molecules that are essential to life. In this sense, carbon is a fundamental building block of life on Earth. However, it does not have a specific medical definition as an isolated term.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

The term "environment" in a medical context generally refers to the external conditions and surroundings that can have an impact on living organisms, including humans. This includes both physical factors such as air quality, water supply, soil composition, temperature, and radiation, as well as biological factors such as the presence of microorganisms, plants, and animals.

In public health and epidemiology, the term "environmental exposure" is often used to describe the contact between an individual and a potentially harmful environmental agent, such as air pollution or contaminated water. These exposures can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to a range of diseases and disorders, including respiratory illnesses, cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems.

Efforts to protect and improve the environment are therefore critical for promoting human health and preventing disease. This includes measures to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, promote sustainable development, and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Potassium is a essential mineral and an important electrolyte that is widely distributed in the human body. The majority of potassium in the body (approximately 98%) is found within cells, with the remaining 2% present in blood serum and other bodily fluids. Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including:

1. Regulation of fluid balance and maintenance of normal blood pressure through its effects on vascular tone and sodium excretion.
2. Facilitation of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction by participating in the generation and propagation of action potentials.
3. Protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and glycogen metabolism.
4. Regulation of acid-base balance through its role in buffering systems.

The normal serum potassium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter) or mmol/L (millimoles per liter). Potassium levels outside this range can have significant clinical consequences, with both hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) potentially leading to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and respiratory failure.

Potassium is primarily obtained through the diet, with rich sources including fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges, and apricots), vegetables (e.g., leafy greens, potatoes, and tomatoes), legumes, nuts, dairy products, and meat. In cases of deficiency or increased needs, potassium supplements may be recommended under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

The conservation of natural resources refers to the responsible use and management of natural resources, such as water, soil, minerals, forests, and wildlife, in a way that preserves their availability for future generations. This may involve measures such as reducing waste and pollution, promoting sustainable practices, protecting habitats and ecosystems, and engaging in careful planning and decision-making to ensure the long-term sustainability of these resources. The goal of conservation is to balance the needs of the present with the needs of the future, so that current and future generations can continue to benefit from the many goods and services that natural resources provide.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

"Wettability" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a term that is more commonly used in the fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science to describe how well a liquid spreads on a solid surface. In other words, it refers to the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, which can have implications for various medical applications such as the design of medical devices or the study of biological surfaces. However, it is not a term that would typically be used in a clinical medical context.

Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.

In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.

In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

Biophysics is a interdisciplinary field that combines the principles and methods of physics with those of biology to study biological systems and phenomena. It involves the use of physical theories, models, and techniques to understand and explain the properties, functions, and behaviors of living organisms and their constituents, such as cells, proteins, and DNA.

Biophysics can be applied to various areas of biology, including molecular biology, cell biology, neuroscience, and physiology. It can help elucidate the mechanisms of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels, such as protein folding, ion transport, enzyme kinetics, gene expression, and signal transduction. Biophysical methods can also be used to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools for medical applications, such as medical imaging, drug delivery, and gene therapy.

Examples of biophysical techniques include X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and computational modeling. These methods allow researchers to probe the structure, dynamics, and interactions of biological molecules and systems with high precision and resolution, providing insights into their functions and behaviors.

Biophysical phenomena refer to the observable events and processes that occur in living organisms, which can be explained and studied using the principles and methods of physics. These phenomena can include a wide range of biological processes at various levels of organization, from molecular interactions to whole-organism behaviors. Examples of biophysical phenomena include the mechanics of muscle contraction, the electrical activity of neurons, the transport of molecules across cell membranes, and the optical properties of biological tissues. By applying physical theories and techniques to the study of living systems, biophysicists seek to better understand the fundamental principles that govern life and to develop new approaches for diagnosing and treating diseases.

Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "recreation" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Recreation generally refers to activities done for enjoyment, relaxation, or leisure. It could include various hobbies, sports, games, and other forms of entertainment. While certain recreational activities can have health benefits, such as improving physical fitness or reducing stress, "recreation" itself is not a medical concept.

X-ray crystallography is a technique used in structural biology to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice. In this method, a beam of X-rays is directed at a crystal and diffracts, or spreads out, into a pattern of spots called reflections. The intensity and angle of each reflection are measured and used to create an electron density map, which reveals the position and type of atoms in the crystal. This information can be used to determine the molecular structure of a compound, including its shape, size, and chemical bonds. X-ray crystallography is a powerful tool for understanding the structure and function of biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be natural, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and wildfires, or they can be caused by human activities, such as technological accidents, intentional acts of violence, and complex emergencies.

The medical definition of a disaster focuses on the health impacts and consequences of the event, which can include injury, illness, disability, and death, as well as psychological distress and social disruption. The response to a disaster typically involves a coordinated effort by multiple agencies and organizations, including healthcare providers, emergency responders, public health officials, and government authorities, to address the immediate needs of affected individuals and communities and to restore basic services and infrastructure.

Disasters can have long-term effects on the health and well-being of individuals and populations, including increased vulnerability to future disasters, chronic illness and disability, and mental health problems such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. Preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery efforts are critical components of disaster management, with the goal of reducing the risks and impacts of disasters and improving the resilience of communities and societies to withstand and recover from them.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

... politics is politics affected by water and water resources. Water, particularly fresh water, is a strategic resource ... water tanks, water towers, water pipes including old aqueducts. Atmospheric water generators are in development. Drinking water ... Water fit for human consumption is called drinking water or potable water. Water that is not potable may be made potable by ... Pressurized water is used in water blasting and water jet cutters. Also, high pressure water guns are used for precise cutting ...
... Source - Rivers of Somerset. Peart Water - Somerset Rivers. Booth 1993, p. 14700. Currypool Mill, 70m W of Ashford ... Fish are raised in the Hawkridge Reservoir, and further downstream the Peart Water powers two mills. Peart Water rises in the ... "Peart Water", Somerset Rivers, retrieved 21 August 2016 Peart Water Source, Rivers of Somerset, retrieved 21 August 2016 " ... Peart Water is a stream about 5 miles (8.0 km) long in Somerset, England. It rises in the Quantock Hills and flows in a ...
... (The Fabulous Thunderbirds album), 1997 High Water (El-P album), 2004 High Water I (2018) and High Water II (2019), ... Look up high water in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. High Water or Highwater may refer to: High water, the state of tide when ... Highwater (film), a 2008 documentary Step Up: High Water, a web television series High Water (TV series), A Polish-language TV ... "High Water", a song by Rush from the 1987 album Hold Your Fire "High Water (For Charley Patton)", a 2001 song by Bob Dylan ...
There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (H. i. inermis) and the Korean water deer (H. i. argyropus). The water deer is ... Chinese Water Deer Hydropotes inermis - Chinese water deer - archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine Chinese Water Deer ... Thus, the water deer became the newest, and 327th, mammal species to be listed among the fauna of Russia. The water deer has ... In Korea, water deer are found nationwide and are known as gorani (고라니). Water deer inhabit the land alongside rivers, where ...
Levels of surface water lessen as a result of evaporation as well as water moving into the ground becoming ground-water. ... Water portal Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant Meltwater Optimum water content for tillage Water resources ... a total ban on ground water usage during water recessions would allow surface water to retain better levels required for ... Surface water is water located on top of land, forming terrestrial (surrounding by land on all sides) waterbodies, and may also ...
... , water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. ... Water vapor reflects radar to a lesser extent than do water's other two phases. In the form of drops and ice crystals, water ... Provides water for plants and animals: Water vapour gets converted to rain and snow that serve as a natural source of water for ... Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is ...
Walverden Water Catlow Brook Colne Water Wanless Water Trawden Brook Wycoller Beck River Laneshaw Blacko Water Admergill Water ... Pendle Water once supplied water to the Burnley Water Treatment Works, which is situated on Wood End Lane. On Tuesday 8 August ... The river then flows south through Higherford and Barrowford, where it is joined by Colne Water. It collects Walverden Water as ... Pendle Water flows east through the villages of Barley and Roughlee before collecting Blacko Water, which drains the Admergill ...
... may refer to: "Cool Water" (song), a song by Bob Nolan Cool Water (album), an album by Caravan "Cool Water", the ... "Cool Water", a song by Talking Heads from the album Naked Cool Water (perfume), a perfume brand Carbonated water This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cool Water. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ... album's title track "Cool, Cool Water", a song by the Beach Boys " ...
A water dog is a type of gundog bred to flush and retrieve game from water. Water dogs are considered the progenitors of most ... particularly in the waters around Spain and Portugal. In addition to their roles as ships' dogs, in Medieval Europe water dogs ... Water dogs are an ancient type of dog, used by ancient mariners to retrieve objects lost overboard as well as to pass messages ... Water dogs continued to be seen aboard ships until modern times. They were known to be prevalent in the Spanish Armada and ...
... (also known as soda water, bubbly water, sparkling water, fizzy water, club soda, water with gas, in many ... Soda water made in this way tends not to be as carbonated as commercial soda water because water from the refrigerator is not ... By itself, carbonated water appears to have little impact on health. Carbonated water such as club soda or sparkling water is ... plain carbonated water was generally known either as soda water, due to the sodium salts it contained, or seltzer water, ...
A water container, water canister or water can is a medium-sized portable container for transport, storage and use of water. ... Water canisters are used for excursions, camping, boat trips, in cabins without tap water, or as a household drinking water ... Cylindrical water jugs of the type used on water dispensers (typically around 15-30 liters). People in Uganda filling up water ... Bottle Bottled water Water tank Rainwater tank Watering can Jerrycan (i.e. 20 liters) Barrel or drum (i.e. 200 liters) ...
... Limited, trading principally as Icon Water, is a water and wastewater public utility that is an Australian Capital ... Water is gravity fed to Canberra via the Bendora Gravity Main and pumped from Googong Dam. Icon Water operates, and maintains ... "Interactive ACT water supply map". Icon Water Limited. 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 ... The company provides drinking water and wastewater services to the ACT. Icon Water is also a 50% owner of ActewAGL, a multi- ...
... at AllMusic DiCrescenzo, Brent. "Far: Water and Solutions: Pitchfork Review". Pitchfork. Archived from the ... "Far - Water & Solutions". PunkNews. November 16, 2001. Retrieved March 14, 2022. 'Water and Solutions', one of the beautiful ... Jon Goff (2004-08-11). "Far: Water & Solutions (Re-issue)". PopMatters. Retrieved 2019-03-21. "Least hated: FAR 'Water & ... Water & Solutions' tour with The Pauses". Brooklyn Vegan. Retrieved March 14, 2022. The Making of Water & Solutions - 1997 ( ...
... (also water seller) is a profession that existed before the advent of centralized water supply systems. A water ... In the 1940s Chengdu water carriers still went barefoot to show that they go deep into the river to collect the purest water. ... carrier collected water from a source (a river, a well, water pumps, etc.) and transported or carried containers with water to ... Tunisia, early 20th century Water carriers on the Ganges, early 20th century Rajasthan in 2006 Venice, 19th century Water ...
... is an American brand of bottled water with a social mission of "helping children get clean water." A Starbucks ... "Ethos Water Fund". Starbucks.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved 2009-04-09. "Ethos Bottled Water ... Currently, Premium Waters, Inc. bottles Ethos Water from the Lafayette Spring in Lafayette Township. Harris, Jessica (2007-11- ... to help support water, sanitation and hygiene education programs. Ethos water is manufactured by PepsiCo and Safeway's Lucerne ...
The treated water is called alkaline water. Proponents claim that consumption of alkaline water results in a variety of health ... A water ionizer (also known as an alkaline ionizer) is a home appliance which claims to raise the pH of drinking water by using ... Drinking ionized water or alkaline water does not alter the body's pH due to acid-base homeostasis. Additionally, marketers ... Water portal Alkaline diet Pseudoscience Quackery Electrodeionization Magnetic water treatment Negative air ionization therapy ...
An old stone bridge crosses the Kells Water, separating Kells from the adjacent village of Connor. The Kells Water is a nursery ... The water is still used in some industrial processes, such as in a dye works near Connor. Kellswater Flute Band was founded in ... The Kells Water is a small river in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It flows through Moorfields and Kells and is a tributary ... The band takes its name not from the area but from the river Kells Water, immortalised in the song Bonnie Kellswater, the river ...
... which has about three times the amount of water as Eela Water does. "Eela Water Water Body ID 704". eip.ceh.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 ... The outflow from Eela Water heads west through Little Eela Water and the Burn of Eelawater to head out to sea through Hamar Voe ... Eela Water on Let's Fish 1903 survey of Eela Water (CS1 maint: location missing publisher, Articles with short description, ... "View map: Loch of Flugarth; Eela Water (Vol. 6, Plate 99) - Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897- ...
The Water Banquet is an offshoot of Henan cuisine and has existed since the Sui dynasty. It is sometimes credited to the Tang ... The Water Banquet (Chinese: 水席, shǔixí) is a Chinese set of dishes comprising eight cold and 16 warm dishes cooked in various ... It has a history going back more than 1,000 years and the residents of Luoyang often use the Water Banquet to treat important ... "Cultural heritage in Henan: Luoyang Water Banquet". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-06. (Articles containing Chinese- ...
In agriculture water storage, water is stored for later use in natural water sources, such as groundwater aquifers, soil water ... Water stored in dams and reservoirs can be treated for drinking water, but in the past due to poor taxing and high water prices ... Water storage is a broad term referring to storage of both potable water for consumption, and non potable water for use in ... When a water table reaches capacity, or all soil is completely saturated, the water table meets the surface of the ground where ...
A water castle, sometimes water-castle, is a castle where natural or artificial water is part of its defences. (It can be ... "water palace/manor". Forde-Johnston describes such a site as "a castle in which water plays a prominent part in the defences." ... Water castle route at achen-tourismus.de. Retrieved 12 March 2021. Water Castles Route at nrw-tourism.com. Retrieved 12 March ... ISBN 978-0-370-30236-2. Lepage (2023), p. 331: "Water castle: A medieval castle in which natural or artificial water was part ...
... where it is joined by the Old Water to form Cluden Water. Cluden Water flows east and southeast to join the River Nith just ... Cairn Water is a small river in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The river, formed by the confluence of the Castlefern, ... The confluence of these streams forms the Cairn Water. The parish is named for the river valley. The river flows east past ... "Cairn Water - Dumfries and Galloway". Explore Britain. Retrieved 14 February 2012. "River Cairn - Dumfries & Galloway Angling ...
... at Lost Film Files: Paramount lost films - 1925 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rugged Water. ... Rugged Water is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by Irvin Willat and written by James Shelley Hamilton and Joseph C. ... Rugged Water at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie Lobby poster v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different ... Driven insane by his experiences, Bartlett ventures out in a small boat in rough water, and Calvin rescues him. The old man ...
... can refer to: The capybara The gourami A year of the sexagenary cycle of the Chinese zodiac This disambiguation page ... lists articles associated with the title Water pig. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...
Non-meteoric forms of groundwater are connate water and magmatic water, also termed juvenile water. Connate water is trapped in ... Meteoric water is the water derived from precipitation (snow and rain). This includes water from lakes, rivers, and icemelts, ... Magmatic water rises from great depth accompanying magma intrusion and affects mineralogy. In other words, meteoric water is ... Because rock containing connate water is typically formed from ocean sediments, connate water is normally saline. ...
... usually uses a water block, a water pump, and a water-to-air heat exchanger. By transferring device heat to a ... As an alternative to OTC, industrial cooling towers may use recirculated river water, coastal water (seawater), or well water. ... fresh river water or fresh cooling water; but volumes of water lost during evaporative cooling may decrease natural habitat for ... but the weight of the water and pumping system significantly reduces the portability of water-cooled firearms. Water-cooled ...
Water is an extended play by Sister Hazel, released on February 9, 2018. The EP is the first part of a series of four EPs ... "Sister Hazel Announces New EP "Water"". Nashville. 17 December 2017. Lou, Laura (February 6, 2018). "Beyond The Music with ...
... is a small freshwater loch in the south of the island of Hoy, Orkney. It drains in to Heldale Water via Hoglinns ... "Hoglinns Water". British Lakes. Retrieved 7 December 2013. "Bathymetrical Survey of the Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland, 1897- ... "Muckle & Peerie Waters; Loch of Skaill; Hoglinns Water - Bathymetrical Survey, 1897-1909 - National Library of Scotland". ... Pages using infobox body of water with auto short description, Coordinates on Wikidata, Articles using infobox body of water ...
"Water Warriors (kids water blasters)". Water Warriors. Buzz Bee Toys Inc. Retrieved 21 March 2012. Bob. "History of the Super ... "Water Warriors Steady Stream". The Armoury. isoaker.com. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "Water Gun / Water Blaster Product Analyses ... "Water Gun / Water Blaster Analyses Listings / Soaker Database :: :: iSoaker.com". isoaker.com. Retrieved 19 March 2012. "Water ... "Water Warriors Vanquisher". The Armoury. isoaker.com. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "Water Gun / Water Blaster Product Analyses ...
A water rocket is a type of model rocket using water as its reaction mass. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, ... Water pressure forcing all the air in an empty water hose into the rocket. Pressure is the same as the water main. An air ... Water and gas are used in combination, with the gas providing a means to store energy, as it is compressible, and the water ... In Russia, Water Rocket. The Guinness World Record of launching most water rockets is held by Royal College, Colombo when on 10 ...
Get answers to frequently asked questions about public and private water systems. ... Public Water Systems. Water Quality. How is my drinking water regulated?. All public water systems in the United States are ... Water travels to your tap from a surface water or ground water source through your local water utility or through an individual ... The drinking water that is supplied to our homes comes from either a surface water or ground water source. Surface water ...
Join the campaign and take action to tackle the global water crisis. A core focus of World Water Day is to support the ... celebrates water and raises awareness of the 2 billion people living without access to safe water. ... World Water Day, held on 22 March every year since 1993, ... achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6: water and ... WORLD WATER DAY - 22 MARCH 2023. ACCELERATING CHANGE. This World Water Day is about accelerating change to solve the water and ...
Once the water sublimated in Mars atmosphere, patches of hard crust and loose material were left behind, along with ... Mars Rover Discovers Faint Signals of Water on The Red Planet. Space08 May 2023. By Matt Williams, Universe Today ... And yet, theres ample evidence that the planet was once much warmer and wetter, with lots of flowing and standing water on its ... Over time, as Mars atmosphere was slowly stripped away, much of this water was lost to space, and what remains is largely ...
Advanced Open Water is designed for novice divers to gain experience, improve their skills and earn credit towards specialty ... Advanced Open Water Depth The Advanced Open Water Diver course includes one deep dive. How deep? The answer depends on your age ... Divers certified as Junior Advanced Open Water Divers automatically become Advanced Open Water Divers at age 15. Any ... Course prerequisites: PADI Open Water Diver, Junior Open Water Diver, or qualifying entry-level certification. ...
Time based Low-Water Mark. In some systems, where log is not necessarily used to update the state of the system, log can be ... Low-Water Mark. An index in the write ahead log showing which portion of the log can be discarded. ... Snapshot based Low-Water Mark. Most consensus implementations like Zookeeper, or etcd (as defined in RAFT), implement snapshot ... The mechanism gives the lowest offset or low water mark, before which point the logs can be discarded. Have a task running in ...
Water Resilience Coalition. * Volumetric Water Benefit Accounting (VWBA): A Practical Guide to Implementing Water Replenishment ... Working with our partners, the CEO Water Mandate is aligning initiatives within the water sector including the Water Resilience ... water stewardship What is the Mandate? Sign the commitment Join our Water Resilience Coalition A CEO-led, industry-. driven ... Net Positive Water Impact is our shared ambition to increase basin resilience. Read more Join the Water Resilience Coalition ...
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Gender and water ... Human rights and water Health and water ... Transboundary Water Cooperation Water and the 2030 Agenda ... Water cooperation Water governance ... Human rights and water Having access to water and sanitation has been recognized as a human right since 2010. But water is also ... Water and conflicts Will future wars be fought over water? The answer is probably no, but water scarcity can contribute to ...
Water politics is politics affected by water and water resources. Water, particularly fresh water, is a strategic resource ... water tanks, water towers, water pipes including old aqueducts. Atmospheric water generators are in development. Drinking water ... Water fit for human consumption is called drinking water or potable water. Water that is not potable may be made potable by ... Pressurized water is used in water blasting and water jet cutters. Also, high pressure water guns are used for precise cutting ...
Peart Water Source - Rivers of Somerset. Peart Water - Somerset Rivers. Booth 1993, p. 14700. Currypool Mill, 70m W of Ashford ... Fish are raised in the Hawkridge Reservoir, and further downstream the Peart Water powers two mills. Peart Water rises in the ... "Peart Water", Somerset Rivers, retrieved 21 August 2016 Peart Water Source, Rivers of Somerset, retrieved 21 August 2016 " ... Peart Water is a stream about 5 miles (8.0 km) long in Somerset, England. It rises in the Quantock Hills and flows in a ...
High Water (The Fabulous Thunderbirds album), 1997 High Water (El-P album), 2004 High Water I (2018) and High Water II (2019), ... Look up high water in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. High Water or Highwater may refer to: High water, the state of tide when ... Highwater (film), a 2008 documentary Step Up: High Water, a web television series High Water (TV series), A Polish-language TV ... "High Water", a song by Rush from the 1987 album Hold Your Fire "High Water (For Charley Patton)", a 2001 song by Bob Dylan ...
Rose water is a flavoured water made by steeping rose petals in water.[1] It is the hydrosol portion of the distillate of rose ... Rose water is a usual component of perfume.[18] Rose water ointment is occasionally used as an emollient, and rose water is ... A decorative display in a small manufactory of rose water in Kashan, Iran. Food[edit]. Rose water is sometimes added to ... Rose water likely originated in Persia,[7][8][9] where it was known as gulāb (گلاب), from gul (گل rose) and ab (آب water). The ...
Burge mixes water and ink with droplets of gold paint, oil and the organic solvent xylene in a small, stainless-steel bowl. ... She began mixing inks in water and was inspired by the patterns that formed as the ink diffused. Now, the artist, who is based ... Burge feels that the movement of ink through water has aesthetic and scientific aspects, with links to patterns that are ... Thomas, N. Water works. Nature 452, 289 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/452289a ...
On Tuesday, the Southwest Florida Water Management Districts (District) Governing Board adopted a $224.8 million budget for ... The budget reflects the Districts commitment to protect Floridas water resources and to improve Floridas economic vitality. ... District Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Funds Water Resources Projects. September 26, 2023. ... fiscal year (FY) 2024, including approximately $92.4 million for Cooperative Funding Initiatives and District grants for water ...
There are few things we take for granted as much as our ability to turn on the tap and get water in a seemingly... ... GREEN BUILDING 101: Water Efficiency, Both Inside and Outside the Home. *Catherine Winter ... How The Clark Art Institutes Renovation Saved a Whopping 1,000,000 Gallons of Water. *Bridgette Meinhold ... Gunwook Nams Human Pump is a clever solution to the worlds water crisis that captures kinetic energy generated... ...
What should governments do to confront water issues? ... Sustainable water management is integral to the future of food ... Agriculture and water publications. Access all of the OECD publications on water and agriculture online and for free on the ... OECD Home Agriculture and fisheriesTopicsWater and agriculture Water and agriculture. ... These water challenges are expected to strongly impact agriculture - a highly water-dependent sector - undermining the ...
Learn how water pollution can cause plants to die and other problems. ... Primer on Water Quality (U.S. Geological Survey) * Safe Water and Your Health (National Institute of Environmental Health ... Quiz: Water and Your Health (Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Womens Health) ... We all need clean water. People need it to grow crops and to operate factories, and for drinking and recreation. Fish and ...
Total water withdrawal data by source. Source. FY2020. FY2021. FY2022. Fresh surface water, including rainwater, water from ... Total water discharge data by destination. Destination. FY2020. FY2021. FY2022. Fresh surface water (megaliters). 5,251. 5,388 ... Trends in Water Usage and Amount of Recycled Water. Indicator. FY2019. FY2020. FY2021. FY2022. ... Activities to Conserve Water Resources in the Upstream Portion of the Supply Chain ...
The World Bank helps countries improve urban and rural water supply services delivery and improve sector performance through ... Over 663 million people in the world still lack access to improved drinking water sources. ... Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, Sanitation and Water for All, Stockholm International Water Institute, AMCOW ... Water Supply. Globally, 2 billion people still lack access to safely managed drinking water services. The World Bank helps ...
The Water Strategy is a 30-year plan for Michiganders to protect, manage, and enhance Michigans water resources for current ... Michigan Water School. Michigan Water School is a program to help elected and appointed officials increase their knowledge ... Crystal clear water of Lake Michigan washing up on a pebbled shoreline at Wilderness State Park on a beautiful summer day ... The Water Strategy was built on a collaborative process that recognizes the value of continued learning, open dialogue, and ...
A seal prepares to slide into the water in Scotland in this National Geographic Photo of the Day. ... The Waters Fine. A seal readies itself to dive into the waters near Dunvegan Castle on Scotlands Isle of Skye. The pinnipeds ...
... check out our One Water NYC: 2023 Water Demand Management Plan. In this report we explore how we can integrate a One Water NYC ... now known as the Water Shortage Rules, to properly manage its water supply in the event of water shortage during infrastructure ... Water Conservation and Reuse. View our Interactive Demand Management Map for a detailed view of completed water conservation ... Reducing water demand benefits our water supply system and New York City at large by increasing flexibility in our operations, ...
Water use in agriculture is at the core of any discussion of water and food security. The World Bank supports countries with ... Water in Agriculture Global Solutions Group. The Banks work on water in agriculture is supported by the Water in Agriculture ... Water can also move virtually as the production of water intensive food, goods, and services is concentrated in water abundant ... It proposes a singular water approach on building resilient water services and sustaining water resources, while also managing ...
Rain and Waste Water. Six sewage plants and almost 10,000 kilometres of sewerage network handle both waste water and rainwater ... Quality of Surface Waters (Trophics). Berlins waters flow sluggishly and are brimming with nutrients. Perfect conditions for ... Water Conservation Districts. Berlin can cover its drinking water needs completely from the groundwater below the city. ... Conservation zones around the pumping wells protect the water from being contaminated. Discover here how your drinking water ...
3.10 IMPULSE (WATER HAMMER) DEVICES. These devices apply the energy of falling water to lift a fraction of the flow to a higher ... If sufficient water is present in the pump casing, then even if the suction pipe is empty, suction will be created and water ... The principle of it is that an air/water froth, having as little as half the density of water, will rise to a height above the ... This causes a water hammer effect which results in a sudden sharp rise in water pressure sufficient to carry a small ...
... reduced their water usage by 25% with an innovative change to their manufacturing process. ... They repurposed hot water that previously had gone to the sewer. That water is now used to heat up the salt solution before ... The new process has led to a 25 percent reduction in water usage at the Tonawanda plant. This also means less energy is ... New York came up with a way to make sponges that uses less water. ...
We reduce emissions to water from our production processes, and offer products that save water and improve water quality. ... water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource. The sustainable use of water and worldwide conservation of natural water ... CDP Water Disclosure. Since 2010, we participate in CDPs program for reporting on water. In the CDP assessment for Water ... Sustainable Water Management. Sustainable water management has been a central element of our strategy to use water responsibly ...
Bottled water limits: This is what you need to know about buying water as boil water notice continues across Houston. Many ... After water pressure returns to normal levels, a 24-hour observation period on water samples must occur before the boil water ... but right now Houston Water is disinfecting the drinking water at higher concentrations in response to last weeks water ... Boil Water Notice issued for parts Fort Bend County, Houston Public Works says. A Boil Water Notice was issued by the City of ...
Perhaps the single most critical element of the Earth system is water, the carrier and bearer of life that is inextricably ... Only on Earth does water occur in equilibrium ... ... How NASA Studies Water (more info) The water planet. The oceans ... Water and life. And of course water is the critical component of life processes - life cannot exist without it. Liquid water ... Water. Perhaps the single most critical element of the Earth system is water, the carrier and bearer of life that is ...
Find out water sampling protocols and lab requirements for FSMA from the UMass Food Safety Specialist Lisa McKeag and about ... We will cover: irrigation water sources, sampling for FSMA requirements, ins-and-outs of drip irrigation, overhead irrigation ...
  • Access to clean running water and sanitation facilities immediately contributes to improving public health. (siwi.org)
  • Your commitments will be added to the Water Action Agenda, to be launched at the UN 2023 Water Conference - the first event of its kind for nearly 50 years. (worldwaterday.org)
  • Learn about how in the UN World Water Development Report, the UN 2023 Water Conference and through stories from around the world. (worldwaterday.org)
  • Your activation kit will help you promote World Water Day 2023 to all your friends and contacts. (worldwaterday.org)
  • The Water Demand Management Program identified six key strategies for managing water demand in New York City, and detailed specific initiatives that were implemented between 2013 and 2023 to achieve targeted water demand reductions. (nyc.gov)
  • To learn how we surpassed our goal, check out our One Water NYC: 2023 Water Demand Management Plan. (nyc.gov)
  • The Mandate offers a powerful forum for companies to share good practices and forge partnerships to address urgent water challenges related to scarcity, quality, governance and access to water and sanitation. (ceowatermandate.org)
  • In some cases water scarcity is already constraining economic growth. (worldbank.org)
  • The assessment takes into account how transparently companies report on their water management activities and how they reduce risks such as water scarcity. (basf.com)
  • Unfortunately, California has failed to develop institutions to handle water scarcity other than political allocation. (reason.com)
  • Bacteria, viruses, parasites and pollution contaminate freshwater stores resulting in water scarcity. (who.int)
  • Water scarcity is a major problem even in areas where there is plenty of rainfall. (who.int)
  • Water scarcity can also lead to diseases such as trachoma (an eye infection that can lead to blindness), plague and typhus. (who.int)
  • Water scarcity affects 1 in 3 people in the African Region and is getting worse with population growth, urbanization and increases in household and industrial uses. (who.int)
  • Water scarcity often encourages people to store water in their homes. (who.int)
  • The OECD also supported efforts in the G20 by Agriculture Ministers to adopt a declaration and action plan entitled " Towards food and water security: Fostering sustainability, advancing innovation " in 2017, which includes a number of significant commitments to improve agriculture's water use, limit its impact on water quality, and reduce its exposure to water risks. (oecd.org)
  • It is organized around nine goals and outcomes designed to ensure the viability and sustainability of Michigan's water resources over time, placing Michigan on a path to achieving its water vision in a way that builds economic capacity while sustaining ecological integrity of this globally significant resource. (michigan.gov)
  • We are also working with our customers to constantly innovate and develop water-related solutions which are engineered to achieve substantial contributions to sustainability (Accelerator products). (basf.com)
  • There can be many sources of contamination of our water systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Water pollution is any contamination of water with chemicals or other hazardous substances that are detrimental to human, animal, or plant health. (nih.gov)
  • For advisories without evidence of contamination, tap water may be used for patients with healthy immune systems. (cdc.gov)
  • For advisories with evidence of contamination (microbial/chemical) do not use tap water for bath or shower. (cdc.gov)
  • This can increase the risk of household water contamination and provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (who.int)
  • Physical movement of water can occur through changes in initial allocations of surface and groundwater resources mainly from the agricultural to urban, environmental, and industrial users. (worldbank.org)
  • Quench your thirst for knowledge here and learn more about water and groundwater in Berlin. (berlin.de)
  • Berlin can cover its drinking water needs completely from the groundwater below the city. (berlin.de)
  • It aims to ensure that surface water and groundwater within the Danube River Basin are managed and used sustainably and equitably. (com.pk)
  • OECD's work on agriculture and water is also highlighted in the 2016 OECD Council Recommendation on Water . (oecd.org)
  • As an emergency response to the drought, Democratic Gov. Jerry Brown has ordered the State Water Control Board to " impose restrictions to achieve a 25 percent reduction in potable urban water usage through February 28, 2016. (reason.com)
  • AquaClim is the evolution of the Water Research School, begun in 2016 with support from FORMAS and Swedish Water. (lu.se)
  • Irrigated agriculture remains the largest user of water globally, a trend encouraged by the fact that farmers in most countries do not pay for the full cost of the water they use. (oecd.org)
  • Globally, 2 billion people still lack access to safely managed drinking water services. (worldbank.org)
  • Despite water's importance, globally, 2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water and 3.6 billion people lack access to safely managed sanitation . (worldbank.org)
  • The World Bank Group (WBG) has been addressing water issues globally with large-scale finance and technical assistance to countries. (worldbank.org)
  • Currently, agriculture accounts (on average) for 70 percent of all freshwater withdrawals globally (and an even higher share of "consumptive water use" due to the evapotranspiration of crops). (worldbank.org)
  • Globally, at least 1.8 billion people use a drinking-water source contaminated with faeces. (who.int)
  • Water can also move virtually as the production of water intensive food, goods, and services is concentrated in water abundant localities and is traded to water scarce localities. (worldbank.org)
  • Worldwide, water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource. (basf.com)
  • As the U.S. plans new mines for copper, lithium and other metals to use in green technologies, mining projects in the West could threaten scarce water supplies. (kuow.org)
  • In some places, the availability of water is so scarce that people have neither the time nor the money to afford the water purifiers or other water treatment mechanisms. (news-medical.net)
  • Peart Water Source - Rivers of Somerset. (wikipedia.org)
  • Filtering drinking water from rivers and ponds through a folded piece of cotton cloth could cut disease by half in cholera-plagued countries, a new field study suggests. (nature.com)
  • As can be seen from the table below, the amount of water in our atmosphere is over 10 times as much as the water in all the rivers taken together. (infoplease.com)
  • The fresh water actually available for human use in lakes and rivers and the accessible ground water amount to only about one-third of 1% of the world's total water supply. (infoplease.com)
  • The seaway represents one of the most massive industrial transformations of land in North America, and has become emblematic of the way settler societies have treated rivers as highways and dumping grounds, because they saw the water as always going somewhere bigger, further - elsewhere. (cbc.ca)
  • With India, Pakistan signed a landmark water agreement in 1960, the Indus Waters Treaty, that gives India the proprietary right for three eastern rivers - Beas, Ravi and Sutlej - and Pakistan control over the water flowing in three western rivers - the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum. (com.pk)
  • More than 40 percent of the world's population relies on rivers to supply water. (metropolismag.com)
  • Right now, we are seriously off-track to meet Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6: water and sanitation for all by 2030. (worldwaterday.org)
  • The global business community is coming together to achieve collective positive water impact in 100 priority basins by 2030. (ceowatermandate.org)
  • 575 million people will face extreme poverty in 2030 , with households being deprived of access to essential services, most notably sanitation and drinking water. (siwi.org)
  • SDG 3 specifically sets out to end all water-borne disease epidemics, such as malaria, by 2030. (siwi.org)
  • The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on Water and Sanitation proposes a broader agenda: By 2030, universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all, and access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. (worldbank.org)
  • We set ourselves a global target: By 2030, we want to establish sustainable water management at all production sites in water stress areas and at our Verbund sites. (basf.com)
  • Additional targets that go beyond access are also being considered, such as improving water quality by reducing pollution, and substantially increasing water-use efficiency. (worldbank.org)
  • Net Positive Water Impact is our shared ambition to increase basin resilience. (ceowatermandate.org)
  • Working with our partners, the CEO Water Mandate is aligning initiatives within the water sector including the Water Resilience Coalition, Forward Faster, and Open Call to drive collective action. (ceowatermandate.org)
  • Governance and particularly water governance is a prerequisite to improve resilience and populations' ability to better manage climate related and other risks. (siwi.org)
  • It will be important for policymakers to focus on efforts that increase the overall efficiency of water use by the agricultural sector, reduce the sector's impact on freshwater resources, and improve its resilience to water risks. (oecd.org)
  • Water and Sanitation Security and Resilience: Expanding inclusive and reliable water and sanitation services is key to building more equitable communities, resilient livelihoods, and climate-smart economies. (worldbank.org)
  • Water filters work by capturing the microscopic life that lives in abundance in freshwater. (mapquest.com)
  • The themes are covered significantly through a variety of scientific readings and reflection that exemplify different approaches and perspectives for analysing and interpreting present and future water resource availability, the political ecology of water resource challenges, water-related vulnerability and adaptation measures, and uncertainties in climate modelling coupled to freshwater resources. (lu.se)
  • It consists mostly of water lost via evaporation through the skin (two thirds) or respiratory tract (one third). (medscape.com)
  • Profuse sweating-which may be caused by vigorous exercise, hot weather, or a high body temperature-can dramatically increase the amount of water lost through evaporation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This law sought to protect the nation's public drinking water supply by giving EPA authority to set the standards for drinking water quality and oversee the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. (cdc.gov)
  • It flows in a generally northeast direction for about 2.2 miles (3.5 km) to Hawkridge Reservoir, which was built in the early 1960s to supply water to the Borough of Bridgwater. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, water quality is likely to deteriorate in many regions, due to the growth of polluting activities, salination caused by rising sea levels and the abovementioned water supply changes. (oecd.org)
  • The World Bank helps countries improve urban and rural water supply services delivery and improve sector performance through policies, institutions and incentives. (worldbank.org)
  • Lack of access to improved water supply and sanitation services impose huge costs on society, especially for the poor. (worldbank.org)
  • Over the past ten years, the World Bank Group (WBG) - the largest multilateral source of financing for water supply and sanitation (WSS) in developing countries - has approved 262 water projects, amounting to US$31.2 billion, of which US$21.3 billion, or 68 percent, are categorized as WSS projects. (worldbank.org)
  • WSS has traditionally been a very large part of the water portfolio, and currently accounts for about 49% of the total portfolio, with about one-third of the portfolio devoted to urban water supply and 24% on rural water supply. (worldbank.org)
  • As water utilities across the nation-and around the world-grapple with the consequences of climate change, we must continue to identify opportunities to ensure the resiliency and reliability of our water supply system. (nyc.gov)
  • Reducing water demand benefits our water supply system and New York City at large by increasing flexibility in our operations, reducing our energy footprint and greenhouse gas emissions (from treating less drinking water and wastewater), and keeping water bills affordable. (nyc.gov)
  • As water travels through these underground pipes, undetected leaks can occur, and therefore constant maintenance, leak detection, and metering optimization is key to efficient management of water supply. (nyc.gov)
  • Beyond infrastructure upgrades and programs that promote near-term savings, DEP has revised its drought management rules, now known as the Water Shortage Rules , to properly manage its water supply in the event of water shortage during infrastructure repairs, or droughts. (nyc.gov)
  • Discover here how your drinking water supply is ensured. (berlin.de)
  • The supply, treatment, transportation and recooling of water requires energy. (basf.com)
  • The City has confirmed that unsafe levels of arsenic are not, and were never, present in the water supply at Jacob Riis Houses. (nyc.gov)
  • On September 1, 2022, NYCHA received re-sampled test results from an outside vendor that indicated the presence of arsenic levels beyond safety thresholds in the drinking water supply at Jacob Riis Houses. (nyc.gov)
  • NYCHA flushed the water supply at the development and conducted extensive retesting of the water for arsenic, at both the source and point of delivery into apartments. (nyc.gov)
  • Some of the diseases spread through a contaminated water supply are botulism, cholera and dysentery. (mapquest.com)
  • The Antarctic Icecap is the largest supply of fresh water, representing nearly 2% of the world's total of fresh and salt water. (infoplease.com)
  • Climate change is being considered as a pressing concern in the transboundary basin across the globe and the transboundary River Kabul Basin is no exception as it serves as a water-supply source for more than 20 million people. (com.pk)
  • We tried to avoid the stereotype on water supply. (metropolismag.com)
  • Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), Emergency Water Supply Planning Guide for Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities (2012) pdf icon [PDF - 2.07 MB] and standards published by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) external icon ), United States Pharmaocopeia (USP), and manufacturers' instructions. (cdc.gov)
  • emergency supply of potable water. (cdc.gov)
  • Healthcare facilities should develop an Emergency Water Supply Plan ( EWSP pdf icon [PDF - 2.07 MB]) to prepare for, respond to, and recover from a total or partial interruption of the facilities' normal water supply. (cdc.gov)
  • Water supply interruption can be caused by several types of events such as a natural disaster, a failure of the community water system, construction damage or even an act of terrorism. (cdc.gov)
  • The recommendations address water fluoridation for both community public water supply systems and school public water supply systems. (cdc.gov)
  • These recommendations are written with the assumption that the reader either has an engineering background or at least is familiar with basic water supply engineering principles. (cdc.gov)
  • Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries' economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction. (who.int)
  • We know from other studies regarding lung disease that NTM are in the water supply, and we know that many of our patients had used tap water to irrigate their sinuses, even though we discourage them from using tap water. (cdc.gov)
  • On Tuesday, the Southwest Florida Water Management District's (District) Governing Board adopted a $224.8 million budget for fiscal year (FY) 2024, including approximately $92.4 million for Cooperative Funding Initiatives and District grants for water resources projects. (fl.us)
  • In both high-income and low- and middle-income countries, lack of potable water is one of the most immediate public health problems faced after natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis), or in refugee camps. (cdc.gov)
  • Some larger hotels and resorts might use additional onsite water treatment to generate potable water. (cdc.gov)
  • Very few water or wastewater utilities in the developing world recover adequate operation and maintenance costs from customers and only a handful recovers debt service and depreciation. (worldbank.org)
  • We reduce emissions to water from our production processes, reuse wastewater where possible and have water protection concepts in place. (basf.com)
  • These concepts involve evaluating wastewater in terms of risk and drawing up suitable water protection measures. (basf.com)
  • In 2015, 91% of the world's population had access to an improved drinking-water source, compared with 76% in 1990. (who.int)
  • By 2025, half of the world's population will be living in water-stressed areas. (who.int)
  • Ground water is water located below the ground where it collects in pores and spaces within rocks and in underground aquifers. (cdc.gov)
  • PERC's plan includes a proposal to let people bank water in underground aquifers. (reason.com)
  • View our Interactive Demand Management Map for a detailed view of completed water conservation projects across New York City. (nyc.gov)
  • In this report we explore how we can integrate a One Water NYC approach into our demand management, reuse and water conservation work moving forward. (nyc.gov)
  • Conservation zones around the pumping wells protect the water from being contaminated. (berlin.de)
  • The sustainable use of water and worldwide conservation of natural water resources are therefore of concern to us. (basf.com)
  • We focus on four principles: sustainable water abstraction, maintaining good water quality, preserving conservation areas, and ensuring continuous improvement processes, also in cooperation with third parties, i.e. local authorities, municipalities and other water users in a catchment area. (basf.com)
  • That message is the title of his photography campaign on water conservation that he and his team created in 2009. (metropolismag.com)
  • Access to water and sanitation services, for example in public spaces , is key to prevent spread of diseases such as Covid-19. (siwi.org)
  • Ensuring that children attend school and that they are educated about the interconnection between water, health and other environmental challenges, can help them become more qualified adults who can contribute to future water, sanitation and hygiene services. (siwi.org)
  • Majority of water-borne diseases worldwide mainly affect children due to poor hygiene and weak immunity. (news-medical.net)
  • Waterborne diseases are a risk for international travelers who visit countries where access to safe water, adequate sanitation, and proper hygiene is limited, and for wilderness visitors who rely on surface water in any country, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Fresh water is not only needed for drinking but also cooking, food production and a variety of other uses such as sanitation, hygiene and cleanliness practises. (who.int)
  • Furthermore, the course presents and discusses the on-going reformations of water resource planning, policies and laws focusing on principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM), and associated techniques in, for example, the EU and the Global South. (lu.se)
  • Water is central in achieving all 17 SDGs. (siwi.org)
  • How does water play a role, and why is it so central to all SDGs? (siwi.org)
  • The World Bank supports countries with sustainable intensification of agriculture through critical investments in irrigation infrastructure and key institutional reforms, which also help achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on efficient use of water as well as on eliminating hunger. (worldbank.org)
  • Here there is an air space at the top of the pump which interacts with the column of water by acting as a spring, to absorb energy and then use it to expel water for a greater part of the stroke than is possible with a simple flap-valve pump. (fao.org)
  • But a drop in temperature could cause a buildup of polar ice and the onset of continental glaciation, another way that water interacts with the land. (carleton.edu)
  • The goal of water photography is to capture the way water moves and how it interacts with light. (adobe.com)
  • Measuring policy progress on agriculture and water policies is essential to help decision makers identify necessary policy changes and understand how further progress may be achieved to improve agricultural water management. (oecd.org)
  • Only on Earth does water occur in equilibrium as a solid, liquid and gas, a vital factor for sustaining life. (carleton.edu)
  • We consider water quality- changing substances that occur naturally in the water bodies, as well as substances from human- related activities such as agriculture, industry, fish farming and municipal sewerage. (lu.se)
  • Bacteria, often from sewage spills, can pollute fresh or salt water. (medlineplus.gov)
  • But even water that looks perfectly clear may harbor a variety of bacteria, parasites and protozoa that can make you very ill. (mapquest.com)
  • Water that tastes fine can contain bacteria, parasites and protozoa that cause nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fatigue and vomiting. (mapquest.com)
  • It is mainly caused by bacteria named Vibrio cholerae via consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. (news-medical.net)
  • Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria transmitted via contaminated water. (news-medical.net)
  • Many types of bacteria and viruses can cause intestinal (enteric) infection through drinking water. (cdc.gov)
  • Climate change is projected to increase the fluctuations in precipitation and surface water supplies, reducing snow packs and glaciers and affecting crop's water requirements. (oecd.org)
  • Less than 1 percent of water on Earth is fresh water, and 2-3 percent is contained in glaciers and ice caps. (carleton.edu)
  • Pressure management can help reduce leaks by reducing the amount and severity of water main breaks. (nyc.gov)
  • Improving the efficiency of water use in agriculture will also depend on matching of improvements main system (off-farm) with appropriate incentives for on-farm investments aiming to improve soil and water management. (worldbank.org)
  • Water photography refers to any photo that emphasises water as the main visual element. (adobe.com)
  • UAVs, Landsat8 and Sentinel-2.The main aim is to test how remotely sensed data can be used as a tool for monitoring change in water color and thus quality in inland and coastal water. (lu.se)
  • The main component that could induce light reflectance from a water body, while also having an effect on water quality, is Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM). (lu.se)
  • The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. (wikipedia.org)
  • clarification needed] Any water on Earth during the latter part of its accretion would have been disrupted by the Moon-forming impact (~4.5 billion years ago), which likely vaporized much of Earth's crust and upper mantle and created a rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a majority carbon dioxide atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Water vapor in the atmosphere is the key factor that controls Earth's albedo and planetary energy balance through cloud formation. (carleton.edu)
  • irrigation water sources, sampling for FSMA requirements, ins-and-outs of drip irrigation, overhead irrigation in corn, strawberry and direct seeded crops, irrigation under FSMA, and orchard irrigation. (surveymonkey.com)
  • Some rice farmers in northern California are reportedly considering selling their irrigation water to Los Angeles for $700 per acre-foot . (reason.com)
  • In fact, approximately 159 million individuals are dependent on surface water, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports. (news-medical.net)
  • 663 million people rely on unimproved sources, including 159 million dependent on surface water. (who.int)
  • What type of health issues can be related to water quality? (cdc.gov)
  • How do I filter water at my home if I am concerned about water quality? (cdc.gov)
  • When water quality standards have not been met, your public water system must alert and notify customers if there is a risk to their health. (cdc.gov)
  • Your annual Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) is another way to find out about the water quality in your area, and find information regarding contaminants, possible health effects, and the water's source. (cdc.gov)
  • Access to sanitation facilities in schools and quality water education are essentials to create equal opportunities for children. (siwi.org)
  • The relationship between water and education is also a two-way interaction: If provided with quality water education, children can become drivers of change. (siwi.org)
  • We reduce emissions to water from our production processes, and offer products that save water and improve water quality. (basf.com)
  • Find out water sampling protocols and lab requirements for FSMA from the UMass Food Safety Specialist Lisa McKeag and about grant opportunities for irrigation and food safety improvements from representatives of NRCS and MDAR's Commonwealth Quality Program. (surveymonkey.com)
  • In collaboration with and following guidance from DEP and DOHMH, NYCHA has since taken numerous steps to ensure the safety and quality of the water at Riis Houses. (nyc.gov)
  • In one study, a quarter of sites improved in water quality while only 3% declined in health. (kuow.org)
  • And it's making Elizabeth Grater - the 26-year-old in charge of a mission to survey the river's water quality from Lake Ontario all the way to the gulf - think about place. (cbc.ca)
  • International travelers and wilderness visitors have no reliable resources to evaluate local water system quality. (cdc.gov)
  • Where treated tap water is available, aging or inadequate water treatment infrastructure might not effectively disinfect water or maintain water quality during distribution. (cdc.gov)
  • Different input levels and concentrations from different sources to the water can certainly change water quality and will be accounted as external factors that have an effect on the suitability of water quality. (lu.se)
  • The research´s aspects will put more intention in understanding changes in water quality by studying changes in water color over time in inland water and coastal areas in Sweden, by using different types of sensors, with different resolutions, e.g. (lu.se)
  • Scaling issues will be addressed by evaluating the way in which the optical signal can be integrated over space and time, in order to provide a stable estimation of variability in water quality, by coupling in-situ CDOM concentration data with remotely sensed data. (lu.se)
  • Small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants may also have a particularly high body water content (90% for SGA infants vs 84% for appropriate for gestational age [AGA] infants at 25-30 weeks' gestation). (medscape.com)
  • Afterward, liquid water oceans may have existed despite the surface temperature of 230 °C (446 °F) due to the increased atmospheric pressure of the CO2 atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
  • The oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface and contain 97 percent of the Earth's water. (carleton.edu)
  • This book began as class notes for a course we teach on applied statistical methods to hydrologists of the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). (usgs.gov)
  • Owners of private wells and other individual water systems are responsible for ensuring that their water is safe from contaminants. (cdc.gov)
  • Owners of private wells are responsible for ensuring that their well water is safe from contaminants. (cdc.gov)
  • Contaminants in our water can lead to health issues, including gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • EPA makes sure that water meets certain standards, so you can be sure that high levels of contaminants are not in your water. (cdc.gov)
  • Examples follow of potential drinking water contaminants and reported health effects, which can range from subtle to severe depending on the chemical and total exposure. (nih.gov)
  • Efficacy is not compromised by contaminants or particles in the water. (cdc.gov)
  • ATSDR's 1997 public health assessment (PHA) of the drinking water at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina found that people had been exposed to contaminants of concern. (cdc.gov)
  • Out of an abundance of caution, NYCHA has continued to advise Riis Houses residents to not drink or cook with the water and has distributed thousands of bottles of clean water to households in coordination with NYCEM. (nyc.gov)
  • Many people favor water bottles with the filter built in. (mapquest.com)
  • If you're one of those people, you might be interested in the growing number of safe water bottles on the market. (bestbuy.com)
  • Browse the top-ranked list of safe water bottles below along with associated reviews and opinions. (bestbuy.com)
  • We love the water bottles . (bestbuy.com)
  • Water travels to your tap from a surface water or ground water source through your local water utility or through an individual water system, such as a private well. (cdc.gov)
  • The entire pump and riser pipe are joggled up and down by a hand lever, so that on the up-stroke the flap valve is sucked closed and a column of water is drawn up the pipe, so that when the direction of motion is suddenly reversed the column of water travels with sufficient momentum to push open the flap valve and discharge from the outlet. (fao.org)
  • They want to know what changes inside the water as it travels past cities, farms, islands, ports, factories. (cbc.ca)
  • Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Landscape photographers who snap pictures of a winding river at sunrise need different gear than photographers who capture water droplets flying from the surf when a wave crests. (adobe.com)
  • Six sewage plants and almost 10,000 kilometres of sewerage network handle both waste water and rainwater in Berlin. (berlin.de)
  • The budget reflects the District's commitment to protect Florida's water resources and to improve Florida's economic vitality. (fl.us)
  • For as much as agriculture is impacted by these changes, it also contributes to the problem as a major user and polluter of water resources in many regions. (oecd.org)
  • Climate change, population growth and economic development are pushing the limits of the world's finite water resources. (worldbank.org)
  • The Water Strategy is a 30-year plan for Michiganders to protect, manage, and enhance Michigan's water resources for current and future generations. (michigan.gov)
  • The Strategy identifies key actions for actors at many levels to promote healthy water resources. (michigan.gov)
  • Due to population growth, urbanization, and climate change, competition for water resources is expected to increase, with a particular impact on agriculture. (worldbank.org)
  • Resolving the challenges of the future requires a thorough reconsideration of how water is managed in the agricultural sector, and how it can be repositioned in the broader context of overall water resources management and water security. (worldbank.org)
  • It reflects our attempts to teach statistical methods which are appropriate for analysis of water resources data. (usgs.gov)
  • The topics covered are those we feel are of greatest usefulness to the practicing water resources scientist. (usgs.gov)
  • This book points the environmental and water resources scientist to robust and nonparametric statistics, and to exploratory data analysis. (usgs.gov)
  • Statistical Methods in Water Resources Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 4, chapter A3. (usgs.gov)
  • To assist policy makers in addressing this challenge, OECD analysis and indicators contribute to formulating policy responses, defining pathways to make the necessary policy changes, and facilitating their implementation to move agriculture towards the sustainable management of water. (oecd.org)
  • [15] In accordance with the ban on alcohol consumption in Islamic countries, rose water is used instead of champagne on the podium of the Bahrain Grand Prix and Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . (wikipedia.org)
  • This technology enables customers to view and manage their water consumption on a daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly basis and provides an accurate depiction of water use across the city. (nyc.gov)
  • Customers can access their water consumption data through their My DEP Account . (nyc.gov)
  • View Historical Drought and Water Consumption Data . (nyc.gov)
  • The photographs are still circulating as a cutting-edge campaign aimed at our global view of water consumption. (metropolismag.com)
  • All parts of the water lettuce plant are toxic. (ehow.com)
  • Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) is a floating water plant with pale green leaves, which grow in a spiral pattern from the center of the plant. (ehow.com)
  • Water lettuce is an aggressive surface grower, which can kill fish by depleting oxygen. (ehow.com)
  • Water lettuce is considered an invasive pest species along the eastern seaboard, through the southern United States, and into Texas, Arizona and California. (ehow.com)
  • Like Elliott explains, the rumor is that boiling romaine lettuce and then drinking the water is a way to help one fall asleep faster, or sleep better at night. (medscape.com)
  • According to Salas, there was no control group, the extract the mice were given is much more concentrated than what's found in lettuce, and the mice were given a sedative that was going to make them sleepy anyway: "The mice were drugged to put the animals to sleep soon after they took the lettuce water. (medscape.com)
  • The CEO Water Mandate is a special initiative established in 2007 by the UN Secretary General and the UN Global Compact (UNGC) in partnership with the Pacific Institute to advance corporate water stewardship around the world. (ceowatermandate.org)
  • We are member of the Alliance for Water Stewardship, a global organization, aiming at sustainable water use and promoting collective action to address shared water challenges. (basf.com)
  • It is a cost-effective way of preventing health issues from arising, especially for children under the age of 5 who are more at risk of water-borne diseases. (siwi.org)
  • Water-borne diseases are the ones caused by pathogenic microbes spread via contaminated water. (news-medical.net)
  • The knowledge of the different types of water-borne diseases has come to the forefront with the advent of globalization over the past few decades. (news-medical.net)
  • These water sources can transmit water-borne diseases, which have been linked to about 502,000 diarrheal deaths every year. (news-medical.net)
  • The most common of all water-borne diseases, diarrhea, mainly affects children below five years of age. (news-medical.net)
  • It possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high among the water-borne diseases. (news-medical.net)
  • Major precipitation events such as heavy rains or snowfall increase the risk of the water-borne diseases. (news-medical.net)
  • A lack of clean water increases the risk of diarrhoeal diseases as cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery, and other water-borne tropical diseases. (who.int)
  • An OECD assessment of future water risk hotspots projects that without further action, Northeast China, Northwest India, and the Southwest United States will be among the most severely affected regions, with domestic and global repercussions. (oecd.org)
  • In the CDP assessment for Water Security, BASF achieved the top grade of "A" and thus Leadership status. (basf.com)
  • ATSDR recently released findings from the revised public health assessment (PHA) of the health effects of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the drinking water at Camp Lejeune. (cdc.gov)
  • It is important in risk assessment to consider the consequences of sudden unplanned water outages and what measures would have to be taken in such an event. (lu.se)
  • virtual water and water footprint assessment are further discussed. (lu.se)
  • Every year, millions of people living in the United States get their tap water from a public community water system. (cdc.gov)
  • Infants, young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems may be at increased risk for becoming sick after drinking contaminated water. (cdc.gov)
  • Billions of people and countless schools, businesses, healthcare centres, farms and factories don't have the safe water and toilets they need. (worldwaterday.org)
  • Women and non-binary people are still disproportionately affected by water insecurity, in part because they often do not enjoy the same tenure rights as men, and they are also more likely to suffer from gender-based violence arising from water insecurity. (siwi.org)
  • People planning on building a house must therefore be aware of how high the water may rise in the future. (berlin.de)
  • People depend on safe water for their health and livelihood. (nih.gov)
  • Worldwide, nearly 2 billion people drink contaminated water that could be harmful to their health. (nih.gov)
  • Water is essential to life, and it's no wonder that people are always looking for ways to stay hydrated. (bestbuy.com)
  • About 844 million people lack even a basic drinking-water service. (news-medical.net)
  • Additionally, at least 2 billion people utilize a drinking water source that is contaminated with feces. (news-medical.net)
  • Our purpose is to tell the people to save the water. (metropolismag.com)
  • In my country [Lithuania], people understand that you need to save water. (metropolismag.com)
  • Many people say that water will be the reason for the next war. (metropolismag.com)
  • We are saying that people can't live without water. (metropolismag.com)
  • The water guns show people that it's a really big problem. (metropolismag.com)
  • 2.6 billion people have gained access to an improved drinking-water source since 1990. (who.int)
  • The percentage of body weight that is water is also lower in older people and in obese people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Usually, people can drink enough fluids to compensate for excess water loss. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The drinking water that is supplied to our homes comes from either a surface water or ground water source. (cdc.gov)
  • We get ground water by drilling wells and pumping it to the surface. (cdc.gov)
  • And yet, there's ample evidence that the planet was once much warmer and wetter, with lots of flowing and standing water on its surface. (sciencealert.com)
  • According to China's Tianwen-1 mission, which includes the Zhurong rover, there may have been liquid water on the Martian surface later than previously thought. (sciencealert.com)
  • As the cooling continued, most CO2 was removed from the atmosphere by subduction and dissolution in ocean water, but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared. (wikipedia.org)
  • The snowpack in the Sierra Nevada Mountains that supplies most of California's surface water is just 5 percent of the April 1 average . (reason.com)
  • Similarly, the mighty Amazon River in South America constitutes around 20 percent of the total surface water on earth, and passes through eight countries. (com.pk)
  • Where untreated surface or well water is used, and no sanitation infrastructure exists, the risk for waterborne infection is high. (cdc.gov)
  • EPA regulations that protect public water systems do not apply to privately owned wells or other individual water systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Drinking water in the U.S. comes from a variety of sources, including public water systems, private wells, or bottled water. (nih.gov)
  • 2.4 billion access water through other improved sources including public taps, protected wells and boreholes. (who.int)
  • In older buildings in the city centre, precipitation and waste water share the same drains. (berlin.de)
  • DEP has a large service area with 7,000 miles of pipes that distribute water to end users. (nyc.gov)
  • Any water filter with a micron size of one or less will remove parasitic eggs and larvae from the water as well as protozoa. (mapquest.com)
  • We are contributing to the UN Sustainable Development Goals for water and acknowledge the human right to water and sanitation. (basf.com)
  • Visit CDC's filter page to learn more about home water filters. (cdc.gov)
  • Additional information on water treatment and disinfection methods can be found at CDC's Water Treatment Options when Hiking, Camping, or Traveling website. (cdc.gov)
  • To incentivize water savings on private property, we have grants for water efficiency projects at commercial, industrial and multi-family residential properties that include conventional fixture retrofits and/or innovative water saving technologies, such as on-site water reuse. (nyc.gov)
  • These experts will prepare and adapt vital services and infrastructure for drinking water and sanitation while minimizing their climate impact, for a future with climate change. (lu.se)
  • Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Natural calamities such as earthquakes or major cyclones often cause drastic changes in the ecosystem of the water bodies. (news-medical.net)
  • These water challenges are expected to strongly impact agriculture - a highly water-dependent sector - undermining the productivity of rain-fed and irrigated crops and livestock activities particularly in certain countries and regions. (oecd.org)
  • Perhaps the single most critical element of the Earth system is water, the carrier and bearer of life that is inextricably woven into the fabric of the Earth system. (carleton.edu)
  • Water is well known for its unique chemical and physical properties and is critical in nearly all Earth system processes. (carleton.edu)
  • If you have a water pack system that fits into your backpack, it's possible to purchase a water filter system that coordinates with it. (mapquest.com)
  • How you decide what water filtering system will work best for your needs depends on a variety of factors. (mapquest.com)
  • In a column last September, I discussed a more radical and longer-term water market reform based on Australia's system of water rights. (reason.com)
  • In the current system, holders of water rights must specify to the State Water Control Board when they are going use their water, where they are going to use it, who is going to use it, and for what purpose it is going to be used. (reason.com)
  • However, no such treaty exists between Pakistan and Afghanistan over River Kabul - one of the major tributaries of River Indus, contributing between 10 percent and 12 percent of the flows in the Indus water system. (com.pk)
  • Use bottled or boiled water for infants, young children and anyone with a weakened immune system, wounds, or abrasions. (cdc.gov)
  • Implementation of these recommendations should contribute to the achievement of continuous levels of optimally fluoridated drinking water for the U.S. population, minimize potential fluoride overfeeds (i.e., any fluoride level that is greater than the recommended control range of the water system), and contribute to the safe operation of all fluoridated water systems. (cdc.gov)
  • How do I know that the water in my home is safe to drink? (cdc.gov)
  • EPA is responsible for making sure that public water supplies within the United States are safe. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1974, Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act . (cdc.gov)
  • You can't tell from smelling or taking a small taste whether water is safe to drink. (mapquest.com)
  • When you're camping , unless there's a sign that specifically states that water is safe to drink, you should take precaution and treat it. (mapquest.com)
  • 2 Though more of a concern in developing countries, safe drinking water is a U.S. public health priority. (nih.gov)
  • Michigan's Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program is designed to assist water suppliers in satisfying the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act by offering low-interest loans (for 20, 30, or 40-year loans) to eligible water suppliers. (michigan.gov)
  • Substantial progress has been made toward the goal of safe drinking water and sanitation worldwide, particularly in Asia and Latin America. (cdc.gov)
  • All international travelers-especially long-term travelers and expatriates-should become familiar with and use simple methods to ensure safe drinking water. (cdc.gov)
  • Safe and readily available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational purposes. (who.int)
  • An intake hose is used to draw water into the filter. (mapquest.com)
  • If you have a standalone filter, you can scoop water into a pail or put the intake hose directly into the water source. (mapquest.com)
  • Once inside the intake hose, the water is pressed through the filter, either manually, for a freestanding filter, or through suction, with a water bottle filter. (mapquest.com)
  • Great water bottle that keeps tracking your water intake. (bestbuy.com)
  • Water intake must balance water loss. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The ability to improve water management in agriculture is typically constrained by inadequate policies, major institutional under-performance, and financing limitations. (worldbank.org)
  • A private well uses ground water as its water source. (cdc.gov)
  • The Peart Water leaves the Ashford Reservoir, and about 5 miles (8.0 km) from its source joins the Currypool stream and forms the Cannington Brook. (wikipedia.org)
  • Others choose a small hand filter that allows them to purify water as they pull it from the water source and dispense it into separate containers. (mapquest.com)
  • In low- and middle-income countries, 38% of health care facilities lack improved water source, 19% do not have improved sanitation and 35% lack water and soap for handwashing. (who.int)
  • Over time, as Mars' atmosphere was slowly stripped away, much of this water was lost to space, and what remains is largely concentrated around the poles as glacial ice and permafrost. (sciencealert.com)
  • Once the water sublimated in Mars' atmosphere, patches of hard crust and loose material were left behind, along with depressions and ridges. (sciencealert.com)
  • Like other features that formed in the presence of water, these were then preserved by Mars' extremely cold and dry atmosphere. (sciencealert.com)
  • Not only is it a noble gas (and therefore is not removed from the atmosphere through chemical reactions with other elements), but comparisons between the abundances of its nine stable isotopes in the modern atmosphere reveal that the Earth lost at least one ocean of water early in its history, between the Hadean and Archean eons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Peart Water rises in the Quantock Hills Area of Natural Beauty in West Somerset. (wikipedia.org)
  • High Water or Highwater may refer to: High water, the state of tide when the water rises to its highest level. (wikipedia.org)