A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)
A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS in animals. It can also be viewed as a hormone since it can be formed in SKIN by action of ULTRAVIOLET RAYS upon the precursors, 7-dehydrocholesterol and ERGOSTEROL, and acts on VITAMIN D RECEPTORS to regulate CALCIUM in opposition to PARATHYROID HORMONE.
The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.
Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.
Irradiation directly from the sun.
Organic substances that are required in small amounts for maintenance and growth, but which cannot be manufactured by the human body.
Disorders caused by interruption of BONE MINERALIZATION manifesting as OSTEOMALACIA in adults and characteristic deformities in infancy and childhood due to disturbances in normal BONE FORMATION. The mineralization process may be interrupted by disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis, resulting from dietary deficiencies, or acquired, or inherited metabolic, or hormonal disturbances.
Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
Proteins, usually found in the cytoplasm, that specifically bind calcitriol, migrate to the nucleus, and regulate transcription of specific segments of DNA with the participation of D receptor interacting proteins (called DRIP). Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidney to calcitriol and ultimately acts through these receptors.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
9,10-Secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraene-3,25-diol. Biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2 which is more active in curing rickets than its parent. The compound is believed to attach to the same receptor as vitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.
The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.
A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.
An alpha-globulin found in the plasma of man and other vertebrates. It is apparently synthesized in the liver and carries vitamin D and its metabolites through the circulation and mediates the response of tissue. It is also known as group-specific component (Gc). Gc subtypes are used to determine specific phenotypes and gene frequencies. These data are employed in the classification of population groups, paternity investigations, and in forensic medicine.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 1-alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (also known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP27B1 gene, converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 which is the active form of VITAMIN D in regulating bone growth and calcium metabolism. This enzyme is also active on plant 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Hydroxy analogs of vitamin D 3; (CHOLECALCIFEROL); including CALCIFEDIOL; CALCITRIOL; and 24,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D 3.
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
Coloration of the skin.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN E in the diet, characterized by posterior column and spinocerebellar tract abnormalities, areflexia, ophthalmoplegia, and disturbances of gait, proprioception, and vibration. In premature infants vitamin E deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytosis, edema, intraventricular hemorrhage, and increasing risk of retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. An apparent inborn error of vitamin E metabolism, named familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, has recently been identified. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1181)
A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhances the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
The name of two islands of the West Indies, separated by a narrow channel. Their capital is Basse-Terre. They were discovered by Columbus in 1493, occupied by the French in 1635, held by the British at various times between 1759 and 1813, transferred to Sweden in 1813, and restored to France in 1816. Its status was changed from colony to a French overseas department in 1946. Columbus named it in honor of the monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe in Spain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p470 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p221)
Cholecalciferols substituted with two hydroxy groups in any position.
A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.
Diseases that do not exhibit symptoms.
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 6 in the diet, characterized by dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, and stomatitis. Marked deficiency causes irritability, weakness, depression, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, and seizures. In infants and children typical manifestations are diarrhea, anemia, and seizures. Deficiency can be caused by certain medications, such as isoniazid.
An NAPH-dependent cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the side chain of sterol intermediates such as the 27-hydroxylation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-triol.
The religion of the Jews characterized by belief in one God and in the mission of the Jews to teach the Fatherhood of God as revealed in the Hebrew Scriptures. (Webster, 3d ed)
Fabric or other material used to cover the body.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.
Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.
Diseases of BONES.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders that affect the bones' structure and strength, caused by disturbances in the normal metabolic processes involved in bone formation, resorption, or mineralization, including conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and renal osteodystrophy.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Qatar" is a country in the Middle East and does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
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Guidelines and objectives pertaining to food supply and nutrition including recommendations for healthy diet.
Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Baltimore" doesn't have a specific medical definition as it is commonly associated with a city in Maryland, USA, or it could refer to various unrelated medical concepts which are not substantial or standard enough to be considered as a formal medical term.
A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.
A DNA sequence that is found in the promoter region of vitamin D regulated genes. Vitamin D receptor (RECEPTOR, CALCITRIOL) binds to and regulates the activity of genes containing this element.
Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing NUTRITION ASSESSMENTS.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.
I am not aware of any established medical definition for "Iran" as it is primarily used to refer to a country located in the Middle East, known officially as the Islamic Republic of Iran. If you are looking for information on healthcare or medical conditions within Iran, I would be happy to help with that!
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Breaks in bones.
The largest of the continents. It was known to the Romans more specifically as what we know today as Asia Minor. The name comes from at least two possible sources: from the Assyrian asu (to rise) or from the Sanskrit usa (dawn), both with reference to its being the land of the rising sun, i.e., eastern as opposed to Europe, to the west. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p82 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p34)
The nursing of an infant at the breast.
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. 24-Dehydrocholesterol is DESMOSTEROL. The other most prevalent dehydrocholesterol is the 7-isomer. This compound is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin D3.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Persons with psychiatric illnesses or diseases, particularly psychotic and severe mood disorders.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome.
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.
Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.1.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
The use of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation in the treatment of disease, usually of the skin. This is the part of the sun's spectrum that causes sunburn and tanning. Ultraviolet A, used in PUVA, is closer to visible light and less damaging than Ultraviolet B, which is ionizing.
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.
Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Saudi Arabia" is a country located in the western portion of the Asian continent and is not a medical term or concept. It does not have a medical definition.
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Illinois" is a state in the United States and not a term that has a medical definition.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age.

Postoperative tetany in Graves disease: important role of vitamin D metabolites. (1/1662)

OBJECTIVE: To test the authors' hypothesis of the causal mechanism(s) of postoperative tetany in patients with Graves disease. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies by the authors suggested that postoperative tetany in patients with Graves disease occurs during the period of bone restoration and resulted from continuation of a calcium flux into bone concomitant with transient hypoparathyroidism induced by surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out to investigate sequential changes in serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium and other electrolytes, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and bone metabolic markers in 109 consecutive patients with Graves disease who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. RESULTS: Preoperative serum iPTH levels negatively correlated with ionized calcium levels and positively correlated with 1,25(OH)2D or 1,25(OH)2D/25OHD. After the operation, there was a significant decline in levels of ionized calcium, magnesium, and iPTH. Serum iPTH was not detected in 15 patients after surgery. Four of these 15 patients, and 1 patient whose iPTH level was below normal, developed tetany. Preoperative serum ionized calcium levels were significantly lower, and iPTH levels were higher, in the 5 patients with tetany than in the 11 patients who did not develop tetany despite undetectable iPTH levels. The tetany group had significantly lower serum 25OHD levels and higher 1,25(OH)2D levels, and had increased 1,25(OH)2D/25OHD as an index of the renal 25OHD-1-hydroxylase activity than those in the nontetany group. These results suggest that patients with a high serum level of iPTH as a result of low serum calcium levels (secondary hyperparathyroidism) are susceptible to tetany under conditions of hypoparathyroid function after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative tetany occurs in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by a relative deficiency in calcium and vitamin D because of their increased demand for bone restoration after preoperative medical therapy concomitant with transient hypoparathyroidism after surgery. Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be recommended before and/or after surgery for patients in whom postoperative tetany is expected to develop.  (+info)

Regulation of PiT-1, a sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter in rat parathyroid glands. (2/1662)

A cDNA encoding an Na+-Pi co-transporter, termed rat PiT-1, has now been isolated from rat parathyroid. Expression of rat PiT-1 in Xenopus oocytes revealed that it possesses Na+-dependent Pi co-transport activity. The amount of PiT-1 mRNA in the parathyroid of vitamin D-deficient rats was reduced compared with that in normal animals, and increased markedly after administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Furthermore, the abundance of PiT-1 mRNA in the parathyroid was much greater in rats fed a low-Pi diet than in those fed a high-Pi diet. Thus, rat PiT-1 may contribute to the effects of Pi and vitamin D on parathyroid function.  (+info)

An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3. (3/1662)

Steroid hormones may enter cells by diffusion through the plasma membrane. However, we demonstrate here that some steroid hormones are taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis of steroid-carrier complexes. We show that 25-(OH) vitamin D3 in complex with its plasma carrier, the vitamin D-binding protein, is filtered through the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the proximal tubules by the endocytic receptor megalin. Endocytosis is required to preserve 25-(OH) vitamin D3 and to deliver to the cells the precursor for generation of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3, a regulator of the calcium metabolism. Megalin-/- mice are unable to retrieve the steroid from the glomerular filtrate and develop vitamin D deficiency and bone disease.  (+info)

Clinical and subclinical vitamin D deficiency in Bradford children. (4/1662)

A survey of the vitamin D status of Bradford schoolchildren was carried out in April 1973, employing conventional biochemistry, radiology, and measurement of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels. Biochemical evidence of rickets was present in 45% of the Asians. When re-examined in September, several children showed spontaneous biochemical resolution; nevertheless, radiological abnormalities were present in 12% of the original sample. No evidence of rickets was detected in the smaller White sample. Minor biochemical abnormalities were present in 9 of the 40 West Indian children. A study of admissions of Bradford hospitals in the 4 years 1969-1972 inclusive confirmed that clinical vitamin D deficiency was confined to Asians except for a few cases of infantile rickets in White children. The probability that one Asian child in 40 may require admission during the period from birth to adolescence emphasizes the urgent need for the introduction of prophylactic measures.  (+info)

Calcitonin is a major regulator for the expression of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase gene in normocalcemic rats. (5/1662)

Regulation of vitamin D metabolism has long been examined by using vitamin D-deficient hypocalcemic animals. We previously reported that, in a rat model of chronic hyperparathyroidism, expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) mRNA was markedly increased in renal proximal convoluted tubules. It is believed that the major regulator for the expression of renal CYP27B1 is parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, in the normocalcemic state, the mechanism to regulate the renal CYP27B1 gene could be different, since plasma levels of PTH are very low. In the present study, the effect of PTH and calcitonin (CT) on the expression of renal CYP27B1 mRNA was investigated in normocalcemic sham-operated rats and normocalcemic thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats generated by either PTH or CaCl2 infusion. A single injection of CT dose-dependently decreased the expression of vitamin D receptor mRNA in the kidney of normocalcemic sham-TPTX rats. Concomitantly, CT greatly increased the expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney of normocalcemic sham-TPTX rats. CT also increased the expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney of normocalcemic TPTX rats. Conversion of serum [3H]1alpha,25(OH)2D3 from 25-hydroxy[3H]vitamin D3 in vivo was also greatly increased by the injection of CT into sham-TPTX rats and normocalcemic TPTX rats, but not into hypocalcemic TPTX rats. In contrast, administration of PTH did not induce the expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney of vitamin D-replete sham-TPTX rats and hypocalcemic TPTX rats. PTH increased the expression of renal CYP27B1 mRNA only in vitamin D-deficient hypocalcemic TPTX rats. These results suggest that CT plays an important role in the maintenance of serum 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 under normocalcemic physiological conditions, at least in rats.  (+info)

The de novo synthesis of numerous proteins is decreased during vitamin D3 deficiency and is gradually restored by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 repletion in the islets of langerhans of rats. (6/1662)

Since both the release and de novo biosynthesis of insulin are severely decreased by vitamin D3 deficiency and improved by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) repletion following a 6-h delay in the rat, the present experiments investigated the effects of vitamin D3 deficiency on the biosynthesis of heavier molecular weight proteins using electrophoretic separation. Gel protein staining by Coomassie blue showed very different profiles for islets protein production from 4-week vitamin D3-deficient rats compared with normal islets. The pattern was characterised by a decrease in high molecular weight proteins, concomitantly accompanied by an increase in low molecular weight proteins. This tendency was partially reversed in vivo by 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion treatment for 7 days and was evident after only 16 h of treatment. In parallel with these in vivo observations, which represent a static index of islets protein production, a kinetic study was performed in vitro by a double-labelling method allowing us to measure the de novo synthesis of proteins in islets during a strong 16.7 mM glucose stimulation. Comparison of 3H and 14C labelled samples was achieved via coelectrophoresis to avoid experimental artefacts. The study of the ratio of d.p.m. 3H/d.p.m. 14C for each molecular weight protein in islets stimulated by 16.7 mM glucose (versus basal 4.2 mM glucose) showed an increase in the height of certain peaks: 150, 130 and 8.5 kDa. Under the same conditions, islets from 4-week vitamin D3-deficient rats (versus normal islets) presented a large deficit of numerous newly synthesised proteins and particularly those implicated in the response to glucose stimulation. In vitro repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 tended to reverse, at least in part, the deleterious effect of vitamin D3 deficiency on the de novo protein synthesis of islets but these effects were gradual. Indeed, there was no detectable effect at 2 h incubation, but 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the 60 to 65 kDa, 55 kDa, and 9 to 8 kDa molecular mass proteins at 4 h, and increased the level of most newly synthesised proteins at 6 h. These data support the hypothesis of a beneficial genomic influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 that occurs progressively within the islets of Langerhans and which may prepare the beta cells for an enhanced response to glucose stimulation.  (+info)

Effect of immobilization on vitamin D status and bone mass in chronically hospitalized disabled stroke patients. (7/1662)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of immobilization upon vitamin D status and bone mass in chronically hospitalized, disabled, elderly patients following stroke. DESIGN: cross-sectional study. SETTING: Department of geriatric neurology in a Japanese hospital. SUBJECTS: 129 chronically hospitalized, disabled, elderly stroke patients and 28 age-matched controls. RESULTS: We observed a deficiency of both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-[OH]2D; 24.3 pg/ml) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25-OHD; 11.7 ng/ml) in stroke patients compared with controls. A high serum ionized calcium (mean; 2.648 mEq/l) was an independent determinant of the Barthel index (66) and 1,25-[OH]2D. When the patients were categorized into three groups by 25-OHD level (deficient, insufficient and sufficient), there was no difference in the mean 1,25-[OH]2D levels. Parathyroid hormone levels were normal or low and did not correlate with 25-OHD. Serum bone turnover variables and bone mineral density (BMD) of the second metacarpal in patients were significantly decreased compared to control subjects. Independent determinants of BMD included Barthel index, 25-OHD and 1,25-[OH]2D. CONCLUSIONS: 1,25-[OH]2D deficiency in immobilized stroke patients is not caused by substrate (25-OHD) deficiency but by hypercalcaemia. Immobilization-induced hypercalcaemia may inhibit parathyroid hormone secretion and thus 1,25-[OH]2D production, resulting in decreased BMD. Immobilization itself also may be responsible for decreased BMD. Exogenous 1,25-[OH]2D (calcitriol) rather than dietary vitamin D supplementation may be required in disabled elderly stroke patients who have a deficiency of 1,25-[OH]2D in order to prevent hip fractures, which frequently occur in this population.  (+info)

Low bone mineral density in adults with cystic fibrosis. (8/1662)

BACKGROUND: Patients with cystic fibrosis have several risk factors for the development of low bone mineral density (BMD). To identify the prevalence and clinical correlates of low BMD in adult patients with cystic fibrosis, densitometry was performed in 151 patients (83 men) aged 15-52 years. METHODS: BMD was measured in the lumbar spine (L1-4) using dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). It was also measured in the proximal femur (total hip and femoral neck) using DXA, and in the distal and ultra distal forearm using single energy x ray absorptiometry (SXA). Biochemical markers of bone turnover, vitamin D levels, parathyroid hormone levels, and a variety of anthropometric variables were also assessed. RESULTS: The mean (SD) BMD Z score was -0.73 (0.85) in the distal forearm, -0.31 (0.92) in the ultra distal forearm, -1.21 (1. 18) in the lumbar spine using DXA, -0.56 (1.36) in the lumbar spine using QCT, -1.25 (1.30) in the femoral neck, and -1.01 (1.14) in the total hip. 34% of patients had a BMD Z score of -2 or less at one or more skeletal sites. Body mass index (0.527, p = 0.01), percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (0.388, p = 0.01), and physical activity (0.249, p = 0.05) were positively related to the mean BMD Z score. Levels of C reactive protein (-0.328, p = 0. 01), parathyroid hormone (-0.311, p = 0.01) and biochemical markers of bone turnover (osteocalcin -0.261 and bone specific alkaline phosphatase -0.249, p = 0.05) were negatively related to the mean BMD Z score. Vitamin D insufficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D <15 ng/ml) was prevalent (53/139 patients, 38%) despite supplementation with 900 IU vitamin D per day. CONCLUSIONS: Low bone density is prevalent in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Current levels of vitamin D supplementation appear to be inadequate.  (+info)

Vitamin D deficiency is a condition characterized by insufficient levels of vitamin D in the body, typically defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level below 20 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or 50 nanomoles per liter (nmol/L). Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy bones and teeth by regulating the absorption of calcium and phosphorus. It also has various other functions in the body, including modulation of cell growth, immune function, and neuromuscular activity.

Vitamin D can be obtained through dietary sources such as fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and supplements, but the majority of vitamin D is produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. Deficiency can occur due to inadequate dietary intake, insufficient sun exposure, or impaired absorption or metabolism of vitamin D.

Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency include older age, darker skin tone, obesity, malabsorption syndromes, liver or kidney disease, and certain medications. Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency can be subtle and nonspecific, such as fatigue, bone pain, muscle weakness, and mood changes. However, prolonged deficiency can lead to more severe health consequences, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and increased risk of fractures.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid that is crucial for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body, which are essential for maintaining healthy bones and teeth. It can be synthesized by the human body when skin is exposed to ultraviolet-B (UVB) rays from sunlight, or it can be obtained through dietary sources such as fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and supplements. There are two major forms of vitamin D: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), which is found in some plants and fungi, and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), which is produced in the skin or obtained from animal-derived foods. Both forms need to undergo two hydroxylations in the body to become biologically active as calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the hormonally active form of vitamin D. This activated form exerts its effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) found in various tissues, including the small intestine, bone, kidney, and immune cells, thereby influencing numerous physiological processes such as calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism, cell growth, and immune function.

Calcifediol is the medical term for 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is a form of vitamin D that is produced in the liver when it processes vitamin D from sunlight or from dietary sources. It is an important precursor to the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, and is often used as a supplement for people who have low levels of vitamin D. Calcifediol is converted to calcitriol in the kidneys, where it plays a role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body, which are important for maintaining healthy bones and teeth.

Cholecalciferol is the chemical name for Vitamin D3. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body, which helps to maintain healthy bones and teeth. Cholecalciferol can be synthesized by the skin upon exposure to sunlight or obtained through dietary sources such as fatty fish, liver, and fortified foods. It is also available as a dietary supplement.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sunlight" is not a term with a specific medical definition. However, sunlight does have various implications in the field of medicine. It is the light that comes from the sun, which is a star at the center of our solar system. Sunlight is essential for the production of vitamin D in humans, and it can also have effects on mood and sleep patterns due to its influence on circadian rhythms.

In a medical context, sunlight is often discussed in relation to its potential health benefits and risks. For instance, moderate sun exposure can help increase vitamin D levels, which are important for bone health, immune function, and other bodily processes. However, excessive sun exposure can lead to harmful effects, such as sunburn, premature skin aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer.

It's essential to balance the benefits and risks of sunlight exposure by practicing safe sun habits, such as wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, seeking shade during peak sunlight hours, and avoiding intentional tanning.

Vitamins are organic substances that are essential in small quantities for the normal growth, development, and maintenance of life in humans. They are required for various biochemical functions in the body such as energy production, blood clotting, immune function, and making DNA.

Unlike macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), vitamins do not provide energy but they play a crucial role in energy metabolism. Humans require 13 essential vitamins, which can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are stored in the body's fat tissues and liver, and can stay in the body for a longer period of time. Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex vitamins and vitamin C) are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly through diet or supplementation.

Deficiency of vitamins can lead to various health problems, while excessive intake of certain fat-soluble vitamins can also be harmful due to toxicity. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced diet that provides all the essential vitamins in adequate amounts.

Rickets is a medical condition characterized by the softening and weakening of bones in children, primarily caused by deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate. It leads to skeletal deformities, bone pain, and growth retardation. Prolonged lack of sunlight exposure, inadequate intake of vitamin D-rich foods, or impaired absorption or utilization of vitamin D can contribute to the development of rickets.

Medical Definition of Vitamin A:

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal vision, immune function, and cell growth. It is also an antioxidant that helps protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin A can be found in two main forms: preformed vitamin A, which is found in animal products such as dairy, fish, and meat, particularly liver; and provitamin A carotenoids, which are found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, and vegetable oils.

The most active form of vitamin A is retinoic acid, which plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and increased susceptibility to infections. Chronic vitamin A toxicity can cause nausea, dizziness, headaches, coma, and even death.

Calcitriol receptors, also known as Vitamin D receptors (VDR), are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active form of vitamin D. These receptors are found in various tissues and cells throughout the body, including the small intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland.

When calcitriol binds to its receptor, it forms a complex that regulates the expression of genes involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, cell growth, differentiation, and immune function. Calcitriol receptors play a critical role in maintaining normal levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood by increasing the absorption of these minerals from the gut, promoting bone mineralization, and regulating the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Calcitriol receptors have also been implicated in various disease processes, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Modulation of calcitriol receptor activity has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these conditions.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are four small endocrine glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland.

The primary function of PTH is to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption from the gut, mobilizing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys, which helps to lower serum phosphate levels.

In addition to its role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, PTH has been shown to have anabolic effects on bone tissue, stimulating bone formation and preventing bone loss. However, chronic elevations in PTH levels can lead to excessive bone resorption and osteoporosis.

Overall, Parathyroid Hormone is a critical hormone that helps maintain mineral homeostasis and supports healthy bone metabolism.

A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs or other botanicals, and is intended to be taken by mouth, to supplement the diet. Dietary supplements can include a wide range of products, such as vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal supplements, and sports nutrition products.

Dietary supplements are not intended to treat, diagnose, cure, or alleviate the effects of diseases. They are intended to be used as a way to add extra nutrients to the diet or to support specific health functions. It is important to note that dietary supplements are not subject to the same rigorous testing and regulations as drugs, so it is important to choose products carefully and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using them.

Ergocalciferols are a form of vitamin D, specifically vitamin D2, that is found in some plants. They are not produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Ergocalciferols can be converted into an active form of vitamin D in the body, which is important for maintaining healthy bones and calcium levels. However, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), which is produced by the body in response to sunlight exposure, is generally considered to be more effective at raising and maintaining vitamin D levels in the body than ergocalciferols.

Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is a vital mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone formation. Normal calcium levels in the blood usually range from 8.5 to 10.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Hypocalcemia is typically defined as a serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dL or, when adjusted for albumin (a protein that binds to calcium), below 8.4 mg/dL (ionized calcium).

Hypocalcemia can result from several factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands), kidney dysfunction, certain medications, and severe magnesium deficiency. Symptoms of hypocalcemia may include numbness or tingling in the fingers, toes, or lips; muscle cramps or spasms; seizures; and, in severe cases, cognitive impairment or cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and administering calcium and vitamin D supplements to restore normal calcium levels in the blood.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 (25(OH)D2) is a form of vitamin D that is produced in the body as a result of the metabolism of ergocalciferol, also known as vitamin D2. Vitamin D2 is found in some plant-based foods and is sometimes used as a dietary supplement.

When vitamin D2 is ingested or absorbed through the skin after exposure to sunlight, it is converted in the liver to 25(OH)D2. This form of vitamin D is then further metabolized in the kidneys to the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D).

Like other forms of vitamin D, 25(OH)D2 is important for maintaining healthy bones and muscles by regulating the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the diet. It may also have other health benefits, such as reducing the risk of certain cancers and autoimmune disorders.

It's worth noting that 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 is not usually measured in clinical settings, as it is converted to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) in the body, and total 25(OH)D (which includes both 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) is typically measured to assess vitamin D status.

Osteomalacia is a medical condition characterized by the softening of bones due to defective bone mineralization, resulting from inadequate vitamin D, phosphate, or calcium. It mainly affects adults and is different from rickets, which occurs in children. The primary symptom is bone pain, but muscle weakness can also occur. Prolonged osteomalacia may lead to skeletal deformities and an increased risk of fractures. Treatment typically involves supplementation with vitamin D, calcium, and sometimes phosphate.

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, also known as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. It is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body to maintain healthy bones. Calcitriol is produced in the kidneys from its precursor, calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D), which is derived from dietary sources or synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight.

Calcitriol promotes calcium absorption in the intestines, helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the kidneys, and stimulates bone cells (osteoblasts) to form new bone tissue while inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which resorb bone. This hormone is essential for normal bone mineralization and growth, as well as for preventing hypocalcemia (low calcium levels).

In addition to its role in bone health, calcitriol has various other physiological functions, including modulating immune responses, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Calcitriol deficiency or resistance can lead to conditions such as rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults.

Medical Definition of Vitamin E:

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that plays a crucial role in protecting your body's cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced when your body breaks down food or is exposed to environmental toxins like cigarette smoke and radiation. Vitamin E is also involved in immune function, DNA repair, and other metabolic processes.

It is a collective name for a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E in humans and is the one most commonly found in supplements.

Vitamin E deficiency is rare but can occur in people with certain genetic disorders or who cannot absorb fat properly. Symptoms of deficiency include nerve and muscle damage, loss of feeling in the arms and legs, muscle weakness, and vision problems.

Food sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils (such as sunflower, safflower, and wheat germ oil), nuts and seeds (like almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds), and fortified foods (such as cereals and some fruit juices).

Vitamin D-Binding Protein (DBP), also known as Group-specific Component (Gc-globulin), is a protein that binds and transports vitamin D and its metabolites in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of vitamin D by regulating the amount of free, active vitamin D available to cells. DBP also has other functions, including acting as an actin scavenger to prevent the formation of harmful actin aggregates in circulation and participating in immune responses.

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a condition that occurs when there is a lack of vitamin A in the diet. This essential fat-soluble vitamin plays crucial roles in vision, growth, cell division, reproduction, and immune system regulation.

In its severe form, VAD leads to xerophthalmia, which includes night blindness (nyctalopia) and keratomalacia - a sight-threatening condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea, with eventual ulceration and perforation. Other symptoms of VAD may include Bitot's spots (foamy, triangular, white spots on the conjunctiva), follicular hyperkeratosis (goose bump-like bumps on the skin), and increased susceptibility to infections due to impaired immune function.

Vitamin A deficiency is most prevalent in developing countries where diets are often low in animal source foods and high in plant-based foods with low bioavailability of vitamin A. It primarily affects children aged 6 months to 5 years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. Prevention strategies include dietary diversification, food fortification, and supplementation programs.

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of DNA, formation of red blood cells, and maintenance of the nervous system. It is involved in the metabolism of every cell in the body, particularly affecting DNA regulation and neurological function.

Vitamin B12 is unique among vitamins because it contains a metal ion, cobalt, from which its name is derived. This vitamin can be synthesized only by certain types of bacteria and is not produced by plants or animals. The major sources of vitamin B12 in the human diet include animal-derived foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, as well as fortified plant-based milk alternatives and breakfast cereals.

Deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to various health issues, including megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling in the extremities, memory loss, and depression. Since vitamin B12 is not readily available from plant-based sources, vegetarians and vegans are at a higher risk of deficiency and may require supplementation or fortified foods to meet their daily requirements.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase is an enzyme that is responsible for converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (a precursor form of vitamin D) to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. This activation process occurs primarily in the kidneys and is tightly regulated by various factors such as calcium levels, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D status.

The activated form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis by increasing the absorption of calcium from the gut and promoting bone health. It also has various other functions, including modulation of immune function, cell growth regulation, and protection against cancer.

Deficiencies in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase can lead to vitamin D deficiency and its associated symptoms, such as osteomalacia (softening of the bones) and osteoporosis (brittle bones). Conversely, overactivity of this enzyme can result in hypercalcemia (elevated levels of calcium in the blood), which can cause a range of symptoms including kidney stones, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Hydroxycholecalciferols are metabolites of vitamin D that are formed in the liver and kidneys. They are important for maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body by promoting the absorption of calcium from the gut and reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys.

The two main forms of hydroxycholecalciferols are 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). 25-hydroxyvitamin D is the major circulating form of vitamin D in the body and is used as a clinical measure of vitamin D status. It is converted to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the kidneys by the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase, which is activated in response to low serum calcium or high phosphate levels.

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the biologically active form of vitamin D and plays a critical role in regulating calcium homeostasis by increasing intestinal calcium absorption and promoting bone health. Deficiency in hydroxycholecalciferols can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults, characterized by weakened bones and increased risk of fractures.

Dietary calcium is a type of calcium that is obtained through food sources. Calcium is an essential mineral that is necessary for many bodily functions, including bone formation and maintenance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

The recommended daily intake of dietary calcium varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, the recommended daily intake for adults aged 19-50 is 1000 mg, while women over 50 and men over 70 require 1200 mg per day.

Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt; leafy green vegetables like broccoli and kale; fortified cereals and juices; and certain types of fish, such as salmon and sardines. It is important to note that some foods can inhibit the absorption of calcium, including oxalates found in spinach and rhubarb, and phytates found in whole grains and legumes.

If a person is unable to get enough calcium through their diet, they may need to take calcium supplements. However, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as excessive intake of calcium can lead to negative health effects.

Skin pigmentation is the coloration of the skin that is primarily determined by two types of melanin pigments, eumelanin and pheomelanin. These pigments are produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells located in the epidermis. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue.

The amount and distribution of melanin in the skin can vary depending on genetic factors, age, sun exposure, and various other influences. Increased production of melanin in response to UV radiation from the sun helps protect the skin from damage, leading to darkening or tanning of the skin. However, excessive sun exposure can also cause irregular pigmentation, such as sunspots or freckles.

Abnormalities in skin pigmentation can result from various medical conditions, including albinism (lack of melanin production), vitiligo (loss of melanocytes leading to white patches), and melasma (excessive pigmentation often caused by hormonal changes). These conditions may require medical treatment to manage or improve the pigmentation issues.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.

Examples of bone density conservation agents include:

1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.

These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a condition characterized by insufficient levels of vitamin B12 in the body, leading to impaired production of red blood cells, nerve function damage, and potential neurological complications. Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and maintaining the health of the nervous system.

The medical definition of vitamin B12 deficiency includes:

1. Reduced serum or whole blood vitamin B12 concentrations (typically below 200 pg/mL or 145 pmol/L)
2. Presence of clinical symptoms and signs, such as:
* Fatigue, weakness, and lethargy
* Pale skin, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations due to anemia (megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia)
* Neurological symptoms like numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy), balance problems, confusion, memory loss, and depression
3. Laboratory findings consistent with deficiency, such as:
* Increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of red blood cells
* Reduced numbers of red and white blood cells and platelets in severe cases
* Elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels in the blood due to impaired metabolism

The most common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency include dietary insufficiency (common in vegetarians and vegans), pernicious anemia (an autoimmune condition affecting intrinsic factor production), gastrointestinal disorders (such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or gastric bypass surgery), and certain medications that interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.

Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to severe complications, including irreversible nerve damage, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing long-term health consequences.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal functioning. It is a key component of several important biomolecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are the genetic materials in cells.

Phosphorus is also a major constituent of bones and teeth, where it combines with calcium to provide strength and structure. In addition, phosphorus plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, nerve impulse transmission, and pH regulation.

The medical definition of phosphorus refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 15 and the symbol P. It is a highly reactive non-metal that exists in several forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. In the body, phosphorus is primarily found in the form of organic compounds, such as phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and nucleic acids.

Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the body can lead to various health problems. For example, high levels of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in patients with kidney disease or those who consume large amounts of phosphorus-rich foods, and can contribute to the development of calcification of soft tissues and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) can occur in patients with malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or alcoholism, and can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and an increased risk of infection.

Vitamin E deficiency is a condition that occurs when there is a lack of sufficient vitamin E in the body. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that plays an essential role in maintaining the health of cell membranes, protecting them from damage caused by free radicals. It also helps to support the immune system and promotes healthy blood vessels and nerves.

Vitamin E deficiency can occur due to several reasons, including malnutrition, malabsorption disorders such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease, premature birth, or genetic defects affecting the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP), which is responsible for transporting vitamin E from the liver to other tissues.

Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency may include:

* Neurological problems such as peripheral neuropathy, ataxia (loss of coordination), and muscle weakness
* Retinopathy (damage to the retina) leading to vision loss
* Increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammation
* Impaired immune function

Vitamin E deficiency is rare in healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet, but it can occur in people with certain medical conditions or those who have undergone bariatric surgery. In these cases, supplementation may be necessary to prevent or treat vitamin E deficiency.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a metabolite of vitamin D3, also known as calcitriol. It is formed in the body through the hydroxylation of vitamin D3 by the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, which is primarily found in the kidneys.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 plays a role in regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism, but its functions are not as well understood as those of other vitamin D metabolites. Some studies have suggested that it may have anti-inflammatory effects and may be involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. However, more research is needed to fully understand the physiological role of this compound.

It's important to note that 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is not typically used as a therapeutic agent, and its levels in the body are not routinely measured in clinical practice.

Nutritional status is a concept that refers to the condition of an individual in relation to their nutrient intake, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. It encompasses various aspects such as body weight, muscle mass, fat distribution, presence of any deficiencies or excesses of specific nutrients, and overall health status.

A comprehensive assessment of nutritional status typically includes a review of dietary intake, anthropometric measurements (such as height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure), laboratory tests (such as serum albumin, total protein, cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral levels), and clinical evaluation for signs of malnutrition or overnutrition.

Malnutrition can result from inadequate intake or absorption of nutrients, increased nutrient requirements due to illness or injury, or excessive loss of nutrients due to medical conditions. On the other hand, overnutrition can lead to obesity and related health problems such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Therefore, maintaining a good nutritional status is essential for overall health and well-being, and it is an important consideration in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical conditions.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands due to hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood). This condition is usually a result of chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys fail to convert vitamin D into its active form, leading to decreased absorption of calcium in the intestines. The body responds by increasing PTH production to maintain normal calcium levels, but over time, this results in high PTH levels and associated complications such as bone disease, kidney stones, and cardiovascular calcification.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guadeloupe" is not a medical term. It is actually an overseas region and department of France, located in the Caribbean Sea. Guadeloupe is an archipelago consisting of several islands, with a total land area of approximately 1,700 square kilometers (656 square miles) and a population of around 400,000 people.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

Dihydroxycholecalciferols are a form of calcifediol, which is a type of secosteroid hormone that is produced in the body as a result of the exposure to sunlight and the dietary intake of vitamin D. The term "dihydroxycholecalciferols" specifically refers to the compounds 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. These compounds are produced in the body through a series of chemical reactions involving enzymes that convert vitamin D into its active forms.

Calcitriol is the biologically active form of vitamin D and plays an important role in regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, as well as promoting the absorption of these minerals from the gut. It also has other functions, such as modulating cell growth and immune function.

24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is a less active form of vitamin D that is produced in larger quantities than calcitriol. Its exact role in the body is not well understood, but it is thought to have some effects on calcium metabolism and may play a role in regulating the levels of other hormones in the body.

Dihydroxycholecalciferols are typically measured in the blood as part of an evaluation for vitamin D deficiency or to monitor treatment with vitamin D supplements. Low levels of these compounds can indicate a deficiency, while high levels may indicate excessive intake or impaired metabolism.

Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, is a type of fat-soluble vitamin K. It is the primary form of Vitamin K found in plants, particularly in green leafy vegetables such as kale, spinach, and collard greens. Vitamin K1 plays a crucial role in blood clotting and helps to prevent excessive bleeding by assisting in the production of several proteins involved in this process. It is also essential for maintaining healthy bones by aiding in the regulation of calcium deposition in bone tissue. A deficiency in Vitamin K1 can lead to bleeding disorders and, in some cases, osteoporosis.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various body tissues, including the liver, bile ducts, digestive system, bones, and kidneys. It plays a role in breaking down proteins and minerals, such as phosphate, in the body.

The medical definition of alkaline phosphatase refers to its function as a hydrolase enzyme that removes phosphate groups from molecules at an alkaline pH level. In clinical settings, ALP is often measured through blood tests as a biomarker for various health conditions.

Elevated levels of ALP in the blood may indicate liver or bone diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, bone fractures, or cancer. Therefore, physicians may order an alkaline phosphatase test to help diagnose and monitor these conditions. However, it is essential to interpret ALP results in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

Medical Definition of Vitamin B6:

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It is involved in the process of making serotonin and norepinephrine, which are chemicals that transmit signals in the brain. Vitamin B6 is also necessary for the formation of myelin, a protein layer that forms around nerve cells. Additionally, it helps the body to metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and is involved in the creation of red blood cells.

Vitamin B6 can be found in a wide variety of foods, including poultry, seafood, bananas, potatoes, and fortified cereals. A deficiency in vitamin B6 can lead to anemia, confusion, and a weakened immune system. On the other hand, excessive intake of vitamin B6 can cause nerve damage and skin lesions. It is important to maintain appropriate levels of vitamin B6 through a balanced diet and, if necessary, supplementation under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

The term "asymptomatic disease" refers to a medical condition or infection that does not cause any obvious symptoms in an affected individual. Some people with asymptomatic diseases may never develop any signs or symptoms throughout their lives, while others may eventually go on to develop symptoms at a later stage. In some cases, asymptomatic diseases may still be detected through medical testing or screening, even if the person feels completely well. A classic example of an asymptomatic disease is a person who has a positive blood test for a latent viral infection, such as HIV or HSV (herpes simplex virus), but does not have any symptoms related to the infection at that time.

Hypophosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate (phosphorus) in the blood, specifically below 2.5 mg/dL. Phosphate is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions such as energy production, bone formation, and maintaining acid-base balance.

Hypophosphatemia can result from several factors, including malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, alcoholism, hormonal imbalances, and certain medications. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia may include muscle weakness, fatigue, bone pain, confusion, and respiratory failure in severe cases. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and administering phosphate supplements to restore normal levels.

Vitamin K deficiency is a condition that occurs when the body lacks adequate amounts of Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism. This can lead to an increased risk of excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) and calcification of tissues.

Vitamin K is required for the activation of several proteins involved in blood clotting, known as coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. A deficiency in Vitamin K can result in these factors remaining in their inactive forms, leading to impaired blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding.

Vitamin K deficiency can occur due to several reasons, including malnutrition, malabsorption disorders (such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease), liver diseases, use of certain medications (such as antibiotics or anticoagulants), and prolonged use of warfarin therapy.

In newborns, Vitamin K deficiency can lead to a serious bleeding disorder known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. This is because newborns have low levels of Vitamin K at birth, and their gut bacteria, which are responsible for producing Vitamin K, are not yet fully developed. Therefore, it is recommended that newborns receive a dose of Vitamin K within the first few days of life to prevent this condition.

Symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency can include easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and excessive menstrual bleeding. In severe cases, it can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage. Treatment typically involves administering Vitamin K supplements or injections to replenish the body's levels of this essential nutrient.

Vitamin B6 deficiency refers to the condition in which there is an insufficient amount of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in the body. Vitamin B6 is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including protein metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, hemoglobin production, and immune function.

A deficiency in vitamin B6 can lead to several health issues, such as:

1. Anemia: Vitamin B6 is essential for the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. A deficiency in this nutrient can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
2. Peripheral neuropathy: Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause nerve damage, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet.
3. Depression and cognitive impairment: Pyridoxine is necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which are involved in mood regulation. A deficiency in vitamin B6 can lead to depression, irritability, and cognitive decline.
4. Seizures: In severe cases, vitamin B6 deficiency can cause seizures due to the impaired synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate brain activity.
5. Skin changes: A deficiency in this nutrient can also lead to skin changes, such as dryness, scaling, and cracks around the mouth.

Vitamin B6 deficiency is relatively uncommon in developed countries but can occur in individuals with certain medical conditions, such as malabsorption syndromes, alcoholism, kidney disease, or those taking medications that interfere with vitamin B6 metabolism. Additionally, older adults, pregnant women, and breastfeeding mothers may have an increased need for this nutrient, making them more susceptible to deficiency.

Cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of bile acids and steroids in the body. This enzyme is responsible for adding a hydroxyl group (-OH) to the cholestanetriol molecule at position 26, which is a critical step in the conversion of cholestanetriol to bile acids.

The gene that encodes this enzyme is called CYP3A4, which is located on chromosome 7 in humans. Mutations in this gene can lead to various metabolic disorders, including impaired bile acid synthesis and altered steroid hormone metabolism.

Deficiency or dysfunction of cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase has been associated with several diseases, such as liver disease, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, and some forms of cancer. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of this enzyme is essential for developing new therapies and treatments for these conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Judaism" is not a medical term. It is a religion, ethnicity, and culture originating in the Judaea region of the Middle East. Judaism is based on the teachings of the Torah and the Talmud, and it includes various practices, beliefs, and traditions. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

Clothing is not a medical term, but rather a general term used to describe items worn on the body for various reasons such as protection from the elements, modesty, or fashion. In a medical context, clothing may be referred to in relation to certain conditions or treatments that require special garments, such as compression stockings for deep vein thrombosis or protective gear for athletes. However, there is no specific medical definition for 'clothing'.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

African Americans are defined as individuals who have ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa. This term is often used to describe people living in the United States who have total or partial descent from enslaved African peoples. The term does not refer to a single ethnicity but is a broad term that includes various ethnic groups with diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. It's important to note that some individuals may prefer to identify as Black or of African descent rather than African American, depending on their personal identity and background.

Steroid hydroxylases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a steroid molecule. These enzymes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various steroid hormones, such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. The hydroxylation reaction catalyzed by these enzymes increases the polarity and solubility of steroids, allowing them to be further metabolized and excreted from the body.

The most well-known steroid hydroxylases are part of the cytochrome P450 family, specifically CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and CYP21A2. Each enzyme has a specific function in steroid biosynthesis, such as converting cholesterol to pregnenolone (CYP11A1), hydroxylating the 11-beta position of steroids (CYP11B1 and CYP11B2), or performing multiple hydroxylation reactions in the synthesis of sex hormones (CYP17A1, CYP19A1, and CYP21A2).

Defects in these enzymes can lead to various genetic disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is characterized by impaired steroid hormone biosynthesis.

Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:

1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.

Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Phosphates, in a medical context, refer to the salts or esters of phosphoric acid. Phosphates play crucial roles in various biological processes within the human body. They are essential components of bones and teeth, where they combine with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Phosphates also participate in energy transfer reactions as phosphate groups attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Additionally, they contribute to buffer systems that help maintain normal pH levels in the body.

Abnormal levels of phosphates in the blood can indicate certain medical conditions. High phosphate levels (hyperphosphatemia) may be associated with kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, or excessive intake of phosphate-containing products. Low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia) might result from malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or certain diseases affecting the small intestine or kidneys. Both hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia can have significant impacts on various organ systems and may require medical intervention.

Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that affect the bones and are caused by disorders in the body's metabolism. These disorders can result in changes to the bone structure, density, and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures and other complications. Some common examples of metabolic bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are more likely to break, often as a result of age-related bone loss or hormonal changes.
2. Paget's disease of bone: a chronic disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and deformities, leading to fragile and enlarged bones.
3. Osteomalacia: a condition caused by a lack of vitamin D or problems with the body's ability to absorb it, resulting in weak and soft bones.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that causes too much parathyroid hormone to be produced, leading to bone loss and other complications.
5. Hypoparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that results in low levels of parathyroid hormone, causing weak and brittle bones.
6. Renal osteodystrophy: a group of bone disorders that occur as a result of chronic kidney disease, including osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and high turnover bone disease.

Treatment for metabolic bone diseases may include medications to improve bone density and strength, dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct bone deformities or fractures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Qatar" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in the Middle East, on the Arabian Peninsula. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Turkey" is not a medical term. It is a common name for the country located in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, as well as a type of large bird native to North America that is often eaten as a holiday meal. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

Nutrition policy refers to a set of guidelines, regulations, or laws established by governmental or organizational bodies to promote healthy eating habits and reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. These policies aim to create an environment that supports and encourages individuals to make healthier food choices. Nutrition policies can cover various aspects such as food labeling, nutrition education, food safety, agricultural practices, and access to affordable and nutritious foods. They may also address issues related to marketing and advertising of unhealthy food products, particularly to children. The ultimate goal of nutrition policy is to improve public health by creating a food environment that supports optimal nutrition and well-being.

The parathyroid glands are four small endocrine glands located in the neck, usually near or behind the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a critical role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones. PTH helps maintain the balance of these minerals by increasing the absorption of calcium from food in the intestines, promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulating the release of calcium from bones when needed. Additionally, PTH decreases the excretion of calcium through urine and reduces phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate excretion. Disorders of the parathyroid glands can result in conditions such as hyperparathyroidism (overactive glands) or hypoparathyroidism (underactive glands), which can have significant impacts on calcium and phosphate homeostasis and overall health.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Nutritional requirements refer to the necessary amount of nutrients, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), that an individual requires to maintain good health, support normal growth and development, and promote optimal bodily functions. These requirements vary based on factors such as age, sex, body size, pregnancy status, and physical activity level. Meeting one's nutritional requirements typically involves consuming a balanced and varied diet, with additional consideration given to any specific dietary restrictions or medical conditions that may influence nutrient needs.

The term "African Continental Ancestry Group" is a racial category used in the field of genetics and population health to describe individuals who have ancestral origins in the African continent. This group includes people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, cultures, and languages across the African continent. It's important to note that this term is used for genetic and epidemiological research purposes and should not be used to make assumptions about an individual's personal identity, culture, or experiences.

It's also worth noting that there is significant genetic diversity within Africa, and using a single category to describe all individuals with African ancestry can oversimplify this diversity. Therefore, it's more accurate and informative to specify the particular population or region of African ancestry when discussing genetic research or health outcomes.

I'm not aware of any medical definition for the term "Baltimore." The term Baltimore is most commonly associated with a city in the state of Maryland, USA. It may also refer to various other unrelated things, such as a type of hound or a surname. If you could provide more context, I might be able to give a more helpful response.

Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for Vitamin C. It is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. Ascorbic acid is required for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that plays a role in the structure of bones, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. It also functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Ascorbic acid cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Good food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, and spinach.

In the medical field, ascorbic acid is used to treat or prevent vitamin C deficiency and related conditions, such as scurvy. It may also be used in the treatment of various other health conditions, including common cold, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is still a matter of scientific debate.

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH). There are four small parathyroid glands located in the neck, near or within the thyroid gland. They release PTH into the bloodstream to help regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

In hyperparathyroidism, overproduction of PTH can lead to an imbalance in these minerals, causing high blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) and low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia). This can result in various symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive issues.

There are two types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when there is a problem with one or more of the parathyroid glands, causing them to become overactive and produce too much PTH. Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops as a response to low calcium levels in the body due to conditions like vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, or malabsorption syndromes.

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In primary hyperparathyroidism, surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland(s) is often recommended. For secondary hyperparathyroidism, treating the underlying condition and managing calcium levels with medications or dietary changes may be sufficient.

A Vitamin D Response Element (VDRE) is a specific sequence in the DNA to which the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds, upon activation by its ligand, vitamin D or one of its metabolites. This binding results in the regulation of gene transcription and subsequent protein synthesis. VDREs are typically located in the promoter region of genes that are involved in calcium homeostasis, cell growth and differentiation, immune function, and other processes. The interaction between VDR and VDRE plays a crucial role in the genomic actions of vitamin D.

Osteocalcin is a protein that is produced by osteoblasts, which are the cells responsible for bone formation. It is one of the most abundant non-collagenous proteins found in bones and plays a crucial role in the regulation of bone metabolism. Osteocalcin contains a high affinity for calcium ions, making it essential for the mineralization of the bone matrix.

Once synthesized, osteocalcin is secreted into the extracellular matrix, where it binds to hydroxyapatite crystals, helping to regulate their growth and contributing to the overall strength and integrity of the bones. Osteocalcin also has been found to play a role in other physiological processes outside of bone metabolism, such as modulating insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism, and male fertility.

In summary, osteocalcin is a protein produced by osteoblasts that plays a critical role in bone formation, mineralization, and turnover, and has been implicated in various other physiological processes.

A nutrition survey is not a medical term per se, but it is a research method used in the field of nutrition and public health. Here's a definition:

A nutrition survey is a study design that systematically collects and analyzes data on dietary intake, nutritional status, and related factors from a defined population or sample. It aims to describe the nutritional situation, identify nutritional problems, and monitor trends in a population over time. Nutrition surveys can be cross-sectional, longitudinal, or community-based and may involve various data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, physical measurements, and biological samples. The results of nutrition surveys are used to inform nutrition policies, programs, and interventions aimed at improving the nutritional status and health outcomes of populations.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

The term "European Continental Ancestry Group" is a medical/ethnic classification that refers to individuals who trace their genetic ancestry to the continent of Europe. This group includes people from various ethnic backgrounds and nationalities, such as Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western European descent. It is often used in research and medical settings for population studies or to identify genetic patterns and predispositions to certain diseases that may be more common in specific ancestral groups. However, it's important to note that this classification can oversimplify the complex genetic diversity within and between populations, and should be used with caution.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Musculoskeletal abnormalities refer to structural and functional disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other related tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, trauma, overuse, degenerative processes, infections, or tumors. They may cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformity, weakness, and susceptibility to injuries. Examples of musculoskeletal abnormalities include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures, dislocations, tendinitis, bursitis, myopathies, and various congenital conditions.

Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena refer to the various changes and processes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum periods to meet the increased nutritional demands and support the growth and development of the fetus or infant. These phenomena involve complex interactions between maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and physiological functions to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.

Examples of maternal nutritional physiological phenomena include:

1. Adaptations in maternal nutrient metabolism: During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes various adaptations to increase the availability of essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. For instance, there are increased absorption and utilization of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as enhanced storage of glycogen and lipids in maternal tissues.
2. Placental transfer of nutrients: The placenta plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus. It selectively transports essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals from the maternal circulation to the fetal compartment while removing waste products.
3. Maternal weight gain: Pregnant women typically experience an increase in body weight due to the growth of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissues such as the uterus and breasts. Adequate gestational weight gain is essential for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse perinatal complications.
4. Changes in maternal hormonal regulation: Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in hormonal profiles, including increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and other hormones that regulate various physiological functions such as glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
5. Lactation: Following childbirth, the mother's body undergoes further adaptations to support lactation and breastfeeding. This involves the production and secretion of milk, which contains essential nutrients and bioactive components that promote infant growth, development, and immunity.
6. Nutrient requirements: Pregnancy and lactation increase women's nutritional demands for various micronutrients such as iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Meeting these increased nutritional needs is crucial for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and supporting maternal health during the postpartum period.

Understanding these physiological adaptations and their implications for maternal and fetal health is essential for developing evidence-based interventions to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of adverse perinatal complications, and support women's health throughout the reproductive lifespan.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Iran" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in southwest Asia. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Asia" is not a medical term. It is the largest continent in the world, comprising about 30% of the Earth's total land area and containing around 60% of the world's current human population. It is divided into several regions, including Northern Asia (Siberia), Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan), Southern Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives), Southeastern Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei), and Western Asia (Middle East).

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help.

Breastfeeding is the process of providing nutrition to an infant or young child by feeding them breast milk directly from the mother's breast. It is also known as nursing. Breast milk is the natural food for newborns and infants, and it provides all the nutrients they need to grow and develop during the first six months of life.

Breastfeeding has many benefits for both the mother and the baby. For the baby, breast milk contains antibodies that help protect against infections and diseases, and it can also reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), allergies, and obesity. For the mother, breastfeeding can help her lose weight after pregnancy, reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, and promote bonding with her baby.

Breastfeeding is recommended exclusively for the first six months of an infant's life, and then continued along with appropriate complementary foods until the child is at least two years old or beyond. However, it is important to note that every mother and baby pair is unique, and what works best for one may not work as well for another. It is recommended that mothers consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best feeding plan for themselves and their baby.

Deficiency diseases are a group of medical conditions that occur when an individual's diet lacks essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. These diseases develop because the body needs these nutrients to function correctly, and without them, various bodily functions can become impaired, leading to disease.

Deficiency diseases can manifest in many different ways, depending on which nutrient is lacking. For example:

* Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
* Vitamin C deficiency can result in scurvy, a condition characterized by fatigue, swollen gums, joint pain, and anemia.
* Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children, a disease that leads to weakened bones and skeletal deformities.
* Iron deficiency can result in anemia, a condition in which the blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells.

Preventing deficiency diseases involves eating a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all the major food groups. In some cases, supplements may be necessary to ensure adequate nutrient intake, especially for individuals who have restricted diets or medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Dehydrocholesterols are a type of sterol that is derived from cholesterol through the process of oxidation and the removal of hydrogen atoms. These compounds are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of vitamin D and other steroid hormones in the body.

The most well-known dehydrocholesterol is 7-dehydrocholesterol, which is converted to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) through a reaction that involves exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. This conversion occurs in the skin and is an essential step in the production of vitamin D, which plays a critical role in maintaining healthy bones, teeth, and immune function.

Other dehydrocholesterols include 4-en-3-oxo-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol (also known as Δ4-dehydrocholesterol) and 5,7,22,24-tetrahydroxycholesterol, which are also important intermediates in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.

It is worth noting that dehydrocholesterols can be oxidized further to form other compounds known as oxysterols, which have been implicated in various disease processes such as atherosclerosis and neurodegeneration.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Linear Models" is actually a term from the field of statistics and machine learning, rather than medicine. A linear model is a type of statistical model that is used to analyze the relationship between two or more variables. In a linear model, the relationship between the dependent variable (the outcome or result) and the independent variable(s) (the factors being studied) is assumed to be linear, meaning that it can be described by a straight line on a graph.

The equation for a simple linear model with one independent variable (x) and one dependent variable (y) looks like this:

y = β0 + β1*x + ε

In this equation, β0 is the y-intercept or the value of y when x equals zero, β1 is the slope or the change in y for each unit increase in x, and ε is the error term or the difference between the actual values of y and the predicted values of y based on the linear model.

Linear models are widely used in medical research to study the relationship between various factors (such as exposure to a risk factor or treatment) and health outcomes (such as disease incidence or mortality). They can also be used to adjust for confounding variables, which are factors that may influence both the independent variable and the dependent variable, and thus affect the observed relationship between them.

Mentally ill persons are individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental disorder or mental illness, which is characterized by a syndrome of symptoms that significantly interferes with their cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral abilities. These disorders can range from mild to severe and may include conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders, among others. It's important to note that a mental illness is not the same as intellectual disability or developmental disorder, although these conditions can also co-occur with mental illnesses.

Mentally ill persons require appropriate evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment from qualified mental health professionals to help them manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. It's essential to approach mentally ill individuals with compassion, respect, and understanding, as stigma and discrimination can exacerbate their challenges and hinder their recovery.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Epidemiologic factors are elements that contribute to the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of a health-related event or disease in a specific population. These factors can include demographic characteristics (such as age, sex, race/ethnicity), genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, behavioral risks, and societal structures. By identifying and analyzing epidemiologic factors, public health professionals can develop strategies to prevent or control diseases and health conditions within a population.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are the leading cause of death globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The term "cardiovascular disease" refers to a group of conditions that include:

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD): This is the most common type of heart disease and occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of cholesterol, fat, and other substances in the walls of the arteries. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.
2. Heart failure: This occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathy.
3. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, often due to a clot or a ruptured blood vessel. This can cause brain damage or death.
4. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): This occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the limbs become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs or arms.
5. Rheumatic heart disease: This is a complication of untreated strep throat and can cause damage to the heart valves, leading to heart failure or other complications.
6. Congenital heart defects: These are structural problems with the heart that are present at birth. They can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.
7. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, and certain medications.
8. Heart arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms that can cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. They can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, or fainting.
9. Valvular heart disease: This occurs when one or more of the heart valves become damaged or diseased, leading to problems with blood flow through the heart.
10. Aortic aneurysm and dissection: These are conditions that affect the aorta, the largest artery in the body. An aneurysm is a bulge in the aorta, while a dissection is a tear in the inner layer of the aorta. Both can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

It's important to note that many of these conditions can be managed or treated with medical interventions such as medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes. If you have any concerns about your heart health, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider.

Renal osteodystrophy is a bone disease that occurs in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is characterized by abnormalities in the bones' structure and mineral composition due to disturbances in the metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. These metabolic disturbances result from the kidneys' decreased ability to maintain balance in the levels of these minerals and hormones.

Renal osteodystrophy can manifest as several bone disorders, including:

1. Osteitis fibrosa cystica: Increased bone turnover due to excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) production, leading to high levels of alkaline phosphatase and increased resorption of bones.
2. Adynamic bone disease: Decreased bone turnover due to reduced PTH levels, resulting in low bone formation rates and increased fracture risk.
3. Mixed uremic osteodystrophy: A combination of high and low bone turnover, with varying degrees of mineralization defects.
4. Osteomalacia: Defective mineralization of bones due to vitamin D deficiency or resistance, leading to soft and weak bones.

Symptoms of renal osteodystrophy may include bone pain, muscle weakness, fractures, deformities, and growth retardation in children. Diagnosis typically involves laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes bone biopsies. Treatment focuses on correcting the metabolic imbalances through dietary modifications, medications (such as phosphate binders, vitamin D analogs, and calcimimetics), and addressing any secondary hyperparathyroidism if present.

Amide synthases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the formation of amide bonds between two molecules. Specifically, they facilitate the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine to produce an amide. This process is also known as amide bond formation or amide synthesis.

In the context of medical research and therapeutic development, amide synthases are important for understanding the biosynthesis of various endogenous compounds, such as peptides and proteins, as well as for developing methods to synthesize novel drugs and pharmaceutical agents.

There are several types of amide synthases, including:

1. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS): These enzymes catalyze the formation of complex peptides without the involvement of ribosomes. They typically consist of multiple modules, each of which is responsible for adding a single amino acid to the growing peptide chain.
2. Amidotransferases: These enzymes transfer an amino group from a donor molecule (usually glutamine) to a carboxylic acid, resulting in the formation of an amide bond. They are involved in various metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other biomolecules.
3. Amide synthetases involved in lipid metabolism: These enzymes catalyze the formation of amide bonds between fatty acids and various amine-containing molecules, such as sphingosine or serine, during the biosynthesis of complex lipids like sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids.

Understanding the function and regulation of amide synthases is crucial for developing strategies to modulate their activity in various disease contexts, including infectious diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Ultraviolet (UV) therapy, also known as phototherapy, is a medical treatment that uses ultraviolet light to treat various skin conditions. The UV light can be delivered through natural sunlight or artificial sources, such as specialized lamps or lasers.

In medical settings, controlled doses of UV light are used to target specific areas of the skin. The most common type of UV therapy is narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) phototherapy, which uses a specific wavelength of UVB light to treat conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and dermatitis.

The goal of UV therapy is to reduce inflammation, slow skin cell growth, and improve the overall appearance of the skin. It is important to note that while UV therapy can be effective in treating certain skin conditions, it also carries risks such as skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. Therefore, it should only be administered under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the body's resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to hypocalcemia (low serum calcium levels) and hyperphosphatemia (high serum phosphate levels). Despite normal or elevated PTH levels, target organs such as the kidneys and bones do not respond appropriately to its actions.

There are several types of PHP, with the most common being type Ia, which is caused by mutations in the GNAS gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gs-alpha), which plays a crucial role in transmitting signals within cells. In PHP type Ia, there is a reduced amount or functionally impaired Gs-alpha protein, leading to resistance to PTH and other hormones that use this signaling pathway, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and gonadotropins.

PHP type Ia patients often exhibit physical features known as Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), including short stature, round face, obesity, brachydactyly (shortened fingers and toes), and ectopic ossifications (formation of bone in abnormal places). However, it is important to note that not all individuals with AHO have PHP, and not all PHP patients display AHO features.

PHP type Ib is another common form of the disorder, characterized by PTH resistance without the physical manifestations of AHO. This type is caused by mutations in the STX16 gene or other genes involved in the intracellular trafficking of Gs-alpha protein.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism should be differentiated from hypoparathyroidism, a condition where there is an insufficient production or secretion of PTH by the parathyroid glands, leading to similar biochemical abnormalities but without resistance to PTH action.

Dietary Phosphorus is a mineral that is an essential nutrient for human health. It is required for the growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues, including bones and teeth. Phosphorus is also necessary for the production of energy, the formation of DNA and RNA, and the regulation of various physiological processes.

In the diet, phosphorus is primarily found in protein-containing foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, legumes, and nuts. It can also be found in processed foods that contain additives such as phosphoric acid, which is used to enhance flavor or as a preservative.

The recommended daily intake of phosphorus for adults is 700 milligrams (mg) per day. However, it's important to note that excessive intake of phosphorus, particularly from supplements and fortified foods, can lead to health problems such as kidney damage and calcification of soft tissues. Therefore, it's recommended to obtain phosphorus primarily from whole foods rather than supplements.

Bone development, also known as ossification, is the process by which bone tissue is formed and grows. This complex process involves several different types of cells, including osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which break down and resorb existing bone tissue.

There are two main types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification occurs when bone tissue forms directly from connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone.

During fetal development, most bones develop through endochondral ossification, starting as a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. However, some bones, such as those in the skull and clavicles, develop through intramembranous ossification.

Bone development continues after birth, with new bone tissue being laid down and existing tissue being remodeled throughout life. This ongoing process helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the skeleton, allowing it to adapt to changing mechanical forces and repair any damage that may occur.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Saudi Arabia" is a country, not a medical term or concept. It is located in the Asian continent, and it is known as the birthplace of Islam and home to its two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. The country's political structure is a monarchy, and it has the largest oil reserves in the world. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) is a medical condition characterized by a gradual and progressive loss of kidney function over a period of months or years. It is also known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The main function of the kidneys is to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood, which are then excreted in the urine. When the kidneys become insufficient, these waste products and fluids accumulate in the body, leading to various complications.

CRI is defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2 for three months or more, regardless of cause. GFR is a measure of kidney function that estimates how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. The condition is classified into five stages based on the severity of the disease and the GFR value.

Stage 1: GFR greater than or equal to 90 ml/min/1.73m2
Stage 2: GFR between 60-89 ml/min/1.73m2
Stage 3: GFR between 30-59 ml/min/1.73m2
Stage 4: GFR between 15-29 ml/min/1.73m2
Stage 5: GFR less than 15 ml/min/1.73m2 or dialysis

CRI can be caused by various underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and other genetic or acquired disorders. Symptoms of CRI may include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, swelling in the legs and ankles, shortness of breath, and changes in urination patterns. Treatment for CRI focuses on slowing down the progression of the disease, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. This may involve lifestyle modifications, medication, dialysis, or kidney transplantation.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a specific type of osteoporosis that occurs in women after they have gone through menopause. It is defined as a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. In this condition, the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause accelerates bone loss, resulting in a decrease in bone density and quality, which can lead to fragility fractures, particularly in the hips, wrists, and spine.

It's important to note that while postmenopausal osteoporosis is more common in women, men can also develop osteoporosis due to other factors such as aging, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions.

Folic Acid Deficiency is a condition characterized by insufficient levels of folic acid (Vitamin B9) in the body. Folic acid plays an essential role in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, the production of red blood cells, and the prevention of neural tube defects during fetal development.

A deficiency in folic acid can lead to a variety of health issues, including:
- Megaloblastic anemia: A type of anemia characterized by large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts) that are unable to function properly. This results in fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a pale appearance.
- Neural tube defects: In pregnant women, folic acid deficiency can increase the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly, in the developing fetus.
- Developmental delays and neurological disorders: In infants and children, folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can lead to developmental delays, learning difficulties, and neurological disorders.
- Increased risk of cardiovascular disease: Folate plays a role in maintaining healthy homocysteine levels. Deficiency can result in elevated homocysteine levels, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Folic acid deficiency can be caused by various factors, including poor dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes (such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease), pregnancy, alcoholism, certain medications (like methotrexate and phenytoin), and genetic disorders affecting folate metabolism. To prevent or treat folic acid deficiency, dietary supplementation with folic acid is often recommended, especially for pregnant women and individuals at risk of deficiency.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Medically, "milk" is not defined. However, it is important to note that human babies are fed with breast milk, which is the secretion from the mammary glands of humans. It is rich in nutrients like proteins, fats, carbohydrates (lactose), vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth and development.

Other mammals also produce milk to feed their young. These include cows, goats, and sheep, among others. Their milk is often consumed by humans as a source of nutrition, especially in dairy products. However, the composition of these milks can vary significantly from human breast milk.

Vitamin B deficiency refers to a condition where an individual's body lacks adequate amounts of one or more essential Vitamin B compounds, including Vitamin B1 (thiamin), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin B9 (folate), and Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). These water-soluble vitamins play crucial roles in various bodily functions, such as energy production, nerve function, DNA repair, and the formation of red blood cells.

Deficiency in any of these Vitamin B compounds can lead to specific health issues. For instance:

1. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency can cause beriberi, a condition characterized by muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy, and heart failure.
2. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency may result in ariboflavinosis, which presents with inflammation of the mouth and tongue, anemia, and skin disorders.
3. Vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency can lead to pellagra, marked by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and, if left untreated, death.
4. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency is rare but can cause acne-like skin lesions and neurological symptoms.
5. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency may result in anemia, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, and skin disorders.
6. Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency can cause hair loss, skin rashes, and neurological symptoms.
7. Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in fetuses during pregnancy, and increased homocysteine levels, which may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
8. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency can cause pernicious anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, neurological symptoms, and, if left untreated, irreversible nerve damage.

Deficiencies in these vitamins can arise from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, or certain medications that interfere with absorption or metabolism. It is essential to maintain a balanced diet and consider supplementation if necessary under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Illinois" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from one or more of the parathyroid glands in the neck. These glands are normally responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body by releasing PTH, which helps to maintain an appropriate balance of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream.

In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland(s) become overactive and produce too much PTH, leading to elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia) in the blood. This can result in a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive impairment, although some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign tumor called an adenoma that develops in one or more of the parathyroid glands. In rare cases, primary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by cancer of the parathyroid gland(s) or by enlargement of all four glands (four-gland hyperplasia). Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s), which is usually curative.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

Photon Absorptiometry is a medical technique used to measure the absorption of photons (light particles) by tissues or materials. In clinical practice, it is often used as a non-invasive method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). This technique uses a low-energy X-ray beam or gamma ray to penetrate the tissue and then measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone. The amount of absorption is related to the density and thickness of the bone, allowing for an assessment of BMD. It can be used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor treatment response in patients with bone diseases. There are two types of photon absorptiometry: single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). SPA uses one energy level, while DPA uses two different energy levels to measure BMD, providing more precise measurements.

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disorder that results from insufficient levels of the protective protein AAT in the blood and lungs. This protein is produced by the liver and helps to protect the lungs from damage caused by inflammation and the action of enzymes, such as neutrophil elastase, that are released during the immune response.

In people with AAT deficiency, the lack of adequate AAT levels leads to an uncontrolled increase in neutrophil elastase activity, which can cause damage to lung tissue and result in emphysema, a condition characterized by shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Additionally, some individuals with AAT deficiency may develop liver disease due to the accumulation of abnormal AAT proteins in liver cells.

There are different variants or genotypes associated with AAT deficiency, with the most common and severe form being the PiZZ genotype. This variant is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene, which encodes for the AAT protein. Individuals who inherit two copies of this mutated gene (one from each parent) will have very low levels of AAT in their blood and are at increased risk of developing emphysema and liver disease.

Diagnosis of AAT deficiency typically involves measuring AAT levels in the blood and performing genetic testing to identify specific variants of the SERPINA1 gene. Treatment may include lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to manage lung symptoms, as well as augmentation therapy with intravenous infusions of AAT protein to help slow disease progression in individuals with severe deficiency. Liver transplantation may be considered for those with advanced liver disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may relate to various physiological processes and phenomena related to infant nutrition.

To try and provide some clarity, I can offer a brief explanation of the individual terms:

1. Infant: A young child, typically under one year of age.
2. Nutritional: Relating to food or nourishment, particularly in relation to energy and the balance of essential nutrients required for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions.
3. Physiological: Describing processes and functions that occur within a living organism as part of normal bodily function, including biochemical reactions, organ function, and responses to environmental stimuli.
4. Phenomena: Observable events or occurrences.

So, "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could refer to observable events or processes related to an infant's nutrition and physiology. However, without further context, it is difficult to provide a more precise definition. Examples of such phenomena might include the development of feeding skills, growth patterns, or changes in metabolism related to dietary intake.

... vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin E. As of 21 December 2018, 81 countries required food fortification ... Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified ... "Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia , Michigan Medicine". www.uofmhealth.org. Retrieved 8 October 2021. "How a Vitamin B Deficiency ... Other B Vitamins (1998). "Vitamin B6". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin ...
Severe vitamin B12 deficiency can damage nerve cells. If this happens, vitamin B12 deficiency may result in sense loss, loss of ... If vitamin B12 deficiency exists with folate deficiency, vitamin B12 should be replaced first to prevent subacute combined ... "Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia , Michigan Medicine". www.uofmhealth.org. Retrieved 2021-10-08. "How a Vitamin B Deficiency ... "Vitamin B12 Deficiency - Disorders of Nutrition". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Retrieved 2021-10-15. "Vitamin B12 Deficiency: ...
... such as for fortified rice or vitamin A-rich sweet potato, may be more effective in eradicating vitamin A deficiency. "Vitamin ... Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995-2005, WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency. Black ... Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) or hypovitaminosis A is a lack of vitamin A in blood and tissues. It is common in poorer countries, ... Other causes of vitamin A deficiency are inadequate intake, fat malabsorption, or liver disorders. Deficiency impairs immunity ...
There is a rare genetic condition termed isolated vitamin E deficiency or 'ataxia with isolated with vitamin E deficiency', ... Treatment is oral vitamin E supplementation. Familial isolated vitamin E deficiency Abetalipoproteinemia Tocopherol Institute ... Vitamin E deficiency in humans is a very rare condition, occurring as a consequence of abnormalities in dietary fat absorption ... Signs of vitamin E deficiency include the following: Neuromuscular problems - such as spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies. ...
... results from insufficient dietary vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 or both. Symptoms include bruising, petechiae, ... The prevalence of vitamin K deficiency varies by geographic region. For infants in the United States, vitamin K1 deficiency ... Vitamin K is changed to its active form in the liver by the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. Activated vitamin K is then ... Vitamin K1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic ...
Evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with impaired immune function. Those with vitamin D deficiency ... Vitamin D deficiency can also be caused by inadequate nutritional intake of vitamin D; disorders that limit vitamin D ... Vitamin D deficiency or hypovitaminosis D is a vitamin D level that is below normal. It most commonly occurs in people when ... Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of schizophrenia. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin under the ...
This combination can lead to vitamin K deficiency and later onset bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency leads to the risk of blood ... Newborns are relatively vitamin K deficient for a variety of reasons: They have low vitamin K stores at birth as vitamin K ... Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) of the newborn, previously known as haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, is a rare form of ... Classical VKDB is more common and caused by the relative deficiency at birth with inadequate vitamin K intake. This is often ...
"Vitamin D in Australia" (PDF). "Vitamin D deficiency and multicultural Australia". The Medical Journal of Australia. 2001. ... Vitamin D deficiency Vitamin D Sun exposure "Australian Health Survey: Biomedical Results for Nutrients, 2011-12" (PDF). ... they were considered safe from a deficiency. Nowadays through technological advancements Vitamin D deficiencies are now ... Moderate deficiency: 13 - 29nmol/L •Severe deficiency: < 13 nmol/L In 1997, the prevalence of deficiency, defined as < 50 years ...
Vitamin E deficiency TTPA "Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2017-01-19. Doerflinger N, Linder C, ... Familial isolated vitamin E deficiency or Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED) is a rare autosomal recessive ... "Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency". NCBI Bookshelf. PMID 20301419. Retrieved 2022-11-13. Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency at ... Familial isolated vitamin E deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene for a-tocopherol transfer protein. Symptoms manifest ...
"Vitamin deficiency". The Guardian, 6 January 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2007. Goldacre, Ben. "Working papers". The Guardian, 20 ... The real crime here is that no full-scale human trials have been funded on vitamin C to follow up Jariwalla's important finding ... Goldacre writes that Holford based this conclusion on a non-clinical study where "you tip lots of vitamin C onto HIV-infected ... He argues that "Holford was guilty of at least incompetence in claiming that this study demonstrated vitamin C to be a better ...
Holick, M. F (2007). "Vitamin D deficiency". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (3): 266-81. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553. PMID ... 7-Dehydrocholesterol from lanolin is used as a raw material for producing vitamin D3 by irradiation with ultraviolet light. ... also used in vitamins" (PDF). American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER). 3 (7): 33-43. Archived (PDF) from the original ...
Pancreatic cancer cell in high magnification Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency of water-soluble vitamin C or ascorbic acid. It ... Maxfield L, Crane JS (October 2022). "Vitamin C Deficiency.". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls ...
Specific cases include: Vitamin K deficiency: In the liver, vitamin K plays an important role in the synthesis of coagulation ... The liver synthesizes inactive precursor proteins in the absence of vitamin K (liver disease). Vitamin K deficiency leads to ... Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors have a very short half-life, sometimes leading to a deficiency when a depletion of ... A vitamin K-dependent clotting factor is seldom seen as a contributor to inherited prothrombin deficiencies, but lack of ...
"Vitamin Deficiency Anemia". Mayo Clinic. Pirklbauer M (July 2020). "Hemodialysis treatment in patients with severe electrolyte ... Folate deficiency can occur in some patients having hemodialysis. Although a dyalisate fluid, which is a solution containing ...
Many South Africans also have a Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency. A serious deficiency in this vital nutrient can cause ... due to the detrimental effects of Vitamin A on the immune system. Vitamin C deficiency also has detrimental effects on the ... An additional malnutrition problem is a deficiency in vitamin A. It is especially prominent in the Northern Province, the ... West Jr., K. (1 September 2002). "Extent of Vitamin A Deficiency Among Preschool children and Women of Reproductive Age". The ...
Mayo Clinic staff (March 4, 2011). "Vitamin deficiency anemia". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Mayo Clinic ... "Folate-deficiency anemia". National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 31 January 2010. ... Hall, C. A. (November 1975). "Transcobalamins I and II as natural transport proteins of vitamin B12". J. Clin. Invest. 56 (5): ... Griffin JH, Evatt B, Zimmerman TS, Kleiss AJ, Wideman C (1981). "Deficiency of protein C in congenital thrombotic disease". J. ...
It demonstrates the ability for humans to develop and innovate themselves out of problems, such as the deficiency of vitamin A ... "Vitamin A Deficiency". www.goldenrice.org. Retrieved 2015-10-31. "NPIC - National Pesticide Information Centre" (PDF). "The DDT ... GM crops can create many advantages, such as higher food fields, added vitamins and increased farm profits. Depending on the ... a precursor of vitamin A). This enables healthier and fulfilling lifestyles for these individuals and consequently helps to ...
Sommer, Alfred; West, Keith P. (1996). Vitamin A Deficiency. Oxford University Press. p. 352. Prabhune, Meenakshi (April 6, ... she worked with Alfred Sommer to analyze data to uncover a link between vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and an increased risk for ... "The Story of Vitamin A". Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 2003. Retrieved May 25, 2021. Howard, Brandon (May ... Her research has also sought to find low cost interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies, infectious diseases, and poor ...
... vitamin D deficiency; higher levels of poverty than the figures suggest; and adverse childhood experiences. Housing in Glasgow ... vitamin D deficiency, cold winters, higher levels of poverty than the figures suggest, adverse childhood experiences and ...
Holick, Michael F. (2007). "Vitamin D Deficiency". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (3): 266-281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553 ... that the UVB doses produced by tanning beds exceed what is needed for adequate vitamin D production, and that adequate vitamin ... Vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to UVB, whether from sunlight or an artificial source. It is needed for ... Obtaining vitamin D from indoor tanning has to be weighed against the risk of developing skin cancer. The indoor-tanning ...
... and B vitamin deficiency. The protein in cottonseed meal is also low in lysine. Glandless cottonseed was developed in the early ...
B; Smith M (2015). "Vitamins and supplements lifestyle guide. Calcium;". Sahota, O. (2014). "Understanding vitamin D deficiency ... 1-2 serves of fruit (150g) should also be consumed daily as it is essential in preventing early onset vitamin deficiencies. 1- ... Vitamin D, also coined as the sunshine vitamin, is necessary within a child's diet as it allows body tissues and in particular ... Perlstein, D. (2015). "Rickets (Calcium, Phosphate, or Vitamin D Deficiency) Pg 1". Inglis, V.; Ball, K.; Crawford, D. (2005 ...
"Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)". Vitamin Deficiency Info (blog). Retrieved 2 January 2023. Saloheimo P (2005). "[Captain Cook ... Many health benefits have been claimed for sauerkraut: It is a high source of vitamins C and K; the fermentation process ...
Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes. However, there is some discrepancy ... Rice AL, West KP, Black RE (2004). "Vitamin A deficiency" (PDF). In Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJ (eds.). ... West KP (September 2002). "Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age". The Journal ... "Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency". The American ...
Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the diet. A long-term deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to ... "Vitamin B12 deficiency" (PDF). BMJ. 349: g5226. doi:10.1136/bmj.g5226. PMID 25189324. S2CID 28782021. Archived from the ... Atrophic gastritis, particularly in the elderly, will cause an inability to absorb B12 and can lead to deficiencies such as ... In pernicious anemia, autoantibodies directed against parietal cells or intrinsic factor cause a reduction in vitamin B12 ...
Ting RZ, Szeto CC, Chan MH, Ma KK, Chow KM (October 2006). "Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving ... May 2010). "Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised ... Higher doses and prolonged use are associated with increased incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency, and some researchers ... Andrès E, Noel E, Goichot B (October 2002). "Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 ( ...
Vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine deficiency) was reported to cause seizures, especially in alcoholics. Vitamin B6 depletion ( ... pyridoxine deficiency) was reported to be associated with pyridoxine-dependent seizures. Vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to ... Yavuz, Halûk (2008). "Vitamin B12 deficiency and seizures". Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 50 (9): 720. doi: ... Kumar, S (2004). "Recurrent seizures: an unusual manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency". Neurology India. 52 (1): 122-3. PMID ...
Hastings, V. E. (1938). "Cancer And Vitamin A Deficiency". The British Medical Journal. 1 (4042): 1390. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4042. ...
... tuberculosis and vitamin D deficiency. His study was the first of its kind which documented the widespread deficiency of ... Sasidharan, P.K; Vijayakumari V; Rajeev E (April 2002). "Tuberculosis and Vitamin D deficiency". J Assoc Physicians India. 50 ( ... the most prominent among them being the landmark study on Vitamin D deficiency in Tuberculosis which established the link ... Besides these, there are original studies on B12 deficiency, reversal of diabetes, reversal of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ...
Vitamin D deficiency can occur. Vitamin D binding protein is lost. Hypocalcaemia: lack of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (the way ... In addition to these key imbalances, vitamin D and calcium are also taken orally in case the alteration of vitamin D causes ... Hypothyroidism: deficiency of the thyroglobulin transport protein thyroxin (a glycoprotein that is rich in iodine and is found ... that vitamin D is stored in the body). As vitamin D regulates the amount of calcium present in the blood, a decrease in its ...
... deficiency) can affect your bones and overall health. Learn who is at risk, how much vitamin D you need, and how to get enough. ... What is vitamin D deficiency?. Vitamin D deficiency means that your body is not getting enough vitamin D to stay healthy. ... What causes vitamin D deficiency?. You can become deficient in vitamin D for different reasons:. *You dont get enough vitamin ... What problems does vitamin D deficiency cause?. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone density, which can contribute ...
Dr David Johnson on why we should consider vitamin D supplementation beyond its benefits for bone health. ... to determine colorectal cancer risk at various ranges of vitamin D. They used the traditional measure for vitamin D deficiency ... This new study supports the idea that vitamin D deficiency makes a difference. Researchers pooled data from 17 study cohorts ( ... Cite this: Vitamin D Deficiency Elevates Colorectal Cancer Risk - Medscape - Nov 15, 2018. ...
... deficiency can occur in any age group but is encountered most often in infancy. VK, an essential, lipid-soluble vitamin that ... encoded search term (Vitamin K Deficiency) and Vitamin K Deficiency What to Read Next on Medscape ... Morbidity correlates with the severity of vitamin K deficiency. The risk of developing vitamin K deficiency bleeding is 81 ... Vitamin K prophylaxis for prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding: a systematic review. J Perinatol. 2016 May. 36 Suppl 1: ...
... vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin E. As of 21 December 2018, 81 countries required food fortification ... Vitamin deficiency is the condition of a long-term lack of a vitamin. When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified ... "Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia , Michigan Medicine". www.uofmhealth.org. Retrieved 8 October 2021. "How a Vitamin B Deficiency ... Other B Vitamins (1998). "Vitamin B6". Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin ...
... using serum cobalamin assay to diagnosis vitamin B12 deficiency has its limitations. "Functional" vitamin B12 deficiency is a ... Autonomic dysfunction in vitamin B12 deficiency: a heart rate variability study. J Auton Nerv Syst 1998;71:25-7.. 5- Aytemir K ... The clinical review of vitamin B12 deficiency by Hunt et al was concise and informative. However, it did not mention autonomic ... The exact mechanism of excessive sweating in vitamin-B12 deficiency is a matter of speculation and will require further studies ...
Late Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Infants Whose Parents Declined Vitamin K Prophylaxis - Tennessee, 2013. Vitamin K ... Sutor AH, Kries R, Cornelissen EAM, McNinch AW, Andrew M. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in infancy. Thromb Haemost 1999; ... In adults, vitamin K is absorbed from food and from vitamin K synthesized by gut bacteria. However, placental transfer in ... Zipursky A. Prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns. Br J Haematol 1999;104:430-7. ...
Learn about vitamin K deficiency in adults and infants. ... The main symptom of a vitamin K deficiency is bleeding caused ... Vitamin K deficiency is much more likely to occur in infants. When it does, it is known as vitamin K deficiency bleeding or ... Vitamin K deficiency in adults is very rare, as most people get sufficient vitamin K from their diet. If a deficiency does ... What is vitamin B12 deficiency?. Medically reviewed by Emelia Arquilla, DO. Vitamin B12 is crucial for the formation of red ...
What causes vitamin D deficiency? Learn the signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency including fatigue, depression, and other ... Could you be at risk for vitamin D deficiency? ... The Vitamin D Council. How do I get the vitamin D my body needs ... What are signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?. The symptoms of vitamin D deficiency can be nonspecific such as fatigue, ... Other people who have vitamin D deficiency may not notice any symptoms. People with a severe vitamin D deficiency can have ...
Conventional wisdom says that oral B12 is too poorly absorbed to be able to correct a deficiency. Is that really true? ... Cite this: Treating Vitamin B12 Deficiency: What Formulation Is Best? - Medscape - Mar 09, 2020. ... Metformin Use Linked to Worse Cognition, B-Vitamin Deficiency * 2001. High Rates of B Vitamin Deficiency in Teens With Mental ...
... had substantial improvement in their symptoms of depression after they received treatment for their vitamin D deficiency, a new ... Because the women had risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, such as low vitamin D intake and poor sun exposure, they each ... Levels below 21 ng/mL are considered vitamin D deficiency, and normal vitamin D levels are above 30 ng/mL, according to The ... Treating vitamin D deficiency may improve depression. Date:. June 25, 2012. Source:. Endocrine Society. Summary:. Women with ...
To assess the association between vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis disease progression, we studied vitamin D levels in a ... Gibney KB, MacGregor L, Leder K, Torresi J, Marshall C, Ebeling PR, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with tuberculosis and ... for a relative 1-log decrement in vitamin D levels, which suggests that vitamin D deficiency might be a strong risk factor for ... Vitamin D deficiency in an ample sunlight country. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19:267-8.PubMedGoogle Scholar ...
... higher for subjects with vitamin D deficiency at the start of the study than for subjects with normal vitamin D levels and 77% ... Vitamin D deficiency increases risk of losing muscle strength by 78%. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo ... Vitamin D deficiency increases risk of losing muscle strength by 78% Researchers in Brazil and the UK analyzed data for more ... There are many more days of sunlight per year in Brazil, and yet were known to have a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency ...
The proper diagnostic term that has been adopted is currently vitamin K deficiency bleeding because vitamin K deficiency is not ... Late-onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn. Late-onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding usually occurs between age 2- ... Early-onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn. Early-onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding usually occurs during first ... Classic vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn. Classic vitamin K deficiency bleeding usually occurs after 24 hours after ...
Learn more from WebMD about how to get plenty of vitamin D, and how to treat a vitamin D deficiency. ... Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones, and a lack of it can lead to health problems, including cardiovascular disease. ... Treatment for Vitamin D Deficiency. Treatment for vitamin D deficiency involves getting more vitamin D -- through diet and ... Tests for Vitamin D Deficiency. The most accurate way to measure how much vitamin D is in your body is the 25-hydroxy vitamin D ...
Efforts to tackle obesity should thus also help to reduce levels of vitamin D deficiency in the population, says the lead ... Obesity can lead to a lack of vitamin D circulating in the body, a new study suggests. ... Link Between Neonatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Schizophrenia Confirmed. Dec. 6, 2018 Newborns with vitamin D deficiency have an ... Vitamin D deficiency is a growing public health concern, and there is evidence that vitamin D metabolism, storage and action ...
This article explains some of the symptoms and causes of vitamin D deficiency, as well as how to treat it. ... Vitamin D deficiency is incredibly common in Western countries. ... While vitamin D deficiency may be seen in cases of obesity, ... Vitamin D deficiency occurs when the body doesnt get enough vitamin D from sunlight or diet. Vitamin D deficiency can cause ... 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, or calcitriol. The most common test for vitamin D deficiency is the 25-hydroxy vitamin D test. This ...
... vitamin B1) many years ago. It functions as a catalyst in the generation of energy through decarboxylation of branched-chain ... Review Chapter 30: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: the water-soluble B vitamins.[ ... Review Chapter 30: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency disorders: the water-soluble B vitamins.. ... Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency. Kimberly D. Wiley; Mohit Gupta.. Author Information and Affiliations. Authors. Kimberly D. ...
All posts tagged with vitamin C deficiency. * Study finds people with type 2 diabetes and obesity have lower vitamin C levels. ... Natural News) Vitamin C gets a lot of buzz during cold season, but it turns out that the nutrient also has a substantial effect ... Natural News) A recent study out of New Zealand has found an inverse relationship between the levels of vitamin C in a persons ... in: Food, Health, Mental Health, nervous system, Nutrition, Superfoods & healing foods, Vitamin C ...
... were rigorously reviewed and revised by a working group and presented for discussion at the XX International Vitamin A ... Comprehensive recommendations for the assessment and control of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) ... Assessment and control of vitamin A deficiency: the Annecy Accords J Nutr. 2002 Sep;132(9 Suppl):2845S-2850S. doi: 10.1093/jn/ ... Fortification, supplementation, or other means of increasing vitamin A intake are needed to correct widespread deficiency. To ...
... is a B-complex vitamin involved in over 150 enzyme reactions. Here are 9 signs and symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency. ... Vitamin B deficiencies can cause a wide range of symptoms. Learn the importance of each B vitamin, their deficiency symptoms, ... One reason B6 deficiency may result in skin rashes is that the vitamin helps synthesize collagen, which is needed for healthy ... Vitamin B6 deficiency may lead to a variety of signs and symptoms, including skin rashes, mood changes, and low energy. To ...
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause various clinical manifestations. Are you familiar with risk factors, key aspects of ... Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause various neurologic diseases and other clinical manifestations. Its incidence widely varies on ... In the United States and the United Kingdom, the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in individuals aged , 60 years is ... Are you familiar with risk factors for the development of vitamin B12 deficiency, as well as related key aspects, clinical ...
... deficiency) can affect your bones and overall health. Learn who is at risk, how much vitamin D you need, and how to get enough. ... What is vitamin D deficiency?. Vitamin D deficiency means that your body is not getting enough vitamin D to stay healthy. ... What causes vitamin D deficiency?. You can become deficient in vitamin D for different reasons:. *You dont get enough vitamin ... What problems does vitamin D deficiency cause?. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone density, which can contribute ...
Its the vitamin that we get from the sun, yet despite its ample availability, one in three Australian adults still suffer from ... "While severe vitamin D deficiency is rarer in Australia than elsewhere in the world, it can still affect those who have health ... Vitamin D deficiency linked to premature death. October 26, 2022. University of South Australia ... "Vitamin D deficiency has been connected with mortality, but as clinical trials have often failed to recruit people with low ...
Here we break down the best foods to eat for every vitamin deficiency and what pairings are best for maximum nutrient ... Best Foods to Eat for Every Vitamin Deficiency. Experts Reveal the Foods That Can Help You Cover All Your Vitamin Bases. ... and simply cover your bases when it comes to common vitamin deficiencies - from vitamin A to Omega-3 and everything in between. ... Still, common vitamin deficiencies can lurk under the surface if youre not pairing your food properly. It might sound a little ...
Vitamin D status of Asian mothers in Cardiff was investigated during early pregnancy and at the time of the birth of their ... Vitamin D deficiency: a concern in pregnant Asian women Br J Nutr. 1995 Jun;73(6):881-7. doi: 10.1079/bjn19950093. ... These findings suggest that subclinical vitamin D deficiency is still a cause for concern in Asian women. More active measures ... Vitamin D status of Asian mothers in Cardiff was investigated during early pregnancy and at the time of the birth of their ...
... is a vitamin K-dependent proenzyme that functions in the blood coagulation cascade. Factor II deficiency is a rare, inherited ... Vitamins, Fat-Soluble. Class Summary. Fat-soluble vitamins may play essential role in the function of clotting factors. ... encoded search term (Factor II Deficiency) and Factor II Deficiency What to Read Next on Medscape ... Factor II Deficiency Medication. Updated: Mar 16, 2021 * Author: Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH; Chief Editor: Perumal Thiagarajan ...
Learn about Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency, including symptoms, causes, and treatments. If you or a loved one is affected by ... Ataxia with Vitamin E Deficiency. Medline Plus. Updated Dec 1, 2015. Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics ... Vitamin E deficiency often occurs secondary to disorders that impair the absorption of vitamin E from fat including liver ... Premature infants may have low vitamin E levels due to small amounts of vitamin E cross the placenta. In rare cases vitamin E ...
The most important treatment for Vitamin A deficiency is changing the turtles diet to include adequate amounts of Vitamin A. ... As this supply of Vitamin A is depleted, the turtle must eat foods with adequate amounts of vitamin A. Good sources of Vitamin ... Vitamin A toxicity) presents similar to Vitamin A deficiency with red, inflamed skin which frequently sloughs. ... The symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency are very similar to the symptoms for other diseases so it is important to rule out other ...
Vitamin B2 Deficiency. George E. Meinig, DDS / March 31, 2005. Published on the Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation website, ... This is not a vitamin B2 deficiency but of course both things could exist at the same time. ... This vitamin is lost in the refining of grain, exposure of food to sunlight, and some of it is lost by heating food and when it ... When the corners of the mouth are cracked it is common to see that skin and eyes are also often involved with deficiencies of ...
Seventy-five percent of mothers had vitamin D deficiency, and 26 percent had blood vitamin D levels considered very low. Only ... "Vitamin D deficiency is the major cause of rickets around the world, but rickets may be just the tip of the iceberg," says Dr. ... "Vitamin D deficiency is also common in Arab women during pregnancy and is detrimental to the health of both mother and child," ... Vitamin D deficiency is largely due to how Arab women dress outdoors - preventing exposure of the skin to sunlight - and low ...
  • You can get vitamin D in three ways: through your skin, from your diet, and from supplements. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are also vitamin D supplements, both in pills and in a liquid for babies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have vitamin D deficiency, the treatment is with supplements. (medlineplus.gov)
  • According to the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) , vitamin K deficiency is very rare in the United States. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • For more in-depth resources about vitamins, minerals, and supplements, visit our dedicated hub . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People can also take vitamin K supplements. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Taking vitamin D supplements are another way to get vitamin D. Some foods contains vitamin D, but food alone will not provide enough vitamin D. (medicinenet.com)
  • It is possible to have too much vitamin D. This most commonly occurs when people take too many vitamin D supplements. (medicinenet.com)
  • A study from the University of Milan found that taking vitamin D supplements led to weight loss in obese and overweight people who had vitamin D deficiency. (medicinenet.com)
  • The researchers believe that vitamin D supplements help weight loss and enhances the effects of a lower-calorie diet. (medicinenet.com)
  • The researchers suggest that obese people should be checked for vitamin D deficiency and if the condition is present, begin taking supplements. (medicinenet.com)
  • However, because we knew there are many worldwide cases of people with osteoporosis who take vitamin supplements, we needed to try to measure the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation," said Maicon Luís Bicigo Delinocente , first author of the article. (eurekalert.org)
  • Treatment for vitamin D deficiency involves getting more vitamin D -- through diet and supplements. (webmd.com)
  • Office of Dietary Supplements: "Dietary Supplement Sheet: Vitamin D. (webmd.com)
  • Vitamin D, which is essential for healthy bones as well as other functions, is made in the skin after exposure to sunlight but can also be obtained through the diet and through supplements. (sciencedaily.com)
  • While experiments in rats have suggested that large doses of vitamin D2 can boost the amount of energy they burn, trials testing the effect of vitamin D supplements on weight loss in obese or overweight people have not shown any consistent findings. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, it is important to note that taking vitamin D supplements - at any dosage - will not prevent COVID-19 ( 2 ). (healthline.com)
  • To improve the status of young infants, the vitamin A supplements provided to mothers during their first 6 wk postpartum and to young infants during their first 6 mo of life should be doubled. (nih.gov)
  • According to Trista Best, MPH, RD, LD, Environmental Health Specialist, and Adjunct Nutrition Professor and Registered Dietitian at Balance One Supplements , iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide - with nearly 50 percent of preschool-age children being iron deficient because their diets commonly lack iron - and drinking calcium-rich milk can block iron absorption. (askmen.com)
  • It may be helpful to bring any supplements, such as vitamin or mineral powders, fed to your turtle when you visit your veterinarian. (petplace.com)
  • Only 25 percent had taken vitamin D supplements during pregnancy, and 47 percent were taking supplements postpartum. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • You can also take Vitamin D supplements after consulting your doctor to increase the intake of this vitamin. (indiatimes.com)
  • "Vitamin D is important to the function of the immune system and vitamin D supplements have previously been shown to lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections," ​said Dr Meltzer. (nutraingredients.com)
  • While our bodies do manufacture vitamin D on exposure to sunshine, the levels in some northern countries are so weak during the winter months that our body makes no vitamin D at all, meaning that dietary supplements and fortified foods are seen by many as the best way to boost intakes of vitamin D. (nutraingredients.com)
  • the evidence supporting a protective effect of vitamin D against severe COVID‐19 disease is very suggestive, a substantial proportion of the population in the Northern Hemisphere will currently be vitamin D deficient, and supplements, for example, 1000 international units (25 micrograms) per day are very safe. (nutraingredients.com)
  • But first, let's share the top 5 supplements for hair loss from vitamin D deficiency. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Vitamin D supplements are available in two forms: cholecalciferol (vitamin D) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D). (discovermagazine.com)
  • The next step is to conduct randomized clinical trials of vitamin D supplements in pregnant women who are vitamin D deficient, in order to examine the impact on child brain development and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. (scienceblog.com)
  • The sun is not the sole source of vitamin D. Many foods including salmon, eggs, milk and Portobello mushrooms also provide vitamin D. Another option is supplements as they are effective and low-risk, provided they are used as directed and a physician is consulted in advance. (worldhealth.net)
  • Outside of taking actual vitamin B2 supplements, there are also a ton of everyday foods that include vitamin B2. (fitday.com)
  • Because of that, there is a chance that you might suffer from vitamin B2 deficiency if you do not eat the right types of foods or take vitamin B2 supplements. (fitday.com)
  • And just a note: if by the end of this article you're a bit paranoid about your own vitamin deficiencies, skip the supplements aisle and instead check out our complete guide to getting all your nutrients from food. (popsci.com)
  • Disclaimer: Material provided on vitamins-minerals-supplements.org website is provided for educational purposes only. (vitamins-minerals-supplements.org)
  • A substantial proportion of the population in the Northern Hemisphere will currently be vitamin D deficient, and supplements eg. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The guidelines on vitamin D will enable primary health care centres, which are the cornerstone of the National Health Strategy that was launched in collaboration with WHO, to support in screening for vitamin D deficiency and providing needed supplements, further contributing to improved health outcomes. (who.int)
  • Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency usually results from inadequate absorption, but deficiency can develop in vegans who do not take vitamin supplements. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In such cases, crystalline vitamin B12 (such as that available in vitamin supplements) can be absorbed, but food-bound vitamin B12 is not liberated and absorbed normally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vitamin E has been demonstrated to inhibit platelet adhesion, as measured by a laminar flow chamber when blood from patients who have taken vitamin E supplements is tested. (medscape.com)
  • Increasing awareness of the rationale for and importance of vitamin D supplements for all breastfed infants and children should reduce the incidence of vitamin D deficiency rickets and prevent bone deformity . (bvsalud.org)
  • Nonetheless, it raises the bar for vitamin D supplementation in our patients. (medscape.com)
  • I've also used supplementation in patients with diverticulitis , which we know to occur more frequently in patients with lower vitamin D. When you get into some of the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D on proliferation, differentiation, barrier function, and immune response, it makes sense to start looking at this in inflammatory/infectious disease as well. (medscape.com)
  • When vitamin K supplementation is given after the birth for early-onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding, it may be too late to prevent this disease, especially if vitamin K supplementation was not provided during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Fortification, supplementation, or other means of increasing vitamin A intake are needed to correct widespread deficiency. (nih.gov)
  • Excessive supplementation with vitamin powders or liver can result in hypervitaminosis A (excess Vitamin A). (petplace.com)
  • It is important to check the vitamin dose with your veterinarian periodically, because as your turtle begins to eat a more healthy diet, the dose of vitamin powder needs to be decreased to avoid health problems associated with over-supplementation. (petplace.com)
  • Pancake tortoises seem to be especially sensitive to over supplementation with Vitamin A. Hypervitaminosis A (Vitamin A toxicity) presents similar to Vitamin A deficiency with red, inflamed skin which frequently sloughs. (petplace.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency is largely due to how Arab women dress outdoors - preventing exposure of the skin to sunlight - and low levels of supplementation, according to Adekunle Dawodu, MD , a physician in the Center for Global Child Health at Cincinnati Children's and lead author of the study. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • The problem can be addressed by either vitamin D supplementation or having expectant mothers expose their skin modestly to sunlight in private, such as the privacy of their own courtyards. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • No infants had been exposed to sunlight or received vitamin D supplementation. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Heightened awareness of the problem by health care providers and caregivers and corrective vitamin D supplementation starting during pregnancy would help prevent deficiency in mothers and infants in this setting. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • A wave of scientific publications has suggested that vitamin D3 supplementation could be a potentially promising and safe approach to reduce risk of COVID-19 infections and deaths. (nutraingredients.com)
  • It is time for governments to strengthen recommendations for vitamin D intake and supplementation, particularly when under lock‐down. (nutraingredients.com)
  • As the developing fetus is totally reliant on mother's vitamin D stores, our findings suggest that ensuring pregnant women have adequate levels of vitamin D may result in the prevention of some schizophrenia cases, in a manner comparable to the role folate supplementation has played in the prevention of spina bifida. (scienceblog.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency may play an important role in the severity of COVID-19 infections so supplementation should be strongly advised at this time, according to researchers who studied mortality rates across the globe. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Mortality rates from COVID-19 are higher at these latitudes, with the exception of Nordic countries, where vitamin D supplementation is widespread and deficiency much less common. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The report argues that further research is 'urgently needed' to assess whether there may be a correlation between vitamin D status and severity of COVID-19 but says that, in the meantime, governments should be advocating supplementation of the vitamin. (nutraingredients.com)
  • It is time for governments to strengthen recommendations for vitamin D intake and supplementation, particularly when under lock-down Vitamin D deficiency correlates with poor sunlight exposure, age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and ethnicity-all features associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Dr Laird adds that whilst vitamin D can be consumed through the diet, supplementation can help ensure sufficient levels in the bloodstream. (nutraingredients.com)
  • However, supplementation is the best means of ensuring sufficient Vitamin D blood levels. (nutraingredients.com)
  • "Our findings provide further rationale to explore the role of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease," ​wrote the researchers, led by Harvey Kaufman, MD, from Quest Diagnostics and Michael Holick, PhD, MD, professor of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics and Molecular Medicine at Boston University Medical Campus. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • In the interim, the authors recommend responsible vitamin D supplementation based on personal needs, risk factors, and advice from personal physicians in accordance with existing Endocrine Society Guidelines. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Sohl concluded, " Vitamin D supplementation could provide a way to prevent physical decline, but the idea needs to be explored further with additional studies. (themedguru.com)
  • Dr Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan noted what has been achieved for Lebanon in terms of guideline development, emphasizing the participatory approach with key stakeholders and saying that, "The guidelines will fill a major knowledge and care gap by providing recommendations that can help shape the vitamin D supplementation public health policy in Lebanon. (who.int)
  • The experts' discussion on anemia looked into the implementation of policies and interventions including fortification and supplementation to address anemia and other micronutrient deficiencies of concern. (who.int)
  • He was started on vitamin D supplementation 800 IU daily. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, current literature suggests that vitamin D supplementation may reduce the risk of developing caries lesions. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the United States , prolonged breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation is a major risk factor . (bvsalud.org)
  • Vitamin fortification programs exist in one or more countries for folate, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin E. As of 21 December 2018, 81 countries required food fortification with one or more vitamins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most people get enough B6 in their diet, but if you are deficient in other B complex vitamins, such as folate and B12, you're more likely to be deficient in vitamin B6 as well ( 1 ). (healthline.com)
  • Notably, deficiencies of riboflavin, folate , iron and other nutrients can also cause this condition, as can sunny, dry or windy weather and other external factors ( 13 , 14 ). (healthline.com)
  • Deficiencies of other nutrients, including folate and B12 , can also result in this condition. (healthline.com)
  • would likely result in a deficiency in vitamin B12 , folate, and iron. (brainmass.com)
  • A new study from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health now estimates that this trend could put tens of millions of people at new risk of deficiencies in major B vitamins including thiamin, riboflavin, and folate. (harvard.edu)
  • On average, rising carbon dioxide levels could lead to an additional 132 million people with folate deficiency, 67 million more with thiamin deficiency, and 40 million more with riboflavin deficiency, the study found. (harvard.edu)
  • Quantifying one small portion of the health burden related to these changes, the study estimated that folate deficiency among mothers could lead to a 0.5% increase in neural tube birth defects, which translates roughly to an additional 27,900 life-years lost annually and 260 more deaths every year. (harvard.edu)
  • Vitamin B9 (folate or folic acid) plays a key role in fertility, pregnancy and the health of the baby. (preeclampsia.org)
  • Folate ( folic acid ) should not be used instead of vitamin B12 because folate may alleviate the anemia but allow neurologic deficits to progress. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Vitamins Vitamins may be Fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) Water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) The B vitamins include biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (B2), thiamin (B1). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Folate belongs to the group of water-soluble B vitamins that occur naturally in food. (cdc.gov)
  • Your body forms vitamin D naturally after exposure to sunlight. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Older adults, because your skin doesn't make vitamin D when exposed to sunlight as efficiently as when you were young, and your kidneys are less able to convert vitamin D to its active form. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The human body is designed to obtain its vitamin D from sunlight. (medicinenet.com)
  • The body produces vitamin D on its own when bare skin is exposed to sunlight. (medicinenet.com)
  • There are many more days of sunlight per year in Brazil, and yet we're known to have a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, especially among older people. (eurekalert.org)
  • Our body only synthesizes vitamin D when large areas of skin are exposed to sunlight, Alexandre recalled. (eurekalert.org)
  • Known as the sunshine vitamin, vitamin D is produced by the body in response to skin being exposed to sunlight. (webmd.com)
  • Because the body makes vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunlight, you may be at risk of deficiency if you are homebound, live in northern latitudes, wear long robes or head coverings for religious reasons, or have an occupation that prevents sun exposure. (webmd.com)
  • During the winter, vitamin D deficiency can be more prevalent because there is less sunlight available. (webmd.com)
  • The pigment melanin reduces the skin's ability to make vitamin D in response to sunlight exposure. (webmd.com)
  • It has also been suggested that obesity could result from an excessive adaptive winter response, and that the decline in vitamin D skin synthesis from less exposure to sunlight contributes to the tendency to put on weight during colder seasons. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency occurs when the body doesn't get enough vitamin D from sunlight or diet. (healthline.com)
  • Vitamin D is sometimes called the sunshine vitamin because your body makes it from cholesterol when your skin is exposed to sunlight ( 1 ). (healthline.com)
  • Even though sunlight, the prominent source of Vitamin D, is available to us in abundance, most people across the globe are deficient in this sunshine vitamin. (indiatimes.com)
  • In summers it is still easy to get the daily recommended RDI for the Vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. (indiatimes.com)
  • Sunlight is the best source of Vitamin D. When the skin is exposed to sunlight, our body converts cholesterol to the D Vitamin. (indiatimes.com)
  • The best way to treat vitamin D deficiency is to get more sunlight or take a supplement. (discovermagazine.com)
  • However, the body's main source of vitamin D is through exposure to sunlight. (discovermagazine.com)
  • When you are exposed to sunlight, your skin produces cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D. This vitamin is then transported to the liver where it is converted into calcifediol. (discovermagazine.com)
  • If you are unable to get enough vitamin D from sunlight or food sources, you may need to take a supplement. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Cholecalciferol is the form of vitamin D that is produced in the skin when exposed to sunlight. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The study states that all countries that lie below a latitude of 35 degrees North have relatively low mortality from COVID-19, whereas people in countries that lie thirty-five degrees North and above receive insufficient sunlight for adequate vitamin D levels in winter and spring. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The National Health Service has also recommended everyone consider taking 10 micrograms of vitamin D a day during lockdown as they may not be getting enough vitamin D from sunlight if they're indoors most of the day. (nutraingredients.com)
  • By smothering her daughter in factor-50 sun screen she deprived the youngster of vitamin D, which is produced by the body as a reaction to sunlight on the skin. (ecochildsplay.com)
  • British health officials now recommend people spend 15 minutes outside during peak sun hours three times a week to prevent vitamin D deficiency, as sunlight is responsible for 90 percent of our vitamin D intake. (ecochildsplay.com)
  • said the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is higher in countries having four seasons with limited exposure to sunlight, for instance, in European countries, North America, and some parts of Australia. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Approximately 40% of the U.S. population is deficient in Vitamin D. Often referred to as the 'sunshine vitamin,' vitamin D plays a pivotal role in our overall well-being, influencing everything from bone health to immune function and mood regulation. (discovermagazine.com)
  • There are a few different reasons why someone might be deficient in vitamin D. (discovermagazine.com)
  • If you are deficient in vitamin D, your body will be less able to absorb calcium, leading to weak bones. (discovermagazine.com)
  • And with half of Americans deficient in Vitamin D, understanding whether treating Vitamin D deficiency changes COVID-19 risk could be of great importance locally, nationally and globally, said Dr Meltzer. (nutraingredients.com)
  • In fact, it is estimated that one billion people worldwide are deficient in vitamin D. (discovermagazine.com)
  • An individual who is deficient in vitamin D should have his levels checked. (worldhealth.net)
  • Natural News) Vitamin C gets a lot of buzz during cold season, but it turns out that the nutrient also has a substantial effect on the human brain. (naturalnews.com)
  • Vitamin D is an important nutrient that helps maintain good health and keep our bones and muscles strong and healthy. (scienceblog.com)
  • Vitamin D is a nutrient that you need to get in enough quantity daily to keep your bone and muscles healthy. (indiatimes.com)
  • Aching muscles can be a sign of vitamin D deficiency because this nutrient is essential for keeping your muscles healthy. (discovermagazine.com)
  • A sweaty head can be a sign of vitamin D levels low because this nutrient is essential for keeping your body cool. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Although anyone can develop a deficiency due to how widespread the vitamin D nutrient gap is, there are a few key risk factors that make a person more prone to it. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Researchers in both studies found that countries where people had lower levels of vitamin D had a higher rate of severe COVID-19 cases and deaths than countries where people had higher levels of the nutrient. (insider.com)
  • Two new studies linked vitamin D deficiency with coronavirus risks, suggesting that not having enough of the nutrient could mean people are more likely to experience serious complications if they are infected. (insider.com)
  • The analysis revealed subjects in the age bracket of 65 to 88 years with the lowest vitamin D levels were 1.7 times inclined to have at least one physical limitation as opposed to those with highest of the nutrient. (themedguru.com)
  • The body manufactures vitamin D when exposed to sunshine, but people are spending more time indoors and are deficient of the nutrient. (themedguru.com)
  • A sweaty head or sweaty scalp is characterised as an early sign of vitamin D deficiency. (indiatimes.com)
  • They warn that neonatal tremor may be an early clinical sign of vitamin D deficiency and that such deficiency should be considered when tremors occur in a full-term neonate who lacks other indicators of pathology. (medscape.com)
  • Endocrine disorders such as vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency can lead to loss of bone mineral density as well as a reduction in muscle mass, strength and function," he said. (eurekalert.org)
  • The results proved that the risk of muscle weakness is heightened by both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, Alexandre said. (eurekalert.org)
  • Another conclusion to be derived from the results of the study is that it's important to take vitamin D if you have a deficiency or insufficiency," he added. (eurekalert.org)
  • 30 nmol/L, respectively) were found to be common (44% and 15%, respectively), and compared to those with sufficient status, participants with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency had strongly increased respiratory mortality. (nutraingredients.com)
  • New study reveals that nearly 1 billion people worldwide are likely to have vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency as a result of chronic disease and inadequate sun exposure. (worldhealth.net)
  • The study also determined that a whopping 95% of African American adults might have vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. (worldhealth.net)
  • Any insufficiency in Vitamin D absorption is hazardous to health and associated with the risk of disease, cancer, and disorders like osteoporosis. (cancertutor.com)
  • With 41% of American adults meeting the criteria for clinical insufficiency 1 , and an alarming 93-plus% failing to consume just 400 IU of vitamin D per day 2 , it's possible you may need more of the sunshine vitamin yourself. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Even that 30 ng/ml benchmark is really the bare minimum (because it's the cutoff for clinical vitamin D insufficiency), which is not ideal. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Roughly 41% of American adults meet the criteria for clinical insufficiency and 29% for deficiency. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • When caused by not enough vitamin intake it is classified as a primary deficiency, whereas when due to an underlying disorder such as malabsorption it is called a secondary deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the women had risk factors for vitamin D deficiency, such as low vitamin D intake and poor sun exposure, they each underwent a 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood test. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Worldwide, thiamine deficiency is primarily due to inadequate dietary intake, specifically in diets comprised mainly of polished rice and grains. (nih.gov)
  • More active measures need to be taken to implement current recommendations to improve their vitamin D intake in pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Hypovitaminosis A is a common problem in pet turtles caused by inadequate Vitamin A intake in the diet. (petplace.com)
  • Increasing concern for sunscreen use, reduced intake of Vitamin D in food and the increase in people working and playing indoors continues to contribute to the continued epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency. (cancertutor.com)
  • 8 ) A powerful immune supporting protein that requires a steady intake of Vitamin D3 is GcMAF. (cancertutor.com)
  • Vitamin D supplement intervention with intake of 800 UI per day in six weeks improved the insulin resistance on the teenagers. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Liver vitamin B12 stores can normally sustain physiologic needs for 3 to 5 years if B12 intake stops (eg, in people who become vegans) and for months to 1 year if enterohepatic reabsorption capacity is absent. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inadequate vitamin B12 intake is possible in vegans but is otherwise unlikely. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 6 , 7 ] Several epidemiologic studies have indicated that high dietary intake of vitamin E is associated with high serum concentrations of alpha tocopherol, as well as with lower rates of ischemic heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • ABSTRACT Nutritional rickets is the failure of normal bone formation in children , caused by vitamin D deficiency , low calcium intake, or a combination of both. (bvsalud.org)
  • Symptoms of bone pain and muscle weakness can mean you have a vitamin D deficiency. (webmd.com)
  • As per data, about 1 billion people worldwide have low blood levels of the vitamin, which make them more prone to loss of bone density, muscle weakness and fatigue. (indiatimes.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency can lead to muscle weakness and pain. (discovermagazine.com)
  • A deficiency of Vitamin E in the body can lead to muscle weakness, loss of sensation and dry skin, wrinkles and premature aging. (indiatimes.com)
  • An individual who is vitamin D deficient or insufficient is more prone to bone fractures and muscle weakness. (worldhealth.net)
  • Abnormalities relating vitamin E deficiency progress from hyporeflexia, ataxia, limitation in upward gaze, and strabismus to long-tract defects, including visual-field constriction and profound muscle weakness. (medscape.com)
  • Traditionally, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities. (webmd.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency is the major cause of rickets around the world, but rickets may be just the tip of the iceberg," says Dr. Dawodu. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Vitamin D deficiency rickets in a toddler. (bvsalud.org)
  • Breastfed infants, because human milk is a poor source of vitamin D. If you are breastfeeding , give your infant a supplement of 400 IU of vitamin D every day. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infants with VK deficiency are at risk for hemorrhagic disease of newborn, caused by a lack of VK reaching the fetus across the placenta, the low level of VK in breast milk, and low colonic bacterial synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • The risk of developing VK deficiency bleeding is 81 times greater in infants who do not receive a vitamin K injection. (medscape.com)
  • In infants, the low transmission of vitamin K (VK) across the placenta, liver prematurity with prothrombin synthesis, lack of VK in breast milk, and the sterile gut in neonates account for VK deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • A number of regions have published guidelines defining vitamin deficiencies and advising specific intakes for healthy people, with different recommendations for women, men, infants, the elderly, and during pregnancy and breast feeding including Japan, the European Union, the United States, and Canada. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) is a coagulopathy that develops in infants who do not have sufficient vitamin K stores to support production of clotting factors. (cdc.gov)
  • The relative risk for developing late VKDB has been estimated at 81 times greater among infants who do not receive intramuscular vitamin K than in infants who do receive it ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The four infants had laboratory-confirmed coagulopathy, defined as elevation of prothrombin time (PT) greater than or equal to four times the laboratory limit of normal, correctable by vitamin K administration, and symptomatic bleeding. (cdc.gov)
  • To assess the proportion of neonates who did not receive a vitamin K injection in 2013, records of a random sample of infants born during January-October 2013 at each of three Nashville area hospitals and at four major Tennessee nonhospital birthing centers were reviewed. (cdc.gov)
  • At the Nashville hospital with the highest proportion of neonates not administered vitamin K, 3.4% of 3,080 infants discharged from the newborn nursery received no vitamin K injection. (cdc.gov)
  • Parents of the four infants with VKDB were asked why they declined vitamin K prophylaxis for their neonate. (cdc.gov)
  • Vitamin K deficiency is much more likely to occur in infants. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • [ 1 ] The current proper diagnostic term that has been adopted is "vitamin K deficiency bleeding" (VKDB), because vitamin K deficiency is not the sole cause of hemorrhagic disorders in preterm and term infants. (medscape.com)
  • Classic vitamin K deficiency bleeding is observed in infants who have not received prophylactic vitamin K at birth, with an incidence ranging from 0.25 to 1.7 cases per 100 births. (medscape.com)
  • This disease is most common in breastfed infants who did not receive vitamin K prophylaxis at birth. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Dawodu studied vitamin D status of 60 breastfeeding mothers and their infants in Doha, Qatar. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Eighty-four percent of infants had vitamin D deficiency, and 64 percent had very low levels at the age of four weeks. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • To achieve a 25(OH)D blood levels of at least 30 ng/mL, the Endocrine Society Guidelines recommends infants, children and adults receive 400-1000 IUs, 600-1000 IUs and 1000-1500 IUs of vitamin D daily respectively. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • In the United States, administration of intramuscular vitamin K at birth to prevent all forms of VKDB has been standard practice since first recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1961 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, 28.0% of 218 neonates at birthing centers did not receive vitamin K. Case-finding efforts revealed no additional cases of late VKDB in Tennessee in 2013. (cdc.gov)
  • When it does, it is known as vitamin K deficiency bleeding or VKDB. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • How likely are Americans to be deficient in vitamins or minerals? (consumerlab.com)
  • Based on the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2012 , about 10% or less of the general population had nutrition deficiencies for selected vitamin and minerals. (consumerlab.com)
  • Nutrition and Food Sources: vitamins, water, minerals. (brainmass.com)
  • Test your knowledge of this common nutritional deficiency with this short quiz. (medscape.com)
  • Frequent cracks in the lips and at the corners of the mouth may be caused by a rather common nutritional deficiency technically called cheilosis or angular stomatitis. (price-pottenger.org)
  • Nutritional Deficiency. (bvsalud.org)
  • This activity reviews the causes of thiamine deficiency, the associated pathophysiology, and typical patient presentation and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management. (nih.gov)
  • Describe the pathophysiology of thiamine deficiency. (nih.gov)
  • What are signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency? (medicinenet.com)
  • The symptoms of vitamin D deficiency can be nonspecific such as fatigue, aches, and pains. (medicinenet.com)
  • The symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency are very similar to the symptoms for other diseases so it is important to rule out other causes of the symptoms. (petplace.com)
  • One of the most common symptoms of vitamin D deficiency is hair loss. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Also known as niacin, the symptoms of Vitamin B3 deficiency include memory loss, diarrhea, dermatitis and a red tongue. (indiatimes.com)
  • Hair loss, fatigue and anemia are other symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency. (indiatimes.com)
  • Obesity can lead to a lack of vitamin D circulating in the body, a new study suggests. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Obesity can lead to a lack of vitamin D circulating in the body, according to a study led by the UCL Institute of Child Health (ICH). (sciencedaily.com)
  • While previous studies have linked vitamin D deficiency with obesity, the ICH-led paper, published in the journal PLOS Medicine , sought to establish the direction of causality, i.e. whether a lack of vitamin D triggers a weight gain, or whether obesity leads to the deficiency. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Overall, the findings suggest that a higher BMI leads to lower levels of available vitamin D, while the effect of a lack of vitamin D on BMI appears to be very small. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Our study highlights the importance of monitoring and treating vitamin D deficiency in people who are overweight or obese, in order to alleviate adverse health effects caused by a lack of vitamin D. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When there is a lack of vitamin D, these cells stop functioning properly and this can lead to hair loss. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The results of a clinical review recently printed in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association show that nearly a billion people across the world may have insufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D. It is believed that the lack of vitamin D is the result of minimal exposure to the sun caused by over-use of sunscreen. (worldhealth.net)
  • Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body does not make enough red blood cells due to a lack of vitamin B12 in the body. (brainmass.com)
  • Deficiency or a lack of vitamin D becomes a health problem that threatens Indonesian children. (ugm.ac.id)
  • How many of you talk to your patients about vitamin D as a supplement? (medscape.com)
  • It's necessary to explain to people that they risk losing muscle strength if they don't get enough vitamin D. They need to expose themselves to the sun, eat food rich in vitamin D or take a supplement, and do resistance training exercises to maintain muscle strength," he said. (eurekalert.org)
  • If you don't spend much time in the sun or always are careful to cover your skin ( sunscreen inhibits vitamin D production), you should speak to your doctor about taking a vitamin D supplement, particularly if you have risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. (webmd.com)
  • Correcting B6 deficiency with foods rich in the vitamin or a supplement may clear up these symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • Some excellent iron-rich foods include spinach, legumes, dark leafy greens, and fortified cereals - but make sure to combine these foods with vitamin C, either in supplement form or via fresh fruit, for best results. (askmen.com)
  • Used to replace essential vitamins that are not obtained in sufficient quantities in the diet or to further supplement levels. (medscape.com)
  • The most important treatment for Vitamin A deficiency is changing the turtle's diet to include adequate amounts of Vitamin A. While this conversion is taking place, your veterinarian is likely to prescribe an oral vitamin supplement. (petplace.com)
  • A good diet including foods above mentioned plus a supplement of B complex is recommended, inasmuch as all of the B vitamins have interlocking functions. (price-pottenger.org)
  • Your doctor can help you to determine the best form of vitamin D supplement for you and the correct dosage. (discovermagazine.com)
  • In general, vitamin B2 is very easy to supplement in the body. (fitday.com)
  • Hence, the provision of supplement can be one of the solutions to treat vitamin D deficiency. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in very few foods but is available as a dietary supplement. (themedguru.com)
  • For many, the simplest and most common source of vitamin D is in supplement form. (themedguru.com)
  • As the authors state, using serum cobalamin assay to diagnosis vitamin B12 deficiency has its limitations. (bmj.com)
  • Functional" vitamin B12 deficiency is a syndrome where a wide variety of symptoms in the presence of "normal" serum levels of the vitamin respond to vitamin B12 therapy. (bmj.com)
  • This spectrum of disease usually presents in the absence of any changes in red blood cell indices and is easily misdiagnosed since serum levels of vitamin are in the "normal" range. (bmj.com)
  • In this study, only 16% of patients with clinical response to cobalamin therapy had low serum levels of the vitamin and values were above 300pg/mL in 54% of cases. (bmj.com)
  • Most of the studies of oral vitamin B12 therapy used serum levels of vitamin and its metabolites as the markers of response to therapy. (bmj.com)
  • Serum levels of vitamin D in TB patients are lower than in healthy controls ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Paradoxically, prolonged treatment of TB also causes a decline in serum vitamin D levels ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Total circulating serum 25[OH] vitamin D was measured with ELISA by using the Immuno Diagnostic System Ltd (IDS, Fountain Hill, AZ, USA). (cdc.gov)
  • Vitamin D status of Asian mothers in Cardiff was investigated during early pregnancy and at the time of the birth of their babies, using serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). (nih.gov)
  • 8.1% (with deficiency defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level less than 12 ng/mL). (consumerlab.com)
  • Pharmacokinetic research 3 shows that it takes 100 IU of vitamin D to increase a normal-weight adult's serum D levels by about 10 ng/ml. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Research suggests we need a minimum of 3,000 IU vitamin D3(which is the body's preferred form) per day, but experts recommend getting 5,000 IU in order to achieve optimal serum 25(OH)D levels. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Treatment was limited to studies enrolling or analyzing participants with low serum vitamin D levels. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  • 1-3 Vitamin D deficiency refers to serum levels of vitamin D (serum total hydroxyvitamin D, or 25[OH]D) that are inadequate to support bodily needs. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  • Serum total 25(OH)D is currently considered the best marker of vitamin D status. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  • 4 , 5 However, there is no consensus regarding the serum level of 25(OH)D that represents optimal health or deficiency. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  • A recent meta-analysis of research (which included 19 individual studies for a total of 3211 cases) found that women with preeclampsia had significantly lower serum vitamin B12 levels compared with pregnant women without preeclampsia (Mardali 2020). (preeclampsia.org)
  • A normal serum level of vitamin B12 in your bloodstream is generally between 200 and 900 picograms per milliliter (pg/mL). (preeclampsia.org)
  • Diagnosis is usually made by measuring serum vitamin B12 levels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vitamin E appears to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, decrease the production of immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2, and decrease levels of immunosuppressive serum lipid peroxides. (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for the synthesis of DNA. (brainmass.com)
  • Add Vitamin C, Folic acid and Vitamin B12 too. (brainmass.com)
  • So what is the Role of Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) during pregnancy? (preeclampsia.org)
  • Folic acid has been well-studied for its ability to prevent neural tube defects, which is why women who are pregnant or trying to conceive are encouraged to take a prenatal vitamin that includes folic acid. (preeclampsia.org)
  • However, genetics can affect how well your body converts vitamin B9 (folic acid) to its active form, methylfolate. (preeclampsia.org)
  • In the present study, we explored the role of vitamin D deficiency in TB disease progression within this cohort. (cdc.gov)
  • The main role of vitamin D is to help the body absorb calcium, which is necessary for strong bones. (discovermagazine.com)
  • "The findings of this study suggest a role of vitamin D status, based on deficiency of levels and treatment, in risk of COVID-19 infection," ​wrote the researchers. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Researchers from Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, studied the high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in Northern Hemisphere countries and the possible role of vitamin D in suppressing the severe inflammatory responses seen in very ill COVID-19 patients and in COVID-19 deaths. (nutraingredients.com)
  • However, determining the role of vitamin D in muscle performance of older people is difficult because they may suffer from a number of pre-existing health conditions that can also affect their vitamin D status. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • In adults, severe vitamin D deficiency leads to osteomalacia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In adults, vitamin K is absorbed from food and from vitamin K synthesized by gut bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Most adults obtain an adequate supply of vitamin K through the foods they eat and through what their body naturally produces. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Certain medications and medical conditions can reduce vitamin K production and inhibit absorption, meaning adults can become deficient. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Some studies show that older adults with darker skin are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. (webmd.com)
  • Guidelines from the Institute of Medicine increased the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin D to 600 international units (IU) for everyone ages 1-70, and raised it to 800 IU for adults older than age 70 to optimize bone health. (webmd.com)
  • Most adults should get 1,500-2,000 international units (IU) of vitamin D daily. (healthline.com)
  • One research review found that almost 42% of U.S. adults have a vitamin D deficiency. (healthline.com)
  • One study in 480 older adults linked vitamin D deficiency with fatigue symptoms ( 12 ). (healthline.com)
  • It's the vitamin that we get from the sun, yet despite its ample availability, one in three Australian adults still suffer from mild, moderate or severe vitamin D deficiency. (scienceblog.com)
  • The study, led by Professor John McGrath from Aarhus University and the University of Queensland, found that newborns with vitamin D deficiency had a 44 per cent increased risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia as adults, compared to those with normal Vitamin D levels. (scienceblog.com)
  • 8 per cent of all schizophrenia-cases in Denmark The team made the discovery by analysing vitamin D concentration in blood samples taken from Danish newborns between 1981 and 2000 who had gone on to develop schizophrenia as young adults. (scienceblog.com)
  • To review the evidence about screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  • Healthy doses of vitamin B2 help your body to maintain healthy hair, skin and vision. (fitday.com)
  • Periodic large oral doses of vitamin A for the prevention of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia : a summary of experiences, a report of the International Vitamin A Consultative Group / Keith P. West, Alfred Sommer. (who.int)
  • Similarly, in an open study of vitamin B12 deficiency related to food-cobalamin malabsorption in 10 patients, oral crystalline cobalamin was prescribed at a dose of 650mcg per day for at least 3 months. (bmj.com)
  • Chronic diseases related to malabsorption such as celiac disease, Chron's disease, kidney disease and Type 2 Diabetes drastically reduce the body's ability to create vitamin D from food. (worldhealth.net)
  • Severe deficiency, as may occur in persons with abetalipoproteinemia or fat malabsorption, profoundly affects the central nervous system and can cause ataxia and a peripheral neuropathy resembling Friedreich ataxia. (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin deficiencies related to cystic fibrosis, chronic cholestatic liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia, short-bowel syndrome, isolated vitamin E deficiency syndrome, and other malabsorption syndromes may lead to varying degrees of neurologic deficits. (medscape.com)
  • Arab women who are breastfeeding have a "very high prevalence" of vitamin D deficiency - a potential health issue for them and their babies, according to a new Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center study. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Objective: This study aimed to survey articles, published from 2004 to 2014, about the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the prevalence of early childhood caries. (bvsalud.org)
  • People who take medicines that affect vitamin D levels, including certain cholesterol , anti-seizure, steroid , and weight-loss medicines. (medlineplus.gov)
  • perhaps measure the patient's vitamin D levels, and monitor and target it in patients-particularly those at risk. (medscape.com)
  • Indeed, short-term fluctuations in HCy and MMA levels may also result in normal levels of these metabolites, thus obscuring the deficiency. (bmj.com)
  • cord blood and infant liver reserve levels of vitamin K are substantially below adult levels ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Without adequate vitamin D levels, the body takes calcium from the bones, weakening them and preventing new bone from being formed. (medicinenet.com)
  • Too much vitamin D can also raise calcium levels that can lead to heart rhythm disturbances, confusion, and disorientation. (medicinenet.com)
  • For all three women, the test found low levels of vitamin D, ranging from 8.9 to 14.5 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), Pathak reported. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Levels below 21 ng/mL are considered vitamin D deficiency, and normal vitamin D levels are above 30 ng/mL, according to The Endocrine Society. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To assess the association between vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis disease progression, we studied vitamin D levels in a cohort of tuberculosis patients and their contacts (N = 129) in Pakistan. (cdc.gov)
  • Low vitamin D levels were associated with a 5-fold increased risk for progression to tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • For the present study, 129 de-identified, plasma samples preserved at -70°C from the baseline visit were shipped to Stanford University (Stanford, CA, USA) for analysis of vitamin D levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Levels of vitamin D in test samples were derived by fitting a 2-parameter logistic curve to 6 standard levels and expressed as ng/mL (1 nmol/L × 0.4 = 1 ng/mL). (cdc.gov)
  • Vitamin D levels in the cohort were classified in population-based tertiles (low, middle, high). (cdc.gov)
  • Levels of vitamin D in plasma in the Karachi, Pakistan, tuberculosis (TB) household cohort ( 7 ) by TB status at baseline (disease-free, index TB case-patient, coprevalent TB case-patient, and past. (cdc.gov)
  • The main conclusion was that individuals with vitamin D deficiency, defined as less than 30 nanomoles per liter in the blood, had a 70% higher risk of developing dynapenia by the end of the four-year study period than those with normal levels of vitamin D, defined as more than 50 nmol/L. (eurekalert.org)
  • People with a body mass index of 30 or greater often have low blood levels of vitamin D. (webmd.com)
  • Although there is no consensus on vitamin D levels required for optimal health -- and it likely differs depending on age and health conditions -- a concentration of less than 20 nanograms per milliliter is generally considered inadequate, requiring treatment. (webmd.com)
  • Efforts to tackle obesity should thus also help to reduce levels of vitamin D deficiency in the population, says the lead investigator of the study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • An estimated 1 billion people around the globe have low blood levels of the vitamin ( 4 ). (healthline.com)
  • If you often become sick, especially with colds or the flu, low vitamin D levels may be a contributing factor. (healthline.com)
  • Plus, a study in 39 children associated low vitamin D levels with poor sleep quality, shorter sleep duration, and delayed bedtimes ( 13 ). (healthline.com)
  • One observational study in female nurses also found a strong connection between low vitamin D levels and self-reported fatigue. (healthline.com)
  • Natural News) A recent study out of New Zealand has found an inverse relationship between the levels of vitamin C in a person's blood and their BMI and fasting glucose. (naturalnews.com)
  • Our study provides strong evidence for the connection between low levels of vitamin D and mortality, and this is the first study of its kind to also include respiratory disease related mortality as an outcome. (scienceblog.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency has been connected with mortality, but as clinical trials have often failed to recruit people with low vitamin D levels - or have been prohibited from including vitamin deficient participants - it's been challenging to establish causal relationships. (scienceblog.com)
  • Senior investigator and Director of UniSA's Australian Centre for Precision Health , Professor Elina Hyppönen , says more research is now needed to establish effective public health strategies that can help achieve national guidelines and reduce the risk of premature death associated with low vitamin D levels. (scienceblog.com)
  • It is very important to continue public health efforts to ensure the vulnerable and elderly maintain sufficient vitamin D levels throughout the year. (scienceblog.com)
  • Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement and motor control caused by very low vitamin E levels in the blood. (rarediseases.org)
  • Without adequate levels of vitamin E, individuals with AVED have neurological issues like trouble coordinating movements (ataxia) and speech (dysarthria), loss of reflexes in the legs (lower limb areflexia) and a loss of sensation in the limbs (peripheral neuropathy). (rarediseases.org)
  • Seventy-five percent of mothers had vitamin D deficiency, and 26 percent had blood vitamin D levels considered very low. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Problems sleeping well can be a sign of vitamin D levels low for a few reasons. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Second, low levels of vitamin D can cause fatigue and low moods, both of which can make it difficult to sleep. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Led by David Meltzer, MD, PhD, Chief of Hospital Medicine at UChicago Medicine, the research team found that patients who had vitamin D deficiency (less than 20ng/ml) that was not treated were almost twice as likely to test positive for the COVID-19 coronavirus compared to patients who had sufficient levels of the vitamin. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Data published in JAMA Network Open ​ indicated that the relative risk of testing positive for COVID-19 was 1.77 times greater for people with vitamin D deficiency compared with people with sufficient levels. (nutraingredients.com)
  • We will also provide tips on how to increase your Vitamin D levels and improve your hair health. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Do I have to get a test taken by my doctor to test vitamin D levels? (discovermagazine.com)
  • Yes, you will need to get your vitamin D levels checked by a doctor in order to know if you are deficient and how severe your deficiency is. (discovermagazine.com)
  • If you are experiencing hair loss, it is important to get your vitamin D levels checked by a doctor. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Eating foods that are rich in vitamin D can help to increase your levels of this vitamin. (discovermagazine.com)
  • By increasing your vitamin D levels, you can help to improve your hair health and reduce the risk of hair loss. (discovermagazine.com)
  • We hypothesised that low vitamin D levels in pregnant women due to a lack of sun exposure during winter months might underlie this risk, and investigated the association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of schizophrenia. (scienceblog.com)
  • The variations of vitamin D across races are due to unique levels of skin pigmentation. (worldhealth.net)
  • Boosting and maintaining healthy levels of vitamin D is as simple as spending between five minutes and half an hour in the afternoon sun a couple of times per week. (worldhealth.net)
  • So one should not apply sunscreen during his 5-30 minute sessions in the sun meant to boost vitamin D levels. (worldhealth.net)
  • Thanks to sailors with skin lesions, we all know the importance of getting enough vitamin C. It doesn't take much to be sufficient, but without at least low levels of certain nutrients in our diet, we humans can waste away. (popsci.com)
  • One clinical study showed that individuals with low levels of the active form of Vitamin D showed loss of brain development and neuroprotection. (cancertutor.com)
  • The loss of Vitamin D results in reduced detoxification processes, lower levels of the antioxidant glutathione, increased nitric oxide levels in the brain and the overall lack of cellular survival abilities. (cancertutor.com)
  • In fact, optimal Vitamin D levels are one of the most important nutrients beneficial to the health of a baby during a woman's pregnancy. (cancertutor.com)
  • Epidemiological studies suggest that individuals who have inadequate Vitamin D levels are at an increased likelihood to develop an immune-related disorder such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases and metabolic complications associated with type 1 diabetes. (cancertutor.com)
  • When normal magnesium levels accompany a vitamin B6 deficiency, urinary citrate and oxalate solubility may decrease, causing formation of urinary calculi. (vitamins-minerals-supplements.org)
  • Urine levels of xanthurenic acid exceeding 100 mg/24 hours indicate vitamin B6 deficiency. (vitamins-minerals-supplements.org)
  • These include Italy and Spain, which have low population levels of vitamin D. (nutraingredients.com)
  • As the effects of coronavirus continue, many of us are limited in the time we can spend outdoors, so extra care is required to keep vitamin D levels healthy. (nutraingredients.com)
  • After analyzing vitamin D levels and headache frequency in some 2,600 men age 42 through 60, researchers at the University of Eastern Finland found that men who reported having headaches at least weekly had lower vitamin D levels than other males included in the study. (drweil.com)
  • In fact, their headache risk was more than double that of men whose vitamin D levels were highest. (drweil.com)
  • Men who were examined from October through May reported more headaches than those seen in the summer months when vitamin D levels tend to rise as a result of greater sun exposure, the researchers wrote. (drweil.com)
  • However, of the 2,600 men studied, 68 percent had levels of "D" that were bordering on deficiency. (drweil.com)
  • The investigators noted that an association between headaches and low levels of vitamin D has been shown in other - considerably smaller - studies. (drweil.com)
  • Data published in PLoS ONE ​ ​ indicated that, compared to people with sufficient levels of vitamin D (blood level 25-hydroxyvitamin D of at least 30 ng/mL), people with a vitamin D deficiency (blood level 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 20 ng/mL) have a 54% higher SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • When the researchers separated the individual according to 25(OH)D levels they found that the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was higher for those with vitamin D deficiency, compared to those with adequate or higher vitamin D levels. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • So, let's break down everything you need to know about vitamin D deficiency, including the telltale signs to look out for, plus what you can do to get your levels back into a healthy place. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Among asymptomatic, community-dwelling populations with low vitamin D levels, the evidence suggests that treatment with vitamin D has no effect on mortality or the incidence of fractures, falls, depression, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or adverse events. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  • Multiple studies have linked low vitamin D levels to poor muscle strength, particularly in the elderly, according to the researchers. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Typical vitamin D levels in humans range between 40 and 50 nmol.L-1, and a diagnosis of acute vitamin D deficiency is given when levels drop below 12 nmol.L-1. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • On average, the mice in this study had vitamin D levels of 30 nmol.L1, with diet-induced vitamin D deficiency leading to levels of 3 nmol.L-1, which, while more extreme than typically observed in humans, is still within the clinically-recognized range. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • The United States National Institutes of Health recommends testing vitamin A levels in people with celiac disease at diagnosis. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Recent research has shown that rice grown under carbon dioxide levels that could be reached as soon as 2050 could lose 17-30% of its B vitamin content. (harvard.edu)
  • They compared this with data on the levels of vitamin D in the population in those countries before the pandemic. (insider.com)
  • Another study also found a link between higher levels of vitamin D and fewer COVID-19 cases and deaths. (insider.com)
  • In the study , published on Wednesday in the journal Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, researchers from the UK found that among 20 European countries, those with higher average levels of vitamin D had fewer coronavirus cases and lower mortality rates. (insider.com)
  • Italy and Spain, for instance, had higher mortality rates than other countries in the study, and both had lower average levels of vitamin D. Northern European countries like Finland, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden had higher average levels of vitamin D and lower rates of coronavirus cases and deaths. (insider.com)
  • Question: Is there an association between low Vitamin B12 levels and preeclampsia? (preeclampsia.org)
  • This meta-analysis showed that average vitamin B12 levels were on average 15.24 pg/mL lower among women with preeclampsia when compared to those without. (preeclampsia.org)
  • If the body does not have enough of these B vitamins, not enough homocysteine is converted, leading to higher levels of homocysteine concentrations in the bloodstream. (preeclampsia.org)
  • Lead author of the study author Evelien Sohl, of VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, said, "Seniors who have low levels of vitamin D are more likely to have mobility limitations and to see their physical functioning decline over time. (themedguru.com)
  • They evaluated the vitamin D levels of participants and asked them questions pertaining to their performance of six functions of daily living. (themedguru.com)
  • It was noted that participants (aged 55 to 65) with the lowest vitamin D levels doubled their odds of one physical limitation compared to those with the highest vitamin D levels. (themedguru.com)
  • The study found 70 percent of the subjects in the older age with inadequate vitamin D levels had at least one physical limitation, while those with sufficient or high vitamin D levels exhibited no physical limitations. (themedguru.com)
  • Those who eat a plant-based diet are also at risk of iron deficiency. (askmen.com)
  • There were higher rates of iron deficiency in Mexican-American children aged 1 to 5 years (11%) and in non-Hispanic black (16%) and Mexican-American women (13%) of childbearing age (12 to 49 years) when compared to other race/ethnic groups. (consumerlab.com)
  • Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause hypochromic microcytic anemia without iron deficiency and central nervous system disturbances. (vitamins-minerals-supplements.org)
  • Published in Annals of Internal Medicine , the study found that the more severe the vitamin D deficiency, the greater the risk of mortality. (scienceblog.com)
  • First author and UniSA PhD candidate, Josh Sutherland, says while vitamin D has been connected with mortality, it has been challenging to establish causal effects. (scienceblog.com)
  • Vitamin D is important in regulation and suppression of the inflammatory cytokine response, which plays a role in the severe consequences of COVID-19 and 'acute respiratory distress syndrome' associated with ventilation and mortality in COVID-19. (nutraingredients.com)
  • They found a strong correlation between vitamin D deficiency and a complication known as a cytokine storm, which occurs when the immune system goes into overdrive, and a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates. (insider.com)
  • [ 8 ] Both PT and aPTT can be elevated in more severe deficiency states. (medscape.com)
  • Megaloblastic anemia and sub-acute combined degeneration of spinal cord are only the extreme manifestations observed at the far end of the spectrum with severe deficiency. (bmj.com)
  • Individuals categorized with a severe deficiency were at an increased risk of 394 percent to present with symptoms of cognitive decline. (cancertutor.com)
  • Vitamin B6 deficiency may lead to a variety of signs and symptoms, including skin rashes, mood changes, and low energy. (healthline.com)
  • Some subtle signs to look for if you suspect a magnesium deficiency include muscle conditions, bone loss, fatigue, mental conditions, and hypertension. (askmen.com)
  • In this article, we unveil the 14 subtle and not-so-subtle signs that may indicate a deficiency, shedding light on the importance of recognizing and addressing this often-overlooked health issue. (discovermagazine.com)
  • From chapped lips to weak bones, there are several signs that our bodies give us in order to indicate vitamin deficiencies. (indiatimes.com)
  • These are just some of the signs that point to vitamin B2 deficiency. (fitday.com)
  • It might be most commonly known as the 'Sunshine vitamin,' but contrary to popular belief, we can get enough vitamin D from foods, too. (askmen.com)
  • Scientists at the University of Chicago are calling for clinical trials to investigate if vitamin D may reduce COVID-19 incidence after their retrospective study found a link between deficiency of the sunshine vitamin and the likelihood of becoming infected with the coronavirus. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The associations between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk continue to strengthen, with new data from Quest Diagnostics and Boston University indicating that people with deficiency in the sunshine vitamin may have a significantly higher positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Basically, we're not in a good place with the sunshine vitamin-and don't let the fact that vitamin D deficiency is so common it can fool you into thinking it's not a really big deal. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • The discovery could prevent some cases of the disease, and shows that neonatal vitamin D deficiency could possibly account for about 8 per cent of all schizophrenia cases in Denmark. (scienceblog.com)
  • The study confirms a previous study that also found an association between neonatal vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of schizophrenia. (scienceblog.com)
  • According to John McGrath, schizophrenia is associated with many different risk factors, both genetic and environmental, but the new research suggests that neonatal vitamin D deficiency could possibly account for about 8 per cent of schizophrenia cases in Denmark. (scienceblog.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency, especially during neonatal development, is believed to increase the risk of schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis and other diseases of the central nervous system. (cancertutor.com)
  • Dr. Maria Dizon, a neonatologist at Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, told Reuters Health in a phone interview that this study is "useful in raising awareness" of a possible connection between neonatal shudders and vitamin D deficiency, especially in children who are exclusively breastfed, whose mothers have darker skin, and who live at higher latitudes. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Chris Retajczyk, a neonatologist at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, told Reuters Health by phone and in a follow-up email that this report was the first he had heard of noting a potential vitamin D connection with neonatal shudders. (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin K (VK) deficiency can occur in any age group but is encountered most often in infancy. (medscape.com)
  • Autonomic dysfunction, it seems, is a common manifestation of functional vitamin B12 deficiency and seems to occur early in the course of disease process. (bmj.com)
  • however, it can occur during first month and sometimes overlaps with late-onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding. (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency can be difficult to notice because symptoms may not occur for several months or years. (healthline.com)
  • Although vitamin B6 isn't directly involved in energy metabolism, it's essential for reactions that occur in protein metabolism and for amino acid synthesis. (vitamins-minerals-supplements.org)
  • [ 4 ] Complete blindness, cardiac arrhythmia, and dementia may occur in patients in whom vitamin E deficiency has been prolonged and severe. (medscape.com)
  • This is because the body's ability to absorb vitamin D decreases with age. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Sunscreen mitigates the body's ability to generate vitamin D. This is why sunscreen should be used in a strategic manner. (worldhealth.net)
  • Some unprotected exposure to the sun is necessary to catalyze the body's production of vitamin D. However, only a moderate level of exposure to the sun is healthy. (worldhealth.net)
  • This is precisely why vitamin D plays a vital role in the body's functions ranging from immune system functionality to the minimization of inflammation, cell growth modulation and beyond. (worldhealth.net)
  • A variety of influencing concerns weaken the body's capacity to naturally absorb Vitamin D from the sun and diet. (cancertutor.com)
  • Conditions that can lead to a deficiency include celiac disease and cystic fibrosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Your digestive tract cannot adequately absorb vitamin D. Certain medical problems, including Crohn's disease , cystic fibrosis, and celiac disease can affect your intestine's ability to absorb vitamin D from the food you eat. (webmd.com)
  • People with chronic kidney or liver disease , which can affect your ability to change vitamin D into a form your body can use. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Vitamin K is required in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors in the liver: factors II,VII, IX, and X. It is also essential in the production of protein C and S, which are anticoagulant proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Indications for using FFP include bleeding in patients with congenital coagulation defects and multiple coagulation factor deficiencies (severe liver disease). (medscape.com)
  • Fat-soluble vitamin K absorbed by the gut and stored in the liver. (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the liver and fatty tissues. (discovermagazine.com)
  • This is because the vitamin is absorbed from the intestine into the bloodstream where it can be transported to the liver and other organs. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Inform the patient with vitamin B6 deficiency that yeast, wheat, corn, liver, and kidneys are good sources of pyridoxine. (vitamins-minerals-supplements.org)
  • He says: "In addition to metabolism in the skin, which is due to sun exposure, Vitamin D is present in foods such as oily fish (salmon, tuna, sardines), cheese, egg yolks and beef liver. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The issue of low vitamin D level in South Asian people, she stated, is caused by excess visceral fat around the organs like the liver, heart, and kidney. (ugm.ac.id)
  • The liver stores large amounts of vitamin B12. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Breastfed babies of vegan mothers may develop vitamin B12 deficiency by age 4 to 6 months because in these babies, liver stores (which are normally extensive in other babies) are limited and their rapid growth rate results in high demand. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In order to examine an association between vitamin D deficiency and physical functioning, the researchers carried out a study. (themedguru.com)
  • Final considerations: There is a clear association between vitamin D deficiency and early childhood caries. (bvsalud.org)
  • For a few vitamins, there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sufficient vitamin D is also a requirement for proper calcium absorption in the body. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • As this supply of Vitamin A is depleted, the turtle must eat foods with adequate amounts of vitamin A. Good sources of Vitamin A include dark, leafy greens such as dandelion greens (not treated with lawn chemicals), yellow or orange vegetables such as carrots and other foods containing carotenes. (petplace.com)
  • Adequate Vitamin A is usually provided in name brand commercial turtle pellets and live whole fish. (petplace.com)
  • The deficiency of vitamin B12 creates a case of hyperhomocysteinemia and decline of S-adenosylmethionine, which is a risk factor for depression without adequate treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, vitamin B2 is a water-soluble vitamin. (fitday.com)
  • Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin found mainly in meat, eggs, and dairy products. (preeclampsia.org)
  • Preliminary queries of Tennessee hospital discharge data during 2007-2012 revealed no confirmed cases of late vitamin K deficiency bleeding, defined as an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnosis code of either hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (776.0) or vitamin K deficiency (269.0), plus any codes for symptoms of bleeding, including intracranial or gastrointestinal hemorrhages, epistaxis, bruising, or hemothorax. (cdc.gov)
  • Are you familiar with risk factors for the development of vitamin B 12 deficiency, as well as related key aspects, clinical manifestations, and best practices for diagnosis and treatment? (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, he believes that vitamin D deficiency "will definitely be useful to add to the differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • The clinical review of vitamin B12 deficiency by Hunt et al was concise and informative. (bmj.com)
  • Other studies have suggested that vitamin D has an effect on mood and depression, but there is a need for large, good-quality, randomized controlled clinical trials to prove whether there is a real causal relationship, Dr Pathak said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Vitamin B 12 deficiency can cause various neurologic diseases and other clinical manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • Randomized clinical trials of interventions to reduce vitamin D deficiency are needed to determine if those interventions could reduce COVID-19 incidence, including both broad population interventions and interventions among groups at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and/or COVID-19. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Comprehensive recommendations for the assessment and control of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) were rigorously reviewed and revised by a working group and presented for discussion at the XX International Vitamin A Consultative Group meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam. (nih.gov)
  • International Vitamin A Consultative Group. (who.int)
  • Congenital deficiencies and abnormalities of prothrombin. (medscape.com)
  • Addition of micronutrients to staples and condiments can prevent large-scale deficiency diseases in these cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meanwhile, insufficient vitamin D is associated with the increased risk of non-communicable diseases, such as osteoporosis, some cancers and cardiovascular disease. (dairyreporter.com)
  • The chronic diseases outlined above are also another indicator of vitamin D deficiency. (worldhealth.net)
  • Some diseases can lead to a B6 deficiency, like alcoholism and diabetes, but it's still pretty rare (and even rarer on its own). (popsci.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency can stunt growth and cause bone diseases, as well as other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Low level of vitamin D in the body can increase the risk of nontransmissible diseases, such as cardiovascular, hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, diabetes, as well as autoimmune diseases. (ugm.ac.id)
  • If a child has a vitamin D deficiency, it will stunt their growth and make them susceptible to nontransmissible diseases, and affect their quality of life in the future. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Vitamin D deficiency known to increase susceptibility to a wide range of diseases may also be linked to mobility issues and disability in the aged, claims a new Dutch study. (themedguru.com)
  • Food fortification is the process of adding micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food as a public health policy which aims to reduce the number of people with dietary deficiencies within a population. (wikipedia.org)
  • Institute of Medicine: "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and vitamin D. (webmd.com)
  • While severe vitamin D deficiency is rarer in Australia than elsewhere in the world, it can still affect those who have health vulnerabilities, the elderly, and those who do not acquire enough vitamin D from healthy sun exposure and dietary sources," Sutherland says. (scienceblog.com)
  • The term vitamin A also includes certain plant carotenoids called provitamin A because they are dietary precursors of retinol. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • The mechanisms by which anticonvulsant and antituberculosis medications cause vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates is not clearly understood, but limited studies suggest that this disorder is a result of vitamin K deficiency and can be prevented by administration of vitamin K to the mother during the last 2-4 weeks of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • According to expert dermatologists, it is quite rare to spot cracked heels that are a result of vitamin deficiencies, but they are more commonly associated with other medical conditions like eczema, diabetes, hypothyroidism etc. (indiatimes.com)
  • But, it can also be the result of vitamin B2 deficiency. (fitday.com)
  • If you feel that you are suffering from any of these ailments as a result of vitamin B2 deficiency, talk to your doctor about ways to get more vitamin B2 or try incorporating more vitamin B2-enriched foods into your diet to reduce these ailments. (fitday.com)
  • The first consultation was held on 15 and 16 May 2023 and focused on the development of guidelines on vitamin D. The second consultation was held on 17 and 18 May 2023 and focused on the prevention and management of anemia among women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
  • Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus absorption by the organism. (eurekalert.org)
  • Vitamin D is important in maintaining bone health, in absorbing calcium and phosphorus, and in helping the immune system. (themedguru.com)
  • 21563 Pernicious Anemia and Vitamin B12 Loss of Vitamin B12 leads to a disease called Pernicious anemia.The chemical reaction involved is discussed here. (brainmass.com)
  • Fast Five Quiz: Vitamin B12 Deficiency - Medscape - Dec 22, 2020. (medscape.com)
  • However, vitamin D is stored in fatty tissue and thus, the most likely explanation for the association found in the ICH-led study is that the larger storage capacity for vitamin D in obese people leads to lower circulating concentrations of vitamin D. (sciencedaily.com)
  • As much as 68 obese teenage boys had vitamin D deficiency. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Government guidelines on vitamin deficiencies advise certain intakes for healthy people, with specific values for women, men, babies, children, the elderly, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Numerous other maternal medications and/or exposure to toxins during pregnancy are lalso associated with vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates, including but not limited to vitamin K antagonists (eg, warfarin, phenprocoumon). (medscape.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency is also common in Arab women during pregnancy and is detrimental to the health of both mother and child," he says. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Certain medical conditions, such as Crohn's disease and Celiac disease, can also lead to vitamin D deficiency. (discovermagazine.com)
  • This is because vitamin A deficiency is common in celiac disease. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone density , which can contribute to osteoporosis and fractures (broken bones). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency has become a problem in almost all countries in the world, including countries with abundant sun exposure, such as Indonesia," said Dian at the Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing UGM. (ugm.ac.id)
  • The first consultation included an expert discussion and presentations on the Lebanese vitamin D guidelines, their applicability to the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, research gaps on vitamin D nutrition, as well as appropriate methodology for obtaining necessary data. (who.int)
  • 2019 ( https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/UNICEF-WHOlowbirthweight-estimates-2019/en/ ). (who.int)
  • People with a severe vitamin D deficiency can have symptoms like bone pain, weakness, and frequent infections. (medicinenet.com)
  • Getting too much vitamin D (known as vitamin D toxicity) can be harmful. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Like the other B vitamins (it's also known as vitamin B5), pantothenic acid is involved in the chemical cycle that produces energy inside your cells, so a deficiency hurts all kinds of bodily functioning. (popsci.com)
  • To help get you started on the right foot and ensure you're eating and pairing all the right foods that your body needs to function at its highest level, we've enlisted the help of a handful of nutritionists, dieticians, and nurse practitioners to get their top tips on exactly what to eat and when to eat it to prevent vitamin deficiencies. (askmen.com)
  • But too much sun exposure can lead to skin aging and skin cancer, so many people try to get their vitamin D from other sources. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People at high risk of vitamin D deficiency may need more. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with dark skin, which has less ability to produce vitamin D from the sun. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who have obesity , because their body fat binds to some vitamin D and prevents it from getting into the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people get enough vitamin K from their diets. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Other people who have vitamin D deficiency may not notice any symptoms. (medicinenet.com)
  • Researchers in Brazil and the UK analyzed data for more than 3,000 people aged 50 or more to prove the importance of vitamin D to muscles. (eurekalert.org)
  • As people age, their kidneys are less able to convert vitamin D to its active form, thus increasing their risk of vitamin D deficiency. (webmd.com)
  • Now, new research from the University of South Australia gives strong evidence that vitamin D deficiency is associated with premature death, prompting calls for people to follow healthy vitamin D level guidelines. (scienceblog.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency affects over 1 billion people worldwide. (discovermagazine.com)
  • People who live in cold climates or who spend most of their time indoors are at a higher risk for vitamin D deficiency. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Unfortunately, vitamin D deficiency is becoming increasingly common, particularly in developed countries where people tend to spend less time outdoors. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Basically all foods you eat have at least some pantothenic acid, which means very few people get this particular deficiency. (popsci.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency is too common today affecting an estimated 1 billion people worldwide or 90 percent of the world's population. (cancertutor.com)
  • Moreover, geographical analysis indicated that people living in predominantly African-American and Hispanic zip codes were not only more likely to be vitamin D deficient but also to have a higher risk of infection. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Previous studies have indicated impaired muscle strength in people with vitamin D deficiency may be linked to impaired muscle mitochondrial function. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • A deficiency in B12 can result in a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia that makes people tired and weak. (preeclampsia.org)
  • This fact shows that South Asian people with the same sun exposure as Caucasians in four season countries are susceptible to vitamin D deficiency. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Moreover, it was noted that vitamin D deficient people were more prone to suffer additional physical limitations over time. (themedguru.com)