Lipoproteins: Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.Lipoproteins, VLDL: A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.Lipoproteins, LDL: A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.Lipoproteins, IDL: A mixture of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), particularly the triglyceride-poor VLDL, with slow diffuse electrophoretic mobilities in the beta and alpha2 regions which are similar to that of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) or alpha-lipoproteins (HDL). They can be intermediate (remnant) lipoproteins in the de-lipidation process, or remnants of mutant CHYLOMICRONS and VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS which cannot be metabolized completely as seen in FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.Lipoproteins, HDL: A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.Lipoprotein(a): A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.Apolipoproteins B: Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.Particle Size: Relating to the size of solids.TriglyceridesApolipoproteins: Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.Cholesterol, VLDL: Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.Apolipoprotein B-100: A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.Receptors, LDL: Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.Receptors, Lipoprotein: Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.Lipids: A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Cholesterol, HDL: Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.Cholesterol, LDL: Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.Apolipoproteins E: A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.Apolipoprotein A-II: The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.Apolipoproteins A: Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.Lipoproteins, HDL3: Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.Apolipoprotein A-I: The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.Apolipoproteins C: A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.Apolipoprotein B-48: A 241-kDa protein synthesized only in the INTESTINES. It serves as a structural protein of CHYLOMICRONS. Its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. Apo B-48 is a shortened form of apo B-100 and lacks the LDL-receptor region.Ultracentrifugation: Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hyperlipidemias: Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.Lipoproteins, HDL2: Low-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 8 to 13 nm.Apolipoprotein C-III: A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).Hypertriglyceridemia: A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase: An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.Lipid Metabolism: Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.Hypercholesterolemia: A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins: Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.Hyperlipoproteinemias: Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Cholesterol, Dietary: Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1: A LDL-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS from plasma.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Lipolysis: The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III: An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.Hypolipidemic Agents: Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Apolipoprotein C-I: A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined: A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Apolipoprotein E3: A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.Atherosclerosis: A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.Anticholesteremic Agents: Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels.Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II: A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).Centrifugation, Density Gradient: Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Hypolipoproteinemias: Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).Dyslipidemias: Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV: A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.Scavenger Receptors, Class B: A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)Phospholipid Transfer Proteins: A ubiquitous family of proteins that transport PHOSPHOLIPIDS such as PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE between membranes. They play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Apolipoprotein C-II: A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1: A superfamily of large integral ATP-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. It is implicated in TANGIER DISEASE characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues.Postprandial Period: The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Heparin: A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Antigens, CD36: Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.Electrophoresis, Agar Gel: Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.Emulsions: Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.Sterol O-Acyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-beta: A highly dense subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes below 7 nm. They are also known as nascent HDL, composed of a few APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I molecules which are complexed with PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The lipid-poor pre-beta-HDL particles serve as progenitors of HDL3 and then HDL2 after absorption of free cholesterol from cell membranes, cholesterol esterification, and acquisition of apolipoproteins A-II, Cs, and E. Pre-beta-HDL initiate the reverse cholesterol transport process from cells to liver.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Fasting: Abstaining from all food.Aryldialkylphosphatase: An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.Risk Factors: An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.Receptors, Scavenger: A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.Apoprotein(a): A large and highly glycosylated protein constituent of LIPOPROTEIN (A). It has very little affinity for lipids but forms disulfide-linkage to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100. Apoprotein(a) has SERINE PROTEINASE activity and can be of varying sizes from 400- to 800-kDa. It is homologous to PLASMINOGEN and is known to modulate THROMBOSIS and FIBRINOLYSIS.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I: An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.Coronary Disease: An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Apolipoprotein E2: One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. ApoE2 allelic homozygosity is associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.Diet, Atherogenic: A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters: A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase: A lipoprotein-associated PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 which modulates the action of PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR by hydrolyzing the SN-2 ester bond to yield the biologically inactive lyso-platelet-activating factor. It has specificity for phospholipid substrates with short-chain residues at the SN-2 position, but inactive against long-chain phospholipids. Deficiency in this enzyme is associated with many diseases including ASTHMA, and HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA.Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Golgi Apparatus: A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine: A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Mice, Inbred C57BLBiological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Apolipoproteins D: A glycoprotein component of HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS that transports small hydrophobic ligands including CHOLESTEROL and STEROLS. It occurs in the macromolecular complex with LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. Apo D is expressed in and secreted from a variety of tissues such as liver, placenta, brain tissue and others.Abetalipoproteinemia: An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Lymph: The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.Chemical Fractionation: Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)TritiumScavenger Receptors, Class E: A class of oxidized LDL receptors that contain LECTIN-like extracellular domains.Apoproteins: The protein components of a number of complexes, such as enzymes (APOENZYMES), ferritin (APOFERRITINS), or lipoproteins (APOLIPOPROTEINS).Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Cholates: Salts and esters of CHOLIC ACID.Coronary Artery Disease: Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.Oleic Acids: A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Immobilized Proteins: Proteins that are chemically bound to a substrate material which renders their location fixed. The immobilization of proteins allows their use in chemical reactions without being diluted by solvent.Iodine Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases: Enzymes that catalyze the reversible reduction of alpha-carboxyl group of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to yield MEVALONIC ACID.Fenofibrate: An antilipemic agent which reduces both CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2: A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Receptors, Immunologic: Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.Blood Protein Electrophoresis: Electrophoresis applied to BLOOD PROTEINS.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.Lecithin Acyltransferase Deficiency: An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Adipose Tissue: Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).LDL-Receptor Related Protein-Associated Protein: A membrane protein found in the rough endoplasm reticulum (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH) that binds to LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEINS. It may function to prevent ligand binding of receptors during protein processing events within endosomal compartments.Metabolic Syndrome X: A cluster of metabolic risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome X include excess ABDOMINAL FAT; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state. (from AHA/NHLBI/ADA Conference Proceedings, Circulation 2004; 109:551-556)Tangier Disease: An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). It is characterized by near absence of ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. The massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in HEPATOMEGALY; SPLENOMEGALY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; large orange tonsils; and often sensory POLYNEUROPATHY. The disorder was first found among inhabitants of Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, MD.Protein Structure, Secondary: The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.LDL-Receptor Related Proteins: A family of proteins that share sequence similarity with the low density lipoprotein receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL).Fatty Acids, Nonesterified: FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.Body Mass Index: An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)Heptanoic Acids: 7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.Endoplasmic Reticulum: A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Chemical Precipitation: The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.Heterozygote: An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.Fat Emulsions, Intravenous: Emulsions of fats or lipids used primarily in parenteral feeding.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.Hep G2 Cells: A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular: NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products.Chylomicron Remnants: Metabolic products of chylomicron particles in which TRIGLYCERIDES have been selectively removed by the LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. These remnants carry dietary lipids in the blood and are cholesterol-rich. Their interactions with MACROPHAGES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; and SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS in the artery wall can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS.Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V: A severe type of hyperlipidemia, sometimes familial, that is characterized by the elevation of both plasma CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES contained in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia is often associated with DIABETES MELLITUS and is not caused by reduced LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE activity as in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I .Lysophosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES obtained by their partial hydrolysis which removes one of the fatty acid moieties.Phosphotungstic Acid: Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Sex Factors: Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.Insulin: A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).Double-Blind Method: A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.Hypobetalipoproteinemias: Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.
LDL receptorThe receptor also recognizes the apoE protein found in chylomicron remnants and VLDL remnants (IDL). In humans, the LDL ... The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid ... disordered metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contributes to MI risk. Overall, LDLR has a high clinical relevance in ... which is embedded in the outer phospholipid layer of LDL particles. ...
... very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and high density ... Since cholesterol is insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles (lipoproteins). ... It may be useful to measure all lipoprotein subfractions ( VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) when assessing hypercholesterolemia and ... lipoprotein (HDL). All the lipoproteins carry cholesterol, but elevated levels of the lipoproteins other than HDL (termed non- ...
VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). Stated another way, remnant cholesterol is all plasma cholesterol that is not ... Fujioka Y, Ishikawa Y (2009). "Remnant lipoproteins as strong key particles to atherogenesis". JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND ... Remnant cholesterol, also known as remnant lipoprotein, is a very atherogenic lipoprotein composed primarily of very low- ... "Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: ...
... the basic science work which led to sub-fractionation of lipoprotein particles: chylomicrons (AKA ULDL), VLDL, IDL, LDL & HDL ... Otvos began novel research work in using NMR spectroscopy to quantify the lipoproteins in first primate and then human plasma. ... vascular surgery Lipoprotein HDL, LDL, IDL VLDL and Chylomicrons (AKA ULDL) ApoA-1 Milano "LipoScience". Ncsu.edu. Retrieved ... In the early 1990s, given increasing evidence and understanding of the role which the many different lipoproteins (not ...
ApoB100 is found in lipoproteins originating from the liver (VLDL, IDL, LDL). Importantly, there is one ApoB100 molecule per ... One way to explain the above is to consider that large numbers of lipoprotein particles, and, in particular large numbers of ... Apolipoprotein B is the primary apolipoprotein of chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles (LDL - known commonly by the ... Hence, using that fact, one can quantify the number of lipoprotein particles by noting the total ApoB100 concentration in the ...
Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses. *delivery of TGs: Chylomicron. *VLDL. *delivery of C and CE: IDL ... Vance JE, Vance DE (2002). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51139-3. .. ... In Vance JE, Vance EE (eds.). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 373-407. ... The fatty acids may be subsequently converted to triglycerides that are packaged in lipoproteins and secreted from the liver. ...
Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses. *delivery of TGs: Chylomicron. *VLDL. *delivery of C and CE: IDL ... 2003). "Human apoC-IV: isolation, characterization, and immunochemical quantification in plasma and plasma lipoproteins". J. ... high-density lipoprotein particle. • extracellular region. • very-low-density lipoprotein particle. Biological process. • lipid ... very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly. • very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. ...
VLDL) and secretes them into plasma where they are converted to intermediate density lipoproteins(IDL), which thereafter are ... For this reason, LDL is referred to as "bad cholesterol". High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles transport cholesterol back ... After a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again ... Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood. Lipid and lipoprotein ...
VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL), and can assemble VLDL particles in the liver ... a soluble lipoprotein". Structure. 6 (7): 895-909. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00091-4. PMID 9687371. Finn RN (2007). "Vertebrate ... Apoliporotein B-100 is present on several lipoproteins, including very low-density lipoproteins ( ... 2011) Three-Dimensional cryoEM Reconstruction of Native LDL Particles to 16Å Resolution at Physiological Body Temperature. [1] ...
Examples include the plasma lipoprotein particles classified as HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL and ULDL (a.k.a. chylomicrons) lipoproteins ... The hydrolyzed VLDL particles are now called VLDL remnants or intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). VLDL remnants can ... large buoyant LDL (lb LDL) particles small dense LDL (sd LDL) particles Lipoprotein(a) is a lipoprotein particle of a certain ... the nascent VLDL particle is considered mature. Again, like chylomicrons, VLDL particles circulate and encounter lipoprotein ...
LDL particles are formed as VLDL lipoproteins lose triglyceride through the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and they become ... VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL delivers fat ... Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of multiple proteins, typically 80-100 proteins/particle (organized by a single ... LDL particles vary in size and density, and studies have shown that a pattern that has more small dense LDL particles, called ...
... and the VLDL returns to the circulation as a smaller particle with a new name, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). The IDL ... IDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to ... Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) belong to the lipoprotein particle family and are formed from the degradation of very ... Each native IDL particle consists of protein that encircles various lipids, enabling, as a water-soluble particle, these lipids ...
... and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). VLDL particles have a diameter of 30-80 nm. VLDL transports endogenous products, ... VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density ... nascent VLDL becomes a mature VLDL. Once in circulation, VLDL will come in contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the ... Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver. ...
Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses. *delivery of TGs: Chylomicron. *VLDL. *delivery of C and CE: IDL ... secreted in plasma where it is a component of very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons. This protein activates the enzyme ... low-density lipoprotein particle. • high-density lipoprotein particle. • intermediate-density lipoprotein particle. • ... very-low-density lipoprotein particle. • spherical high-density lipoprotein particle. • extracellular region. • early endosome ...
Chylomicrons VLDL-C particiles IDL-C particles LDL-C particles HDL-C particle Lipoprotein (a) [LP(a)] Men tend to have ... High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are one of the five major groups of lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are complex particles composed ... Unlike the larger lipoprotein particles which deliver fat molecules to cells, HDL particles remove fat molecules from cells ... Larger HDL particles are carrying more cholesterol. Concentration and sizes of lipoprotein particles can be estimated using ...
IDL), which thereafter are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and non-esterified fatty acids, which can ... After a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again ... In lipoproteins. Main article: Lipoprotein. Cholesterol is minimally soluble in water; it cannot dissolve and travel in the ... High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles transport cholesterol back to the liver for excretion, but vary considerably in their ...
VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL), and can assemble VLDL particles in the liver ... a soluble lipoprotein". Structure. 6 (7): 895-909. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00091-4. PMID 9687371. Sagiv Y, Bai L, Wei DG, ... Apolipoprotein B-100 is present on several lipoproteins, including very low-density lipoproteins ( ... Vitellogenin is the precursor of the lipoproteins and phosphoproteins that make up most of the protein content of yolk. In the ...
... and metabolism of other cholesterol-containing particles, such as VLDL and IDL. About 1 in 300 to 500 people have mutations in ... or protein part of the lipoprotein particle. Its gene is located on the second chromosome (2p24-p23) and is between 21.08 and ... Vega GL, Grundy SM (1986). "In vivo evidence for reduced binding of low density lipoproteins to receptors as a cause of primary ... markedly raised level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), normal level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and normal level of ...
... very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density ... very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Large numbers of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles are ... Elevated levels of the lipoprotein fractions, LDL, IDL and VLDL are regarded as atherogenic (prone to cause atherosclerosis).[ ... van der Steeg WA (2008). "High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoprotein A-I ...
The lipoprotein density and type of apolipoproteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on ... The elevated triglyceride levels (>5 mmol/l) are generally due to an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a class ... This form is due to high chylomicrons and IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein). Also known as broad beta disease or ... Hyperlipidemia is abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. It is the most common form of ...
... and metabolism of other cholesterol-containing particles, such as VLDL and IDL. ... Apolipoprotein B, in its ApoB100 form, is the main apolipoprotein, or protein part of the lipoprotein particle. Its gene is ... resulting in significantly increased level of LDL cholesterol in the blood with normal levels of other lipoproteins.[4] In ... markedly raised level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), normal level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and normal level of ...
"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoprotein A-I: significance for ... ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ ಪ್ರೋಟೀನಿನ ಅಲ್ಪಭಾಗಗಳು,LDL, IDL, ಮತ್ತು VLDL ಗಳು ಮೇಲಿನ ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಥೆರೋಜೆನಿಕ್ (ಎಥಿರೋಸ್ಕ್ಲೀರೋಸಿಸ್ ಸಂಭವಿಸಲು ಕಾರಣವಾಗುವ) ಎಂದು ... "Discovery of the lipoproteins, their role in fat transport and their significance as risk factors". J. Nutr. 128 (2 Suppl): ... ಬೆಲೆಯ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದ, VLDL ಎಂಬುದು ಟ್ರೈಗ್ಲಿಸರೈಡ್ ನ ಐದನೆ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗ ಎಂದು ಅಂದಾಜಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು LDL ನ್ನು ಫ್ರೈಡ್ ವಾಲ್ಡ್ ಸೂತ್ರ ( ಅಥವಾ ...
The receptor also recognizes the apoE protein found in chylomicron remnants and VLDL remnants (IDL). In humans, the LDL ... The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid ... disordered metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contributes to MI risk. Overall, LDLR has a high clinical relevance in ... which is embedded in the outer phospholipid layer of LDL particles. ...
High-fat meal effect on LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle size and number in the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network ...0/Cholesterol, VLDL; 0/Dietary Fats; 0/Lipoproteins, HDL; 0/Lipoproteins, IDL; 0/Lipoproteins, LDL; 0/Lipoproteins, VLDL; 0/ ... HDL = high-density lipoprotein; IDL = intermediate-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; NMR = nuclear magnetic ... Similarly, total VLDL particle number decreased due to reductions in medium and small VLDL particles. Large VLDL particles and ... Lipoproteins, IDL / blood, chemistry. Lipoproteins, LDL / blood*, chemistry. Lipoproteins, VLDL / blood*, chemistry. Magnetic ...
Lipid And Amino Acid Metabolism Flashcards by Phoenix K | Brainscape3. IDL [intermediate density lipoprotein]. I. Assembly of VLDL without triacylglycerols. ****AKA VLDL remnant*****. II. ... VLDL [very low density lipoproteins]. ****LPL releases free fatty acids from lipoproteins****** ... Transition particle b/w [VLDL/chylomicrons] & [LDL &HDL]. III. Either absorbed by apolipoproteins in the liver or further ... 2. VLDL [very low density lipoproteins]. I. Assembly of triacylglycerol and fatty acids produced in the liver. Note. its fatty ...
... and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). VLDL particles have a diameter of 30-80 nm. VLDL transports endogenous products, ... VLDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density ... nascent VLDL becomes a mature VLDL. Once in circulation, VLDL will come in contact with lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the ... Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver. ...
In addition, there is an increase in the plasma levels of immature HDL particles and reduced cholesterol efflux. Studies from ... decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in the endothelium, muscle and adipose tissues; decreased hepatic lipase activity; and ... triglycerides and the apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins VLDL and IDL; ... triglycerides and the apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins VLDL and IDL; decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in the ...
Interviews with Nutritional Experts: How Antioxidant Nutrients Protect Against Heart Disease: Part II. The Role of LipoproteinsThe Role of Lipoproteins ;Those seeking to prevent heart disease and live longer b ... low-density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein, (IDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein, (VLDL). Figure 3 ... For practical purposes, lipoproteins may be considered to be particles. The important point is that lipoproteins are not ... In a process that is unimportant to us here, VLDL becomes a "VLDL remnant" and then IDL. As depicted by figure 3, IDL is a ...
Plus itVLDL remnants and IDL accumulate as a result of altered lipoprotein metabolism; both types of particles have been shown to be ... Other lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with diabetes include changes in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (43,44). ... VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL, and even lipoprotein(a). Finally, non-HDL cholesterol has several ... Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM: Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary ...
Because there is 1 apoB molecule per lipoprotein particle, apoB reflects the total number of VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles and ... LDL-C levels incompletely measure atherogenic lipoproteins because very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants also are likely ... which is a direct measurement of the concentration of proatherogenic particles, because each VLDL and LDL particle has 1 ... plasma levels reflect the concentration of proatherogenic lipoproteins very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein ...
ATLCX (Episode 29): Dr. Thomas Dayspring | Cholesterol Testing: What Matters Most? « Jimmy Moore's Livin' La Vida Low Carb BlogThere is one apoB molecule per VLDL, IDL and LDL particle: apoB is not on HDL particles* Apo B testing measures how many VLDL, ... Thus atherogenesis is a lipoprotein-mediated disease* Atherogenic lipoproteins (lipoproteins that enter the artery wall) are ... Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are within the phospholipids delivered by lipoproteins* The types of lipoproteins: VLDL, IDL, ... A normally composed LDL half-life is 2-3 days; compared to VLDL 2-6 hours or IDL 1-2 hours* Thus Apo-B test actually measures ...
Very-low-density lipoprotein | physiology | Britannica.comVery low-density lipoproteins (VLDL): VLDL is a lipoprotein class synthesized by the liver that is analogous to the ... VLDL is largely depleted of its triglyceride content… ... Other articles where Very-low-density lipoprotein is discussed ... classes of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low- ... Disorders that affect lipid metabolism may be caused by defects in the structural proteins of lipoprotein particles, in the ...
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use atorvastatin calcium safely and effectively. See full...Like LDL, cholesterol-enriched triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, including VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and ... Elevated plasma triglycerides are frequently found in a triad with low HDL-C levels and small LDL particles, as well as in ... IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) fractions. ... Atorvastatin calcium reduces intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL-C) in patients with dysbetalipoproteinemia. ...
Like LDL, cholesterol-enriched triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, including VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and ... Elevated plasma triglycerides are frequently found in a triad with low HDL-C levels and small LDL particles, as well as in ... IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) fractions. ... Atorvastatin calcium reduces intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL-C) in patients with dysbetalipoproteinemia. ...
Effect of Cyclosporine on HMG-CoA Reductase, Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase, LDL Receptor, HDL Receptor, VLDL Receptor, and...IDL. intermediate-density lipoprotein. LDL. low-density lipoprotein. VLDL. very low-density lipoprotein. ... apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins and heparin sulfate proteoglycans and by proteolytic modification of these particles ( ... For instance, the VLDL receptor binds and internalizes triglyceride-rich VLDL and IDL but not LDL particles. Moreover, it is ... Moreover, lipolytic action of lipoprotein lipase transforms VLDL to intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and chylomicron to ...
Atherosclerosis - ExRx.netThere are 5 types of fat-transporting lipoproteins, namely (from the smallest to the biggest) HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, and ... When this happens, a macrophage comes and try to "eat" the oxidized stuck particle but it cant metabolize the thing so the ... Some others say that chyclomicrons (the biggest lipoprotein) can lodge into the arterial wall and also say that actually most ... The last three are thought to be big enough so the particle cannot lodge into the arterial wall, oxidized, and cause ...
Frontiers | Two-Hour Postprandial Lipoprotein Particle Concentration Differs Between Lean and Obese Individuals | PhysiologyPlasma concentration of large very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons particle was higher and increased more ... Plasma concentration of large very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons particle was higher and increased more ... particle concentration in obese-IR subjects, and increased small high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle concentration in all ... particle concentration in obese-IR subjects, and increased small high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle concentration in all ...
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It encompasses all cholesterol present in the potentially atherogenic lipoprotein particles (VLDL, remnants, IDL and LDL). Non- ... a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a concomitant increase in small dense oxidized low-density lipoproteins ... 33-c) Effect of treatment with the studied drugs for 2 weeks on serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol in male albino rats ... 33-d) Effect of treatment with the studied drugs for 2 weeks on serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol in male albino rats ...
Hypertriglyceridemia - Causes Risk Factors Symptoms Signs Diagnosis TreatmentThey form bad cholesterol, especially very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), which ... Triglycerides combine with particles called lipoproteins, which contain proteins and cholesterol. ...
Delipidation of VLDL. VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL all contain 1 apoB100 per particle and are linked ... the pre-VLDL particle is converted to a triglyceride-poor VLDL particle (5). Triglyceride-poor VLDL exits the ER by Sar1/CopII ... Maturation of VLDL in the Liver. The triglyceride-poor VLDL particle can either be secreted from the cell as VLDL2 or further ... The conversion of apoB100 low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein particles to apoB100 very low density lipoproteins ...
Secondary causes of dyslipidemia... and smaller HDL particle size [4]. Additionally, the number of VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL particles ... Lipoproteins as mediators for the effects of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on cardiovascular mortality: results ... Effects of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on lipoprotein subclass particle size and concentration determined by nuclear ... VLDL) particle size, smaller LDL particle size, ... The lipoprotein abnormalities are related to the severity of ...
IDL, and VLDL, apoB reflects the total particle number in these lipoproteins (2). Whether total apoB could be a better measure ... VLDL] and intermediate-density lipoprotein [IDL]), decreased HDL cholesterol, and small dense LDL particles (1). Some ... Because there is one apolipoprotein (apo)B molecule per particle of LDL, IDL, and VLDL, total apoB levels highly correlate with ... diabetes is often concomitant with many lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities characterized mainly by elevated VLDL, IDL, and ...
Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses. *delivery of TGs: Chylomicron. *VLDL. *delivery of C and CE: IDL ... Vance JE, Vance DE (2002). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51139-3. .. ... In Vance JE, Vance EE (eds.). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 373-407. ... The fatty acids may be subsequently converted to triglycerides that are packaged in lipoproteins and secreted from the liver. ...
Lipids and cardiovascular disease: re-thinking targets | The British Journal of CardiologyApoB = the total number of atherogenic apoB lipoprotein particles in LDL + IDL + VLDL. Useful in diagnosis but no advantage ... Achieving the right balance between atherogenic lipoproteins (as in LDL) and atheroprotective lipoproteins (as in HDL) is key ... containing lipoprotein particles (i.e. low-density lipoprotein [LDL] + intermediate-density lipoprotein [IDL] + very-low- ... and atheroprotective lipoproteins, such as apoA-I contained in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol to coronary risk. The ...
Mark's Daily Apple The Straight Dope on Cholesterol: 10 Things You Need to Know - Part 1 | Mark's Daily AppleApoA-I is the apolipoprotein that wraps HDL particles. ApoB is the apolipoprotein that wraps VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles. ... is if the sterols are carried there by an apoB-containing lipoprotein particle.. So what drives a LDL particle to do something ... As their name suggests, lipoproteins are part lipid and part protein. They are mostly spherical structures which are held ... In other words, unless an apoB-containing lipoprotein particle violates the border created by an endothelium cell and the layer ...
PPT - Lipids PowerPoint Presentation - ID:2124218lipoprotein classes. *chylomicrons: take lipids from small intestine through lymph cells. *very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) ... Lipoproteins*particles found in plasma that transport lipids including cholesterol. * ... intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL). *low density lipoproteins (LDL). *high density lipoproteins (HDL) ...
Ultrastructural analysis of hepatitis C virus particles | PNAS... required for VLDL biogenesis and found on VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL. Its role in the assembly and ... 1996) Visualization of hepatitis C virions and putative defective interfering particles isolated from low-density lipoproteins ... Particle sizes ranged from 45 to 86 nm in diameter, with a mean diameter of 68 nm (Fig. 5C). A total of 150 particles were ... Orientation for particles was hand selected and the resulting reconstruction was yet another smooth sphere. Single-particle ...
CholesterolTriglyceridesApolipoproteinDensityLipidsTypes of lipoproteinsMoleculeProteinsClasses of lipoproteCardiovascularRemnantApolipoproteinsSubclassesConcentrationAtherogenic lipoproteinsPathwaysHypertriglyceridemiaCompositionSmall-denseSubclassPlasma lipoprotein particlesHumansFatty acidsSynthesized by the liverLarge VLDL particlesMetabolicLipid and lipoprotein abnormalitiesUltracentrifugationCirculationTissuesAbnormalities
- The Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal peptide) that mediates the endocytosis of cholesterol-rich LDL. (wikipedia.org)
- VLDL is assembled in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
- In type 2 diabetes, there is a characteristic dyslipidemia consisting of elevated triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol, and LDL particles of altered composition ( 10 - 12 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Some investigators ( 16 - 18 ) have recently suggested that a measure of non-HDL cholesterol, which reflects total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol (i.e., all apolipoprotein B-containing atherogenic lipoproteins), might be a useful marker of this combined risk. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Using the data from this population, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of non-HDL cholesterol and individual lipoprotein indicators to predict CVD in patients with diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In addition, there is an increase in the plasma levels of immature HDL particles and reduced cholesterol efflux. (nature.com)
- Dietary cholesterol and fats are certainly not THE causes of heart disease but they are significant factors for the approximately twenty percent lacking adequate lipoprotein compensatory mechanisms. (healthy.net)
- The major compensatory mechanism is the lipoprotein cholesterol transport system, which is the main topic of this article. (healthy.net)
- The main emphasis of this article is building the background needed to understand why cholesterol itself does not initiate heart disease, but how it can become an important factor when free radicals alter the cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins in the blood. (healthy.net)
- Background- Apolipoprotein B (apoB) plasma levels reflect the concentration of proatherogenic lipoproteins very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels reflect the concentration of cholesterol transported by these particles. (ahajournals.org)
- Conclusions- Although non-HDL-C and apoB were both strong predictors of CHD in this male cohort, more so than LDL-C, the findings support the concept that the plasma concentration of atherogenic lipoprotein particles measured by apoB is more predictive in development of CHD than the cholesterol carried by these particles, measured by non-HDL-C. (ahajournals.org)
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are currently recommended as the primary target for lipid-lowering therapy for prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). (ahajournals.org)
- 1 Similarly, it is well known that low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with an increased risk for CVD independent of LDL-C levels, and raising HDL-C has been shown to significantly lower cardiovascular risk. (ahajournals.org)
- Non-HDL-C is thus the cholesterol concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins and has been recommended as a target especially among subjects with high triglyceride (TG) levels. (ahajournals.org)
- 1 Animal experiments suggest that a high apoB particle concentration may indeed be more important than the cholesterol concentration. (ahajournals.org)
- The present study compares these lipoproteins for strength and independence as CHD risk factors and addresses the long-debated question as to whether the cholesterol content or the particle concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins is more closely linked to development of CHD. (ahajournals.org)
- Thus, hepatic expressions of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (the rate-limiting step in cholesterol conversion to bile acids), LDL receptor, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor proteins, as well as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity were determined in rats treated with CsA (18 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 3 weeks. (aspetjournals.org)
- This was associated with a marked down-regulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in the liver and a severe reduction of lipoprotein lipase abundance in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. (aspetjournals.org)
- In conclusion, CsA administration for 3 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and marked down-regulation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase abundance in rats. (aspetjournals.org)
- The former abnormality can contribute to hypercholesterolemia by limiting cholesterol catabolism, whereas the latter may contribute to hypertriglyceridemia and VLDL accumulation by limiting triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance in CsA-treated animals. (aspetjournals.org)
- To this end, we explored the effect of CsA therapy on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis), LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptors (the critical factors in metabolism of the cholesterol-rich LDL and HDL particles), and of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, (the rate-limiting step in cholesterol catabolism to bile acids). (aspetjournals.org)
- Apo A-1 particle do not deposit cholesterol in the artery: they may in fact remove it. (livinlavidalowcarb.com)
- Insulin resistance and the ensuing hyperinsulinemia are associated with hypertriglyceridemia, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. (uptodate.com)
- Triglycerides combine with particles called lipoproteins , which contain proteins and cholesterol. (medindia.net)
- They form bad cholesterol, especially very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), which could give rise to heart disease. (medindia.net)
- In the primary care setting, EURIKA (European Study on Cardiovascular Risk Prevention and Management in Usual Daily Practice) showed that less than one-half of treated dyslipidaemic patients attained both total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol targets. (bjcardio.co.uk)
- The INTERHEART Study, a global case-control study, highlighted the relevance of both atherogenic apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipids, including LDL cholesterol, intermediate-density and very low-density lipoproteins, and atheroprotective lipoproteins, such as apoA-I contained in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol to coronary risk. (bjcardio.co.uk)
- Recent evidence suggests that a fundamental defect is an overproduction of large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, which initiates a sequence of lipoprotein changes, resulting in higher levels of remnant particles, smaller LDL, and lower levels of high-density liporotein (HDL) cholesterol. (ahajournals.org)
- This dyslipidemia is characterized by the so-called lipid triad 4 -high levels of plasma triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the appearance of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins (sdLDL)-and excessive postprandial lipemia. (ahajournals.org)
- Now there are theories/studies/etc. which say that eating cholesterol combined with saturated fat can have post-prandial (post eating) effect of increasing the activity and the number of LDL particles, although the LDL could return to basal level later. (exrx.net)
- This class of LDL particles further is acted upon by cholesterol ester transport protein (CETP), shuttling triglyceride back to remnant particles, and by HL to form LDL3b. (diabetesjournals.org)
- This diet changes lipid levels in individuals with phenotype A by reducing cholesterol content of LDL particles, without reducing particle number, while individuals with phenotype B show reduced conversion of VLDL2 to LDL2 with increased levels of large VLDL particles, resulting in greater numbers of remnant particles ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Compared to a control group, combined vitamin C and E administration reduced serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels by decreasing apo B-48-containing lipoproteins, remodeled HDL particles by reducing phospholipid as well as increasing PON1 and apo D content, and diminished PLTP activity and levels. (springer.com)
- Remnant-like particle cholesterol, apolipoprotein (Apo) CIII, Apo AI, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) levels also were measured. (nih.gov)
- Treatment with Aronia juice significantly lowered the proatherogenic low-density lipoprotein fraction of the animals studied and led to a 16.5% decrease in their total cholesterol. (hindawi.com)
- The major role of lipoprotein particles is to transport fats such as triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood between the organs of the body. (medgadget.com)
- According to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, (2015) 71 million American adults have high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad cholesterol level. (medgadget.com)
- High-density lipoproteins (HDL), referred to as "good" cholesterol, promote healthy cardiovascular function, but LDL and very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL), or "bad" cholesterol, may deposit on the walls of arteries, promoting atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. (nanotech-now.com)
- Because particles of LDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and VLDL each contain one apolipoprotein B (ApoB) protein, ApoB concentration may give a better indication of large lipoprotein particle concentration than measurements of cholesterol concentrations alone(1). (nanotech-now.com)
- Approximately 260 healthy male and female adults who met the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines for optimal plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were recruited to establish reference distributions for the lipoprotein fractions detected by the method. (nanotech-now.com)
- Concentrations of total HDL, HDL Large, total LDL, total IDL, total VLDL, and non-HDL particles were determined using the ion mobility technique and correlated with biochemical measurements of calculated triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol as well as plasma ApoA1 and ApoB. (nanotech-now.com)
- The comparatively poorer correlation with cholesterol reflects the varying concentrations of this compound within lipoprotein particles, underscoring the ion mobility technique's potentially unique advantage over other methods. (nanotech-now.com)
- Specifically, while other techniques generally depend on cholesterol measurements to determine particle concentration, the ion mobility method measures lipoprotein particle concentration and size regardless of the particle's lipid, protein, triglyceride and cholesterol content. (nanotech-now.com)
- Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat of lipoproteins ) into a compound called a chylomicron . (wikipedia.org)
- The fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of lipoproteins , where some types favour transport towards body tissues and others towards the liver for excretion into the intestines. (wikipedia.org)
- Instead, it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water-soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally. (wikipedia.org)
- The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied. (wikipedia.org)
- Non-HDL-C is a calculation (total cholesterol minus HDL-C), ie, the sum of the VLDL-C, LDL-C, and IDL-C. While LDL-C has long been the primary focus of cholesterol reduction efforts, researchers have identified several other lipoproteins that also affect cardiovascular health. (labcorp.com)
- The advantage of non-HDL-C measurement is that it accounts for cholesterol in the other potentially atherogenic lipoprotein particles, which include VLDL-C, IDL-C, LDL-C, and lipoprotein(a). (labcorp.com)
- The remaining IDLs are transformed to low density lipoprotein particles (LDL, the so-called "bad" cholesterol) by the loss of apolipoprotein E and the further reduction of triglyceride content until it is exceeded by the content of cholesteryl esters. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- HDL particles circulate through the capillaries collecting lipids including cholesterol and cholesteryl esters and returning them to the liver for further metabolism. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Patients at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently exhibit an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype characterized by elevated plasma levels of both triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and small, dense LDL and low concentrations of HDL cholesterol. (ahajournals.org)
- Recently, in a large observational study, the calculated non-HDL plasma cholesterol concentration (the sum of the cholesterol contents of LDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein [IDL], and very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL]) was a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than plasma cholesterol alone. (ahajournals.org)
- 1-3 Improvement in the predictability of CAD on inclusion of VLDL and IDL cholesterol emphasizes the proatherogenic nature of TRL and their remnant particles. (ahajournals.org)
- The atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype has been defined by Austin et al 4 as the presence of a predominance of small, dense LDL particles, elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, and low plasma HDL cholesterol levels in the lipoprotein profile, which is associated with an approximately 3-fold increased risk of atherosclerotic disease. (ahajournals.org)
- 5-8 It is now commonly accepted that small, dense LDL particles are the products of the intravascular remodeling of TG-rich VLDL particles after interaction primarily with lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and cholesterol ester transfer protein 9,10 ( Figure ). (ahajournals.org)
- Further intravascular remodeling with partial conversion toward smaller-sized lipoprotein particles occurs as a result of action of hepatic lipase (HL), cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), and plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP). (ahajournals.org)
- To compare the atherogenic potential of low density lipoprotein (LDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) under conditions where plasma levels of these lipoproteins are elevated, the influx of cholesterol in these lipoproteins into the aortic intima was measured in vivo in genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits from the St. Thomas's Hospital strain, an animal model that shares many of the features of the human disorder familial combined hyperlipidemia. (biomedsearch.com)
- Multiple linear regression suggested that the arterial influx of LDL, IDL, and VLDL cholesterol was linearly dependent on plasma concentration, independent of lesion size. (biomedsearch.com)
- Most lipoproteins are cholesterol- or triglyceride -rich and carry lipids through the body for uptake by cells. (labtestsonline.org)
- Each VLDL particle contains one molecule of apo B-100, which is retained as VLDL loses triglycerides and shrinks to become the more cholesterol-rich LDL. (labtestsonline.org)
- We examined 9293 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of total cholesterol, free- and esterified cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and particle concentration. (medworm.com)
- Mice with combined deficiencies of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR -/- ) and the catalytic component of an apolipoprotein B-edisome complex (APOBEC1 -/- ) that converts apoB-100 to apoB-48 have been characterized, and this model of LDL cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis was applied to an investigation of the role of fibrinogen (Fg) in the genesis and progression of the plaque. (bloodjournal.org)
- On normal low-fat diets, the plasma cholesterol of mice is primarily packaged in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction. (bloodjournal.org)
- In contrast, humans have higher resting plasma total cholesterol (total-C) levels, and about 70% of the cholesterol is contained in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction. (bloodjournal.org)
- 4 , 5 However, in APOE -/- mice, the plasma cholesterol is mainly associated with the VLDL and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) fractions. (bloodjournal.org)
- To demonstrate the superiority of alirocumab in comparison with usual care in the reduction of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in participants with type 2 diabetes and mixed dyslipidemia at high cardiovascular risk with non-HDL-C not adequately controlled with maximally tolerated statin therapy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Cholesterol is insoluble in blood, but is transported in the circulatory system bound to one of the varieties of lipoprotein , spherical particles which have an exterior composed mainly of water-soluble proteins. (wikidoc.org)
- The main types, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) carry cholesterol from and to the liver. (wikidoc.org)
- Cholesterol is required in the membrane of mammalian cells for normal cellular function, and is either synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum , or derived from the diet, in which case it is delivered by the bloodstream in low-density lipoproteins . (wikidoc.org)
- Lipoproteins consist of lipids and proteins (known as apolipoproteins [apo]), with the main function of transporting water-insoluble lipids such as cholesterol or triglycerides in plasma from the sites of absorption (gut) and/or synthesis (liver) to the sites of utilization (peripheral tissues) or processing. (asnjournals.org)
- During this conversion, the particles become depleted of triglycerides but retain considerable amounts of cholesterol ( 13 ). (asnjournals.org)
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in reverse cholesterol transport, which shuttles cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver ( 16 ), an important step that relieves the peripheral cells from cholesterol burden ( Figure 1 ). (asnjournals.org)
- In addition to regulating the size of HDL particles, this protein may be involved in cholesterol metabolism. (wikidoc.org)
- Cholesterol is transported in the blood by molecules known as lipoproteins. (vitamedica.com)
- These lipoproteins enable cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. (vitamedica.com)
- Both low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are measures of cholesterol in the blood because these proteins transport fat, triglycerides, and cholesterol through the body. (taconic.com)
- Apo B-100 is essential for binding events between LDL receptors and LDL particles, thereby enabling the internalization of LDL into cells and uptake of cholesterol 7 , 8 . (taconic.com)
- Since Apo B-100 is present in one copy per lipoprotein it is, therefore, a direct measure of the number of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins in the blood, and may present a better metric for measuring cholesterol levels 9 - 11 . (taconic.com)
- There is a variable increase in the levels of VLDL, IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein) and LDL fractions resulting in elevated serum cholesterol alone or in simultaneous elevation of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. (ifcc.org)
- The CRF induced hypertriglyceridemia, abnormal composition, and impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants are primarily due to down regulation of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and the very low density lipoprotein receptor, as well as, up regulation of hepatic acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). (ifcc.org)
- In the peripheral tissues, particularly adipose and muscle tissue, VLDL is cleaved by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), extracting most of the triglycerides and forming an IDL that contains apoproteins B-100 and E. IDL can be taken up by the liver through the LDL receptor, or it can be converted to the cholesterol-rich LDL that contains apoprotein B-100. (medscape.com)
- HDL particles that contain apoproteins A-I and A-II interact with other lipoproteins, particularly VLDL and LDL, through lipolysis and the action of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme. (medscape.com)
- The particle gets stripped of the engulfing apparatus, eventually fused with a lysosome and the cell is in clover with a supply of both lipid and cholesterol. (blogspot.com)
- The LDL receptor inhibits the intracellular synthesis of cholesterol, at the HMG-CoA step, when activated by an LDL particle. (blogspot.com)
- If they can't get cholesterol by swallowing whole LDL particles they really do have to make it themselves. (blogspot.com)
- These xanthomas should be composed of cholesterol synthesised from acetate in local cells, not from sticky LDL particles. (blogspot.com)
- One LDL particle provides about 2000 molecules of cholesterol. (blogspot.com)
- FH patients, characterized by extremely high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), above 400mg/dL in heterozygotes and 600 mg/dL in homozygotes, are prone to recurrent migratory polyarthritis typically involving large joints such as knees, elbows, and ankles. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
- Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that are essential for transport of cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and fat-soluble vitamins in the blood. (mhmedical.com)
- Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism include primary and secondary conditions that substantially increase or decrease specific circulating lipids (e.g., cholesterol or TGs) or lipoproteins (e.g., low density or high density lipoproteins, see below). (mhmedical.com)
- The demonstration that cholesterol-lowering therapy significantly reduces the clinical complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) makes it important for clinicians to be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of lipoprotein disorders. (mhmedical.com)
- Lipoproteins are large macromolecular complexes composed of lipids and proteins that transport poorly soluble lipids (primarily TGs, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins) through body fluids (plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph) to and from tissues. (mhmedical.com)
- Lipoproteins contain a core of hydrophobic lipids (TGs and cholesteryl esters) surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic lipids (phospholipids, unesterified cholesterol) and proteins (called apolipoproteins) that interact with body fluids. (mhmedical.com)
- Most cases are caused by mutations in the ApoB gene which provides instructions for ApoB proteins, which are components of all the lipoproteins which transport fats and cholesterol in the blood (apart from HDL). (heartuk.org.uk)
- The most severely shortened versions cannot bind with lipoproteins and transport fats and cholesterol effectively. (heartuk.org.uk)
- This protein is essential in producing the beta-lipoproteins in the liver and intestine which transport fats, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins from intestine to blood where the nutrients are taken up by the body tissues. (heartuk.org.uk)
- Blood tests typically report HDL-C level, i.e. the amount of cholesterol contained in HDL particles. (abcam.com)
- It is often contrasted with low-density or LDL cholesterol or LDL-C. HDL particles are able to remove cholesterol from within artery atheroma and transport it back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization, which is the main reason why the cholesterol carried within HDL particles (HDL-C) is sometimes called "good cholesterol" (despite the fact that it is exactly the same as the cholesterol in LDL particles). (abcam.com)
- The apolipoprotein B (ApoB) blood test measures apolipoprotein B100, the ApoB protein that is associated with three different forms of potentially dangerous cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). (lifeextension.com)
- The plasma levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and phospholipids in the HL/EL-dko mice were markedly higher than those in the single-knockout mice. (ahajournals.org)
- These studies reveal an additive effect of HL and EL on HDL metabolism but not macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice and an unexpected redundant role of HL and EL in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein metabolism. (ahajournals.org)
- What we think of when we use the word "cholesterol" is actually a lipoprotein - a fatty conglomerate of protein and lipids that delivers cholesterol and fat and fat-soluble nutrients to different parts of the body. (marksdailyapple.com)
- it's cholesterol bound up by lipoproteins. (marksdailyapple.com)
- Instead, they reflect the total amount of cholesterol contained in your LDL and HDL particles. (marksdailyapple.com)
- Regular-fat cheese does not seem to increase low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations compared to reduced-fat cheese. (biomedcentral.com)
- 12 were analyzed for LDL particle size distribution and cholesterol content using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
- In women ( n = 62), the REG diet increased the concentration of cholesterol in the small high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles compared with the CHO diet (2.9 ± 1.0 mg/dl, P = 0.006). (biomedcentral.com)
- Although increased plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations is considered one of the main CVD risk factors, a number of individuals who develop atherosclerosis and CVD have LDL-C concentrations in the normal range [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hypercholesterolemics, in contrast, were distinguished from the normolipidemic group by 2-fold higher concentrations of apoB lipoproteins without apoE or apoC-III (E(-)C-III(-)), mainly LDL, which had high cholesterol content. (harvard.edu)
- Cholesterol and triglycerides are the major lipids that circulate in blood plasma and are transported in globules known as lipoproteins. (bjcardio.co.uk)
- Both the liver and the gut package cholesterol, triglycerides and fat-soluble vitamins into lipoproteins for delivery to other tissues. (bjcardio.co.uk)
- Apolipoproteins, a monolayer of amphiphilic phospholipids and cholesterol embedded therein, constitute the surface of the lipoproteins that 'hide' the lipids from the aqueous surrounding. (bruker.com)
- In the context of cardiovascular risk assessment, the lipoprotein class-specific concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are of interest beyond their total concentrations within the plasma. (bruker.com)
- Information consists of concentrations of lipids, i.e.cholesterol, free cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, concentrations of apolipoproteins Apo-A1, ApoA2 and Apo-B and the LDL particle numbers. (bruker.com)
- Short and longterm imprecision of lipoprotein measurements by NMR (NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program, United States). (bruker.com)
- At the time of this writing, a typical VAP test report would provide direct measures of the cholesterol content of LDL, Lp(a), IDL, HDL, and VLDL particles. (blogspot.com)
- Below is the top part of a typical VAP test report (from Atherotech), showing measures of the cholesterol content of various particles. (blogspot.com)
- LDL cholesterol is combined for four particle subtypes, the small-dense subtypes 4 and 3, and the large-buoyant subtypes 2 and 1. (blogspot.com)
- VLDL cholesterol is categorized in a similar way. (blogspot.com)
- In the liver, they take up cholesterol and are released into the bloodstream as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. (mhmedical.com)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are formed, and these constitute the major source of cholesterol for the tissues. (mhmedical.com)
- In addition, HDL carry cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion in the bile, and LDL receptors in the liver (not shown) take up VLDL, IDL, and LDL, lowering circulating cholesterol. (mhmedical.com)
- At the end of 12 weeks, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B100) were significantly lower in the soy nut group compared with the control group. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Association of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with incident cardiovascular events in women, by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B100 Levels: a cohort study. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The role of lipoprotein particles is to transport triacylglycerols (a.k.a. triglycerides) and cholesterol in the blood between all the tissues of the body. (omicsgroup.org)
- The lipoprotein particles have hydrophilic groups of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoproteins directed outward. (omicsgroup.org)
- and with specific proteins on the surfaces of cells) determines whether triglycerides and cholesterol will be added to or removed from the lipoprotein transport particles. (omicsgroup.org)
- Cholesterol is mostly transported in plasma by specific cholesterol-rich lipoproteins as low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or high-density lipoproteins (HDL). (biomedcentral.com)
- Initially, the total cholesterol level was used as a measure of risk, then a distinction between α- and β-lipoproteins emerged. (onlinejacc.org)
- As the role of specific lipoproteins became clear, attention focused on the cholesterol content of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which constitutes the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein in serum. (onlinejacc.org)
- However, despite the abundant data relating LDL to atherosclerosis, it became clear that focusing solely on the lipoprotein cholesterol content may have its flaws. (onlinejacc.org)
- The predictive power of the LDL cholesterol level for CHD has been challenged, and it has been advocated that the number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles is more predictive of CHD than their cholesterol content ( 9-11 ). (onlinejacc.org)
- As a result, the relationship between the calculated LDL cholesterol level and the number of LDL particles is modified. (onlinejacc.org)
- Whereas IDL is included within the calculated LDL cholesterol, VLDL is excluded. (onlinejacc.org)
- Many ( 11,18-23 ), but not all ( 24-26 ), studies indicate that the apolipoprotein (apo) B level, which represents the total number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles (each particle contains a single apoB molecule), better correlates with CHD than the LDL cholesterol level in untreated as well as statin-treated individuals. (onlinejacc.org)
- Similarly, a growing number of studies suggest that the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, which represents the cholesterol carried in all atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins, is also superior to LDL cholesterol level in predicting CHD ( 11,20,27-31 ). (onlinejacc.org)
- Later, when the amount of cholesterol increases, IDL becomes low-density lipoprotein (LDL). (docsopinion.com)
- Moreover, we found that the relationships between multimarker index quartiles and small LDL cholesterol, LDL score, and mean LDL particle size were slightly stronger in patients with CAD. (hindawi.com)
- Systemic inflammatory markers are positively correlated with small LDL cholesterol and LDL score while being negatively linked with mean LDL particle size and large HDL cholesterol, highlighting the potential contribution to increased cardiovascular risk. (hindawi.com)
- Although dyslipidemia has been recognized as the major cardiovascular risk factor and lowering of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol has convincingly been shown to reduce cardiovascular events, there is still considerable remaining risk [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Moreover, our previous data demonstrated positive associations between inflammatory markers and important cholesterol regulator, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) [ 13 , 14 ], which has also been found to be closely related to atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions [ 15 , 16 ], However, whether there are certain relationships between inflammatory markers and lipoprotein subfractions has not been reported yet. (hindawi.com)
- LDL particles can be large or small, and the amount of cholesterol contained in each varies widely. (bioreference.com)
- Additionally, more than 20% of the population has cholesterol-depleted LDL, a condition in which a patient's cholesterol level is "normal" but his or her particular lipoprotein molecule number, and hence his or her actual risk, is much higher than expected. (bioreference.com)
- The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Omacor (omega-3-acid ethyl esters) combined with atorvastatin for lowering non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol is the Total Cholesterol minus the HDL(high density lipoproteins or the sum of the LDL, VLDL and IDL. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Total Cholesterol is the sum of the High Density Lipoproteins (HDL), Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL), and Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL). (clinicaltrials.gov)
- High density lipoprotein cholesterol is the Total Cholesterol minus the sum of the LDL, VLDL and IDL. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is supposed to be the "good" one and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is supposed to be the "bad" one. (musclebuildingfoodshq.com)
- To allow cholesterol to travel through our bloodstream, it needs to attach to these lipoproteins. (musclebuildingfoodshq.com)
- A popular analogy is to refer to cholesterol as the "cargo" and the lipoproteins as the "boats. (musclebuildingfoodshq.com)
- LPL will remove triglycerides from VLDL for storage or energy production. (wikipedia.org)
- HDL also transfers cholesteryl esters to the VLDL in exchange for phospholipids and triglycerides via cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP). (wikipedia.org)
- As more and more triglycerides are removed from the VLDL because of the action of LPL and CETP enzymes, the composition of the molecule changes, and it becomes intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). (wikipedia.org)
- To overcome the inaccuracy of the calculated LDL-C method when triglycerides are elevated, measurement of nonhigh-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) was recommended as a better means to follow these patients toward their treatment goals. (labcorp.com)
- In the endogenous pathway ( Figure 1 ), the liver assembles and secretes triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, which transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. (asnjournals.org)
- After hydrolysis of the triglycerides by LPL, the VLDL particles are reduced to intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), which can be taken up by the liver or can be further hydrolyzed to LDL particles. (asnjournals.org)
- 1 , - , 6 These 3 heparin-binding lipases are anchored to the endothelial surface and mediate the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs) within circulating lipoproteins. (ahajournals.org)
- Before we dig deeper into the role of triglycerides in heart disease, let me take you on a short journey to help you understand the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (docsopinion.com)
- Just like other types of fats, triglycerides are carried in the bloodstream by lipoproteins. (docsopinion.com)
- After the removal of triglycerides from VLDL, the composition of the lipoprotein changes and it becomes intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). (docsopinion.com)
- Very poor glycemic control can result in an increase in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), which because of the increase in triglycerides is usually due to an increase in the small dense LDL subfraction. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Patients with Type 2 diabetes typically have an increase in serum triglycerides, VLDL, and IDL and a decrease in HDL. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Triglycerides and other lipids are also transported around the body with lipoproteins . (musclebuildingfoodshq.com)
- As it circulates in blood, it picks up apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) and additional apoE donated from high-density lipoprotein (HDL). (wikipedia.org)
- One is to measure the concentration of apolipoprotein B (apoB), which is a direct measurement of the concentration of proatherogenic particles, because each VLDL and LDL particle has 1 molecule of apoB. (ahajournals.org)
- The assembly of VLDL involves a stepwise lipidation of the structural protein apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) in the liver ( Figure 1 ). (ahajournals.org)
- In addition to apolipoprotein (apo)E, HCV particles also incorporate apoB and apoA-I. In general, host apolipoproteins were more readily accessible to antibody labeling than HCV glycoproteins, suggesting either lower abundance or masking by host proteins. (pnas.org)
- 27-29 The concentrations of these particles have been evaluated with a number of different methods based on their density, size, charge, specific lipid components, apolipoprotein composition, or immunoaffinity. (ahajournals.org)
- 3 Lp-PLA 2 is associated mainly with apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins and primarily with low-density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas a small proportion of circulating enzyme activity is also associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). (ahajournals.org)
- Circulating lipoprotein particles vary in size, density, and lipid and apolipoprotein composition and can be separated into several classes based on physical and chemical parameters. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Among them, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), which contains an additional lipoprotein molecule covalently bound to apolipoprotein B, has been characterized as an additional cardiovascular risk factor . (thefreelibrary.com)
- Mice secrete both apolipoprotein (apo)B-100 and apoB-48 containing very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are synthesized in the liver. (bloodjournal.org)
- The major types of the plasma lipoproteins and their apolipoprotein components and physiologic functions are briefly presented in Table 1 . (asnjournals.org)
- Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) and ApoB48 are the full-length and C-terminally truncated versions of ApoB, an essential constituent of several classes of lipoproteins that are secreted by the liver and intestine [ 1 ]. (clinsci.org)
- HL also modulates the metabolism of apolipoprotein (apo)B-containing lipoproteins (LpBs). (ahajournals.org)
- Apolipoprotein (apo) E and apoC-III concentrations in VLDL and LDL are associated with coronary heart disease. (harvard.edu)
- Apolipoprotein B100 is the bulk carrier of endogenously produced lipids and is secreted by the liver as the major apolipoprotein component of VLDL and LDL, one molecule per lipoprotein, which stays with the particle until it is removed from the circulation by the LDL receptor. (bjcardio.co.uk)
- It would also provide additional measures referred to as secondary risk factors, notably particle density patterns and apolipoprotein concentrations. (blogspot.com)
- Below is the middle part of a typical VAP report, showing secondary risk factors, such as particle density patterns and apolipoprotein concentrations. (blogspot.com)
- Serum apolipoprotein A1 (APO-A1), apolipoprotein B100 (APO-B100) and lipoprotein-(a) (LPA) were measured in the Pathology Laboratories of Postgraduate Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar using turbiditrimetric kits of Roche Diagnostics, on chemistry auto analyzer, modular P-800 by Roche, Cobas (Japan). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B) molecule is present in all major atherogenic particles (VLDL, IDL, LDL). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB) is the structural protein of the atherogenic lipoproteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
- These particles are then secreted into the lacteals in a process that depends heavily on apolipoprotein B-48. (omicsgroup.org)
- It belongs to the Low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. (wikipedia.org)
- Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), density relative to extracellular water, is a type of lipoprotein made by the liver. (wikipedia.org)
- VLDL is converted in the bloodstream to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). (wikipedia.org)
- LDL-C levels incompletely measure atherogenic lipoproteins because very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants also are likely to contribute to coronary heart disease (CHD). (ahajournals.org)
- Another blood lipoprotein form, the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), is also an independent CHD risk factor, but to a lesser extent than LDL and HDL. (britannica.com)
- Long-term administration of cyclosporine (CsA) has been shown to cause hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia, and elevations of plasma low-density and very low-density lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) levels in humans. (aspetjournals.org)
- Plasma lipoproteins are heterogeneous, comprising particles of differing size and density. (frontiersin.org)
- A study that measured insulin sensitivity using a euglycemic clamp in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus found that greater insulin resistance was associated with larger very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size, smaller LDL particle size, and smaller HDL particle size [ 4 ]. (uptodate.com)
- Additionally, the number of VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL particles increase with increasing insulin resistance, while HDL particle concentration decreases. (uptodate.com)
- It is now recognized that the different components of diabetic dyslipidemia are not isolated abnormalities but are closely linked to each other metabolically, 1,2,5 and are mainly initiated by the hepatic overproduction of large triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL 1 ). (ahajournals.org)
- This approach allowed for rapid in situ purification of virions and increased particle density that were instrumental for cryo-EM and cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET). (pnas.org)
- Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent and its underlying pathogenesis involves dyslipidemia including pro-atherogenic high density lipoprotein (HDL) remodeling. (springer.com)
- However, their effects and benefits on high density lipoprotein function and remodeling are unknown. (springer.com)
- 006 for both) without altering high-density lipoprotein particle (HDL-P) size. (nih.gov)
- They are mostly transported in a protein capsule, and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism . (wikipedia.org)
- After a meal, some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and again secreted into the blood. (wikipedia.org)
- Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. (labcorp.com)
- As a consequence, population of circulating apoB-containing lipoprotein particles is marked by heterogeneity on basis of their size, density, and compositional characteristics. (ahajournals.org)
- Low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL, respectively) subclass analysis was performed electrophoretically, whereas lipoprotein subfractions were isolated by ultracentrifugation. (ahajournals.org)
- Influx in vivo of low density, intermediate density, and very low density lipoproteins into aortic intimas of genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits. (biomedsearch.com)
- Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein as Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Diseases. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major source of atherosclerotic lipid storage, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is not atherogenic, and its level inversely correlates with the atherosclerotic CVD risk . (thefreelibrary.com)
- The analysis of plasma LDL profile can be performed by ultracentrifugation or gradient gel electrophoresis that can separate the LDL particles based on their density or size correspondingly. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Apart from density and size, LDL particles may vary in chemical composition because of a series of modifications that they can undergo in human blood. (thefreelibrary.com)
- LDL is broadly defined as lipoprotein fraction with density ranging from 1.006 to 1.063 g/ml, which can be isolated by various laboratory methods. (thefreelibrary.com)
- This range also includes the intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). (thefreelibrary.com)
- Fourteen subclasses of decreasing size and their lipid constituents were analysed: six subclasses were very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), one intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), three low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and four subclasses were high-density lipoprotein (HDL). (medworm.com)
- In cultured 3T3L1 adipocytes, anti-pB1 antibodies increased lipolysis and inhibited low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake. (portlandpress.com)
- The OPLE helped modulate the antioxidative defence enzymes and reduce blood Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) by up-regulating the LDL receptors ex vivo. (omicsonline.org)
- The OPLE effectively inhibited Cu 2+ -mediated Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation ex vivo [ 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- The encoded protein transfers phospholipids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to high density lipoprotein (HDL). (wikidoc.org)
- The primary ApoB-containing lipoprotein secreted by liver is the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which in the circulation is converted into smaller intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles while releasing fatty acids. (clinsci.org)
- While LDL, HDL, and (sometimes) VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) are the only classes mentioned in regards to diagnostic tests, there are four other classes of lipoproteins that differ in size, lipid composition, and apolipoproteins. (taconic.com)
- The higher the ratio of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins found in chronic-dialysis and renal-transplant patients may be related to their premature morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular causes. (ifcc.org)
- Chronic renal failure (CRF) results in profound lipid disorders, which stem largely from dysregulation of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. (ifcc.org)
- It is derived from IDL (Intermediate Density Lipoprotein) and before that from VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein), which was secreted by the liver. (blogspot.com)
- Each lipoprotein class comprises a family of particles that vary in density, size, and protein composition. (mhmedical.com)
- Because lipid is less dense than water, the density of a lipoprotein particle is primarily determined by the amount of lipid per particle. (mhmedical.com)
- Particles with reduced electrophoretic mobility appear in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). (ox.ac.uk)
- Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) increases markedly in the circulation and plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels fall. (ox.ac.uk)
- At the same time there is a mass redistribution within the high density lipoprotein (HDL) spectrum leading to dominance in the less dense HDL2 subfraction. (ox.ac.uk)
- The metabolism of large and small very low density lipoproteins was determined in four control subjects and compared to the pattern seen in the patient. (ox.ac.uk)
- Absence of the enzyme did not affect the rate at which large very low density lipoproteins were converted to smaller particles within this density interval (i.e., of VLDL). (ox.ac.uk)
- However, subsequent transfer of small very low density lipoproteins to intermediate density particles was retarded by 50%, explaining the abnormal accumulation of VLDL in the patient's plasma. (ox.ac.uk)
- Despite this, intermediate density particles accumulated to a level 2.4-times normal because their subsequent conversion to low density lipoprotein has been almost totally inhibited. (ox.ac.uk)
- Consequently, the plasma concentration of low density lipoprotein was only 10% of normal. (ox.ac.uk)
- it therefore usually gets bound to proteins and form complex particles called lipoproteins which vary in size, composition and density. (expertsmind.com)
- Most notably, the HL/EL-dko mice exhibited an unexpected substantial increase in small low-density lipoproteins. (ahajournals.org)
- Kinetic studies with [ 3 H]cholesteryl ether-labeled very-low-density lipoproteins demonstrated that the HL/EL-dko mice accumulated counts in the smallest low-density lipoprotein-sized fractions, as assessed by size exclusion chromatography, suggesting that it arises from lipolysis of very-low-density lipoproteins. (ahajournals.org)
- Both HL and EL influence the metabolism of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). (ahajournals.org)
- in contrast, HL-knockout (ko) mice fed a high-fat diet exhibit a modest increase in plasma LpB levels, 17 which is exacerbated in the absence of apoE 27 or the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. (ahajournals.org)
- In vitro, EL is capable of hydrolyzing very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG and PL. 8 Moderate transgenic overexpression of EL does not affect LpB levels, 18 but adenoviral-mediated overexpression of EL in mice reduces LpB levels. (ahajournals.org)
- Based on their density, five classes of lipoproteins have been identified which all influence cells via distinct mechanisms. (eurekaselect.com)
- Plasma lipids bound to albumin, consisting of lipoproteins with less protein than high-density, but more than low-density lipoproteins. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In addition, the Montreal Heart Study showed an independent contribution of increased VLDL remnants (VLDLRs) plus intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) to the progression of CAD and related clinical events (6). (thefreedictionary.com)
- In between, several bands can be detected: MID bands C, B, and A, which correspond mainly to intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), as well as up to 7 LDL bands. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The main fractions--VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), LDL, and HDL--were separated from plasma one at a time by sequential ultracentrifugation. (thefreedictionary.com)
- In fact, it has been proposed that there is a channeling within the VLDL-intermediate-density lipoprotein-LDL delipidation cascade such that parallel processing pathways generate different intermediate-density lipoprotein and LDL products from different TG-rich lipoprotein precursors (1). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Apo B100 (apoB) is the structural protein of atherogenic lipoproteins including VLDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein , and LDL. (thefreedictionary.com)
- ApoB-48 is required for chylomicron production, and apoB-100 is an essential structural component of VLDL and its metabolic products, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and LDL. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The main reason for this observation is that LDL particles are heterogeneous in respect to size, density, and physiochemical properties [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- All lipoproteins have a common basic structure ( figure 1 ) but they vary greatly in their size, density and composition ( figure 2 and table 1 ). (bjcardio.co.uk)
- As VLDL are metabolised into LDL ( see below ), short-lived intermediate density lipoproteins are also seen (IDL). (bjcardio.co.uk)
- Differences in lipoprotein composition, size and density translate into respective signal line shape differences, which can be used to extract information on lipoprotein main and subclasses (see figure 1). (bruker.com)
- instead, it is based on the Friedewald formula in which LDL=TC - HDL - very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) - 1/5 TG. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- As the TG-rich core is depleted, VLDLs become smaller and are reclassified as intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL). (clinicaladvisor.com)
- These engage in exchange reactions with intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). (mhmedical.com)
- Examples include the plasma lipoprotein particles classified under high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins, which enable fats to be carried in the blood stream, the transmembrane proteins of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast , and bacterial lipoproteins. (omicsgroup.org)
- Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and large very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) & chylomicron particle concentrations decreased after 28 days of krill oil intake. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, several triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles, including very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), appear to be atherogenic ( 16,17 ). (onlinejacc.org)
- Chylomicron and VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) er examples of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (docsopinion.com)
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) separation processes were performed using Lipoprint System. (hindawi.com)
- Indeed, LDL particles are a heterogeneous collection of particles which vary in potential pathologic properties such as size, density, and lipid composition [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Moreover, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are much more heterogeneous in their size and composition than LDL. (hindawi.com)
- It is the size, density and number of actual lipoprotein molecules that impart CVD risk. (bioreference.com)
- Heart Health profiles can help accurately assess a patient's cardiovascular risk by directly measuring the lipoprotein particles - both in number and density. (bioreference.com)
- That is, Low Density Lipoproteins, Very Low Density Lipoproteins and Intermediate Density Lipoproteins. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- VLDL - very-low-density lipoprotein: a plasma lipoprotein with a high lipid content, associated with atherosclerosis. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Poor glycemic control in patients with Type 1 diabetes can result in marked increases in serum triglyceride, Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), and Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL) levels. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- Poor glycemic control also can lead to a decrease in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- We also review recent research investigating the relation between hepatic accumulation of lipids and insulin resistance, and sources of fatty acids for liver fat and VLDL biosynthesis. (ahajournals.org)
- Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood , and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease . (wikipedia.org)
- LDL particles deliver lipids to the body's cells via LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Apolipoproteins provide structural integrity to lipoproteins and shield the water-repellent (hydrophobic) lipids at their center. (labtestsonline.org)
- In the liver, the body repackages these dietary lipids and combines them with apo B-100 to form triglyceride-rich VLDL. (labtestsonline.org)
- Lipoproteins are supramolecular assemblies that transport water-insoluble lipids in blood. (bruker.com)
- A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly that contains both proteins and lipids , bound to the proteins, which allow fats to move through the water inside and outside cells. (omicsgroup.org)
- It is divided into two pathways, exogenous and endogenous, depending in large part on whether the lipoprotein particles in question are composed chiefly of dietary (exogenous) lipids or whether they originated in the liver (endogenous), through de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols. (omicsgroup.org)
- So LDL, HDL, VLDL, all those (in)famous measurements we get at the doctor's office are just different types of lipoproteins. (marksdailyapple.com)
- Of the various types of lipoproteins, certain subgroups pose higher CVD risk. (bioreference.com)
- HDL and LDL are the two most referred to, but there are 5 major types of lipoproteins that the body uses to move fats through the blood. (musclebuildingfoodshq.com)
- In each of these lipoprotein particles, a single ApoB molecule provides a structural frame and, depending on the ApoB version and particle context, may interact with cell-surface receptors or lipases. (clinsci.org)
- Perhaps the most striking thing about it is that there is only one single protein molecule embedded in the particle surface, the apo-B100 protein molecule. (blogspot.com)
- Since each ApoB-containing lipoprotein particle contains one ApoB molecule, measuring ApoB levels gives a good approximation of the total number of atherogenic particles in your blood. (lifeextension.com)
- Using affinity grids, previously described to isolate proteins and macromolecular complexes for single-particle EM, we were able to purify enveloped particles directly from cell culture media. (pnas.org)
- Certainly it looks like LDL, derived from IDL/VLDL, has only apo-B100 and none of the other surface proteins of VLDL/IDL particles. (blogspot.com)
- The presence of this gene mutation leads to MTP proteins with reduced or absent function which are then unable to transfer fats onto the beta lipoproteins. (heartuk.org.uk)
- There are five classes of lipoproteins in the blood. (expertsmind.com)
- He's the Director of Cardiovascular Education at the Foundation for Health Improvement and Technology in Richmond, Virginia and is one of the most requested speakers in the United States with expertise on atherothrombosis, lipoprotein and vascular biology, advanced lipoprotein testing and more. (livinlavidalowcarb.com)
- 9 These data clearly emphasise that achieving the right balance between atherogenic and atheroprotective lipoproteins can favourably impact the atherosclerotic process and reduce cardiovascular events. (bjcardio.co.uk)
- Lipoprotein particles are fatty substances carried through the blood stream that affect cardiovascular health. (nanotech-now.com)
- Thus, as little as 14 days of regular exercising has a positive effect on the concentration of plasmatic lipoproteins, and emphasises the role of regular physical activity in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. (prolekare.cz)
- sdLDL and VLDL alerts to hypertriglyceridemia as a major cardiovascular risk factor. (biomedcentral.com)
- For these reasons the size determination of the LDL particles, is an important step in cardiovascular risk assessment, along with use of other certificated parameters. (biomedcentral.com)
- S. J.A. Korporaal and J. W.N. Akkerman, " Platelet Signaling Induced by Lipoproteins", Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (2006) 4: 93. (eurekaselect.com)
- There is a strong indication that additional sub-classification of of lipoproteins could improve cardiovascular risk prediction. (bruker.com)
- Krill oil consumption is considered health beneficial as it decreases cardiovascular disease risk parameters through effects on plasma TAGs, lipoprotein particles, fatty acid profile, redox status and possible inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Small LDL particles are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events ( 3 ). (docsopinion.com)
- Measuring the lipoprotein subgroups is the best way to get a complete picture of a patient's cardiovascular disease risk. (bioreference.com)
- A final pathway is with very large VLDL1, which are acted on by LPL to produce highly atherogenic remnant particles, which are either cleared directly or are metabolized by LPL and HL to the smallest LDL4 particles. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Remnant lipoproteins were VLDL and IDL combined. (medworm.com)
- Alterations in lipoproteins result either from genetic mutations that yield defective apolipoproteins (primary hyperlipoproteinemia) or from some other underlying systemic disorder, such as diabetes mellitus , hypothyroidism , or nephrotic syndrome (secondary hyperlipoproteinemia). (medscape.com)
- In addition to their lipid components, lipoproteins contain specific protein components known as apolipoproteins which provide a structural framework and have a number of other important functions, including binding to receptors and activation of lipid transporters and metabolising enzymes. (bjcardio.co.uk)
- Lipoproteins also carry apolipoproteins, which determine structure and function. (bruker.com)
- Specifically those changes related to LDL-C particle size and number as well as those changes affecting apolipoproteins. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- We assessed acute changes in the size and concentration of total and subclasses of LDL, HDL, and VLDL particles in response to a high-fat meal. (biomedsearch.com)
- The effect of PPL on changes in lipoprotein subclasses was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA. (biomedsearch.com)
- There were significant differences in the production and catabolic rates of VLDL subclasses between men with NAFLD and controls, in response to the high and low sugar diets. (clinsci.org)
- The present study provides new evidence that liver fat accumulation leads to a differential partitioning of hepatic TAG into large and small VLDL subclasses, in response to high and low intakes of sugars. (clinsci.org)
- Previous studies have shown lipoprotein particle concentration change following meal, and these changes are different in individuals with obesity. (frontiersin.org)
- Plasma concentration of large VLDLs and chylomicron particles was higher and increased more after all meals in obese-IR compared to lean-IS subjects. (frontiersin.org)
- The HP meal decreased small LDL particle concentration in obese-IR subjects, and increased small HDL particle concentration in all subjects. (frontiersin.org)
- to assess postprandial lipoprotein particle concentration. (frontiersin.org)
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated (NYSE: DGX) today announced results of a study that demonstrates that a novel diagnostic testing technique it has developed is the first to provide direct, accurate and reproducible physical measurement of both the size and concentration of a broad range of lipoproteins in blood plasma. (nanotech-now.com)
- We believe this approach provides the only direct physical measurement of lipoprotein particle size and concentration for each lipoprotein subclass, from small HDL to large VLDL," said Richard E. Reitz, MD, co-lead investigator and acting vice president, Science and Innovation, and medical director, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute. (nanotech-now.com)
- The strong correlation of ApoB with non-HDL particles using the ion mobility technique was expected, as both provide measurements of lipoprotein concentration. (nanotech-now.com)
- Furthermore, it appeared that the arterial influx of the three lipoproteins was linearly dependent on the extent of the lesions, independent of lipoprotein concentration. (biomedsearch.com)
- When influx was normalized for plasma concentration (intimal clearance) and for lesion size (compared within the same aorta), the intimal clearance of the larger IDL and VLDL particles was 15-35% less than that of the smaller LDL particles. (biomedsearch.com)
- One of the possible explanations of this positive effect is a change in the concentration of lipoprotein classes and their sub‑classes, which is expressed as a change in their average size. (prolekare.cz)
- The concentration of lipoprotein classes and sub‑classes were determined through the method of a linear electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. (prolekare.cz)
- Plasma EVs were not changed in postprandial lipidemia, but the mean sizes of VLDL particles were increased and interfered with EV measurements (explained 66% of the variation in EVs-concentration in the postprandial phase). (nature.com)
- A study has discovered a novel diagnostic testing technique that provides direct, accurate and reproducible physical measurement of both the size and concentration of a broad range of lipoproteins in blood plasma. (medicalsearch.com.au)
- In the case of LDL, the concentration of LDL-C does not reflect the levels of LDL particle size. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hypertriglyceridemics had a similar concentration of total E(-)C-III(-) particles compared with normolipidemics, but the E(-)C-III(-) particles were distributed more to VLDL and IDL than to LDL. (harvard.edu)
- 6 Two approaches have been proposed to provide a single measurement that includes all atherogenic lipoproteins. (ahajournals.org)
- 8 Nevertheless, these 3 measures of atherogenic lipoproteins, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB, have not been compared directly in a large prospective study. (ahajournals.org)
- Major normal lipoprotein metabolic pathways. (asnjournals.org)
- The metabolic pathways of lipoproteins can be divided into exogenous and endogenous pathways. (medscape.com)
- We evaluated the effects of adding P-OM3 4g/d to an ongoing regimen of simvastatin 40mg/d on lipoprotein particles (P) in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. (nih.gov)
- Hypertriglyceridemia generates small dense LDL particles and is associated with low HDL-c. (ifcc.org)
- Distinct patterns of lipoproteins with apoB defined by presence of apoE or apoC-III in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. (harvard.edu)
- Therefore, VLDL particles with apoC-III may play a central role in identifying the high risk of coronary heart disease in hypertriglyceridemia, but their substantial prevalence in normolipidemics may be of clinical significance as well. (harvard.edu)
- Our data suggest that this novel ion mobility-based method offers advantages over other procedures for lipoprotein particle analysis because it both measures particle size accurately on the basis of physical principles as well as directly counts the particles present at each size independently of particle composition. (nanotech-now.com)
- 8. A composition which comprises the compound of claim 7 associated with lipophilic nanoparticles or microparticles, and wherein said particles contain at least 2,000 copies of said compound. (patentgenius.com)
- Although a family history of a lipid disorder, multiple non-lipid risk factors and certain physical examination findings are helpful, the disorder may only truly be characterized by assessing the composition of plasma lipoproteins in the laboratory. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
- 1,2 Τhe majority of the LDL-associated Lp-PLA 2 activity is bound to the atherogenic small-dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, 2,4,5 and we recently showed that the enzyme activity is a marker of sdLDL particles in plasma. (ahajournals.org)
- In the observed group we found a statistically significant decrease of VLDL, large IDL particles, medium sized LDL, small dense LDL, and medium sized HDL particles. (prolekare.cz)
- Association between small dense LDL (sdLDL) presentation and thyroid status has been examinated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for lipoprotein subfractions evaluation. (biomedcentral.com)
- According to Atherotech, patients with small, dense LDL particles (pattern B) have a four-fold greater risk of developing heart disease than patients with LDL size pattern A. (verywellhealth.com)
- Additionally, there is an increase in small dense LDL, a lipoprotein particle that may be particularly atherogenic. (clinicalpainadvisor.com)
- CONCLUSIONS: We have characterized the changes in LDL and VLDL particle number, and their subclass patterns following a high-fat meal. (biomedsearch.com)
- These dietary effects on VLDL subclass kinetics could be explained, in part, by differences in the contribution of fatty acids from intra-hepatic stores, and de novo lipogenesis. (clinsci.org)
- For VLDL subclass analysis, anultracentrifuge with adjustable angles is required. (bruker.com)
- Table 1: Listing of all parameters generated by the 1H-NMR lipoprotein subclass analysis. (bruker.com)
- The objective of the study, conducted by Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, was to describe and validate the ability of the ion mobility technique to directly and accurately measure plasma lipoprotein particles, covering the spectrum of HDL, LDL, IDL and VLDL in healthy adults. (nanotech-now.com)
- rather it is esterified to fatty acids and packaged in lipoprotein particles. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- VLDL is synthesized by the liver. (docsopinion.com)
- These atherogenic lipid abnormalities precede the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes by several years, and it is thus important to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the overproduction of large VLDL particles. (ahajournals.org)
- The aim was to compare the effects of regular-fat cheese vs reduced-fat cheese and carbohydrate-rich foods on LDL particle size distribution in adults with ≥ 2 metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. (biomedcentral.com)
- Diabetic dyslipidemia is a cluster of potentially atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities that are metabolically interrelated. (ahajournals.org)
- The characterization of the degree of type of lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities should therefore be considered important in the management of patients to prevent CHD. (ifcc.org)
- The Bruker B.I.-LISA lipoprotein panel offers significant benefits versus the current testing modality, e.g. the ultracentrifugation method, which typically takes 1 week persample. (bruker.com)
- Use of superior and proprietary technology that separates and counts lipoproteins by analytical ultracentrifugation, considered the CDC gold standard. (bioreference.com)
- About 50% of IDL particles are removed from the circulation by the liver. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- ApoA-I and apoA-IV are very rapidly dissociated from chylomicron particles after being secreted into circulation from lymphatics. (ahajournals.org)
- The liver secretes the triglyceride-rich VLDL that contains apoproteins B-100, C-II, and E into the circulation. (medscape.com)
- this is essentially a VLDL particle that has given off some of its content, particularly its triglyceride (or fat) cargo, but still remains in circulation. (blogspot.com)
- Synthesis of lipoprotein complexes in the small intestine, liver, and blood plasma and their delivery to peripheral tissues of the body. (britannica.com)
- The endogenous lipoprotein pathway refers to lipoproteins and apoproteins that are synthesized in tissues other than the intestines, predominantly in the liver. (medscape.com)
- The lipoprotein abnormalities are related to the severity of the insulin resistance. (uptodate.com)