Diclofenac
Falconiformes
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Raptors
Conservation of Natural Resources
Drug Residues
Ketoprofen
Bird Diseases
Stomach, Avian
Endangered Species
Thiazines
Veterinary Drugs
Animals, Wild
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Homing Behavior
Nebraska
Africa, Southern
Animals, Zoo
Population Dynamics
Electric Power Supplies
Tenosynovitis
Ketorolac
Veterinary Medicine
Maximum Allowable Concentration
Tolmetin
Ibuprofen
Chelation Therapy
Piroxicam
Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors
Geographic Information Systems
Feeding Behavior
Uric Acid
Naproxen
Animal Migration
Administration, Topical
Ophthalmic Solutions
Administration, Cutaneous
Carrageenan
Spain
Mycoplasma
Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body. Diclofenac is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, suppositories, topical creams, gels, and patches.
The medical definition of Diclofenac is:
Diclofenac sodium: A sodium salt of diclofenac, a phenylacetic acid derivative that is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. It is used in the treatment of inflammation and pain in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and other conditions. Diclofenac sodium has also been used to treat actinic keratosis, a precancerous skin condition. It is available by prescription in various forms, including oral tablets, capsules, topical creams, gels, and patches.
Falconiformes is an order of diurnal birds of prey that includes falcons, hawks, eagles, vultures, and condors. These birds are characterized by their strong, hooked beaks, sharp talons, and excellent vision, which make them efficient hunters. They are widely distributed around the world and play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems by controlling populations of small mammals, reptiles, and other birds.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.
NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, menstrual cramps, headaches, and fever. Some examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.
While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can have side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Common side effects include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about using NSAIDs.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Raptors" is a common name used to refer to a group of birds of prey, which include hawks, eagles, falcons, and owls, among others. However, the term "raptors" does not have a specific medical definition.
If you meant to ask for a medical definition of a different term, please let me know and I will be happy to help you with that.
The conservation of natural resources refers to the responsible use and management of natural resources, such as water, soil, minerals, forests, and wildlife, in a way that preserves their availability for future generations. This may involve measures such as reducing waste and pollution, promoting sustainable practices, protecting habitats and ecosystems, and engaging in careful planning and decision-making to ensure the long-term sustainability of these resources. The goal of conservation is to balance the needs of the present with the needs of the future, so that current and future generations can continue to benefit from the many goods and services that natural resources provide.
I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.
Drug residues refer to the remaining amount of a medication or drug that remains in an animal or its products after the treatment period has ended. This can occur when drugs are not properly metabolized and eliminated by the animal's body, or when withdrawal times (the recommended length of time to wait before consuming or selling the animal or its products) are not followed.
Drug residues in animals can pose a risk to human health if consumed through the consumption of animal products such as meat, milk, or eggs. For this reason, regulatory bodies set maximum residue limits (MRLs) for drug residues in animal products to ensure that they do not exceed safe levels for human consumption.
It is important for farmers and veterinarians to follow label instructions and recommended withdrawal times to prevent the accumulation of drug residues in animals and their products, and to protect public health.
Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation in the body. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body.
Ketoprofen has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties, making it a useful medication for managing various conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, muscle pain, dental pain, and migraines. It is available in various forms, including oral capsules, tablets, suppositories, and topical creams or gels.
Like other NSAIDs, ketoprofen can cause side effects such as stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney damage if used in high doses or for extended periods. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider before using this medication.
'Bird diseases' is a broad term that refers to the various medical conditions and infections that can affect avian species. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances and can affect pet birds, wild birds, and poultry. Some common bird diseases include:
1. Avian influenza (bird flu) - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, decreased appetite, and sudden death in birds.
2. Psittacosis (parrot fever) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, fever, and lethargy in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
3. Aspergillosis - a fungal infection that can cause respiratory symptoms and weight loss in birds.
4. Candidiasis (thrush) - a fungal infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and other parts of the digestive system in birds.
5. Newcastle disease - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, neurological signs, and decreased egg production in birds.
6. Salmonellosis - a bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
7. Trichomoniasis - a parasitic infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and digestive system in birds.
8. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
9. Coccidiosis - a parasitic infection that can affect the digestive system in birds.
10. Mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause chronic weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions in birds.
It is important to note that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and other animals, so it is essential to practice good hygiene when handling birds or their droppings. If you suspect your bird may be sick, it is best to consult with a veterinarian who specializes in avian medicine.
I'm happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. The term "avian" refers to birds, so it doesn't directly apply to the human stomach anatomy. But if you're asking about the digestive system of birds, I can certainly provide some information on that.
Birds have a unique digestive system that is adapted to their dietary needs. Their stomach is divided into two parts: the proventriculus and the gizzard (also known as the ventriculus). The proventriculus is a muscular sac where food is mixed with digestive enzymes, while the gizzard is a powerful, grinding organ that uses stones or grit swallowed by the bird to break down tough plant material and seeds.
Therefore, if we were to define "avian stomach" in medical terms, it would refer to the two-part stomach of birds, consisting of the proventriculus and the gizzard (ventriculus).
An endangered species is a species of animal, plant, or other organism that is at risk of becoming extinct because its population is declining or threatened by changing environmental or demographic factors. This term is defined and used in the context of conservation biology and wildlife management to identify species that need protection and preservation efforts.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains a "Red List" of species, categorizing them based on their extinction risk. The categories include "Critically Endangered," "Endangered," "Vulnerable," and "Near Threatened." A species is considered endangered if it meets certain criteria indicating that it faces a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
The primary causes for species to become endangered include habitat loss, fragmentation, degradation, pollution, climate change, overexploitation, and introduction of invasive species. Conservation efforts often focus on protecting habitats, managing threats, and implementing recovery programs to help endangered species recover their populations and reduce the risk of extinction.
Thiazines are a class of organic compounds that contain a heterocyclic ring consisting of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur atoms. In the context of pharmaceuticals, thiazine rings are often found in various drugs, including some antipsychotic medications such as chlorpromazine and thioridazine. These drugs function by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, helping to manage symptoms associated with certain mental health conditions like schizophrenia.
It is important to note that 'thiazines' are not a medical term per se but rather a chemical classification of compounds. The medical relevance lies in the therapeutic application of specific drugs that have thiazine rings within their structures.
Veterinary drugs, also known as veterinary medicines, are substances or combinations of substances used to treat, prevent, or diagnose diseases in animals, including food-producing species and pets. These drugs can be administered to animals through various routes such as oral, topical, injectable, or inhalation. They contain active ingredients that interact with the animal's biological system to produce a therapeutic effect. Veterinary drugs are subject to regulatory control and must be prescribed or recommended by a licensed veterinarian in many countries to ensure their safe and effective use.
Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.
Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.
It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.
Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation, pain, and fever.
There are two main types of COX enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is produced continuously in various tissues throughout the body and helps maintain the normal function of the stomach and kidneys, among other things. COX-2, on the other hand, is produced in response to inflammation and is involved in the production of prostaglandins that contribute to pain, fever, and inflammation.
COX inhibitors can be non-selective, meaning they block both COX-1 and COX-2, or selective, meaning they primarily block COX-2. Non-selective COX inhibitors include drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, while selective COX inhibitors are often referred to as coxibs and include celecoxib (Celebrex) and rofecoxib (Vioxx).
COX inhibitors are commonly used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. However, long-term use of non-selective COX inhibitors can increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects such as ulcers and bleeding, while selective COX inhibitors may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. It is important to talk to a healthcare provider about the potential risks and benefits of COX inhibitors before using them.
'Homing behavior' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it is commonly used to describe an animal's innate ability to return to its home territory or nest after traveling large distances. This behavior has been observed in various species including birds, insects, and mammals. It is not a medical condition or disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nebraska" is a state in the central United States and not a medical term. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with those!
"Southern Africa" is a geographical region that includes several countries located in the southernmost part of the African continent. The specific countries that are included in this region can vary depending on the source, but it generally consists of Angola, Botswana, Eswatini (Swaziland), Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
In medical terms, "Southern Africa" may be used to describe the epidemiology, distribution, or prevalence of various diseases or health conditions in this specific region. For example, a study might examine the burden of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa, which has been disproportionately affected by this epidemic compared to other parts of the world. Similarly, researchers might investigate the prevalence of malaria or tuberculosis in Southern Africa, as these diseases are also significant public health challenges in this region.
It's worth noting that while "Southern Africa" is a useful geographical and medical designation, it does not encompass all of the countries on the African continent, and there can be significant variation in disease patterns and health outcomes within this region as well.
"Extinction, Biological" refers to the state or process of a species or taxonomic group becoming extinct, meaning that there are no surviving members remaining alive anywhere in the world. This can occur due to various factors such as environmental changes, competition with other species, overexploitation by humans, or a combination of these and other elements. It is an important concept in the field of biology and conservation, as the extinction of a species can have significant impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity.
"Animals, Zoo" is not a medical term. However, it generally refers to a collection of various species of wild animals kept in enclosures or exhibits for the public to view and learn about. These animals are usually obtained from different parts of the world and live in environments that attempt to simulate their natural habitats. Zoos play an essential role in conservation efforts, education, and research. They provide a unique opportunity for people to connect with wildlife and understand the importance of preserving and protecting endangered species and their ecosystems.
Population dynamics, in the context of public health and epidemiology, refers to the study of the changes in size and structure of a population over time, as well as the factors that contribute to those changes. This can include birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, aging, and other demographic characteristics. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for planning and implementing public health interventions, such as vaccination programs or disease prevention strategies, as they allow researchers and policymakers to identify vulnerable populations, predict future health trends, and evaluate the impact of public health initiatives.
Electric power supplies are devices that convert electrical energy from a source into a form suitable for powering various types of equipment or devices. They can include a wide range of products such as batteries, generators, transformers, and rectifiers. The main function of an electric power supply is to maintain a stable voltage and current to the load, despite variations in the input voltage or changes in the load's electrical characteristics.
In medical terminology, electric power supplies are used in various medical devices such as diagnostic equipment, therapeutic machines, and monitoring systems. They provide a reliable source of power to these devices, ensuring their proper functioning and enabling accurate measurements and treatments. In some cases, medical power supplies may also include features such as uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems or emergency power-off functions to ensure patient safety in the event of a power failure or other electrical issues.
Tenosynovitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining (synovium) surrounding a tendon, which is a cord-like structure that attaches muscle to bone. This inflammation can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected joint. Tenosynovitis often affects the hands, wrists, feet, and ankles, and it can result from various causes, including infection, injury, overuse, or autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of tenosynovitis are essential to prevent complications such as tendon rupture or chronic pain.
Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works by reducing the levels of prostaglandins, chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and trigger pain signals in the brain. By blocking the production of prostaglandins, ketorolac helps to reduce pain, swelling, and fever.
Ketorolac is available in several forms, including tablets, injection solutions, and suppositories. It is typically used for short-term pain relief, as it can increase the risk of serious side effects such as stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney problems with long-term use.
Like other NSAIDs, ketorolac may also increase the risk of heart attack and stroke, especially in people who already have cardiovascular disease or risk factors for it. It should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider.
"Air movements" is not a medical term or concept. It generally refers to the movement or circulation of air, which can occur naturally (such as through wind) or mechanically (such as through fans or ventilation systems). In some contexts, it may refer specifically to the movement of air in operating rooms or other controlled environments for medical purposes. However, without more specific context, it is difficult to provide a precise definition or medical interpretation of "air movements."
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medical science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and injuries in non-human animals. The profession of veterinary medicine is dedicated to the care, health, and welfare of animals, as well as to the promotion of human health through animal research and public health advancements. Veterinarians employ a variety of diagnostic methods including clinical examination, radiography, laboratory testing, and ultrasound imaging. They use a range of treatments, including medication, surgery, and dietary management. In addition, veterinarians may also advise on preventative healthcare measures such as vaccination schedules and parasite control programs.
The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) is a term used in occupational health to refer to the highest concentration of a hazardous substance (usually in air) that should not cause harmful effects to most workers if they are exposed to it for a typical 8-hour workday, 5 days a week. It's important to note that MAC values are based on average population data and may not protect everyone, particularly those who are sensitive or susceptible to the substance in question.
It's also crucial to differentiate MAC from other similar terms such as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV), which are used in different regulatory contexts and may have slightly different definitions and criteria.
Please consult with a certified industrial hygienist, occupational health professional, or other appropriate experts for specific guidance related to hazardous substance exposure limits.
Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body. Tolmetin is available in immediate-release and sustained-release forms, and it is typically prescribed to treat conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
The medical definition of Tolmetin can be found in various pharmaceutical and medical references, including the Merck Manual, the American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Drug Information, and the National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus. According to these sources, the chemical name for Tolmetin is (3R,5S)-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-indole-2-one, and its molecular formula is C19H16NO3.
Tolmetin has a number of potential side effects, including stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gas, dizziness, and headache. It can also increase the risk of serious gastrointestinal side effects, such as bleeding, ulcers, and perforations in the stomach or intestines, especially in people who are over the age of 65 or have a history of stomach ulcers or other gastrointestinal problems. Tolmetin can also increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events, particularly in people who take it for a long time or at high doses.
Tolmetin is available only by prescription, and it should be taken exactly as directed by a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the instructions on the label carefully and to talk to a doctor or pharmacist if there are any questions about how to take Tolmetin or what the potential side effects may be.
Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) often used for its analgesic (pain-relieving), antipyretic (fever-reducing), and anti-inflammatory effects. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandins that cause inflammation and induce pain and fever. Ibuprofen is commonly used to alleviate symptoms of various conditions such as headaches, menstrual cramps, arthritis, mild fever, and minor aches and pains. It is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, suspensions, and topical creams or gels.
Chelation therapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of chelating agents to remove heavy metals and minerals from the body. A chelating agent is a molecule that bonds with the metal ions, forming a stable, water-soluble complex that can be excreted through urine or stool.
The most common chelating agent used in medical settings is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), which is administered intravenously. EDTA binds with metals such as lead, mercury, iron, and calcium, and helps to eliminate them from the body.
Chelation therapy is primarily used to treat heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury toxicity. It may also be used in some cases to treat cardiovascular disease, although its effectiveness for this use is still a matter of debate and controversy.
It's important to note that chelation therapy should only be administered under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to serious side effects and complications.
In medical terms, "wind" is not a widely used or recognized term. It might be used informally to describe symptoms such as abdominal bloating, rumbling, or the sensation of gas moving within the intestines. However, these sensations are more accurately described as related to bowel function and gas in the digestive tract. If you're experiencing persistent or severe symptoms that you're describing as "wind," it would be best to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation.
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and pain.
Piroxicam is available as a prescription medication and is used to treat conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. It is typically taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules, and its effects can last for up to 12 hours.
Like other NSAIDs, piroxicam can cause side effects such as stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney problems, especially when used at high doses or for long periods of time. It is important to use piroxicam only as directed by a healthcare provider and to follow any recommended precautions.
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors are a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that specifically target and inhibit the COX-2 enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation, pain, and fever.
COX-2 inhibitors were developed to provide the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of NSAIDs without the gastrointestinal side effects associated with non-selective NSAIDs that inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. However, some studies have suggested an increased risk of cardiovascular events with long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors, leading to restrictions on their use in certain populations.
Examples of COX-2 inhibitors include celecoxib (Celebrex), rofecoxib (Vioxx, withdrawn from the market in 2004 due to cardiovascular risks), and valdecoxib (Bextra, withdrawn from the market in 2005 due to cardiovascular and skin reactions).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Geographic Information Systems" (GIS) is not a medical term. GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. It can be used in various fields, including public health and epidemiology, to map and analyze the spread of diseases, identify environmental risk factors, plan health services delivery, and inform evidence-based decision making.
Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:
1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.
Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.
A third molar is the most posterior of the three molars present in an adult human dental arch. They are also commonly known as wisdom teeth, due to their late eruption period which usually occurs between the ages of 17-25, a time traditionally associated with gaining maturity and wisdom.
Anatomically, third molars have four cusps, making them the largest of all the teeth. However, not everyone develops third molars; some people may have one, two, three or no third molars at all. In many cases, third molars do not have enough space to fully erupt and align properly with the rest of the teeth, leading to impaction, infection, or other dental health issues. As a result, third molars are often extracted if they cause problems or if there is a risk they will cause problems in the future.
Uric acid is a chemical compound that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are substances that are found naturally in certain foods such as steak, organ meats and seafood, as well as in our own cells. After purines are broken down, they turn into uric acid and then get excreted from the body in the urine.
However, if there is too much uric acid in the body, it can lead to a condition called hyperuricemia. High levels of uric acid can cause gout, which is a type of arthritis that causes painful swelling and inflammation in the joints, especially in the big toe. Uric acid can also form crystals that can collect in the kidneys and lead to kidney stones.
It's important for individuals with gout or recurrent kidney stones to monitor their uric acid levels and follow a treatment plan prescribed by their healthcare provider, which may include medications to lower uric acid levels and dietary modifications.
Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for its analgesic (pain-relieving), antipyretic (fever-reducing), and anti-inflammatory properties. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which leads to reduced prostaglandin production, thereby alleviating pain, inflammation, and fever.
Medical professionals prescribe Naproxen for various conditions such as:
1. Pain management: Naproxen can be used to treat mild to moderate pain caused by conditions like headaches, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, and dental issues.
2. Inflammatory conditions: It is effective in reducing inflammation associated with arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile arthritis), gout, bursitis, and tendonitis.
3. Fever reduction: Naproxen can help lower fever caused by infections or other medical conditions.
Common side effects of Naproxen include stomach upset, heartburn, nausea, dizziness, and headaches. Serious side effects, although rare, may include gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and increased risk of cardiovascular events (e.g., heart attack or stroke). Patients should consult their healthcare provider for appropriate dosage and potential risks before starting Naproxen therapy.
Animal migration is a seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, typically over long distances, to find food, reproduce, or escape harsh conditions. This phenomenon is observed in various species, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects. The routes and destinations of these migrations are often genetically programmed and can be quite complex. Animal migration has important ecological consequences and is influenced by factors such as climate change, habitat loss, and human activities.
Tooth extraction is a dental procedure in which a tooth that is damaged or poses a threat to oral health is removed from its socket in the jawbone. This may be necessary due to various reasons such as severe tooth decay, gum disease, fractured teeth, crowded teeth, or for orthodontic treatment purposes. The procedure is performed by a dentist or an oral surgeon, under local anesthesia to numb the area around the tooth, ensuring minimal discomfort during the extraction process.
Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).
Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.
When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.
"Animal Flight" is not a medical term per se, but it is a concept that is studied in the field of comparative physiology and biomechanics, which are disciplines related to medicine. Animal flight refers to the ability of certain animal species to move through the air by flapping their wings or other appendages. This mode of locomotion is most commonly associated with birds, bats, and insects, but some mammals such as flying squirrels and sugar gliders are also capable of gliding through the air.
The study of animal flight involves understanding the biomechanics of how animals generate lift and propulsion, as well as the physiological adaptations that allow them to sustain flight. For example, birds have lightweight skeletons and powerful chest muscles that enable them to flap their wings rapidly and generate lift. Bats, on the other hand, use a more complex system of membranes and joints to manipulate their wings and achieve maneuverability in flight.
Understanding animal flight has important implications for the design of aircraft and other engineering systems, as well as for our broader understanding of how animals have evolved to adapt to their environments.
Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.
The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.
It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.
Mycoplasma infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycoplasma. These are among the smallest free-living organisms, lacking a cell wall and possessing a unique molecular structure. They can cause various respiratory tract infections (like pneumonia, bronchitis), urogenital infections, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.
The most common Mycoplasma species that infect humans include M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Transmission usually occurs through respiratory droplets or sexual contact. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the site of infection but may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue, joint pain, rash, and genital discharge or pelvic pain in women. Diagnosis often requires specific laboratory tests due to their unique growth requirements and resistance to many common antibiotics. Treatment typically involves macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
"Cutaneous administration" is a route of administering medication or treatment through the skin. This can be done through various methods such as:
1. Topical application: This involves applying the medication directly to the skin in the form of creams, ointments, gels, lotions, patches, or solutions. The medication is absorbed into the skin and enters the systemic circulation slowly over a period of time. Topical medications are often used for local effects, such as treating eczema, psoriasis, or fungal infections.
2. Iontophoresis: This method uses a mild electrical current to help a medication penetrate deeper into the skin. A positive charge is applied to a medication with a negative charge, or vice versa, causing it to be attracted through the skin. Iontophoresis is often used for local pain management and treating conditions like hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).
3. Transdermal delivery systems: These are specialized patches that contain medication within them. The patch is applied to the skin, and as time passes, the medication is released through the skin and into the systemic circulation. This method allows for a steady, controlled release of medication over an extended period. Common examples include nicotine patches for smoking cessation and hormone replacement therapy patches.
Cutaneous administration offers several advantages, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism (which can reduce the effectiveness of oral medications), providing localized treatment, and allowing for self-administration in some cases. However, it may not be suitable for all types of medications or conditions, and potential side effects include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and systemic absorption leading to unwanted systemic effects.
Carriageenans are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds. They have been widely used in the food industry as thickening, gelling, and stabilizing agents. In the medical field, they have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, such as in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and inflammation. However, some studies have suggested that certain types of carriageenans may have negative health effects, including promoting inflammation and damaging the gut lining. Therefore, more research is needed to fully understand their safety and efficacy.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Spain" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southwestern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terms or topics, I would be happy to help answer them.
Mycoplasma: A type of bacteria that lack a cell wall and are among the smallest organisms capable of self-replication. They can cause various infections in humans, animals, and plants. In humans, they are associated with respiratory tract infections (such as pneumonia), urogenital infections (like pelvic inflammatory disease), and some sexually transmitted diseases. Mycoplasma species are also known to contaminate cell cultures and can interfere with research experiments. Due to their small size and lack of a cell wall, they are resistant to many common antibiotics, making them difficult to treat.
Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.
Trismus is a term used in medicine to describe the inability to open the mouth fully due to spasm or prolonged stiffness of the muscles involved in jaw movement, specifically the masseter and temporalis muscles. This condition can result from various causes such as dental procedures, infections, tetanus, radiation therapy to the head and neck region, or trauma. In some cases, trismus can lead to complications like difficulty eating, speaking, and maintaining oral hygiene, which can negatively impact a person's quality of life. Treatment typically involves physical therapy, stretching exercises, medication, or in severe cases, surgery.
Indian vulture
Indian vulture crisis
White-rumped vulture
Jatayu vulture restaurant
White-backed vulture
Himalayan vulture
Meloxicam
Red-headed vulture
Vulture
Vulture restaurant
Pamela C. Rasmussen
Tower of Silence
Debbie Pain
Uricosuric
Old World vulture
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
2021 in birding and ornithology
Ketoprofen
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
Jivdaya Charitable Trust
Steppe eagle
Visceral gout
India
Nepal
Fauna of Kaziranga National Park
List of birds of Kaziranga National Park
Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore
Scavenger
Kaziranga National Park
Ramadevarabetta Vulture Sanctuary
Diclofenac claims first official victim in Europe: the Cinereous Vulture
April 2016: Diclofenac in Europe - a serious threat - Save Vultures
Vulture - New World Encyclopedia
Vultures & diclofenac in today´s Tages Anzeiger (in German) - Vulture Conservation Foundation
Despite ban, vulture-killing drug diclofenac widely sold for veterinary use in India
Metabolism of aceclofenac in cattle to vulture-killing diclofenac - Profiles - University of the Highlands and Islands
Indian vulture - Wikipedia
CABI Blogs: hand picked... and carefully sorted: The butterfly effect: diclofenac, vultures and rabies.
Knowledge at MET
Mitogenomic analysis of extant condor species provides insight into the molecular evolution of vultures | Scientific Reports
Environmental pharmacology: source, impact and solution
New vulture-safe veterinary painkiller discovered | Raptors
Vulture - Wikipedia
Counting the cost of vulture decline-An appraisal of the human health and other benefits of vultures in India - Amrita Vishwa...
Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - Olivier DURIEZ
Scientists and conservationists appeal today to the Standing Committee on Veterinary Medicinal Products: "Ban the vulture and...
Why vultures matter - and what we lose if they're gone | UNews
Wild Animals Have a Growing Drug Problem - Alliance for Natural Health USA - Protecting Natural Health
Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data
In defence of vulture capitalists - Institute of Economic Affairs
Drug pollution risk 'a global responsibility' › News in Science (ABC Science)
Policies to prevent zoonotic spillover: protocol for a systematic scoping review of evaluative evidence | BMJ Open
Vibhu Prakash | Conservation India
Vultures | International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey
Saving vultures helps people too - Mongabay Kids
Green Earth CD | Fran Stallings - Storyteller
December 2020 - Save Vultures
William Link, Ph.D. | U.S. Geological Survey
India38
- In a recent study , they found that the vulture-toxic drug diclofenac, now banned for veterinary use, was readily available in India. (researchmatters.in)
- Local volunteers covertly set out to buy high doses of diclofenac for veterinary uses, without a prescription, from pharmacies in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. (researchmatters.in)
- We were aware that despite the ban, diclofenac was available to vets and livestock owners in India," says John Mallord, the corresponding author of the study. (researchmatters.in)
- India was once home to about 40 million vultures belonging to nine species. (researchmatters.in)
- Commercial diclofenac formulations available in India. (researchmatters.in)
- The range of the Indian vulture extended from southeastern Pakistan to South India and to Indochina and the northern Malay Peninsula in the east. (wikipedia.org)
- The depressing story of the collapse of vulture populations in India began in the 1990s when it was noticed that the numbers of vultures, a common site in rural India, were suddenly in decline. (typepad.com)
- I can remember on my first trip to India in 1983, stopping on the road from Dehli to Agra to take photographs of 50 or more griffon vultures gathered around a stinking pit of bones and carcasses. (typepad.com)
- Because of the ecological problems that the residues of the drug have caused the manufacture of diclofenac for veterinary purposes has been banned in Nepal, India and Pakistan. (typepad.com)
- Given to domestic livestock to reduce inflammation and relieve pain, the use of the drug resulted in the poisoning of millions of vultures across India, Pakistan, and Nepal. (cms.int)
- Widespread use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac to treat livestock has resulted in dramatic declines in the populations of vultures across India. (amrita.edu)
- Dogs are the main source of rabies in humans in India, and their populations have increased substantially in parallel with the vulture decline. (amrita.edu)
- In the mid-1990s India experienced a precipitous vulture decline, with more than 95 percent of vultures disappearing by the early 2000s. (utah.edu)
- He Identified and documented the crash in Gyps vulture population and was part of the team which established that the drug diclofenac was also responsible for the alarming decline in Gyps vulture populations in India. (conservationindia.org)
- In India and nearby countries there was a huge crash in vulture populations during the 1990s and early 2000s. (mongabay.com)
- After the vultures disappeared in India, an interesting thing happened. (mongabay.com)
- The vulture decline was noticed across not just India, but also in Bangladesh. (mongabay.com)
- In order to protect vulture populations, the use of diclofenac in cattle was banned across India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. (mongabay.com)
- In India, too, some vulture populations are stabilizing. (mongabay.com)
- Government departments and conservation groups in India and Bangladesh have set up conservation plans to help vultures recover. (mongabay.com)
- There is welcome news as Oman becomes the first country in the Arabian Peninsula to ban veterinary diclofenac, following the examples set by India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Iran. (save-vultures.org)
- As many as three species of vultures in India are endangered because of the use of painkiller diclofenac in cattle on whose carcass these birds feed. (twocircles.net)
- For example, when the veterinary drug Diclofenac unintentionally caused mass vulture mortality in India, free-ranging dog populations increased with readily available carrion, and thus human rabies cases from rabid dog bites skyrocketed. (ucsb.edu)
- In India, the use of diclofenac has been banned since 2008, but it is still being used in other countries. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- However, due to several rigorous awareness campaigns by environmentalists in India, Pakistan and Nepal, the use of diclofenac sodium was banned in 2006 followed by a ban in Bangladesh in 2010. (wwfpak.org)
- In India and Pakistan several species of vultures have been endangered because of the veterinary use of diclofenac when the dead cows for cultural reasons is left to the vultures. (janusinfo.se)
- Buzzie, Flaps, Ziggy and Dizzy most closely resemble a species called the white-rumped vulture, one of nine Old World vultures native to India. (lsuagcenter.com)
- The species is now considered critically endangered, and there are on-going efforts to conserve the white-rumped vulture, as well as other vulture species, in India and Southeast Asia. (lsuagcenter.com)
- Nine species of vulture can be found living in India, but most are now in danger of extinction after a rapid and major population collapse in recent decades. (owlapps.net)
- Veterinary usage of diclofenac has been banned in India since 2006. (owlapps.net)
- The population is recovering slowly and the decline has been significantly arrested in India, Pakistan and Nepal following a strict ban on the drugs causing harm to the vultures. (owlapps.net)
- Vultures in India live in communities and are generally very dependent on human activities. (owlapps.net)
- However, it was not easy to examine this issue because vultures could not legally be killed for scientific study in India, and freshly dead animals had become extremely rare, a situation exacerbated by the extremely hot weather in India where temperatures before the monsoon routinely exceed 40 °C (104 °F). In 2002, National Geographic reported that scientists were "not sure" of the reason for the 95% population decline. (owlapps.net)
- In this paper, we show that the functional extinction of vultures in India increased all-cause mortality because of a negative shock to sanitation. (uchicago.edu)
- Vultures did face some challenges in India and elsewhere around the world. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
- What they would discover, after years of frustrating research, is that the very reverence for cows that had allowed vultures to flourish in India had subsequently led to their near-extinction across the region. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
- In India: Drug given to cattle killed 90% of the vultures. (arcata1.com)
- Historically, vultures were widespread in India. (arcata1.com)
Gyps16
- Four species - white-rumped vultures ( Gyps bengalensis ), Indian vultures ( Gyps indicus ), slender-billed vultures ( Gyps tenuirostris ), and the red-headed vultures ( Sarcogyps calvus ) - are today critically endangered. (researchmatters.in)
- The discovery was soon followed by a ban on the use of diclofenac for veterinary purposes, and the decline in three species of endangered Gyps vultures slowed down. (researchmatters.in)
- The Indian vulture or long-billed vulture (Gyps indicus) is a bird of prey native to the Indian subcontinent. (wikipedia.org)
- The bird shares its habitat with two other vulture species namely slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris) and white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in some parts of its range. (wikipedia.org)
- The Indian vulture is placed in the genus Gyps (old world vultures), and gets both its common and specific scientific names from its nativity to the Indian subcontinent. (wikipedia.org)
- The Slender-billed vulture (Gyps tenuirostris) was a sub-species of Indian vulture till 2001. (wikipedia.org)
- Vulture populations have been reduced by more than 99% and several species of Gyps are now on the endangered species list. (typepad.com)
- Gyps vultures take several years to reach sexual maturity, and a pair produces only one or two young every one or two years, so it could take decades before their populations recover. (typepad.com)
- Diclofenac caused the collapse of the South Asian population of vultures - mostly of the Gyps genus - some 25 years ago. (cms.int)
- My main project concerns the griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in France, but I also participate in programs on the cinereous vultures Aegypius monachus , Egyptian vultures Neophron percnopterus and bearded vultures Gypaetus barbatus . (cnrs.fr)
- The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac is highly toxic to Gyps vultures, and its recent widespread use in South Asia caused catastrophic declines in at least 3 scavenging raptors. (wiley.com)
- In the early 1980s, three species of Gyps vultures (the white-rumped vulture, the long-billed vulture and the slender-billed vulture) had a combined estimated population of 40 million in South Asia, while in 2017 the total population numbered only 19,000 (6,000, 12,000, and 1,000 respectively). (owlapps.net)
- A genus of vultures called Gyps was the most affected by diclofenac. (owlapps.net)
- The population of the white-rumped vulture ( Gyps bengalensis ) fell 99.7% between 1993 and 2002. (owlapps.net)
- In the early 1980s, three species of Gyps vultures had a combined estimated population of 40 million in South Asia, while in 2017 the total population numbered only 19,000. (arcata1.com)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the renal anatomy and related vasculature of the Cape griffon vulture (Gyps coprotheres) (CGV), a species sensitive to the toxic effects of diclofenac, using gross anatomy, histology and vascular casting. (bvsalud.org)
Species of vultures5
- I work mainly on the four French species of vultures . (cnrs.fr)
- Now, more than a decade later, Buechley and ÅžekercioÄŸlu have examined factors affecting the extinction risk of more than 100 bird species, including 22 species of vultures, which eat carrion exclusively, and other scavenging birds that have broader diets. (utah.edu)
- Long-billed, slender-billed and oriental white-backed species of vultures have died in South Asia over the past several years after eating cattle carcasses laced with medicines which is given to sick animals. (twocircles.net)
- There are 23 species of vultures in the world. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- Most of us will never see a white-rumped vulture in the wild, but we are lucky to have two species of vultures in Louisiana with similar characteristics, behavior and habitat requirements as their animated counterparts and their Southeast Asian cousin. (lsuagcenter.com)
Scavengers10
- Diclofenac is extremely toxic to vultures and other wild scavengers, but a consortium led by BirdLife International managed to ban it in the region. (birdlife.org)
- While in the Western world, the term "vulture" tends to have unfavorable connotations-being used as a metaphor for those who prey on the weak or dying-these birds actually play a very valuable role in ecosystems as scavengers, removing dead animals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- As scavengers, vultures are nature's 'clean-up crew', that devour carcasses of dead animals, thus preventing the spread of infectious diseases. (researchmatters.in)
- As nature abhors a vacuum, the gap left by the vultures has provided other scavengers with a feast. (typepad.com)
- Vultures constitute the only obligate vertebrate scavengers, exhibiting a wide array of adaptations that allows them to cover vast territories in search of patchy and unpredictable carrion resources 7 . (nature.com)
- Vulture populations collapsed, causing an explosion of other scavengers, mainly stray dogs, which in turn led to a rabies epidemic. (euractiv.com)
- Losses of vultures can allow other scavengers to flourish, according to biologists Evan Buechley and Çağan Şekercioğlu. (utah.edu)
- Similar to the white-rumped vulture, turkey and black vultures are scavengers. (lsuagcenter.com)
- Vultures are efficient scavengers and feed only on carrion. (uchicago.edu)
- Slaughtering cattle is taboo to Hindus, so aged animals are allowed to die naturally, with the carcasses left in open fields or taken to dump sites for vultures and other scavengers to consume. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
Population of vultures5
- The population of vultures are declining rapidly and if we don't take any action, they will be extinct shortly. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- In order to sustain a healthy population of vultures, it is important to ensure the existence of habitats that these guardians of ecosystems consider home. (wwfpak.org)
- Diclofenac sodium was then replaced by another drug, meloxicam, with similar properties and characteristics but with no negative impacts on the population of vultures (Baanhn Beli & IUCN Pakistan, 2016). (wwfpak.org)
- By doing so, we can ensure a healthy population of vultures that will ensure a sustainable future for us and our coming generations. (wwfpak.org)
- With a loss of over 99% of all the population of vultures, the Indian vulture crisis represents the sharpest decline of any animal in the given period. (owlapps.net)
Decline14
- Diclofenac is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat injured cattle and it has been the main cause of the catastrophic decline of several vulture species in South Asia. (birdlife.org)
- In 2006, scientists investigating the massive decline in vulture numbers in South Asia made a startling discovery . (researchmatters.in)
- Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. (degruyter.com)
- This has become an issue of considerable concern as vultures are a keystone species and their decline has a range of socio-economic, as well as cultural and biodiversity impacts. (amrita.edu)
- In this paper, we review these impacts and estimate in detail the economic cost of one of them: the human health impacts of the vulture decline. (amrita.edu)
- The potential human health impact of rabies associated with the vulture decline is found to be significant. (amrita.edu)
- Vultures are in decline all over the world, and their daily large-scale movements make them vulnerable to collision threats such as wind farms and power lines. (cnrs.fr)
- Because of this highly gregarious feeding behavior, less than one percent of cattle carcasses contaminated with diclofenac could account for the steep vulture decline. (utah.edu)
- We'll discuss the reasons for the decline in the vulture population later in this article. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- The use of the medicine diclofenac in the veterinary treatment of cattle has been identified as a leading cause of the decline in the vulture population. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- Vultures are extremely beautiful birds, however they are experiencing a steep decline in their population in Pakistan. (wwfpak.org)
- Apart from the shrinking habitats, there is an equally important factor responsible for the steep decline in the number of vultures in Pakistan. (wwfpak.org)
- In 2003, after research on the possible viral causes of the decline, the culprit was discovered by Dr. Lindsay Oaks and his team at The Peregrine Fund to be diclofenac. (owlapps.net)
- The major cause of the decline has been confirmed to be poisoning by the toxic drug, diclofenac. (conservationleadershipprogramme.org)
Egyptian Vulture2
- Evan R. Buechley releasing an adult Egyptian Vulture in Armenia after tagging it with a satellite tracking device (visible on the back of the bird). (utah.edu)
- An Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) feeding on soft tissue from a human skull on the Ken River (near Banda, Uttar Pradesh), December 2013. (conservationindia.org)
Slender-billed1
- According to various research findings, the white-rumped vulture, slender-billed vulture and red-headed vulture have been declining in South Asia, including in Nepal, since the 1990s. (conservationleadershipprogramme.org)
World Vultures24
- Vulture is the common name for various large birds of prey within the family Accipitridae (Old World vultures) and the family Cathartidae (New World vultures), typically characterized by a featherless head, keen sight, good soaring ability, and generally scavenging behavior, feeding mostly on the carcasses of dead animals . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The Old World Vultures are in the same family as eagles , buzzards and hawks , while the New World Vultures (including two species called condors), which comprise the entire family Cathartidae, are considered by some to be more closely related to storks . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- In some areas of the world, vultures have a more favorable image, including being associated with loving, bonding, mothering, and protecting due to the vultures being seen together, with mother and child bonded together. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Vultures are classified into two groups: Old World vultures and New World vultures. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- These are not closely related and are sometimes placed in different orders-Old World vultures in the order Falconiformes and New World vultures in the order Ciconiiformes-although traditionally they have both been placed in the Falconiformes order. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Old World vultures, which are not closely related to the superficially similar New World vultures and condors, do not share good sense of smell of some of the New World vultures. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- As scavenging birds , feeding mostly from carcasses of dead animals , Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The New World vultures , found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas, comprise the family Cathartidae. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- New World vultures are considered not to be closely related to the superficially similar Old World vultures of the Accipitridae family. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Traditionally these two groups of vultures were placed together in the order Falconiformes, but some place the New World vultures in a separate order, Ciconiiformes, with the storks (family Ciconiidae). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- Several species of New World vultures have a good sense of smell, unusual for raptors. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The New World vultures comprise seven species in five genera, including two species known as condors (the Andean condor, Vultur gryphus , and the California condor, Gymnogyps californianus ). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- New World vultures are restricted to North and South America and consist of seven identified species, all belonging to the Cathartidae family . (wikipedia.org)
- Although New World vultures and Old World vultures share many resemblances, they are not very closely related. (wikipedia.org)
- Carl Linnaeus had assigned both Old World vultures and New World vultures in a Vultur genus , even including the harpy eagle . (wikipedia.org)
- Some members of both the Old and New World vultures have an unfeathered neck and head, shown as radiating heat in this thermographic image. (wikipedia.org)
- The New World vultures and condors found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas belong to the family Cathartidae . (wikipedia.org)
- Recent DNA evidence suggests that they should be included within order Accipitriformes along with birds of prey including hawks, eagles, and Old World vultures [ citation needed ] . (wikipedia.org)
- Vultures can be classified into two types: Old World Vultures and New World Vultures. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- Old World Vultures are found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- New World Vultures are found in North and South America. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- 16 of them are Old World Vultures and 7 of them are New World Vultures. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- Old World Vultures are usually larger than the new World vulture. (walkinthewild.co.in)
Millions of vultures2
- Cow and oxen were given the drug, and the millions of vultures that consumed their medicated carcasses died. (cleaner.com)
- Diclofenac has been responsible for the deaths of millions of vultures on the Asian subcontinent. (bvsalud.org)
Conservation17
- Ivan RamÃrez, Senior Head of Conservation for BirdLife Europe and Central Asia states that "the evidence found in Spain sadly confirms what we have been warning about for almost a decade, vultures are already dying from veterinary diclofenac poisoning and this could already be affecting their population trends. (birdlife.org)
- We cannot wait for bird deaths to occur when there are clear signs of impact on bird populations," says Ana Carricondo, coordinator of SEO/BirdLife's conservation programmes, adding: "We hope that no more cases are necessary for the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products to definitively ban the use of medicines containing diclofenac for veterinary use. (birdlife.org)
- This is excellent news for vulture conservation, and this drug joins meloxicam as alternative NSAIDs that are both effective at treating cattle and non-toxic to vultures. (cms.int)
- Bangladesh is also the first country to have banned ketoprofen , which is a major success for Asian vulture conservation. (cms.int)
- In Europe, most vulture species are increasing following decades of conservation work, legal protection, good practices, and restocking/reintroduction projects. (cms.int)
- According to Iván RamÃrez, Head of Conservation for Europe and Central Asia at BirdLife: "Last week we presented the European Red List of Birds: despite a number of conservation successes, vultures are still threatened. (euractiv.com)
- The primary threat to vultures, according to the report published today in Biological Conservation , is the presence of toxins in the carrion they consume. (utah.edu)
- Such technology is important for identifying critical habitat for the conservation of endangered vultures. (utah.edu)
- Later he was part of the team that prepared the South Asian Vulture Recovery Plan which included establishing and running three vulture conservation breeding programmes in the country. (conservationindia.org)
- IAF is supporting the involvement of Pakistani falconers in the area of vulture conservation. (iaf.org)
- Although vultures are frequently not included in birds of prey discussions, the IAF is still anxious to play a supportive role in vulture conservation through lobbying and education. (iaf.org)
- We are making contact with organizations concerned with raptor conservation and concerned about the plight of vultures. (iaf.org)
- Beyond banning the medicine diclofenac, vulture conservation strategies include captive breeding, protecting important habitats, and increasing community awareness about the importance of vultures to the environment and people too. (mongabay.com)
- Yes, According to "The International Union for Conservation of Nature" (ICUN), currently Vultures are facing extinction. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- In addition, various conservation schemes are in place to help recover the vulture population. (owlapps.net)
- Susan Sharma: conservation of vultures? (indianwildlifeclub.com)
- More than a decade of conservation efforts to stop the use of diclofenac, combined with the provision of safe food, has resulted in the partial recovery of these vulture species, however, use of other toxic drugs such as ketoprofen and nimesulide still remain important conservation challenges with poisoning still causing mass mortality in vulture populations. (conservationleadershipprogramme.org)
Loss of vultures3
- The loss of vultures had a devastating ecological effect, as well as a social impact on the Indian Zoroastrian Parsi community, who traditionally use vultures to dispose of human corpses in 'sky burials', and had to find alternative ways to dispose of their dead. (typepad.com)
- The loss of vultures also resulted in a substantial increase in the population of feral dogs, whose bites are the most common cause of human rabies. (owlapps.net)
- The authors estimated that, between 2000 and 2005, the loss of vultures caused 500,000 additional human deaths. (arcata1.com)
Group of vultures3
- A group of vultures is occasionally called a venue , and when circling in the air a group of vultures is called a kettle . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- A group of vultures in flight is called a 'kettle', while the term 'committee' refers to a group of vultures resting on the ground or in trees. (wikipedia.org)
- A group of vultures can polish off a cow's carrion in 40 minutes. (arcata1.com)
Populations of vultures2
- Monirul H. Khan, professor of Zoology at Jahangirnagar University, hopes that populations of vultures in Bangladesh will start increasing now that their drop in numbers has been halted. (mongabay.com)
- A major contributing factor in declining populations of vultures is believed to be the widespread use of drugs such as diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) once commonly given to livestock. (owlapps.net)
Aegypius2
- A Cinerous Vulture Aegypius monachus born in 2020 in the Boumort National Hunting Reserve has now been confirmed as the first victim of a vulture species to die from poisoning by veterinary diclofenac in Europe. (birdlife.org)
- The birds have a host of fearsome features including sharp vision, powerful beaks, skinheads and impressive wingspans (up to 3.1m in the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) of Eurasia). (bbcearth.com)
International Vulture Awareness Day4
- On International vulture awareness day, we'll explore the role of vultures in the ecosystem, the threats they face, and what you can do to help. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- International Vulture Awareness Day is celebrated on the first Saturday of September every year. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- International Vulture Awareness Day was first celebrated in 2009 and has been celebrated every year since then. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- On International Vulture Awareness Day, you can share information about the vultures on social media. (walkinthewild.co.in)
NSAID6
- Indeed, the reduction of the number of vultures in some areas due to diclofenac poisoning (from consuming dead farm animals given this NSAID), has led to rotting carcasses and to greater numbers of rabies carrying rodents . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- They identified that diclofenac, a commonly-used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), was the culprit. (researchmatters.in)
- So far, meloxicam is the only NSAID that has been proven safe for vultures. (researchmatters.in)
- Abu Dhabi, 13 September 2021 - A systematic safety testing study led by the Indian Veterinary Research Institute with the Bombay Natural History Society and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has identified tolfenamic acid as the second confirmed vulture-safe Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID). (cms.int)
- The safety testing and discovery of tolfenamic acid as a new vulture-safe NSAID is a significant step in the right direction and provides another alternative for veterinarians to use. (cms.int)
- Meloxicam, another NSAID, which was rapidly metabolized and harmless to vultures, was suggested as an acceptable substitute for diclofenac. (owlapps.net)
Turkey vultures4
- Turkey vultures typically fly with their wings set in a V shape and, from underneath, their flight feathers appear silver gray, giving them a two-toned appearance. (lsuagcenter.com)
- Turkey vultures are the most widely distributed vulture species in the world. (lsuagcenter.com)
- However, turkey vultures have a better sense of smell, so black vultures often follow turkey vultures to fresh carrion. (lsuagcenter.com)
- On a large, old branch just above our heads, two turkey vultures perched. (blogspot.com)
Threatened vulture species1
- Poisoning is the greatest extinction risk facing vultures, and impacts 88 percent of threatened vulture species. (utah.edu)
Toxic10
- Most of the available alternatives to diclofenac were also toxic to these birds, highlighting the immediate need to ban them. (researchmatters.in)
- But, have these bans helped in keeping this vulture-toxic drug at bay? (researchmatters.in)
- Vultures are more susceptible to the toxic affects of diclofenac, in particular acute kidney failure, than are other species. (typepad.com)
- CMS Resolution 11.15 (Rev.COP13) calls for countries to take urgent actions to ensure safety testing of existing drugs, withdraw licensing of vulture-toxic veterinary NSAIDs and to identify and promote safe alternatives. (cms.int)
- Veterinary Diclofenac is extremely toxic to vultures and eagles, killing them if they eat animals that have been treated with the drug. (euractiv.com)
- The cause was eventually traced to diclofenac, a veterinary anti-inflammatory drug that relieved pain in cattle, but proved highly toxic to vultures. (utah.edu)
- Diclofenac is toxic to vultures, and the contaminated carcasses decimated India's vulture population. (iea.org.uk)
- While diclofenac is safe for cattle and is mainly used to reduce swelling and pain, it becomes toxic to vultures when they feed on the carcass of dead cattle. (walkinthewild.co.in)
- Vultures produce highly corrosive stomach acids, allowing them to happily consume highly toxic bacteria, such as anthrax. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
- Therefore, this project aims to address these challenges by reducing the use of toxic drugs and their exposure to vultures, and provisioning safe food to vultures in critical habitats in east Nawalparasi, Kaski, Palpa, Kapilvastu and Dang districts of Nepal. (conservationleadershipprogramme.org)
Rabies4
- and carefully sorted: The butterfly effect: diclofenac, vultures and rabies. (typepad.com)
- Nearly 50,000 people died of rabies in the period when vultures disappeared and the feral dog population exploded. (mongabay.com)
- The solution to this problem was to ban the use of Diclofenac, with the hopes that alternative veterinary drugs would allow vulture populations to rebound and human rabies risks to decrease--an "ecological lever" for improving environmental and human health. (ucsb.edu)
- that's why the lose-lose scenario of declining vulture populations and increasing human rabies risks could be reversed by banning Diclofenac, creating a scenario where vulture populations are restored and human rabies decreases (a win-win). (ucsb.edu)
Causes kidney failure in vultures2
- Researchers found that a veterinary drug called diclofenac - used to treat cattle starting in the 1990s - causes kidney failure in vultures. (mongabay.com)
- The drug is believed to have been passed onto the vultures through the flesh of dead cattle who were given diclofenac in their last days of life, which then causes kidney failure in vultures. (owlapps.net)
India's6
- Are India's vultures safer than before? (researchmatters.in)
- Has the Ban on Diclofenac to Save India's Vultures Worked? (conservationindia.org)
- India's vultures have been driven to the brink of extinction in a matter of decades. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
- India's vulture population has plummeted in the past few decades. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
- As India's population soared during the 20th century, its farmers' herds of cows, goats, water buffalo, and other livestock also expanded-and so did the number of vultures, reaching as many as 40 million by the 1980s. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
- While the lethal effects of veterinary use of diclofenac on India's vultures are well established, very little is known about the dangers of such non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other pharmaceutical residues in human corpses. (conservationindia.org)
Crash in vulture populations1
- Data modelling revealed that a tiny proportion (about 0.8%) of livestock carcasses containing diclofenac can cause significant crash in vulture populations. (owlapps.net)
Cinereous1
- A young satellite tagged Cinereous vulture died from diclofenac intoxication in Spain. (cms.int)
Carcass4
- On many continents, vultures are the unfortunate victims of poisoned carcasses - especially impactful because dozens - or even hundreds - of vultures can feast on a single carcass. (utah.edu)
- Hundreds of vultures would flock to each cattle carcass. (utah.edu)
- Vultures constituted the natural animal disposal system, processing carcasses and nearly 15,000 vultures have been observed at the carcass depositories in capital New Delhi. (owlapps.net)
- The drug is fatal to vultures, however, and a vulture gets exposed to a mortal dose of diclofenac on eating from the carcass of an animal that had been treated with diclofenac recently. (owlapps.net)
Long-billed2
- Long-billed vulture nesting at the Jatayu Centre. (mongabay.com)
- Scientists announced the successful breeding of the long-billed vulture in captivity for the first time in June this year. (twocircles.net)
Risk to vultures2
- Despite being recognized by the European Medicine Authority as a potential risk to vultures, diclofenac has been legally sold in Spain since 2013 and since 2009 in Italy - two of the European countries with the highest densities of vultures. (cms.int)
- Therefore, administering aceclofenac to livestock poses the same risk to vultures as administering diclofenac to livestock. (wiley.com)
NSAIDs3
- Apart from this, major cause of death has been NSAIDs including Diclofenac commonly given to cattle to reduce joint pain which believed to have been passed onto the vultures thorough the flesh of dead cattle causing kidney failure and death in vultures. (wikipedia.org)
- Diclofenac NSAIDS and Spanish Vultures. (iberianature.com)
- From an environmental risk point of view, the exchange of diclofenac is recommended for any of the other investigated NSAIDs/analgesics. (janusinfo.se)
Africa6
- The use of veterinary diclofenac in Europe not only represents an immediate and tangible threat to European vulture populations, but also sets a very dangerous precedent and an alternative channel for the veterinary use of the drug in Africa and Asia. (birdlife.org)
- Concern for vultures has also spread to Africa where diclofenac is now being manufactured. (typepad.com)
- Now, the center of the vulture crisis is in sub-Saharan Africa. (utah.edu)
- There is awareness that vultures are the most threatened group of raptors and that they face serious challenges in South-East Asia, Africa and, probably, in Europe. (iaf.org)
- Similar effects on vultures and eagles are also suspected in Africa and there is even some concern in Europe for example in parts of Spain, where carcasses are left in the open for wild animals to eat. (janusinfo.se)
- He'd heard of vultures dying in South Africa after eating strychnine-laced cow or sheep carcasses, but in the area around Keoladeo Park, "such incidents are few and far between and cannot be the cause of population crash in vultures," he concluded. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
Carrion1
- A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion . (wikipedia.org)
Extinction6
- The consequences can be devastating: 7 out of 11 species of African vultures are already threatened with extinction. (birdlife.org)
- Populations of most vulture species around the world are now either declining or on the brink of extinction. (utah.edu)
- Their results suggest several inherent ecological traits that likely contribute to vultures' extinction risk, including their large body masses, slow reproductive rates and highly specialized diets. (utah.edu)
- The Future of Vultures: Are They Facing Extinction? (walkinthewild.co.in)
- The near-extinction of Indian vultures in the mid-1990s proved fatal for humans too, causing the mortality rate to rise by 4% in districts once populated by the birds. (arcata1.com)
- Today many species vulture species face extinction from eating contaminated carcasses. (blogspot.com)
Numbers of vultures1
- Buechley says the numbers of vultures have stabilized, and are now showing signs of slowly increasing. (utah.edu)
Cows4
- Since most cows are not destined for a dinner table, vultures served as an effective disposal system for dead cows and other livestock. (iea.org.uk)
- Feral dog numbers increased because the dogs had a new food source - the dead cows that vultures were no longer eating. (mongabay.com)
- Lest the reader mistake it for a place of romantic wildness, it is also a place where the vultures have died of diclofenac poisoning, which is used to ease the pain of cows so that they'll produce more milk. (lareviewofbooks.org)
- Though the drug was harmless to both cows and humans, birds that consumed animals treated with diclofenac suffered from kidney failure and died within weeks. (arcata1.com)
Habitats7
- Indian vulture is a keystone species in their habitats. (wikipedia.org)
- The Indian vulture is a keystone species in their habitats and are scavenging birds, feeding mostly from carcasses of dead animals. (wikipedia.org)
- While vultures in the wild might have a longer lifespan, they are increasingly found close to human habitats. (wikipedia.org)
- In the human habitats, Indian vultures are prone to higher mortality due to road kills, electrocution on high power lines, collision with trains and other high structures such as windmills. (wikipedia.org)
- The evolution of large vultures linked to mountainous habitats was accompanied by extreme physiological and behavioral specializations for energetically efficient flights. (nature.com)
- A new working paper, by Eyal Frank of the University of Chicago and Anant Sudarshan of Warwick University, used a statistical method called "difference-in-differences" to compare changes in the death rate in districts with habitats well suited to vultures with those in less suitable places, just as diclofenac use took off. (arcata1.com)
- In districts with vulture-suitable habitats, more people began to die just as diclofenac sales increased. (arcata1.com)
Role of vultures1
- Furthermore, we also need to upgrade our existing curriculum, particularly of schools and colleges, where the ecological role of vultures is highlighted. (wwfpak.org)
Fatal to vultures1
- It is safe for human and livestock consumption but fatal to vultures that eat cattle carcasses containing traces of diclofenac. (researchmatters.in)
Percent of vultures1
- Once 90 percent of vultures disappeared, feral dog and plague-infested rat populations exploded. (cleaner.com)
Birds of p1
- When "The Jungle Book" was filmed, the white-rumped vulture was one of the most abundant large birds of prey in the world. (lsuagcenter.com)
Livestock carcasses2
- Livestock carcasses provide the main food supply for vultures, and are also eaten by dogs. (amrita.edu)
- I am also particularly interested in understanding how vultures find resources (livestock carcasses) in a human-modified environment, and in particular, how vulture feeding stations can affect their natural behaviour. (cnrs.fr)
Forests where vultures2
- The forests where vultures nest are primarily managed by local communities under agreement with the Department of Forest. (birdlife.org)
- But while some Indian biologists voiced concern about the loss of forests where vultures nested and bred, the overall population was so massive it was inconceivable it could ever be threatened. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
Black Vulture1
- These local vultures are the turkey vulture and the black vulture. (lsuagcenter.com)
Nature's2
- To many humans, vultures are not nature's cutest animals. (mongabay.com)
- Vultures act as nature's sanitation service. (arcata1.com)
Cathartes1
- Recent nuclear genomic analyses showed that Falconiformes excluded the Turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura ), and suggested that Cathartidae split from a common ancestor of their sister group Accipitridae at some point between the late Cretaceous and early Paleogene or even later 10 , 11 . (nature.com)
Keoladeo Nati2
- In the 1990s, a decrease in the number of vultures was noted by Vibhu Prakash of the Bombay Natural History Society, who had monitored vulture populations at Keoladeo National Park. (owlapps.net)
- So it was doubly shocking when biologist Vibhu Prakash set out in the late 1990s to update his vulture counts in Keoladeo National Park, a bird sanctuary south of Delhi, and found the birds had practically disappeared. (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
Medium sized vulture2
- It is a medium sized vulture with small semi-bald head with little feathers, long bill and wide dark colored wings. (wikipedia.org)
- They are described as a medium-sized vulture with a wingspan of around 7 feet and mostly black or dark brown plumage aside from their white-colored rump, neck-ruff and underwing coverts. (lsuagcenter.com)
Accipitridae2
- It is an Old World vulture belonging to the family of Accipitridae. (wikipedia.org)
- Given their striking similarities, the phylogenetic relationships of this group have been challenging for many years, traditionally placing New World (NW) vultures (Cathartidae) along with Old World (OW) vultures (Accipitridae) in the order Falconiformes or in their own order 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Aceclofenac6
- Aceclofenac is one of these compounds, and it is known to metabolize into diclofenac in some mammal species. (wiley.com)
- The metabolic pathway of aceclofenac in cattle, the primary food of vultures in South Asia, is unknown. (wiley.com)
- We gave 6 cattle the recommended dose of aceclofenac (2 mg/kg), collected blood thereafter at intervals for up to 12 h, and used liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry in a pharmacokinetic analysis of aceclofenac and diclofenac in the plasma. (wiley.com)
- Nearly all the aceclofenac administered to the cattle was very rapidly metabolized into diclofenac. (wiley.com)
- At 2 h, half the aceclofenac had been converted into diclofenac, and at 12 h four-fifths of the aceclofenac had been converted into diclofenac. (wiley.com)
- This, coupled with the risk that aceclofenac may replace diclofenac in the veterinary market, points to the need for an immediate ban on all aceclofenac formulations that can be used to treat livestock. (wiley.com)
White-backed1
- The white-backed vulture has suffered large-scale adult mortality and total breeding failure," he wrote in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . (lifesciencesfoundation.org)
Humans4
- Another unfortunate factor is that diclofenac has a particularly long elimination half life in cattle (30.5 +/- 9.4 hrs compared with 1.1 hours in humans), and would therefore more likely to form residues in the carcase. (typepad.com)
- What vultures eat and how they eat it may be gross to humans, but it helps make the world that we live in much cleaner and safer than it would be otherwise. (mongabay.com)
- The medical and economic importance of vultures to humans became very clear. (mongabay.com)
- Thus by consuming these, vultures keep both land areas and water bodies clean from deadly diseases and viruses, which otherwise can negatively impact the surrounding human colonies and can lead to the spread of deadly diseases in humans too. (wwfpak.org)
Raptors3
- When our first campaign to save African vultures started in 2015, global awareness and political recognition of these majestic raptors were in their infancy. (birdlife.org)
- Selection analyses indicated that vultures exhibit signals of relaxation of purifying selection relative to other accipitrimorph raptors, possibly indicating the degeneration of flapping flight ability. (nature.com)
- Similar to many raptors, the white-rumped vulture is considered monogamous and will typically stay with its chosen mate for life, which can be 10 to 20 years. (lsuagcenter.com)
Cathartidae1
- Our phylogenomic analyses supported the independent evolution of vultures, with the origin of Cathartidae in the early Paleogene (~ 61 Mya), and estimated the radiation of extant condors during the late Miocene (~ 11 Mya). (nature.com)
Veterinary drug1
- However, since the mid-20th century, the species has experienced severe population declines because of hunting, loss of large ungulate populations and increased removal of carcasses from the landscape, and poisoning from diclofenac, a veterinary drug given to livestock that causes renal failure in scavenging birds. (lsuagcenter.com)
Kidney failure1
- Indian vultures died of kidney failure caused by diclofenac poisoning. (wikipedia.org)
Anti-inflammatory dr1
- For example, a 2004 paper in Nature blamed a crash in vulture numbers on the Indian subcontinent on pollution from the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. (abc.net.au)
Ecological5
- Brussels 15 June, 2015 - Scientists and conservationists appeal today to the Standing Committee on Veterinary Medicinal Products: "We must avoid an ecological disaster: ban the vulture and eagle killer drug, Diclofenac. (euractiv.com)
- In Asia, the use of Diclofenac alone has been responsible for an ecological disaster. (euractiv.com)
- When the cattle die, vultures are the ecological clean-up crew that clear away their bodies. (mongabay.com)
- Likewise, vultures play an important ecological role in the places where they exist. (wwfpak.org)
- As already mentioned, the value of ecological services provided by a single vulture varies but it shows the worth of their role in the ecosystem. (wwfpak.org)
20203
- However, in 2020, evidence of the first victim of diclofenac poisoning in Europe was found. (cms.int)
- Fass environmental information for Voltaren (diclofenac) from Novartis (downloaded 2020-10-20) with environmental risk calculated from sales data 2018. (janusinfo.se)
- The Swedish Medical Products Agency decided that tablets and capsules containing diclofenac should be reclassified as precription-only medicine from 1 June 2020 due to the risk of cardiovascular adverse events. (janusinfo.se)
Pakistan2
- The drug normally referred to as diclofenac sodium and commonly used by dairy farm owners to treat diseases in their animals (Baanhn Beli & IUCN Pakistan, 2016) is partially to blame. (wwfpak.org)
- There is a dire need for the government and non-profit organizations in Pakistan to take significant actions to preserve the remaining vultures in Pakistan so that these beautiful birds can be given another opportunity to survive, breed and thrive within the country. (wwfpak.org)
Feral1
- Without vultures, carcasses attracted feral dogs and rats. (arcata1.com)