A tissue or organ remaining at physiological temperature during decreased BLOOD perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. During ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION it begins when the organ reaches physiological temperature before the completion of SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS and ends with reestablishment of the BLOOD CIRCULATION through the tissue.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
The chilling of a tissue or organ during decreased BLOOD perfusion or in the absence of blood supply. Cold ischemia time during ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION begins when the organ is cooled with a cold perfusion solution after ORGAN PROCUREMENT surgery, and ends after the tissue reaches physiological temperature during implantation procedures.
Excision of kidney.
The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Solutions used to store organs and minimize tissue damage, particularly while awaiting implantation.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.
Organs, tissues, or cells taken from the body for grafting into another area of the same body or into another individual.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The procedure of removing TISSUES, organs, or specimens from DONORS for reuse, such as TRANSPLANTATION.
Individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients.
A technique in which tissue is rendered resistant to the deleterious effects of prolonged ISCHEMIA and REPERFUSION by prior exposure to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion. (Am J Physiol 1995 May;268(5 Pt 2):H2063-7, Abstract)
A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.
A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.
Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.
The BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.
A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.
Non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
The act of constricting.
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.
A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
The circulation of BLOOD through the LIVER.
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
A species of SWINE, in the family Suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.
The administrative procedures involved with acquiring TISSUES or organs for TRANSPLANTATION through various programs, systems, or organizations. These procedures include obtaining consent from TISSUE DONORS and arranging for transportation of donated tissues and organs, after TISSUE HARVESTING, to HOSPITALS for processing and transplantation.
Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.
'Rats, Inbred Lew' is a strain of laboratory rat that is widely used in biomedical research, known for its consistent genetic background and susceptibility to certain diseases, which makes it an ideal model for studying the genetic basis of complex traits and disease processes.
A dead body, usually a human body.
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.
A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
Exposure of myocardial tissue to brief, repeated periods of vascular occlusion in order to render the myocardium resistant to the deleterious effects of ISCHEMIA or REPERFUSION. The period of pre-exposure and the number of times the tissue is exposed to ischemia and reperfusion vary, the average being 3 to 5 minutes.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
Creatinine is a waste product that's generated from muscle metabolism, typically filtered through the kidneys and released in urine, with increased levels in blood indicating impaired kidney function.
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Calcium channel blocker and renal mitochondrial function in warm renal ischemia. (1/99)

OBJECTIVE: Ions, particularly calcium ions, play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion cell injury. In this study, we investigated the action of verapamil on the mitochondrial function of kidneys submitted to ischemia without blood reperfusion in order to study isolated early and late ischemic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 44 rats were submitted to bilateral warm renal ischemia for 30 minutes. The kidneys were then immediately reperfused with saline or Euro-Collins (EC) solution, with and without previous administration of 0.35 mg/kg of verapamil. Mitochondrial function was assessed at the end of renal perfusion and after 24 hours of cold preservation. RESULTS: In kidneys perfused with saline, verapamil allowed a significant early preservation of state III mitochondrial respiration, a result that was no longer evident after 24 hours. In kidneys perfused with EC solution, verapamil did not change state III for either early or late evaluations. Comparison of the groups showed that the results obtained for kidneys perfused with EC were always superior to those obtained for the saline group, except for the initial analysis of kidneys treated with saline and verapamil, which showed results similar to those obtained with EC perfusion alone. CONCLUSION: Administration of verapamil before warm ischemia provides partial and short-lasting functional protection of the mitochondrial function in kidneys perfused with sodium rich saline. With Euro-Collins solution, verapamil did not show any additional beneficial effect. This fact permits us to conclude that protective action is effective only under conditions that facilitate increased sodium uptake and/or potassium loss.  (+info)

Influence of perfusion by gaseous oxygen persufflation on rat donor liver. (2/99)

BACKGROUND: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the major problems in liver transplantation. This study aimed to investigate the possible improvement of aerobic metabolism of ischemic donor livers through systemic persufflation with gaseous oxygen in rinse solution. METHODS: Thirty rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. In group A (control, n=10), the livers were perfused with 4 degree centigrade lactic acid ringer's solution through the cannulated portal vein for 25 minutes soon after warm ischemia for 30 minutes. In group B (n=10), the livers were treated the same way as in group A except for addition of gaseous oxygen in the rinse solution. In group C (n=10), the livers were treated similarly as in group B except for addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rinse solution. RESULTS: In group B, the malondialdehyde (MDA)levels in hepatic tissues after perfusion were significantly increased (P<0.01), whereas the SOD levels were markedly decreased (P<0.01). After combined use with antioxidant in group C, the levels of MDA and SOD in hepatic tissues after perfusion recovered significantly (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Perfusion by gaseous oxygen persufflation in combination with antioxidative agents is promising for resuscitating the ischemically altered livers for successful transplantation.  (+info)

Protecting the myocardial cell during coronary revascularization. The William W. L. Glenn Lecture. (3/99)

BACKGROUND: Using the ischemic myocardial cell as a paradigm, competitive coronary revascularization technologies will be analyzed for their potential in causing additional myocardial cell damage during the course of therapeutic procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using balloon and/or stent (bare metal or coated) approaches may be associated with myonecrosis related to atherosclerotic debris plugging the downstream coronary microcirculation as well as ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with revascularization of occluded coronary vessels. The placement of distal mechanical devices and filters during the course of PCI has not been successful in ameliorating this problem. Coronary revascularization using coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) similarly may be associated with myocardial stunning and cell necrosis associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Surgically induced myocardial ischemia secondary to aortic cross clamping, results from the attenuation or cessation of coronary blood flow such that oxygen delivery to the myocardium is insufficient to meet basal myocardial requirements to preserve cellular membrane stability and viability. Recovery involves: (1) resumption of normal oxidative metabolism and the restoration of myocardial energy reserves; (2) reversal of ischemia induced cell swelling and loss of membrane ion gradients and the adenine nucleotide pool; (3) repair of damaged cell organelles such as the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Despite meticulous adherence to presently known principles of surgical myocardial protection using advanced cardioplegic technologies, some patients require inotropic support and/or mechanical assist devices postoperatively, when none was required preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Which method of coronary revascularization causes the least amount of myocardial cell injury and is associated with superior long-term outcomes remains an area of increasing controversy.  (+info)

Dynamical changing patterns of histological structure and ultrastructure of liver graft undergoing warm ischemia injury from non-heart-beating donor in rats. (4/99)

AIM: To investigate the histological and ultra-structural characteristics of liver graft during different of warm ischemia time (WIT) in rats and to predict the maximum limitation of liver graft to warm ischemia. METHODS: The rats were randomized into 7 groups undergoing warm ischemia injury for 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min, respectively. All specimens having undergone warm ischemia injury were investigated dynamically by light and electron microscopy, and histochemistry staining. After orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the recovery of morphology of liver grafts after 6, 24 and 48 h was observed. RESULTS: The donor liver from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD) underwent ischemia injury both in the warm ischemia period and in the reperfusion period. Morphological changes were positively related to warm ischemia injury in a time-dependent manner during the reperfusion period. The results demonstrated that different degrees of histiocyte degeneration were observed when WIT was within 30 min, and became more severe with the prolongation of WIT, no obvious hepatocyte necrosis was noted in any specimen. In the group undergoing warm ischemia injury for 45 min, small focal necrosis occurred in the central area of hepatic lobule first. In the group undergoing warm ischemia injury for 60 min, patchy or diffused necrosis was observed and the area was gradually extended, while hepatic sinusoid endothelial cells were obviously swollen. Hepatic sinusoid was obstructed and microcirculation was in disorder. CONCLUSION: The rat liver graft undergoing warm ischemia injury is in the reversible stage when the WIT is within 30 min. The 45 min WIT may be a critical point of rat liver graft to endure warm ischemia injury. When the WIT is over 60 min, the damage is irreversible.  (+info)

Spatiotemporal expression of heme oxygenase-1 detected by in vivo bioluminescence after hepatic ischemia in HO-1/Luc mice. (5/99)

Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been proposed as a critical mechanism protecting against cellular stress during liver transplantation, providing a potential target for new therapeutic interventions. We investigated the feasibility of in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to noninvasively quantify the spatiotemporal expression of HO-1 after warm hepatic ischemia in living animals. Luciferase activity was measured by BLI as an index of HO-1 transcription in transgenic reporter mice (Ho1-luc) at standardized time points after 60 minutes of warm hepatic ischemia. HO-1 mRNA levels were measured in postischemic livers of mice sacrificed at the same time points in separate experiments. Bioluminescent signals from postischemic liver lobes were first detected at 3 hours after reperfusion. Peak levels were reached at 9 hours, after which bioluminescent activity declined and returned to baseline values at 48 hours after reperfusion. Upregulation of HO-1 as detected by in vivo BLI was preceded by increased HO-1 mRNA expression and confirmed by enhanced immunohistochemical staining of hepatocytes. In conclusion, this study shows that in vivo BLI allows a sensitive assessment of HO-1 expression after hepatic ischemia in living animals. The capability of whole-body temporal imaging of HO-1 expression provides a valuable tool in the development of novel strategies to modulate HO-1 expression in liver transplantation.  (+info)

Prolonging warm ischemia reduces the cold preservation limits of liver grafts in swine. (6/99)

BACKGROUND: The critical shortage of transplantable organs necessitates utilization of unconventional donors. But the safe time limits of cold preservation of liver grafts subjected to warm ischemia (WI) for up to 30 minutes from non-heart-beating-donors (NHBDs) has not been delineated. In this study, we investigated how the limits of cold ischemia (CI) in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution are changed in liver grafts subjected to WI from 10 to 30 minutes. METHODS: A simple porcine NHBD liver transplantation (LT) model was developed. In donors, livers were subjected to 10, 20 or 30 minutes of WI and subsequent different times of CI in UW solution. Animals were divided into three groups (WI 10 min, WI 20 min, WI 30 min, n=13 in each group) and nine subgroups (from CI 6 h to CI 28 h). One-week survival rates of recipients, hepatic function, liver energy metabolism, grafted liver microcirculation and pathological observations of the liver were compared. RESULTS: In the WI 10 min group, the one-week survival rate of the CI 20 h subgroup was significantly higher than in the other two subgroups (CI 24 h and CI 28 h) (P<0.05). Furthermore, the CI 20 h subgroup had a lower level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), less pathological damage, a higher concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and microcirculatory blood flow in the grafted livers at 1 hour after reperfusion than the other two subgroups. The same trends were also found in the other two groups (WI 20 min and WI 30 min) and their subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The cold preservation limits of the liver grafts shortened from 20 to 12 to 6 hours when WI time was prolonged from 10 to 20 to 30 minutes. Only the liver grafts within these time limits could be safely transplanted.  (+info)

Energy metabolism and survival of liver grafts from non-heart-beating donor rats with warm ischemia injury. (7/99)

BACKGROUND: The shortage of donor livers is a critical limiting factor for the use of liver transplantation in treatment of end-stage liver diseases. Organs from non-heart-beating donors seem to be an effective option to alleviate this problem. Warm ischemia injury, however, directly influences the grafts' activity and functional recovery after operation. We investigated the energy metabolism and post-transplant survival of liver grafts after different warm ischemia times (WITs) in rats and determined the maximum limit for liver grafts with warm ischemia. METHODS: Rats were randomized into 7 groups with WITs of 0 (control), 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 or 60 minutes. The indices of energy metabolism were measured by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatograpy and all liver graft specimens were subjected to ultrastructural observation. After orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the recovery of energy metabolism in liver grafts after 24 and 48 hours and the survival of the rats were assessed. RESULTS: The levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge (EC) decreased gradually after different WITs in a time-dependent manner, and this was especially significant within 30 minutes. The levels of ATP and EC in liver grafts with 30 minutes of warm ischemia largely recovered 24 hours after OLT, with 45 minutes of warm ischemia partially recovered 48 hours after OLT, and with 60 minutes of warm ischemia, hardly recovered even 48 hours after OLT. The survival time after OLT did not significantly change with up to 30 minutes of WIT, while long-term survival was reduced with 45 and 60 minutes of WIT. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of ATP and EC after OLT may be important criteria for evaluating the quality of a liver graft. The WIT of a liver graft is closely related to the recovery of hepatic energy metabolism and the graft survival.  (+info)

Novel short-term hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) system prevents injury in rat liver graft from non-heart beating donor. (8/99)

OBJECTIVE: To assess a machine perfusion system in rescuing liver grafts from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The introduction of extracorporeal liver perfusion systems in the clinical routine depends on feasibility. Conceivably, perfusion could be performed during recipient preparation. We investigated whether a novel rat liver machine perfusion applied after in situ ischemia and cold storage can rescue NHBD liver grafts. METHODS: We induced cardiac arrest in male Brown Norway rats by phrenotomy and ligation of the subcardial aorta. We studied 2 experimental groups: 45 minutes of warm in situ ischemia + 5 hours cold storage versus 45 minutes of warm in situ ischemia + 5 hours cold storage followed by 1 hour hypothermic oxygenated extracorporeal perfusion (HOPE). In both groups, livers were reperfused in a closed sanguineous isolated liver perfusion device for 3 hours at 37 degrees C. To test the benefit of HOPE on survival, we performed orthotopic liver transplantation in both experimental groups. RESULTS: After cold storage and reperfusion, NHBD livers showed necrosis of hepatocytes, increased release of AST, and decreased bile flow. HOPE improved NHBD livers significantly with a reduction of necrosis, less AST release, and increased bile flow. ATP was severely depleted in cold-stored NHBD livers but restored in livers treated by HOPE. After orthotopic liver transplantation, grafts treated by HOPE demonstrated a significant extension on animal survival. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a beneficial effect of HOPE by preventing reperfusion injury in a clinically relevant NHBD model.  (+info)

Warm ischemia, also known as warm injury or warm hypoxia, refers to the damage that occurs to tissues when there is an inadequate blood supply at body temperature. This can happen during surgical procedures, trauma, or other medical conditions that restrict blood flow to a specific area of the body. The lack of oxygen and nutrients, combined with the buildup of waste products, can cause cells to become damaged or die, leading to tissue dysfunction or failure.

The term "warm" is used to distinguish this type of ischemia from cold ischemia, which occurs when tissues are cooled and blood flow is restricted. Cold ischemia is often used in organ transplantation to preserve the organ until it can be transplanted. Warm ischemia is generally more damaging to tissues than cold ischemia because the metabolic demands of the cells are not being met, leading to a more rapid onset of cellular damage.

The severity and duration of warm ischemia can affect the extent of tissue damage and the likelihood of recovery. In some cases, warm ischemia may be reversible if blood flow is restored quickly enough, but in other cases it may lead to permanent tissue damage or loss of function. Treatment for warm ischemia typically involves restoring blood flow to the affected area as soon as possible, along with supportive care to manage any complications that may arise.

Ischemia is the medical term used to describe a lack of blood flow to a part of the body, often due to blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues, which can cause them to become damaged or die. Ischemia can affect many different parts of the body, including the heart, brain, legs, and intestines. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the location and severity of the blockage, but they may include pain, cramping, numbness, weakness, or coldness in the affected area. In severe cases, ischemia can lead to tissue death (gangrene) or organ failure. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blocked blood flow, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Reperfusion injury is a complex pathophysiological process that occurs when blood flow is restored to previously ischemic tissues, leading to further tissue damage. This phenomenon can occur in various clinical settings such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, or peripheral artery disease after an intervention aimed at restoring perfusion.

The restoration of blood flow leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators, which can cause oxidative stress, cellular damage, and activation of the immune system. This results in a cascade of events that may lead to microvascular dysfunction, capillary leakage, and tissue edema, further exacerbating the injury.

Reperfusion injury is an important consideration in the management of ischemic events, as interventions aimed at restoring blood flow must be carefully balanced with potential harm from reperfusion injury. Strategies to mitigate reperfusion injury include ischemic preconditioning (exposing the tissue to short periods of ischemia before a prolonged ischemic event), ischemic postconditioning (applying brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion after restoring blood flow), remote ischemic preconditioning (ischemia applied to a distant organ or tissue to protect the target organ), and pharmacological interventions that scavenge ROS, reduce inflammation, or improve microvascular function.

Myocardial ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) is reduced or blocked, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery and potential damage to the heart tissue. This reduction in blood flow typically results from the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques, in the coronary arteries that supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. The plaques can rupture or become unstable, causing the formation of blood clots that obstruct the artery and limit blood flow.

Myocardial ischemia may manifest as chest pain (angina pectoris), shortness of breath, fatigue, or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). In severe cases, it can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) if the oxygen supply is significantly reduced or cut off completely, causing permanent damage or death of the heart muscle. Early diagnosis and treatment of myocardial ischemia are crucial for preventing further complications and improving patient outcomes.

Brain ischemia is the medical term used to describe a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue. This can result in brain damage or death of brain cells, known as infarction. Brain ischemia can be caused by various conditions such as thrombosis (blood clot formation), embolism (obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign material), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow). The severity and duration of the ischemia determine the extent of brain damage. Symptoms can range from mild, such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes"), to severe, including paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further damage and potential long-term complications.

Cold ischemia is a medical term that refers to the loss of blood flow and subsequent lack of oxygen delivery to an organ or tissue, which is then cooled and stored in a solution at temperatures between 0-4°C (32-39°F) for the purpose of transplantation. The term "cold" indicates the temperature range, while "ischemia" refers to the lack of blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissue.

During cold ischemia, the metabolic activity of the organ or tissue slows down significantly, which helps to reduce the rate of cellular damage that would otherwise occur due to the absence of oxygen and nutrients. However, even with cold storage, there is still some degree of injury to the organ or tissue, and this can affect its function after transplantation.

The duration of cold ischemia time is an important factor in determining the success of a transplant procedure. Prolonged cold ischemia times are associated with increased risk of poor organ function and rejection, as well as decreased graft survival rates. Therefore, it is essential to minimize the cold ischemia time as much as possible during organ transplantation to ensure optimal outcomes for the recipient.

Nephrectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of a kidney is removed. It may be performed due to various reasons such as severe kidney damage, kidney cancer, or living donor transplantation. The type of nephrectomy depends on the reason for the surgery - a simple nephrectomy involves removing only the affected portion of the kidney, while a radical nephrectomy includes removal of the whole kidney along with its surrounding tissues like the adrenal gland and lymph nodes.

Organ preservation is a medical technique used to maintain the viability and functionality of an organ outside the body for a certain period, typically for transplantation purposes. This process involves cooling the organ to slow down its metabolic activity and prevent tissue damage, while using specialized solutions that help preserve the organ's structure and function. Commonly preserved organs include hearts, livers, kidneys, lungs, and pancreases. The goal of organ preservation is to ensure that the transplanted organ remains in optimal condition until it can be successfully implanted into a recipient.

Organ preservation solutions are specialized fluids used to maintain the viability and functionality of organs ex vivo (outside the body) during the process of transplantation. These solutions are designed to provide optimal conditions for the organ by preventing tissue damage, reducing metabolic activity, and minimizing ischemic injuries that may occur during the time between organ removal from the donor and implantation into the recipient.

The composition of organ preservation solutions typically includes various ingredients such as:

1. Cryoprotectants: These help prevent ice crystal formation and damage to cell membranes during freezing and thawing processes, especially for organs like the heart and lungs that require deep hypothermia for preservation.
2. Buffers: They maintain physiological pH levels and counteract acidosis caused by anaerobic metabolism in the absence of oxygen supply.
3. Colloids: These substances, such as hydroxyethyl starch or dextran, help preserve oncotic pressure and prevent cellular edema.
4. Electrolytes: Balanced concentrations of ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate are essential for maintaining physiological osmolarity and membrane potentials.
5. Energy substrates: Glucose, lactate, or other energy-rich compounds can serve as fuel sources to support the metabolic needs of the organ during preservation.
6. Antioxidants: These agents protect against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation induced by ischemia-reperfusion injuries.
7. Anti-inflammatory agents and immunosuppressants: Some solutions may contain substances that mitigate the inflammatory response and reduce immune activation in the transplanted organ.

Examples of commonly used organ preservation solutions include University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, Histidine-Tryptophan-Ketoglutarate (HTK) solution, Custodiol HTK solution, and Euro-Collins solution. The choice of preservation solution depends on the specific organ being transplanted and the duration of preservation required.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Reperfusion, in medical terms, refers to the restoration of blood flow to tissues or organs that have been deprived of adequate oxygen supply, usually as a result of ischemia (lack of blood flow). This process is often initiated through therapeutic interventions such as thrombolysis (breaking up blood clots), angioplasty (opening narrowed or blocked blood vessels using a balloon or stent), or surgical procedures.

Reperfusion aims to salvage the affected tissues and prevent further damage; however, it can also lead to reperfusion injury. This injury occurs when the return of oxygen-rich blood to previously ischemic tissues results in the overproduction of free radicals and inflammatory mediators, which can cause additional cellular damage and organ dysfunction.

Managing reperfusion injury involves using various strategies such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and other protective treatments to minimize its negative impact on the recovering tissues or organs.

A transplant is a medical procedure where an organ or tissue is removed from one person (the donor) and placed into another person (the recipient) for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ or tissue with a healthy functioning one. The transplanted organ or tissue can come from a deceased donor, a living donor who is genetically related to the recipient, or a living donor who is not genetically related to the recipient.

Transplantation is an important medical intervention for many patients with end-stage organ failure or severe tissue damage, and it can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity. However, transplantation is a complex and risky procedure that requires careful matching of donor and recipient, rigorous evaluation and preparation of the recipient, and close monitoring and management of the transplanted organ or tissue to prevent rejection and other complications.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Tissue and organ harvesting is the surgical removal of healthy tissues or organs from a living or deceased donor for the purpose of transplantation into another person in need of a transplant. This procedure is performed with great care, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines, to ensure the safety and well-being of both the donor and the recipient.

In the case of living donors, the harvested tissue or organ is typically removed from a site that can be safely spared, such as a kidney, a portion of the liver, or a segment of the lung. The donor must undergo extensive medical evaluation to ensure they are physically and psychologically suitable for the procedure.

For deceased donors, tissue and organ harvesting is performed in a manner that respects their wishes and those of their family, as well as adheres to legal and ethical requirements. Organs and tissues must be recovered promptly after death to maintain their viability for transplantation.

Tissue and organ harvesting is an essential component of the transplant process, allowing individuals with terminal illnesses or severe injuries to receive life-saving or life-enhancing treatments. It is a complex and highly regulated medical practice that requires specialized training, expertise, and coordination among healthcare professionals, donor families, and recipients.

A tissue donor is an individual who has agreed to allow organs and tissues to be removed from their body after death for the purpose of transplantation to restore the health or save the life of another person. The tissues that can be donated include corneas, heart valves, skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, veins, and cartilage. These tissues can enhance the quality of life for many recipients and are often used in reconstructive surgeries. It is important to note that tissue donation does not interfere with an open casket funeral or other cultural or religious practices related to death and grieving.

Ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon in which brief, non-lethal episodes of ischemia (restriction or interruption of blood supply to an organ or tissue) render the tissue more resistant to subsequent prolonged ischemia and reperfusion injury. This adaptive response involves a complex series of cellular and molecular changes that protect the myocardium, brain, kidney, or other organs from ischemic damage. The underlying mechanisms include the activation of various signaling pathways, such as adenosine, opioid, and kinase pathways, which lead to the production of protective factors and the modulation of cellular responses to ischemia and reperfusion injury. Ischemic preconditioning has been extensively studied in the context of cardiovascular medicine, where it has been shown to reduce infarct size and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. However, this protective phenomenon has also been observed in other organs and systems, including the brain, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle.

Raffinose is a complex carbohydrate, specifically an oligosaccharide, that is composed of three sugars: galactose, fructose, and glucose. It is a non-reducing sugar, which means it does not undergo oxidation reactions like reducing sugars do.

Raffinose is found in various plants, including beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, and whole grains. It is a member of the class of carbohydrates known as alpha-galactosides.

In humans, raffinose cannot be digested because we lack the enzyme alpha-galactosidase, which is necessary to break down the bond between galactose and glucose in raffinose. As a result, it passes through the small intestine intact and enters the large intestine, where it is fermented by gut bacteria. This fermentation process can lead to the production of gases such as methane and hydrogen, which can cause digestive discomfort, bloating, and flatulence in some individuals.

It's worth noting that raffinose has been studied for its potential prebiotic properties, as it can promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. However, excessive consumption may lead to digestive issues in sensitive individuals.

Trimetazidine is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as anti-ischemic agents. It is primarily used in the management of angina pectoris, a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Trimetazidine works by improving the efficiency of heart muscle cells in utilizing energy and reducing the production of harmful oxygen free radicals during periods of reduced oxygen supply, such as during angina attacks. This helps to preserve the function of the heart muscle and reduce the severity and frequency of angina episodes.

It is important to note that Trimetazidine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and it is not recommended for individuals with severe liver or kidney impairment.

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. It is characterized by the loss of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness, and apnea (no breathing). In medical terms, death can be defined as:

1. Cardiopulmonary Death: The irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions.
2. Brain Death: The irreversible loss of all brain function, including the brainstem. This is often used as a definition of death when performing organ donation.

It's important to note that the exact definition of death can vary somewhat based on cultural, religious, and legal perspectives.

The biliary tract is a system of ducts that transport bile from the liver to the gallbladder and then to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The main components of the biliary tract are:

1. Intrahepatic bile ducts: These are the smaller branches of bile ducts located within the liver that collect bile from the liver cells or hepatocytes.
2. Gallbladder: A small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver, which stores and concentrates bile received from the intrahepatic bile ducts. The gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine when food is ingested, particularly fats, to aid digestion.
3. Common hepatic duct: This is a duct that forms by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the right and left lobes of the liver, respectively.
4. Cystic duct: A short duct that connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct, forming the beginning of the common bile duct.
5. Common bile duct: This is a larger duct formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. It carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine.
6. Pancreatic duct: A separate duct that originates from the pancreas, a gland located near the liver and stomach. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just before they both enter the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
7. Ampulla of Vater: This is the dilated portion where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join together and empty their contents into the duodenum through a shared opening called the papilla of Vater.

Disorders related to the biliary tract include gallstones, cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), bile duct stones, bile duct strictures or obstructions, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, among others.

Graft survival, in medical terms, refers to the success of a transplanted tissue or organ in continuing to function and integrate with the recipient's body over time. It is the opposite of graft rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it, leading to its failure.

Graft survival depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the type and location of the graft, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, and the overall health of the recipient. A successful graft survival implies that the transplanted tissue or organ has been accepted by the recipient's body and is functioning properly, providing the necessary physiological support for the recipient's survival and improved quality of life.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

Perfusion, in medical terms, refers to the process of circulating blood through the body's organs and tissues to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. It is a measure of the delivery of adequate blood flow to specific areas or tissues in the body. Perfusion can be assessed using various methods, including imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and perfusion scintigraphy.

Perfusion is critical for maintaining proper organ function and overall health. When perfusion is impaired or inadequate, it can lead to tissue hypoxia, acidosis, and cell death, which can result in organ dysfunction or failure. Conditions that can affect perfusion include cardiovascular disease, shock, trauma, and certain surgical procedures.

Allopurinol is a medication used to treat chronic gout and certain types of kidney stones. It works by reducing the production of uric acid in the body, which is the substance that can cause these conditions when it builds up in high levels. Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, meaning it blocks an enzyme called xanthine oxidase from converting purines into uric acid. By doing this, allopurinol helps to lower the levels of uric acid in the body and prevent the formation of new kidney stones or gout attacks.

It is important to note that allopurinol can have side effects, including rash, stomach upset, and liver or kidney problems. It may also interact with other medications, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of any other drugs you are taking before starting allopurinol. Your healthcare provider will determine the appropriate dosage and monitoring schedule based on your individual needs and medical history.

Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or permanent kidney failure. The new kidney takes over the functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.

The transplanted kidney is typically placed in the lower abdomen, with its blood vessels connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the new kidney is then attached to the recipient's bladder to ensure proper urine flow. Following the surgery, the patient will require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by their immune system.

Robotics, in the medical context, refers to the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots in medical fields. These machines are capable of performing a variety of tasks that can aid or replicate human actions, often with high precision and accuracy. They can be used for various medical applications such as surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics, patient care, and diagnostics. Surgical robotics, for example, allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with increased dexterity, control, and reduced fatigue, while minimizing invasiveness and improving patient outcomes.

A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

In medical terms, constriction refers to the narrowing or tightening of a body part or passageway. This can occur due to various reasons such as spasms of muscles, inflammation, or abnormal growths. It can lead to symptoms like difficulty in breathing, swallowing, or blood flow, depending on where it occurs. For example, constriction of the airways in asthma, constriction of blood vessels in hypertension, or constriction of the esophagus in certain digestive disorders.

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a term used in the medical field, particularly in transplant medicine. It refers to a situation where a transplanted organ, most commonly a kidney, fails to function normally immediately after the transplantation procedure. This failure to function occurs within the first week after the transplant and is usually associated with poor urine output and elevated levels of creatinine in the blood.

DGF can be caused by several factors, including pre-existing conditions in the recipient, such as diabetes or hypertension, poor quality of the donor organ, or complications during the surgery. It may also result from the immune system's reaction to the transplanted organ, known as rejection.

In many cases, DGF can be managed with medical interventions, such as administering medications to help reduce inflammation and improve blood flow to the organ. However, in some instances, it may lead to more severe complications, including acute or chronic rejection of the transplanted organ, which could require additional treatments or even another transplant.

It's important to note that not all cases of DGF lead to long-term complications, and many patients with DGF can still go on to have successful transplants with proper management and care.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Tissue preservation is the process of preventing decomposition or autolysis (self-digestion) of tissues after they have been removed from a living organism. This is typically achieved through the use of fixatives, such as formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, which stabilize proteins and other cellular structures by creating cross-links between them. Other methods of tissue preservation include freezing, dehydration, and embedding in paraffin or plastic resins. Properly preserved tissues can be stored for long periods of time and used for various research and diagnostic purposes, such as histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology studies.

Myocardial reperfusion injury is a pathological process that occurs when blood flow is restored to the heart muscle (myocardium) after a period of ischemia or reduced oxygen supply, such as during a myocardial infarction (heart attack). The restoration of blood flow, although necessary to salvage the dying tissue, can itself cause further damage to the heart muscle. This paradoxical phenomenon is known as myocardial reperfusion injury.

The mechanisms behind myocardial reperfusion injury are complex and involve several processes, including:

1. Oxidative stress: The sudden influx of oxygen into the previously ischemic tissue leads to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular structures, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA.
2. Calcium overload: During reperfusion, there is an increase in calcium influx into the cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells). This elevated intracellular calcium level can disrupt normal cellular functions, leading to further damage.
3. Inflammation: Reperfusion triggers an immune response, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, to the site of injury. These cells release cytokines and other mediators that can exacerbate tissue damage.
4. Mitochondrial dysfunction: The restoration of blood flow can cause mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, to malfunction, leading to the release of pro-apoptotic factors and contributing to cell death.
5. Vasoconstriction and microvascular obstruction: During reperfusion, there may be vasoconstriction of the small blood vessels (microvasculature) in the heart, which can further limit blood flow and contribute to tissue damage.

Myocardial reperfusion injury is a significant concern because it can negate some of the benefits of early reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), used to treat acute myocardial infarction. Strategies to minimize myocardial reperfusion injury are an area of active research and include pharmacological interventions, ischemic preconditioning, and remote ischemic conditioning.

Brain death is a legal and medical determination that an individual has died because their brain has irreversibly lost all functions necessary for life. It is characterized by the absence of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and the inability to breathe without mechanical support. Brain death is different from a vegetative state or coma, where there may still be some brain activity.

The determination of brain death involves a series of tests and examinations to confirm the absence of brain function. These tests are typically performed by trained medical professionals and may include clinical assessments, imaging studies, and electroencephalograms (EEGs) to confirm the absence of electrical activity in the brain.

Brain death is an important concept in medicine because it allows for the organ donation process to proceed, potentially saving the lives of others. In many jurisdictions, brain death is legally equivalent to cardiopulmonary death, which means that once a person has been declared brain dead, they are considered deceased and their organs can be removed for transplantation.

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a severe complication that can occur after an organ transplant, such as a lung or heart transplant. It refers to the early functional impairment of the grafted organ that is not due to surgical complications, rejection, or recurrence of the original disease.

In the case of lung transplants, PGD is defined as the evidence of poor oxygenation and stiffness in the lungs within the first 72 hours after the transplant. It is typically caused by inflammation, injury to the blood vessels, or other damage to the lung tissue during the transplant procedure or due to pre-existing conditions in the donor organ.

PGD can lead to serious complications, including respiratory failure, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after transplantation. Treatment may include supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation and medications to support lung function, as well as strategies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the grafted organ.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

The hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk or abdominal aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. It typically divides into two main branches, the right and left hepatic arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels to supply different regions of the liver. The hepatic artery also gives off branches to supply other organs such as the gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum.

It's worth noting that there is significant variability in the anatomy of the hepatic artery, with some individuals having additional branches or variations in the origin of the vessel. This variability can have implications for surgical procedures involving the liver and surrounding organs.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.

These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.

"Cold temperature" is a relative term and its definition can vary depending on the context. In general, it refers to temperatures that are lower than those normally experienced or preferred by humans and other warm-blooded animals. In a medical context, cold temperature is often defined as an environmental temperature that is below 16°C (60.8°F).

Exposure to cold temperatures can have various physiological effects on the human body, such as vasoconstriction of blood vessels near the skin surface, increased heart rate and metabolic rate, and shivering, which helps to generate heat and maintain body temperature. Prolonged exposure to extreme cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a drop in core body temperature below 35°C (95°F).

It's worth noting that some people may have different sensitivities to cold temperatures due to factors such as age, health status, and certain medical conditions. For example, older adults, young children, and individuals with circulatory or neurological disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of cold temperatures.

In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.

Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.

Aspartate aminotransferases (ASTs) are a group of enzymes found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, liver, and muscles. They play a crucial role in the metabolic process of transferring amino groups between different molecules.

In medical terms, AST is often used as a blood test to measure the level of this enzyme in the serum. Elevated levels of AST can indicate damage or injury to tissues that contain this enzyme, such as the liver or heart. For example, liver disease, including hepatitis and cirrhosis, can cause elevated AST levels due to damage to liver cells. Similarly, heart attacks can also result in increased AST levels due to damage to heart muscle tissue.

It is important to note that an AST test alone cannot diagnose a specific medical condition, but it can provide valuable information when used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation.

A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those you'd get if you were having a stroke. A TIA doesn't cause permanent damage and is often caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of your brain, which may last as little as five minutes.

Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your nervous system. However, unlike a stroke, a TIA doesn't leave lasting damage because the blockage is temporary.

Symptoms of a TIA can include sudden onset of weakness, numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body. You could also experience slurred or garbled speech, or difficulty understanding others. Other symptoms can include blindness in one or both eyes, dizziness, or a severe headache with no known cause.

Even though TIAs usually last only a few minutes, they are a serious condition and should not be ignored. If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing a TIA, seek immediate medical attention. TIAs can be a warning sign that a full-blown stroke is imminent.

Liver circulation, also known as hepatic circulation, refers to the blood flow through the liver. The liver receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein.

The hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver, accounting for about 25% of the liver's blood supply. The remaining 75% comes from the portal vein, which carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver.

In the liver, these two sources of blood mix in the sinusoids, small vessels with large spaces between the endothelial cells that line them. This allows for efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the hepatocytes (liver cells). The blood then leaves the liver through the hepatic veins, which merge into the inferior vena cava and return the blood to the heart.

The unique dual blood supply and extensive sinusoidal network in the liver enable it to perform various critical functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, synthesis, storage, and secretion of numerous substances, maintaining body homeostasis.

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Microcirculation is the circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels, including arterioles, venules, and capillaries. It's responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. The microcirculation plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and is regulated by various physiological mechanisms such as autonomic nervous system activity, local metabolic factors, and hormones.

Impairment of microcirculation can lead to tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and organ dysfunction, which are common features in several diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of the microcirculation is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a type of enzyme found primarily in the cells of the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cells of other tissues such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to another alpha-keto acid, usually pyruvate, to form pyruvate and another amino acid, usually glutamate. This process is known as the transamination reaction.

When liver cells are damaged or destroyed due to various reasons such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury, ALT is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the level of ALT in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating liver function and detecting liver damage. Normal ALT levels vary depending on the laboratory, but typically range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L) for men and 6 to 45 U/L for women. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver injury or disease, although other factors such as muscle damage or heart disease can also cause elevations in ALT.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.

There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.

'Sus scrofa' is the scientific name for the wild boar, a species of suid that is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Cardiac arrest, also known as heart arrest, is a medical condition where the heart suddenly stops beating or functioning properly. This results in the cessation of blood flow to the rest of the body, including the brain, leading to loss of consciousness and pulse. Cardiac arrest is often caused by electrical disturbances in the heart that disrupt its normal rhythm, known as arrhythmias. If not treated immediately with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation, it can lead to death or permanent brain damage due to lack of oxygen supply. It's important to note that a heart attack is different from cardiac arrest; a heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, often by a clot, causing damage to the heart muscle, but the heart continues to beat. However, a heart attack can sometimes trigger a cardiac arrest.

Tissue and organ procurement is the process of obtaining viable tissues and organs from deceased or living donors for the purpose of transplantation, research, or education. This procedure is performed by trained medical professionals in a sterile environment, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines. The tissues and organs that can be procured include hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreases, intestines, corneas, skin, bones, tendons, and heart valves. The process involves a thorough medical evaluation of the donor, as well as consent from the donor or their next of kin. After procurement, the tissues and organs are preserved and transported to recipients in need.

An animal model in medicine refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments to understand, predict, and test responses and effects of various biological and chemical interactions that may also occur in humans. These models are used when studying complex systems or processes that cannot be easily replicated or studied in human subjects, such as genetic manipulation or exposure to harmful substances. The choice of animal model depends on the specific research question being asked and the similarities between the animal's and human's biological and physiological responses. Examples of commonly used animal models include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and non-human primates.

I'm happy to help! "Rats, Inbred Lew" is a specific strain of laboratory rats that have been inbred for research purposes. The "Lew" part of the name refers to the location where they were first developed, the Lewis Institute in Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA.

Inbreeding is a process of mating closely related individuals over many generations to create a genetically homogeneous population. This results in a high degree of genetic similarity among members of the strain, making them ideal for use as experimental models because any differences observed between individuals are more likely to be due to the experimental manipulation rather than genetic variation.

Inbred Lew rats have been widely used in biomedical research, particularly in studies related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. They exhibit a number of unique characteristics that make them useful for these types of studies, including their susceptibility to developing high blood pressure when fed a high-salt diet or given certain drugs.

It's important to note that while inbred strains like Lew rats can be very useful tools for researchers, they are not perfect models for human disease. Because they have been bred in a controlled environment and selected for specific traits, they may not respond to experimental manipulations in the same way that humans or other animals would. Therefore, it's important to interpret findings from these studies with caution and consider multiple lines of evidence before drawing any firm conclusions.

A cadaver is a deceased body that is used for medical research or education. In the field of medicine, cadavers are often used in anatomy lessons, surgical training, and other forms of medical research. The use of cadavers allows medical professionals to gain a deeper understanding of the human body and its various systems without causing harm to living subjects. Cadavers may be donated to medical schools or obtained through other means, such as through consent of the deceased or their next of kin. It is important to handle and treat cadavers with respect and dignity, as they were once living individuals who deserve to be treated with care even in death.

Kidney neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the kidney tissues that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various types of kidney cells, including the renal tubules, glomeruli, and the renal pelvis.

Malignant kidney neoplasms are also known as kidney cancers, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common type. Benign kidney neoplasms include renal adenomas, oncocytomas, and angiomyolipomas. While benign neoplasms are generally not life-threatening, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to compromise kidney function or if they undergo malignant transformation.

Early detection and appropriate management of kidney neoplasms are crucial for improving patient outcomes and overall prognosis. Regular medical check-ups, imaging studies, and urinalysis can help in the early identification of these growths, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.

Peroxidase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This enzymatic reaction also involves the oxidation of various organic and inorganic compounds, which can serve as electron donors.

Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as defense against oxidative stress, breakdown of toxic substances, and participation in metabolic pathways.

The peroxidase-catalyzed reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

H2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ → 2H2O

In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water, and the electron donor is oxidized. The peroxidase enzyme facilitates the transfer of electrons between the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and the electron donor, making the reaction more efficient and specific.

Peroxidases have various applications in medicine, industry, and research. For example, they can be used for diagnostic purposes, as biosensors, and in the treatment of wastewater and medical wastes. Additionally, peroxidases are involved in several pathological conditions, such as inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, making them potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Spinal cord ischemia refers to a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the spinal cord, leading to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply. This condition can cause damage to the spinal cord tissue, potentially resulting in neurological deficits, such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, or autonomic dysfunction. Spinal cord ischemia may be caused by various factors, including atherosclerosis, embolism, spinal artery stenosis, or complications during surgery. The severity and extent of the neurological impairment depend on the duration and location of the ischemic event in the spinal cord.

Ischemic preconditioning, myocardial is a phenomenon in cardiac physiology where the heart muscle (myocardium) is made more resistant to the damaging effects of a prolonged period of reduced blood flow (ischemia) or oxygen deprivation (hypoxia), followed by reperfusion (restoration of blood flow). This resistance is developed through a series of brief, controlled episodes of ischemia and reperfusion, which act as "preconditioning" stimuli, protecting the myocardium from subsequent more severe ischemic events. The adaptive responses triggered during preconditioning include the activation of various protective signaling pathways, release of protective factors, and modulation of cellular metabolism, ultimately leading to reduced infarct size, improved contractile function, and attenuated reperfusion injury in the myocardium.

Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).

Graft rejection is an immune response that occurs when transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) is recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells to attack and destroy the graft. This results in the failure of the transplant and the need for additional medical intervention or another transplant. There are three types of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately or soon after transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection typically occurs within weeks to months post-transplant and is characterized by the infiltration of T-cells into the graft. Chronic rejection, which can occur months to years after transplantation, is a slow and progressive process characterized by fibrosis and tissue damage due to ongoing immune responses against the graft.

The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It forms the thickest part of the heart wall and is divided into two sections: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The myocardium contains several types of cells, including cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The muscle fibers are arranged in a highly organized pattern that allows them to contract in a coordinated manner, generating the force necessary to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system.

Damage to the myocardium can occur due to various factors such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), infection, inflammation, or genetic disorders. This damage can lead to several cardiac conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

The portal vein is the large venous trunk that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (draining the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine) and the splenic vein (draining the spleen and pancreas). The portal vein then divides into right and left branches within the liver, where the blood flows through the sinusoids and gets enriched with oxygen and nutrients before being drained by the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava. This unique arrangement allows the liver to process and detoxify the absorbed nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate metabolic homeostasis.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Creatinine is a waste product that's produced by your muscles and removed from your body by your kidneys. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, a compound found in meat and fish, as well as in the muscles of vertebrates, including humans.

In healthy individuals, the kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and eliminate it through urine. However, when the kidneys are not functioning properly, creatinine levels in the blood can rise. Therefore, measuring the amount of creatinine in the blood or urine is a common way to test how well the kidneys are working. High creatinine levels in the blood may indicate kidney damage or kidney disease.

Neuroprotective agents are substances that protect neurons or nerve cells from damage, degeneration, or death caused by various factors such as trauma, inflammation, oxidative stress, or excitotoxicity. These agents work through different mechanisms, including reducing the production of free radicals, inhibiting the release of glutamate (a neurotransmitter that can cause cell damage in high concentrations), promoting the growth and survival of neurons, and preventing apoptosis (programmed cell death). Neuroprotective agents have been studied for their potential to treat various neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and to develop effective therapies.

Hepatocytes are the predominant type of cells in the liver, accounting for about 80% of its cytoplasmic mass. They play a key role in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances, initiation of formation and secretion of bile, and enzyme production. Hepatocytes are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. It is a vital antioxidant that plays an essential role in maintaining cellular health and function. Glutathione helps protect cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and dementia. It also supports the immune system, detoxifies harmful substances, and regulates various cellular processes, including DNA synthesis and repair.

Glutathione is found in every cell of the body, with particularly high concentrations in the liver, lungs, and eyes. The body can produce its own glutathione, but levels may decline with age, illness, or exposure to toxins. As such, maintaining optimal glutathione levels through diet, supplementation, or other means is essential for overall health and well-being.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

... during which the body had prolonged warm ischaemia). It could be used to preserve donor organs but may also be developed to be ... "Cellular recovery after prolonged warm ischaemia of the whole body". Nature. 608 (7922): 405-412. Bibcode:2022Natur.608..405A. ...
G L Baker; R J Corry; A P Autor (1 November 1985). "Oxygen free radical induced damage in kidneys subjected to warm ischemia ...
2002). "Changes in differential gene expression because of warm ischemia time of radical prostatectomy specimens". Am J Pathol ...
Thus keeping the tissues warm is probably necessary to fight both infection and ischemia. Some healthcare professionals use ' ... among which are ischemia, reperfusion injury, and bacterial colonization. Ischemia is an important factor in the formation and ... Like ischemia, bacterial colonization and infection damage tissue by causing a greater number of neutrophils to enter the wound ... Ischemia results from the dysfunction and, combined with reperfusion injury, causes the tissue damage that leads to the wounds ...
... so the kidneys must be tolerant of warm ischemia for periods of up to an hour. Diving is associated with a large reduction to ... They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water. The thickness of the blubber layer can be ... Likewise, they often migrate to warmer waters whenever the water temperature dips below 20 °C (68 °F). The lungs of sirenians ... To counteract overheating while in warmer waters, baleen whales reroute blood to the skin to accelerate heat-loss.: 99 : 69 ...
... though fewer than 16 hours of cold ischemia or 6 hours of warm ischemia leads to the best outcomes. If replantation is not ...
This is finalized to make as brief as possible the donor organ dangerous warm ischemia phase that can be contained in the ... at the back table in cold ischemia condition for the donor organ and after native organ removal in the recipient. ...
... warm ischemia MeSH E04.950.165 - castration MeSH E04.950.165.679 - orchiectomy MeSH E04.950.165.685 - ovariectomy MeSH E04.950. ... cold ischemia MeSH E04.936.450 - organ transplantation MeSH E04.936.450.050 - bone transplantation MeSH E04.936.450.050.100 - ...
... there can be a reduction in warm ischemia time, and so an improvement in the quality and quantity of transplantable organs. It ...
For frostbite injuries, limiting thawing and warming of tissues until warmer temperatures can be sustained may reduce ... Ischemia of the small bowel is called mesenteric ischemia. Brain ischemia is insufficient blood flow to the brain, and can be ... Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of ... Inadequate blood supply to a limb may result in acute limb ischemia or chronic limb threatening ischemia. Reduced blood flow to ...
While limbs in both acute and chronic limb ischemia may be pulseless, a chronically ischemic limb is typically warm and pink ... nephric ischaemia) Mesenteric ischaemia Cerebral ischaemia Cardiac ischaemia Once signs and symptoms of acute limb ischemia are ... The New Latin term ischaemia as written, is a British version of the word ischemia, and stems from the Greek terms ischein 'to ... In the worst cases, acute limb ischaemia progresses to critical limb ischaemia, and results in death or limb loss. Early ...
It is the re-warming period that, if not controlled properly, can have detrimental effects. Hyperthermia during the re-warming ... "Cerebral ischemia: deep hypothermia". Open Anesthesia. Retrieved 14 April 2016. 45 to 60 minutes is upper limit of safe time ... The brain and heart naturally resume activity as warming proceeds. The first activity of the warming heart is sometimes ... Warming must be done carefully to avoid overshooting normal body temperature. It is recommended that rewarming is stopped once ...
Events reported have included coronary artery vasospasm, transient myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, ventricular ... paresthesias and warm/cold sensations) reported by 4% in the placebo group and 5-6% in the sumatriptan groups, pain and other ...
Late onset of pain (hours after injury) could be due to muscle ischaemia (reduced oxygen supply). This can lead to loss of ... Clinical parameters such as temperature of the limb extremities (warm or cold), capillary refilling time, oxygen saturation of ... Limb vascular status is categorized as "normal," "pulseless with a (warm, pink) perfused hand," or "pulseless-pale (nonperfused ... indicating limb ischaemia), neurological deficits (paresthesia, tingling, numbness), and additional signs of poor perfusion ( ...
Heat is typically applied by placing a warming device on the relevant body part. Newer breeds of heat therapy devices combine a ... because of increased metabolic rate and demand which a tissue with poor blood supply may fail to meet resulting in ischemia). ... Direct contact Moist heat therapy has been believed to be more effective at warming tissues than dry heat, because water ... Physical therapy heat modalities that can be utilized to treat chronic conditions include hot packs, paraffin, warm whirlpool, ...
In addition to delivering oxygen, blood flow helps to dissipate heat in a body by redirecting warm blood closer to its surface ... There is no official or formal dividing line between hypoperfusion and ischemia; sometimes the latter term refers to zero ... Poor perfusion (malperfusion), that is, ischemia, causes health problems, as seen in cardiovascular disease, including coronary ... Tissue damage after return of blood supply following ischemia or hypoxia Machine perfusion Perfusionist - Healthcare ...
For liver transplants, the cold ischemia time can be up to 24 hours, although typically surgeons aim for a much shorter period ... For the heart normothermic preservation has been used in which the heart is provided with warm oxygenated blood and so ... This time during transport is called the "cold ischemia time". Heart and lungs should have less than 6 hours between organ ... For kidney transplants, as the cold ischemia time increases, the risk of delayed function of the kidney increases. Sometimes, ...
Jia, J.; Pollock, M.; Jia, J. (May 1998). "Cold injury to nerves is not due to ischaemia alone". Brain. 121 (5): 989-1001. doi: ... After cold exposure, and during warming, a short phase of mottled cyanosis may occur, while remaining cold and numb, with ... Zafren, Ken (October 2021). Danzl, Daniel F (ed.). "Nonfreezing cold water (trench foot) and warm water immersion injuries". ... Experimental evidence suggests a complex mode of injury with microvascular disruption, cyclic ischaemia, reperfusion injury and ...
Active core rewarming involves the use of intravenous warmed fluids, irrigation of body cavities with warmed fluids (the chest ... or lowering metabolism so that total brain ischemia can be tolerated for a short time. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is a ... The treatment of mild hypothermia involves warm drinks, warm clothing, and voluntary physical activity. In those with moderate ... Active external rewarming involves applying warming devices externally, such as a heating blanket. These may function by warmed ...
Next the patient is partially warmed up to about 34 °C, for 12 hours. In one experiment performed around 2006, 12 of 14 dogs ... where an emergency department patient is cooled into suspended animation for an hour to prevent incipient death from ischemia, ... This gives the surgeon perhaps an hour to close the wounds before a warming and recirculation procedure is applied. Human ... system and taken to an operating theatre for a two-hour surgical procedure before having their blood restored and being warmed ...
As the donor organs warm up to body temperature, the lungs begin to inflate. The heart may fibrillate at first - this occurs ... The most common indications in adults are ischemia (22%), Crohn's disease (13%), trauma (12%), and desmoid tumor (10%); and in ...
It reduces the blood supply, leading to tissue ischemia, reduced tissue perfusion and eventually higher incidence of painful ... Examination typically involves gentle irrigation with warm saline and probing of the socket to establish the diagnosis. ...
As the caps warm on the head, multiple cooled caps must be kept on hand and applied every 20 to 30 minutes. Hypothermia has ... damage caused by oxidative stress when the blood supply is restored to a tissue after a period of ischemia. Various ... Some of the new machines now also have 3 rates of cooling and warming; a rewarming rate with one of these machines allows a ... Some of the new models have more software that attempt to prevent this overshoot by utilizing warmer water when the target ...
Changes in the ventricular repolarization in Chagas' disease are likely due to myocardial ischemia. This ischemia can also lead ... T. cruzi transmission has been documented in the Southwestern U.S., and warming trends may allow vector species to move north. ...
Tuna are able to warm their entire bodies through a heat exchange mechanism called the rete mirabile, which helps keep heat ... Poikilothermia is one of the signs of acute limb ischemia.[citation needed] Guschina, Irina A.; Harwood, John L. (2006). " ... by warming their abdomens and touching them to the eggs. The bumblebee generates heat by shivering flight muscles even though ...
Areas adjacent to the bite often become red and painful due to vasospasm and ischemia. A blister may form which often changes ... It is native to the Mediterranean area and western Asia, including parts of Europe and Northern Africa, and prefers warm ...
Acute Lyme radiculopathy follows a history of outdoor activities during warmer months in likely tick habitats in the previous 1 ... which can effectively cause ischemia or lack of blood flow to nerves).[medical citation needed] Signs and Symptoms ...
If there is no risk of re-freezing, the extremity can be exposed and warmed in the groin or underarm of a companion. If the ... Small clots (microthrombi) form and can cut off blood to the affected area (known as ischemia) and damage nerve fibers. ... If the area is still partially or fully frozen, it should be rewarmed in the hospital with a warm bath with povidone iodine or ... Treatment is by rewarming, by immersion in warm water (near body temperature) or by body contact, and should be done only when ...
Warming the affected area with a heating pad may help to loosen the fascia prior to exercise. Icing the area may result in ... This worsening cycle can eventually lead to a lack of sufficient oxygen in the soft tissues (tissue ischemia) and tissue death ... When this happens, pressure builds up in the tissues and muscles causing tissue ischemia. An increase in muscle weight will ... Abdominal compartment syndrome Escharotomy Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal system "Compartment ...
The roots of the words anemia and ischemia both refer to the basic idea of "lack of blood", but anemia and ischemia are not the ... abnormalities Antibody-mediated Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by autoimmune attack against red blood cells, ... the word ischemia refers solely to the lack of blood (poor perfusion). Thus ischemia in a body part can cause localized anemic ... Bellotto, Fabio; Cati, Arianna (March 2006). "[Anemia and myocardial ischemia: relationships and interferences]". Recenti ...
Donor porcine lungs were procured after 2 hours of warm ischemia postcardiac arrest and subjected to 4 hours of cold ... Increased use of lungs after uncontrolled donor cardiac death and prolonged warm ischemia may be possible and may improve ... 2. Lungs donated after circulatory death and prolonged warm ischemia are transplanted successfully after enhanced ex vivo lung ... Severely injured donation after circulatory death lungs subjected to 2 hours of warm ischemia are transplanted successfully ...
... during which the body had prolonged warm ischaemia). It could be used to preserve donor organs but may also be developed to be ... "Cellular recovery after prolonged warm ischaemia of the whole body". Nature. 608 (7922): 405-412. Bibcode:2022Natur.608..405A. ...
Poor function of the renal transplant may be the result of acute tubular necrosis (ATN). ATN is related to "warm" renal ... ATN is associated with prolonged ischemia and reperfusion injury. ATN occurs after placement of most cadaveric grafts. Recovery ... ischemia. Both the severity and duration of ATN is worse in cadaveric transplants. Because of the sensitivity of the injured ...
... warm ischemia and reperfusion injury with emphasis on cryonics technology ... has unique characteristics distinguishing it from warm ischemia. Unlike cold ischemia, warm ischemia inhibits nitric oxide ... Unlike warm ischemia, cold ischemia is also to associated with an increase in chelatable iron which opens the Mitochondrial ... Endothelial cells are significantly more damaged by reperfusion following cold ischemia than following warm ischemia [ ...
How bad is warm ischemia really?. * Idea of how to make reversible cryonics work.. * Or just bring your questions. ... As long as the original connectome can be inferred from what is preserved, damage associated with cerebral ischemia or ...
A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes, A Small Animal Model ... A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes. Yong Gyu Lee1,2, Jung- ... Intrahepatic Delivery of Pegylated Catalase Is Protective in a Rat Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Model The Journal of Surgical ...
I: warm ischemia at 30 min; II: 6 h in the SCS group; III: 6 h in the P group; IV: 6 h in the BP group. BMMSCs - bone marrow ...
Bromelain Ameliorates Hepatic Microcirculation After Warm Ischemia. J. Surg. Res. 2007, 139, 88-96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] ... Bromelain induces cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury through Akt/FOXO pathway in rat myocardium. Am. J. ...
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) lung injury has been investigated extensively on clinical and experimental models of cold ischemia. ... However, relatively few studies examine the detailed biochemical changes occurring during normothermic (warm) IR. ... After ischemia, a significant increase (P , 0.05) in lipid peroxidation metabolites, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( ...
Cellular recovery after prolonged warm ischaemia of the whole body. Andrijevic D, Vrselja Z, Lysyy T, Zhang S, Skarica M, ...
Islets transplanted for type-1 diabetes have their viability reduced by warm ischemia, dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG; hypoxia ...
Cellular recovery after prolonged warm ischaemia of the whole body.Andrijevic D, Vrselja Z, Lysyy T, Zhang S, Skarica M, Spajic ...
Rhabdomyolysis will occur after approximately 6 hours of warm ischemia and may escalate into a bacterial gangrene infection, ... Prolonged ischemia (over 6 hours) will result in rhabdomyolysis and potential loss of limb. Rhabdomyolysis may lead to acute ... The skin from his elbow to wrist is tense and warm with slight erythema and superficial peeling. No pallor is noted. Sensation ... Examples include patients with CNS injury or patients on narcotics (5). c) Hypoxia and/or Anemia: In which case ischemia will ...
Warm-up Angina: harnessing the benefits of exercise and myocardial ischaemia. Williams, R. P., Manou-Stathopoulou, V., Redwood ...
I: warm ischemia at 30 min; II: 6 h in the SCS group; III: 6 h in the P group; IV: 6 h in the BP group. BMMSCs - bone marrow ... I: warm ischemia at 30 min; II: 6 h in the SCS group; III: 6 h in the P group; IV: 6 h in the BP group. BMMSCs - bone marrow ... DCD donor livers were randomly and averagely divided into 4 groups according to our previous study after a 30 min warm ischemia ... During the warm ischemia of DCD livers, hypoxia led to further increased oxidative stress and decreased mitochondrial ...
Cyclooxygenase 1-dependent production of F2-isoprostane and changes in redox status during warm renal ischemia-reperfusion. ... Antithrombin reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats by activation of cyclooxygenase-1. Harada, N., Okajima, ...
Results: Prolonged warm ischaemia after cardiocirculatory death initiated Rip kinase-mediated necroptosis, which was ... C to mimic the clinical scenario of cold ischaemia and warm reperfusion. Lung tissues and cells were then analysed with various ... Background: Effective preservation strategies to ameliorate lung graft ischaemia injury are needed to rescue extended criteria ... remains high in pediatric patients during anesthesia and surgery even though core body temperature monitoring and warming ...
75] It is possible that improved results will be seen by limiting donor age, by minimizing donor warm ischemia time, and by not ... the allograft obtained from an NHBD may be subject to considerable warm ischemia time before it is perfused with the cold ...
75] It is possible that improved results will be seen by limiting donor age, by minimizing donor warm ischemia time, and by not ... the allograft obtained from an NHBD may be subject to considerable warm ischemia time before it is perfused with the cold ...
... beta cell yield from donor pancreases after controlled circulatory death prevented by shortening acirculatory warm ischemia ...
"Livers from non-heart-beating donors tolerate short periods of warm ischemia," Transplantation, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 1226-1230, ... Warm and Cold Ischaemic Time (WIT/CIT) are critical in graft survival in DCD donors. Several measures, including judicious ...
Mayer WA, Godoy G, Choi JM, Goh AC, Bian SX, Link RE "Higher RENAL Nephrometry Score is Predictive of Longer Warm Ischemia Time ...
Ischemia-reperfusion model. Regeneration was induced by a modification of the renal warm ischemia method (15). Mice were ... B, renal ischemia reperfusion protocol: 5-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were subjected to 50 minutes of left unilateral warm ... B, renal ischemia reperfusion protocol: 5-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were subjected to 50 minutes of left unilateral warm ... we established a murine model of warm unilateral renal ischemia and subsequent RRR (Fig. 1B), then we did an extensive five- ...
The Effect of Warm Ischemia Time on Short-Term and Long-Term Kidney Function After Partial Nephrectomy (poster) Annual ... "Determination of the maximum safe laparoscopic warm renal ischemia time in the porcine model: dose escalation trial." APC 2005 ...
There is increasing evidence that platelet plays an important role in tissue regeneration, ischemia/reperfusion injury, ... and cold ischemia time. Propensity scores were estimated for each patient, and stabilized IPTW weights were created.[16] The ... ischemia/ reperfusion injury,[7] and liver regeneration.[8, 9] Patients with severe liver disease for liver transplantation ... platelet can also contribute to graft injury through ischemia/ reperfusion injury. However, most of previous studies focused on ...
... membrane oxygenation with autologous blood to revive the donation after cardiac death liver grafts from donor warm ischaemia.. ...
warm ischemia liver transplantation [1]. warming application [1]. Warteliste [1]. WASH complex [1]. ...
Warm Ischemia Medicine & Life Sciences 12% * Transplants Medicine & Life Sciences 12% * Graft Survival Medicine & Life Sciences ... The second warm ischaemic time in the Simple LLDN group was slightly shorter than the Complex LLDN group (32 versus 36 min P = ... The second warm ischaemic time in the Simple LLDN group was slightly shorter than the Complex LLDN group (32 versus 36 min P = ... The second warm ischaemic time in the Simple LLDN group was slightly shorter than the Complex LLDN group (32 versus 36 min P = ...
Using a 90-min lobar warm ischemia model, wild type (WT), TLR4 KO/mutant and TLR2 KO mice were first assessed for the severity ... Using a 90-min lobar warm ischemia model, wild type (WT), TLR4 KO/mutant and TLR2 KO mice were first assessed for the severity ... Using a 90-min lobar warm ischemia model, wild type (WT), TLR4 KO/mutant and TLR2 KO mice were first assessed for the severity ... Using a 90-min lobar warm ischemia model, wild type (WT), TLR4 KO/mutant and TLR2 KO mice were first assessed for the severity ...
Warm ischemia time (WIT) was defined as the time interval between the withdrawal of life support to cold perfusion. ... uncontrolled cardiac arrest leads to longer ischemia time and ischemia-reperfusion injury, the adverse effects of the prolonged ... and cold ischemia time (CIT) were not prognostic factors for the graft loss (Table 4). Multivariate analysis revealed 5 ...
  • 11-13] Although platelet is indispensable for liver tissue repair after liver transplantation, platelet can also contribute to graft injury through ischemia/ reperfusion injury. (researchsquare.com)
  • Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the major problem in clinical liver transplantation. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • DCD grafts are particularly vulnerable to ischemia reperfusion injury because of additional warm ischemia. (atcmeetingabstracts.com)
  • Martins P, Berendsen T, Yeh H, Bruinsma B, Izamis M, Uygun K, McDaid J, Yarmush M, Markmann J. Perfluorocarbon Added to the University of Winsconsin Solution Reduces Ischemia Reperfusion Injury and Prolongs Survival of DCD Liver Grafts [abstract]. (atcmeetingabstracts.com)
  • Novel approaches to preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury during liver transplantation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) results in profound allograft damage during liver transplantation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We designed this study to identify changes in HMGB1 expression in rat kidney tissues after ischemia reperfusion injury and effects of EP on the expression of HMGB1. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conclusion: From these results, we deduced that the preventive effect of EP on rat kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury was not due to the decreased expression of HMGB1 but the prevention of HMGB1 release. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We hypothesized that ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) with targeted drug therapy would allow successful rehabilitation and transplantation of donation after circulatory death lungs exposed to 2 hours of warm ischemia. (xvivoperfusion.com)
  • During vascular anastomosis* 1 in kidney transplantation procedures, kidneys removed from donors and stored after cooling are exposed to the risk of second warm ischemic injury* 2 due to heating by contact with a surgeon or donor's tissues. (screen.co.jp)
  • In liver transplantation, tissue damage at reperfusion is mostly correlated with warm and cold ischemia times and leads in turn to poor graft function [13] and biliary complications [14,15]. (123dok.net)
  • Donor porcine lungs were procured after 2 hours of warm ischemia postcardiac arrest and subjected to 4 hours of cold preservation or EVLP. (xvivoperfusion.com)
  • Increased use of lungs after uncontrolled donor cardiac death and prolonged warm ischemia may be possible and may improve transplant wait list times and mortality. (xvivoperfusion.com)
  • He is the first to bring in the use of in-situ extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation with autologous blood to revive the donation after cardiac death liver grafts from donor warm ischaemia. (icmsbg.org)
  • Preoperative recipient mechanical ventilation, preoperative prothrombin time, donor sodium level, donor length of hospital stay, and warm ischemia time approached significance. (mssm.edu)
  • Methods MSC derived from human bone marrow were labeled by DiI and administered intravascularly or endobronchially to the lungs of donor pigs after a period of 3 hours warm and 3 hours cold ischemia. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The right donor lung was fixed for microscopic analysis directly after the ischemia time. (uni-koeln.de)
  • In another experiment, we transplanted syngeneic rat livers after a warm ischemia period of 45min + 4h of cold ischemia in either UW solution of PFC+UW. (atcmeetingabstracts.com)
  • There was no difference regarding postoperative length of hospital stay ( p = 0.37), complications ( p = 0.86), or positive margins ( p = 0.93).Conclusions: in early experience, RPN appears to be a feasible and safe alternative to its laparoscopic counterpart with decreased warm ischaemia times noted. (soton.ac.uk)
  • The second warm ischaemic time in the Simple LLDN group was slightly shorter than the Complex LLDN group (32 versus 36 min P = 0.016). (edu.au)
  • The RPN group had significantly less warm ischaemic time than the LPN group ( p = 0.0008). (soton.ac.uk)
  • Specific tumour features (i.e. size, hilar location, anatomical complexity, nearness to renal sinus and/or urinary collecting system), surgeon's experience, robot‐assisted technology, as well as the aim of reducing warm ischaemia time and the amount of devascularized renal parenchyma preserved represented the key factors driving the evolution of the renorrhaphy techniques during MIPN over the past decade. (bjuinternational.com)
  • Quantitative synthesis showed that running suture was associated with shorter operating and ischaemia time, and lower postoperative complication and transfusion rates than interrupted suture. (bjuinternational.com)
  • Barbed suture had lower operating and ischaemia time and less blood loss than non‐barbed suture. (bjuinternational.com)
  • The single‐layer suture technique was associated with shorter operating and ischaemia time than the double‐layer technique. (bjuinternational.com)
  • 2) Warm ischemia time can be shortened because there is no need for the infrahepatic vena cava anastomosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The Trifecta was defined as negative surgical margin, zero perioperative complications and a warm ischaemia time of ≤25 min. (wustl.edu)
  • Ischemia is the condition suffered by tissues & organs when deprived of blood flow -- mostly the effects of inadequate nutrient & oxygen. (benbest.com)
  • If biological tissues are exposed to body temperature without blood flow (warm ischemia), cellular homeostasis is not maintained due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients, and so disabling substances are released outside the cell. (screen.co.jp)
  • Cellular recovery after prolonged warm ischaemia of the whole body. (yale.edu)
  • The animals were divided into 3 groups: sham group without warm ischemia, EP group (EP given before ischemia), and ischemic control group. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Using a 90-min lobar warm ischemia model, wild type (WT), TLR4 KO/mutant and TLR2 KO mice were first assessed for the severity of hepatocellular damage at 6 h postreperfusion. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • In the 40-minute ischemia-reperfusion model, HMGB1 expression increased at 6 hours after reperfusion and decreased gradually at 1, 3, and 5 days after reperfusion. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Abstract Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical challenge. (123dok.net)
  • Running suture, particularly using barbed wires, shortened the operating and ischaemia times. (bjuinternational.com)
  • Within two minutes of ischemia, extracellular pH can drop from about 7.3 to about 6.7. (benbest.com)
  • Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (200-300 g) were subjected to 40 minutes of renal warm ischemia. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a process whereby parenchymal damage caused by blood flow deprivation is accentuated upon organ reperfusion. (123dok.net)
  • Severely injured donation after circulatory death lungs subjected to 2 hours of warm ischemia are transplanted successfully after enhanced EVLP with targeted drug therapy. (xvivoperfusion.com)
  • The skin from his elbow to wrist is tense and warm with slight erythema and superficial peeling. (hawaii.edu)
  • The grafts are perfused in situ through the left portal branch to prevent warm ischemia. (northwestern.edu)
  • Ischemia and reperfusion can cause serious brain damage in stroke or cardiac arrest. (benbest.com)
  • Targeting HIF-1α to Prevent Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Does It Work? (hindawi.com)
  • Lindeman, J.H.N. & Schaapherder, A.F.M. (2013), Interleukin-9 release from human kidney grafts and its potential protective role in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, Inflammation Research 62(1): 53-59. (universiteitleiden.nl)
  • Giorgakis E, Khorsandi SE, Jassem W, Heaton N. Minimization of Ischemic Cholangiopathy in Donation After Cardiac Death Liver Transplantation: Is It Thrombolytic Therapy or Warm Ischemic Time Stringency and Donor Bile Duct Flush? (uams.edu)
  • A pharmacological agent that could reduce the risk of IRI and prolong the "safe" warm ischemia time would cause a global transformational change in the utilization of partial nephrectomy, with broader implications for renal transplantation, cardiac surgery, and the myriad other surgeries that involve IRI. (hindawi.com)
  • The injury an organ sustains during recovery, preservation, and transplantation occurs primarily as a result of ischemia and hypothermia. (medscape.com)
  • Damage to organs during transplantation occurs in 2 phases: first, the warm ischemic phase, then the cold ischemic phase. (medscape.com)
  • The central role of lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury in pulmonary dysfunction after cardiac surgery, particularly thoracic organ transplantation, has been well recognised. (ersjournals.com)
  • Ischaemia-reperfusion-induced pulmonary dysfunction is a significant clinical problem in cardiac surgery and, particularly, lung transplantation 1 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Pulmonary ischaemia-reperfusion can cause cellular breakdown and death of lung epithelial tissue, which may contribute to the magnitude and duration of pulmonary dysfunction seen after cardiopulmonary bypass and lung transplantation 2 , 4 . (ersjournals.com)
  • In experimental studies of rodent single-lung transplantation, a short duration of ischaemia (20 min) and reperfusion was associated with neither increased cellular necrosis nor apoptosis of the transplanted lung compared with the pre-retrieval lungs 12 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of postoperative liver dysfunction, morbidity and mortality following liver resection and transplantation. (wjgnet.com)
  • Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury during living-donor liver transplantation is known to form reactive oxygen species. (molcells.org)
  • The blockage and reflow of blood in the liver during transplantation causes ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a challenge for successful outcome. (molcells.org)
  • This is potentiated by the incompletely understood ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). (hindawi.com)
  • Although a large number of drugs and agents (including Ca 2+ -channel blockers, mannitol, acadesine, adenosine, Na + /H + -exchange inhibitors, and N-acetylcysteine (an antioxidant)) have been shown to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in the kidney in vitro and in vivo (in either rat or mouse), all have failed in either large animal or human trials [ 5 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • However, during ischemia the activity of the antioxidant enzymes is diminished, leading to an increase in the formation of superoxide radicals and oxidative stress at reperfusion [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent studies suggest that lung apoptosis following ischaemia-reperfusion could be equally important in the development of post-operative lung dysfunction. (ersjournals.com)
  • The current literature on the mechanism and pathways involved in pulmonary dysfunction and, in particular, its relationship with apoptosis after lung ischaemia-reperfusion is briefly reviewed here. (ersjournals.com)
  • Post-operative pulmonary dysfunction following the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is a frequently observed phenomenon that is associated with lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury 2 , 3 . (ersjournals.com)
  • However, understanding of the complex pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury remains incomplete. (ersjournals.com)
  • Unlike any other organ in the human body, the lung possesses two blood supply networks with extensive anastomotic connections and a total of three potential sources of lung tissue oxygenation, thus making lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury more intriguing to study 2 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Since the mid-1980s, the role of neutrophils, free radicals and other inflammatory mediators in ischaemia-reperfusion injury has been extensively investigated 4 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Nevertheless, these mediators appear to contribute only in part to lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury. (ersjournals.com)
  • The final pathways, after lung ischaemia and reperfusion, leading to cellular damage, necrosis or apoptosis of the pulmonary epithelium remain to be fully elucidated. (ersjournals.com)
  • Recently, the mechanisms involved in pulmonary apoptosis following lung ischaemia-reperfusion have begun to be understood 5 . (ersjournals.com)
  • The current review highlights the latest research findings in apoptosis after acute lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury. (ersjournals.com)
  • Since the late 1990s, scientists have recognised that the different processes following ischaemia-reperfusion, although closely related, cause lung injury by activation of different inflammatory pathways 2 , 4 , 6 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Tissue necrosis after lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury has been recognised to be associated with significantly worsened lung function, related to the high degree of inflammation. (ersjournals.com)
  • However, the complex relationship between ischaemia-reperfusion and lung apoptosis is only beginning to emerge. (ersjournals.com)
  • Ischemic conditioning has been shown to ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion injury in small animal models. (wjgnet.com)
  • It can be applied directly or remotely when cycles of ischemia and reperfusion are applied to a distant site or organ. (wjgnet.com)
  • Ischemic postconditioning applies brief episodes of ischemia at the onset of reperfusion following a prolonged ischemia. (wjgnet.com)
  • Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may activate innate immunity through the interaction of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with endogenous ligands. (nih.gov)
  • Subsequently, the rats underwent normothermic, 60 min, partial liver ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of this review is to highlight the techniques and drugs that target HIF-1 α and ameliorate IRI associated with renal ischemia. (hindawi.com)
  • However, while the majority of cancers are suitable for partial nephrectomy, concern about the warm ischemia time has meant that only around 25% of small kidney cancers are treated with nephron-sparing surgery [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 1. Renal Ischemia and Functional Outcomes Following Partial Nephrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 2. Renal Ischemia and Function After Partial Nephrectomy: A Collaborative Review of the Literature. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Acute Kidney Injury after Partial Nephrectomy: Role of Parenchymal Mass Reduction and Ischemia and Impact on Subsequent Functional Recovery. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Renal function after partial nephrectomy: effect of warm ischemia relative to quantity and quality of preserved kidney. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Functional Recovery From Extended Warm Ischemia Associated With Partial Nephrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Poorly functioning kidneys recover from ischemia after partial nephrectomy as well as strongly functioning kidneys. (nih.gov)
  • 10. Ischemia and Functional Recovery from Partial Nephrectomy: Refined Perspectives. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Parenchymal volume preservation and ischemia during partial nephrectomy: functional and volumetric analysis. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Comparison of warm and cold ischemia on renal function after partial nephrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Determinants of renal functional decline after open partial nephrectomy: a comparison of warm, cold, and non-ischemic modalities. (nih.gov)
  • Our hypothesis is that renal hypothermia during partial nephrectomy results in improved post-operative renal function compared to warm ischemia. (icrpartnership.org)
  • Methods: To test our hypothesis, 180 partial nephrectomy patients will be randomized to cold or warm ischemia. (icrpartnership.org)
  • Zero ischaemia', sutureless laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumours with low nephrometry score. (unifi.it)
  • in the present paper, a ' zero ischaemia ' , sutureless laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumours with low nephrometry score is possible and can overcome the ischaemic obstacle. (unifi.it)
  • The warm ischemic phase includes the time from the interruption of circulation to the donor organ to the time the organ is flushed with hypothermic preservation solution. (medscape.com)
  • Ischemic preconditioning refers to that performed before the duration of ischemia of the target organ. (wjgnet.com)
  • Ischemic perconditioning is performed over the duration of ischemia of the target organ. (wjgnet.com)
  • This proposal describes a technique to achieve bloodless surgery and reduce the risk of hemorrhage while minimizing warm ischemia to the organ. (uclahealth.org)
  • His translational research is in neurocardiology where he studies organ recovery after warm ischemia using single-cell and spatial multi-omics profiling technologies, with a particular emphasis on the heart-brain axis. (yale.edu)
  • The ex vivo Organ Care System (OCS -- TransmedicsTM) involves the Transplant retrieval team connecting the donor heart to a sterile circuit where it is kept beating and warm thereby limiting the detrimental effects of cold ischaemia (a period where the heart is dormant without oxygen and nutrients) that occurs with the standard organ preservation mode of packing the heart on ice in an Esky. (sciencedaily.com)
  • 2002). This ischemia time can range from minutes to hours depending on the organ, the standard operating procedures of the institution, the surgeon and other healthcare personnel involved, and the surgical approach. (lab-ally.com)
  • This study aims to determine the critical warm ischemia time based on in vivo biochemical changes. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, the present study aims to determine the critical warm ischemia time (WIT) based on in-vivo close monitoring of biochemical changes in cardiac myocytes during the process of DCD of abdominal organs and lungs. (medscape.com)
  • Effects of donor cause of death, ischemia time, inotrope exposure, troponin values, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data on recipient outcomes: A review of the literature. (uams.edu)
  • This is a time-critical step due to the critical ischemia period of renal tissue. (hindawi.com)
  • The two key factors that contribute to postoperative loss of renal function are ischemia time and degree of parenchymal loss [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Current clinical data support a "safe" warm ischemia time of 25 minutes, or a cold ischemia time (when the kidney is placed on ice slush) of 35 min while up to two hours can be tolerated [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Delay to formalin fixation 'cold ischemia time': effect on ERBB2 detection by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. (cancer.gov)
  • We have developed a modified three-cuff version of this technique that facilitates anastomosis and markedly reduces warm ischemia time. (unipv.it)
  • The Quick-Linker technique significantly shortens warm ischemia time and allows rapid anastomosis that is relatively independent of operator skill. (unipv.it)
  • For example, changes in RNA and proteins are likely to occur during the time interval, known as warm ischemia time, between ligation of the blood supply and tissue removal (Dash, et al. (lab-ally.com)
  • with mean total warm ischaemic time of 59 min (range 39-86). (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • So, traditionally, most centers will do either clamping with cold ischemia, where the kidneys packed in ice, or clamping with warm ischemia. (urologytimes.com)
  • Cold Ischemia" is when the Graft is remaining at lower physiological temperature. (millionhairtransplant.com)
  • Prolonged renal ischemia may lead to irreversible nephron damage in the remaining tissue and, ultimately, chronic kidney disease. (hindawi.com)
  • Slushed solution is used to create regional hypothermia in order to reduce and minimize manifestations of warm-temperature ischemia. (nih.gov)
  • Beyond this period, critical ischemia ensues, where renal cells are irreversibly injured, eventually resulting in nephron loss and chronic kidney disease in 5-17% patients [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 9. Current Paradigm for Ischemia in Kidney Surgery. (nih.gov)
  • The controversy has been that some in the field have argued that exposure to that ischemia, that timeframe where there's no blood flow, that it might predispose the kidney to progressive longitudinal decline and function. (urologytimes.com)
  • Twelve days later the left kidney was exposed to various periods of warm ischemia (30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes). (canjurol.com)
  • We conclude that in a single renal unit porcine model using ischemia as the insult to the kidney, expensive actual measurements of GFR can be reliably replaced by Scr based calculated GFR. (canjurol.com)
  • Indeed, it remains of utmost importance to explore new ways to face this surgical step, in order to minimize or even eliminate the detrimental effect of renal ischaemia. (unifi.it)
  • And specifically, is exposure to ischemia really one of the major risk factors? (urologytimes.com)
  • And is it related to exposure of ischemia versus other factors? (urologytimes.com)
  • Experimental and observational studies have demonstrated that short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) exacerbates myocardial ischemia. (nih.gov)
  • A complex series of molecular mechanisms of ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration/death is related to increased glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Transient ischemia in controls significantly decreased expressions of SOD1 and GPX in CA1 pyramidal neurons. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, the necessary period of warm ischemia is a concern. (medscape.com)
  • Lung tissue necrosis after prolonged ischaemia is known to worsen lung function, which was believed to be due largely to adjacent tissue inflammation. (ersjournals.com)
  • Previous work had suggested the inflated lung was resistant to ischaemia after death. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • Warm Ischemia" which the Graft is remaining at physiological temperature. (millionhairtransplant.com)
  • In this stage, the Ischemia is still remaining but the decrease of temperature will keep the Cell still and uses less energy. (millionhairtransplant.com)
  • 19. Ischemia Techniques in Nephron-sparing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Surgical, Oncological, and Functional Outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Gerbils were randomly subjected to either ad libitum or alternate‑day intermittent fasting for two months and assigned to sham surgery or transient ischemia. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • [ 4-6 ] However, unlike conventional DBD, DCD organs undergo a period of warm ischemia during the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (WLST) and between circulatory arrest (CA) and heart procurement. (medscape.com)
  • excellent results with prolonged first warm ischemia times, Transplant International 26(4): e31-e33. (universiteitleiden.nl)
  • These results suggest that PM exacerbates myocardial ischemia by increased coronary vascular resistance and decreased myocardial perfusion. (nih.gov)
  • According to the hospital authorities, retrieval was done with a warm ischemia (a condition in which blood flow, along with oxygen supply, is restricted or reduced in a part of the body) within 43 minutes of the patient's heart failure. (indiatimes.com)
  • We conducted this study to investigate the effects of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) on myocardial blood flow during myocardial ischemia in chronically instrumented conscious canines. (nih.gov)
  • The present study examined effects of intermittent fasting on endogenous antioxidant enzyme expression levels in the hippocampus and investigated whether the fasting protects neurons 5 days after 5 min of transient global cerebral ischemia. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area are killed four to five days after brief (5 to 10 min) transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Warm Ischemia" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Warm Ischemia" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
  • Nevertheless, CA1 pyramidal neurons were not protected in gerbils subjected to fasting after transient ischemia, and inhibition of glial‑cell activation was not observed in the gerbils. (spandidos-publications.com)