Virus internalization. Medical search

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.

The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

A family of high molecular weight GTP phosphohydrolases that play a direct role in vesicle transport. They associate with microtubule bundles (MICROTUBULES) and are believed to produce mechanical force via a process linked to GTP hydrolysis. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.50.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Regulatory proteins that down-regulate phosphorylated G-protein membrane receptors, including rod and cone photoreceptors and adrenergic receptors.

A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.

The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. The pits are then internalized into the cytoplasm to form the COATED VESICLES.

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Inhibition of Henipavirus fusion and infection by heptad-derived peptides of the Nipah virus fusion glycoprotein. (1/1806)

BACKGROUND: The recent emergence of four new members of the paramyxovirus family has heightened the awareness of and re-energized research on new and emerging diseases. In particular, the high mortality and person to person transmission associated with the most recent Nipah virus outbreaks, as well as the very recent re-emergence of Hendra virus, has confirmed the importance of developing effective therapeutic interventions. We have previously shown that peptides corresponding to the C-terminal heptad repeat (HR-2) of the fusion envelope glycoprotein of Hendra virus and Nipah virus were potent inhibitors of both Hendra virus and Nipah virus-mediated membrane fusion using recombinant expression systems. In the current study, we have developed shorter, second generation HR-2 peptides which include a capped peptide via amidation and acetylation and two poly(ethylene glycol)-linked (PEGylated) peptides, one with the PEG moity at the C-terminus and the other at the N-terminus. Here, we have evaluated these peptides as well as the corresponding scrambled peptide controls in Nipah virus and Hendra virus-mediated membrane fusion and against infection by live virus in vitro. RESULTS: Unlike their predecessors, the second generation HR-2 peptides exhibited high solubility and improved synthesis yields. Importantly, both Nipah virus and Hendra virus-mediated fusion as well as live virus infection were potently inhibited by both capped and PEGylated peptides with IC50 concentrations similar to the original HR-2 peptides, whereas the scrambled modified peptides had no inhibitory effect. These data also indicate that these chemical modifications did not alter the functional properties of the peptides as inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Nipah virus and Hendra virus infection in vitro can be potently blocked by specific HR-2 peptides. The improved synthesis and solubility characteristics of the second generation HR-2 peptides will facilitate peptide synthesis for pre-clinical trial application in an animal model of Henipavirus infection. The applied chemical modifications are also predicted to increase the serum half-life in vivo and should increase the chance of success in the development of an effective antiviral therapy. (+info)

Calcium-dependent viral internalization is required for adenovirus type 7 induction of IL-8 protein. (2/1806)

The host response to adenovirus (Ad) infection involves induction of cytokines in lung epithelia. We have demonstrated induction of the lung neutrophil chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) by Ad7, a major lung pathogen, in A549 lung epithelial cells and lung tissue through activation of the Erk signaling pathway. However, the mechanism of IL-8 induction is still unclear. In this paper, we first showed that Ad7 viral gene expression is not essential for IL-8 induction as psoralen-UV inactivation of Ad7 did not affect IL-8 mRNA induction or IL-8 protein induction in A549 cells. We then inhibited internalization of Ad7 by treatment of A549 cells with EGTA in calcium-free medium during exposure to Ad7. We verified that this treatment inhibited Ad internalization by confocal microscopy, FACS analysis and Ad E1A and fiber mRNA expression. Preventing internalization by calcium depletion did not inhibit Erk activation by Ad7. However, calcium-dependent internalization was required for IL-8 protein production in Ad7 exposed cells. This is not likely due to an effect of calcium depletion on downstream Erk signaling or IL-8 protein production since calcium depletion did not block IL-8 protein production stimulated by PMA, and because addition of EGTA subsequent to Ad7 internalization also did not prevent Ad induction of IL-8. These studies indicate that Ad7 internalization is calcium-dependent and is required for IL-8 protein induction upon Ad7 infection. Ad7 induction of Erk is independent of calcium and does not require virus internalization. (+info)

The small envelope protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus possesses ion channel protein-like properties. (3/1806)

The small envelope (E) protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a hydrophobic 73 amino acid protein encoded in the internal open reading frame (ORF) of the bicistronic mRNA2. As a first step towards understanding the biological role of E protein during PRRSV replication, E gene expression was blocked in a full-length infectious clone by mutating the ATG translational initiation to GTG, such that the full-length mutant genomic clone was unable to synthesize the E protein. DNA transfection of PRRSV-susceptible cells with the E gene knocked-out genomic clone showed the absence of virus infectivity. P129-DeltaE-transfected cells however produced virion particles in the culture supernatant, and these particles contained viral genomic RNA, demonstrating that the E protein is essential for PRRSV infection but dispensable for virion assembly. Electron microscopy suggests that the P129-DeltaE virions assembled in the absence of E had a similar appearance to the wild-type particles. Strand-specific RT-PCR demonstrated that the E protein-negative, non-infectious P129-DeltaE virus particles were able to enter cells but further steps of replication were interrupted. The entry of PRRSV has been suggested to be via receptor-mediated endocytosis, and lysomotropic basic compounds and known ion-channel blocking agents both inhibited PRRSV replication effectively during the uncoating process. The expression of E protein in Escherichia coli-mediated cell growth arrests and increased the membrane permeability. Cross-linking experiments in cells infected with PRRSV or transfected with E gene showed that the E protein was able to form homo-oligomers. Taken together, our data suggest that the PRRSV E protein is likely an ion-channel protein embedded in the viral envelope and facilitates uncoating of virus and release of the genome in the cytoplasm. (+info)

Induction of transcription factor Egr-1 gene expression in astrocytoma cells by Murine coronavirus infection. (4/1806)

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) causes encephalitis and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible rodents. Astrocytes are one of the major targets for MHV infection in the CNS, and respond to MHV infection by expressing diverse molecules that may contribute to CNS pathogenesis. Here we characterized the activation of an immediate-early transcription factor Egr-1 by MHV infection in an astrocytoma cell line. We found that the expression of Egr-1 was dramatically increased following virus infection. Using various inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases, we identified that the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 were involved in the activation of Egr-1 transcription by MHV infection. Experiments with ultraviolet light-inactivated virus revealed that the induction of Egr-1 did not require virus replication and was likely mediated during cell entry. We further found that over-expression of Egr-1 suppressed the expression of BNip3, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. This finding may provide an explanation for our previously observed down-regulation of BNip3 by MHV infection in astrocytoma cells (Cai, Liu, Yu, and Zhang, Virology 316:104-115, 2003). Furthermore, knockdown of Egr-1 by an siRNA inhibited MHV propagation, suggesting the biological relevance of Egr-1 induction to virus replication. In addition, the persistence/demylinating-positive strains (JHM and A59) induced Egr-1 expression, whereas the persistence/demylinating-negative strain (MHV-2) did not. These results indicate a correlation between the ability of MHVs to induce Egr-1 expression and their ability to cause demyelination in the CNS, which may suggest a potential role for the induction of Egr-1 in viral pathogenesis. (+info)

Paramyxovirus fusion: real-time measurement of parainfluenza virus 5 virus-cell fusion. (5/1806)

Although cell-cell fusion assays are useful surrogate methods for studying virus fusion, differences between cell-cell and virus-cell fusion exist. To examine paramyxovirus fusion in real time, we labeled viruses with fluorescent lipid probes and monitored virus-cell fusion by fluorimetry. Two parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) isolates (W3A and SER) and PIV5 containing mutations within the fusion protein (F) were studied. Fusion was specific and temperature-dependent. Compared to many low pH-dependent viruses, the kinetics of PIV5 fusion was slow, approaching completion within several minutes. As predicted from cell-cell fusion assays, virus containing an F protein with an extended cytoplasmic tail (rSV5 F551) had reduced fusion compared to wild-type virus (W3A). In contrast, virus-cell fusion for SER occurred at near wild-type levels, despite the fact that this isolate exhibits a severely reduced cell-cell fusion phenotype. These results support the notion that virus-cell and cell-cell fusion have significant differences. (+info)

Identification and characterization of a novel gene encoding an RGD-containing protein in large yellow croaker iridovirus. (6/1806)

Many virus-encoded RGD-containing proteins have been reported to play important roles in virus attachment and entry. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of a gene encoding an RGD-containing protein (037L) from large yellow croaker iridovirus (LYCIV), a causative agent of epizootics among large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea. The 037L gene is 1347 bp long and encodes a protein of 449 amino acids containing a biologically active RGD tri-peptide predicted with SURFC and STRIDE software. Temporal analysis of 037L gene transcription showed that this gene was a late gene. Subcellular localization of 037L in insect Hi5 cells using baculovirus vector system indicated that 037L might be a membrane-tropistic protein and functionally associated with the cytoplasma-membrane. The recombinant 037L expressed in E. coli could effectively induce the morphological changes of BF-2 cells and promote cellular aggregation, demonstrating that it can bind with surface molecules of BF-2 cells. The neutralization assay showed that LYCIV infection of BF-2 cells was significantly inhibited by anti-037L IgG, as determined by a real-time PCR of viral concentrations in the culture supernatants of LYCIV-infected cells, suggesting that it might have an important role in virus infectivity. This is the first report of the functional gene involved in virus infection and virus-host interaction in Megalocytivirus. (+info)

Diverse CD81 proteins support hepatitis C virus infection. (7/1806)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is dependent on CD81. To investigate whether the CD81 sequence is a determinant of HCV host range, we expressed a panel of diverse CD81 proteins and tested their ability to interact with HCV. CD81 large extracellular loop (LEL) sequences were expressed as recombinant proteins; the human and, to a low level, the African green monkey sequences bound soluble HCV E2 (sE2) and inhibited infection by retrovirus pseudotype particles bearing HCV glycoproteins (HCVpp). In contrast, mouse or rat CD81 proteins failed to bind sE2 or to inhibit HCVpp infection. However, CD81 proteins from all species, when expressed in HepG2 cells, conferred susceptibility to infection by HCVpp and cell culture-grown HCV to various levels, with the rat sequence being the least efficient. Recombinant human CD81 LEL inhibited HCVpp infectivity only if present during the virus-cell incubation, consistent with a role for CD81 after virus attachment. Amino acid changes that abrogate sE2 binding (I182F, N184Y, and F186S, alone or in combination) were introduced into human CD81. All three amino acid changes in human CD81 resulted in a molecule that still supported HCVpp infection, albeit with reduced efficiency. In summary, there is a remarkable plasticity in the range of CD81 sequences that can support HCV entry, suggesting that CD81 polymorphism may contribute to, but alone does not define, the HCV susceptibility of a species. In addition, the capacity to support viral entry is only partially reflected by assays measuring sE2 interaction with recombinant or full-length CD81 proteins. (+info)

Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in vitro: coevolution of virus and host. (8/1806)

The virological and cellular consequences of persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been elusive due to the absence of the requisite experimental systems. Here, we report the establishment and the characteristics of persistent in vitro infection of human hepatoma-derived cells by a recently described HCV genotype 2a infectious molecular clone. Persistent in vitro infection was characterized by the selection of viral variants that displayed accelerated expansion kinetics, higher peak titers, and increased buoyant densities. Sequencing analysis revealed the selection of a single adaptive mutation in the HCV E2 envelope protein that was largely responsible for the variant phenotype. In parallel, as the virus became more aggressive, cells that were resistant to infection emerged, displaying escape mechanisms operative at the level of viral entry, HCV RNA replication, or both. Collectively, these results reveal the existence of coevolutionary events during persistent HCV infection that favor survival of both virus and host. (+info)

Galinier R, Gout E, Lortat-Jacob H, Wood J, Chroboczek J (2003). "Adenovirus protein involved in virus internalization recruits ... "Latent membrane protein 2A of Epstein-Barr virus binds WW domain E3 protein-ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitinate B-cell tyrosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWP2

Galinier R, Gout E, Lortat-Jacob H, Wood J, Chroboczek J (2003). "Adenovirus protein involved in virus internalization recruits ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWP1

It was reported that virus internalization is limited upon cholesterol depletion. The receptor used for cell entry is alpha- ... Lassa viruses are enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented, ambisense RNA viruses. Their genome is contained in two RNA segments ... Alpha-dystroglycan is also used as a receptor by viruses of the New World clade C arenaviruses (Oliveros and Latino viruses). ... Jamie Dyal and Ben Fohner Lassa virus Stanford University Humans and Viruses Class of 2005, n.d. accessed 9 May 2018 Lashley, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa_mammarenavirus

Immediately after internalization of the particle, the viral RNA is released. Poliovirus is a positive-stranded RNA virus. Thus ... and allowing the virus to infect nervous tissue. The mutation rate in the virus is relatively high even for an RNA virus with a ... Virus is shed in the feces of infected individuals. In 95% of cases only a primary, transient presence of viremia (virus in the ... Medicine portal Viruses portal ICTVdb virus classification 2006 Home of Picornaviruses (latest updates of species, serotypes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus

AXL mediates internalization into the endosome from which these viruses escape and initiate replication. Studies have shown ... AXL also play an important role in Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection, allowing for entry of the virus into host cells. This ... "Expression Analysis Highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika Virus Entry Receptor in Neural Stem Cells". Cell Stem Cell. 18 (5): 591- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXL_receptor_tyrosine_kinase

Overall, the most effective infection occurred by internalization through membrane lesions of the host. One specific protein, ... Broad bean mottle virus Brome mosaic virus Cassia yellow blotch virus Melandrium yellow fletch virus Spring beauty latent virus ... Typical virus infection involves an exponential increase in virus concentration followed by a rapid decline of virus ... Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, known by the abbreviation CCMV, is a virus that specifically infects the cowpea plant, or black- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpea_chlorotic_mottle_virus

"Analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus attachment and internalization: distinctive roles for heparan ... Members of the species are also known as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2. Member viruses are a type of ... By 2010, of the top ten swine production states in the United States, viruses in 3 of the 9 major lineages were present. Two of ... Type 2 PRRSV is an enveloped virus with a non-isometric nucleocapsid core. The Type 2 PRRSV genome has 10 open reading frames ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine_reproductive_and_respiratory_syndrome_virus_2

These receptors promote virus-antibody internalization by the immune cells, which should be followed by the virus destruction. ... When an antibody to a virus is unable to neutralize the virus, it forms sub-neutralizing virus-antibody complexes. Upon ... bringing the virus and the cell close enough for a specific virus receptor to bind the virus, beginning infection. This ... Interaction of a virus with antibodies must prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell entry receptors. However, instead ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_enhancement

April 2010). "Apoptosis induced by Oropouche virus infection in HeLa cells is dependent on virus protein expression". Virus ... In order for apoptosis to occur within OROV, viral uncoating, viral internalization, along with the replication of cells is ... Whilst a number of viruses can block the effects of TNF and Fas. For example, the M-T2 protein of myxoma viruses can bind TNF ... Some viruses express caspase inhibitors that inhibit caspase activity and an example is the CrmA protein of cowpox viruses. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis

... of the internalization signal in the Y543 influenza virus hemagglutinin suggest a model for recognition of internalization ... Measles virus matrix protein specifies apical virus release and glycoprotein sorting in epithelial cells. EMBO J. 19, 3576-3585 ... Basis for selective incorporation of glycoproteins into influenza virus envelope. J. Virol. 67, 4831-4841 Measles Viruses with ... Oncolytic measles virus in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas mount anti-tumor immune responses in vivo and target interferon resistant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Naim

Olson JK, Grose C (May 1997). "Endocytosis and recycling of varicella-zoster virus Fc receptor glycoprotein gE: internalization ... Although this process is primarily used by non-enveloped viruses, enveloped viruses may also use this. HIV is an example of an ... Payne, Susan (2017). "Virus Interactions With the Cell". Viruses: 23-25. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9. ISBN ... Payne, Susan (2017). "Virus Interactions With the Cell". Viruses: 23-25. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_shedding

Internalization of the virus into myocytes occurs by binding to coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptors (CAR) located in tight ... with sCAR-Fc-virus binding causing the loss of the virus' internal capsid protein, VP4. This irreversible reaction prevents the ... sCAR-Fc prevents the virus entering the cell by competitively binding to coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptors (CAR) on the ... Once the virus penetrates the host's systemic circulation via contaminated water or food, it can travel and infect the heart ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCAR-Fc

... the virus is brought into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Following the internalization of the virus, the viral ... Some diseases that occur as a result of this virus or are associated with this virus include mild upper respiratory illness, ... from respiratory enteric orphan virus. The Mammalian orthoreovirus was labeled an orphan virus in the 1950s when it was ... After the virus has been fully assembled and matured, the newly formed Mammalian orthoreovirus particle is released from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_orthoreovirus

... of TRAIL amplified apoptotic signaling with reduced TRAIL internalization to enhance antitumor efficacy Oncolytic viruses ... Oncolytic viruses include adenoviruses, Herpes simplex viruses, Semliki forest viruses, poxviruses, among others. They can be ... Cytokine-loaded oncolytic viruses have shown activity in murine models, with several clinical trials under investigation. ... IMLYGIC (talimogene laherparepvec) was the first FDA-approved oncolytic virus for cancer treatment. It is a modified herpes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_delivery_systems

"Internalization of exogenous human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein, Tat, by KG-1 oligodendroglioma cells followed by ... Krachmarov CP, Chepenik LG, Barr-Vagell S, Khalili K, Johnson EM (November 1996). "Activation of the JC virus Tat-responsive ... of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein Tat and cellular protein Puralpha on DNA replication initiated at the JC virus ... "Interaction of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein Puralpha with the human polyomavirus JC virus early protein T-antigen". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PURA

... to host integrin entry receptors mediates internalization into the host cell by clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the virus and ... "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ... The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope breakdown, viroporins, and lysis. Human, mammals, and vertebrates serve as ... Mastadenovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Adenoviridae. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 51 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastadenovirus

Internalization can be induced e.g. by adding adenovirus penton base protein on the phage surface, it allows for the attachment ... "Genetically Modified Viruses Help Save A Patient With A 'Superbug' Infection". NPR.org. Gallagher J (8 May 2019). "Phage ... "Scientists Modify Viruses With CRISPR To Create New Weapon Against Superbugs". NPR. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019. Eanes, ... Bacteriophages, known as phages, are a form of virus that attach to bacterial cells and inject their genome into the cell. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_therapy

... actin polymerization is stimulated in the initial steps of the internalization of some viruses, notably HIV, by, for example, ... The make-up of the cytoskeleton is also related to the pathogenicity of intracellular bacteria and viruses, particularly in the ... In addition the vaccine virus Vaccinia also uses elements of the actin cytoskeleton for its dissemination. Pseudomonas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin

... internalization of artificial "viruses"). Subsequently, and led initially by chance to a discovery, he systematically worked ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Roux

Like other nonenveloped DNA viruses, pathogenicity of parvovirus B19 involves binding to host cell receptors, internalization, ... B19 virus is most known for causing disease in the pediatric population; however, it can also affect adults. It is the classic ... This is due to a combination of hemolysis of the red blood cells, as well as the virus directly negatively affecting the red ... This rate is similar to that of other single-stranded DNA viruses. VP2 codons were found to be under purifying selection. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19

... causing as a result the internalization of the virus. Secondarily, HA is responsible for the fusion of the viral envelope with ... The hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus has been associated with the high pathogenicity of this flu virus strain, apparently due to ... how influenza A virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes ... Therefore, HA is responsible for binding Influenza virus to sialic acid on the surface of target cells, such as cells in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin_(influenza)

... the virus that causes SARS), and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 ... of the spike protein of the coronavirus with mACE2 induces a drop in the levels of mACE2 in cells through internalization and ... But even with only tiny amounts of mACE2, SARS-CoV-2 virus can gain entry into cells if TMPRSS2 is present. Both ACE inhibitors ... In a study done during the SARS outbreak, SARS virus RNA was ascertained in the autopsy of heart specimens in 35% of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2

... as the HIV gp120 molecule causes co-internalization of the DC-SIGN molecule and HIV virus particle (virion). The dendritic cell ... Different studies have demonstrated that the ebola virus infection process starts when the virus reaches the cellular DC-SIGN ... Baribaud F, Doms RW, Pöhlmann S (2006). "The role of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in HIV and Ebola virus infection: can potential ... Bénichou S, Benmerah A (2003). "[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-SIGN

The most understood helical virus is the tobacco mosaic virus. The virus is a single molecule of (+) strand RNA. Each coat ... leading to penetration of the host cell membrane and internalization of the capsid. Delivery of the genome occurs by subsequent ... In other viruses, especially more complex viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes, the capsid proteins assemble into empty ... The size is also different; the tobacco mosaic virus has a 16.33 protein subunits per helical turn, while the influenza A virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsid

Cefai D, Ferrer M, Serpente N, Idziorek T, Dautry-Varsat A, Debre P, Bismuth G (July 1992). "Internalization of HIV ... Crise B, Rose JK (April 1992). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein precursor retains a CD4-p56lck complex in the ... Soula M, Fagard R, Fischer S (February 1992). "Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus glycoprotein 160 with CD4 in Jurkat ... "Evidence that the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus encodes a protein kinase associated with a phosphoprotein". Cell. 15 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lck

Carriers can be bio-inspired, such as reconstituted viruses, virus like particles, vesicles, cell ghosts, and functional ... For example, GalNAc-siRNA conjugates not only provide an approach for ligand based cell internalization without the need of ... Virus-like Particles. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are assemblies of viral proteins that package cargo materials such as mRNAs, ... adeno-associated virus(AAV), and other viruses) Re-purposed bacterial toxins and viral components Research into how carriers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_delivery

TIM-1 enhanced dengue virus infectivity by 500-fold, particularly increased virus internalization. TIM-1 directly interacted ... TIM-1 binds to Ebola virus glycoproteins (GP) and mediates Ebola virus cellular entry by increasing Ebola virus infectivity in ... that include viruses such as dengue and ebola. Entry of Lassa fever virus, influenza A virus, and SARS coronavirus were not ... is a natural ligand of hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1), and the association of IgA with HAVCR1 enhances virus- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAVCR1

If there has been an infection with viruses or bacteria, the cell will present an endogenous or exogenous peptide fragment ... In the first case, after internalisation, the antigens are enclosed in vesicles called endosomes. There are three compartments ... Whenever they encounter signs of disease, caused for example by the presence of viruses or intracellular bacteria or a ... from virus-infected and non-infected cells. After the interaction between pMHC-I and TCR, in presence of co-stimulatory signals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_presentation

... simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), wobbly possum disease virus, and lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV). PRRSV is a ... Upon binding and internalization, GP2-GP3-GP4 interacts with CD163 mediating the disassembly and release of the nucleocapsid. ... virus isolate and the virus dose. It was shown that pigs could be infected with PRRS virus by several routes of exposure: ... Betaarterivirus suid 1, formerly Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is a virus that causes a disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaarterivirus_suid_1

Free toxin is removed by primarily the liver and kidneys or may be degraded through cellular internalization via lysosomes. The ... Molecular action of toxins and viruses. Molecular Aspects of Cellular Regulation. Vol. 2. Elsevier. p. 54. doi:10.1016/B978-0- ... They do not affect the binding and internalization of modeccin but do affect the intracellular protein transport through the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeccin

Then, the bacteria induce their internalization into host cells via a receptor-mediated invasion mechanism.[citation needed] ... the organism smaller than a bacterium and larger than a virus) that causes this disease. He and others characterized the basic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever

... viruses such as hepatitis C virus, Flaviviridae viruses and bovine viral diarrheal virus could enter cells indirectly via LDLR- ... After internalization, the receptors dissociate from their ligands when they are exposed to lower pH in endosomes. After ... Agnello V, Abel G, Elfahal M, Knight GB, Zhang QX (October 1999). "Hepatitis C virus and other flaviviridae viruses enter cells ... LDLR has been identified as the primary mode of entry for the Vesicular stomatitis virus in mice and humans. In addition, LDLR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

Izumi KM, Kieff ED (1997). "The Epstein-Barr virus oncogene product latent membrane protein 1 engages the tumor necrosis factor ... "Inhibition of receptor internalization by monodansylcadaverine selectively blocks p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor death ... "Inhibition of receptor internalization by monodansylcadaverine selectively blocks p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor death ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRADD

... to the pandemic and expressing frustration over opposition to his efforts to launch a scientific program to combat the virus. ... "Particle compositions with a pre-selected cell internalization mode", published 2012 US patent 7993271, Liu J, Ferrari M, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Ferrari

2004). "beta-Arrestin-dependent constitutive internalization of the human chemokine decoy receptor D6". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (24 ... "The promiscuous CC chemokine receptor D6 is a functional coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCBP2

On the other hand, viruses must block or redirect host cell processes including immunity to effectively replicate, yet many ... and internalization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (11): 6505-10. ... Aviel S, Winberg G, Massucci M, Ciechanover A (August 2000). "Degradation of the epstein-barr virus latent membrane protein 1 ( ... Ikeda M, Ikeda A, Longnecker R (August 2002). "Lysine-independent ubiquitylation of Epstein-Barr virus LMP2A". Virology. 300 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin

Recently, he detailed the treatment of cocaine addiction with viruses. Janda and colleagues then showed that an active vaccine ... in the Internalization Mechanism of a Cell-Penetrating Peptide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (2): 538-539. ... "A Human Single-Chain Antibody Specific for Integrin α3β1 Capable of Cell Internalization and Delivery of Antitumor Agents". ... "Treating cocaine addiction with viruses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (28): 10416-10421. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Janda

The endocytic pathway can be hijacked by viruses and other pathogens in order to gain entry to the cell during infection. The ... Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) regulates many cellular physiological processes such as the internalization of growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin

Frankel AD, Pabo CO (December 1988). "Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus". Cell. 55 (6): 1189 ... Unlike the heparinase-independent transduction of isolated PTD polypeptide, internalization of full-length Tat is mediated by ... January 1989). "Structural and functional characterization of human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein". Journal of Virology. ... "NMR structure of a biologically active peptide containing the RNA-binding domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_(HIV)

... these effects may increase the development and frequency of Epileptic seizure as well as the entry of leucocyte-borne viruses ... "Regulation of cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor internalization and signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1

The cell wall is formed after axoneme internalization. Five modes of axoneme internalization occur in S. punctatus: severing, ... viruses / edited by Margaret CM Smith. 8 (4): 362-369. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.009. PMID 15993645. Laforest MJ, Roewer I, ... The axoneme remains intact during internalization and the axonemal tubulin is degraded at least in part by the proteasome. ... Fifth, vesicular retraction is the creation of an axoneme loop bulge within the ciliary membrane before internalization. After ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizellomyces_punctatus

In rat hepatic cells, LIMP-2 exhibited a half-life for internalization and lysosomal transport of 32 min and 2.0 h, ... SCARB2 is a receptor for two viruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease in children, Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus ... "Scavenger receptor BI and BII expression levels modulate hepatitis C virus infectivity". Journal of Virology. 81 (7): 3162-9. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCARB2

Barillari G, Gendelman R, Gallo RC, Ensoli B (September 1993). "The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, a ... and cytoskeletal organization and syndecan receptors are required for internalization of the HIV-1 tat protein. Altered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndecan_1

There is also a myosin VI binding site near n-terminal which may be involved in the internalization of AMPAR. Each of SAP97's ... Lee SS, Weiss RS, Javier RT (Jun 1997). "Binding of human virus oncoproteins to hDlg/SAP97, a mammalian homolog of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLG1

The situation is the same in several European countries struggling with the virus. There continues to be some debate regarding ... predicts weaker internalisation of values such as empathy, altruism, and resistance to temptation, along with more antisocial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence

Bénichou S, Benmerah A (Jan 2003). "[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the ... "A dileucine motif in HIV-1 Nef acts as an internalization signal for CD4 downregulation and binds the AP-1 clathrin adaptor". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1M1

Viruses also have notable virulence factors. Experimental research, for example, often focuses on creating environments that ... It does not modify anything, but overdrives normal cellular internalization process, making it easier for the Bacteria to be ... Even though they are not essential for lytic phases of the virus, these latency genes are important for promoting chronic ... Genes characteristic of this concept are those that control latency in some viruses like herpes. Murine gamma herpesvirus 68 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence_factor

"Viruses - Complete Genomes". NCBI. Retrieved 2013-01-17. "Human Adenovirus E Genome". NCBI. Retrieved 2013-01-17. "Human ... "PHA3612: receptor internalization and degradation protein alpha". NCBI. Retrieved 2013-01-17. "PHA3620: CR1 beta membrane ... Control protein E3 14.7K protects the virus from host antiviral responses. The control proteins of the E4 transcription unit ... thereby preventing T-cell lymphocytes from recognizing that the host cell has been infected by a virus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenovirus_genome

In general, this results in the uptake (internalization, phagocytosis) of bound molecules by endosomes/phagosomes and in ... Leoni, Valerio; Gianni, Tatiana; Salvioli, Stefano; Campadelli-Fiume, Gabriella (2012-06-15). "Herpes Simplex Virus ... 174 Deletion Affects CD4 Levels Along Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Progression". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 222 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_2

1994, Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture Browning, Jonathan (2011-02-01). "Google, Twitter Offer Egyptians Option ... Keck and Sikkink's boomerang model is relatable to John Gaventa's assertion that routines and internalization of roles or false ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_advocacy

He noted that the virus ran in ongoing waves, pointing out the increases of infections overseas, and suggested that the New ... prejudice and internalisation by this population of negative messages about their worth and right to equitable services. The ... and virus containment measures saying New Zealand has to pull out all the stops to get Kiwis vaccinated." After debunking COVID ... Jackson has been a strong advocate for immunisation against the COVID-19 virus and in September 2021 told Hilary Barry and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Jackson_(epidemiologist)

Advances in Virus Research. Bacteriophages, Part A. Vol. 82. pp. 91-118. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394621-8.00014-5. ISBN ... The toxin also induces apoptosis in host cells after GAS internalization. Evidence suggests that this may take place through ... as well as potential influence on bacterial internalization. There is contradictory evidence regarding the effect of SpeB on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrogenic_toxin

Virology Hub is a center for learning about viruses of animals, human and plants from all over the world ... All About Viruses of Animals, Human, Bacteria and Plants ... Endocytic pathways for virus internalization. *Home *Viral Zone ... non-enveloped viruses) to achieve entry into the cell (Cossart and Helenius, 2014). The mechanisms of internalization differ ... The low pH for fusion varies between viruses making some viruses to fuse both throughout early endosomes (comparatively ...

https://achengula.com/2022/08/18/endocytic-pathways-for-virus-internalization/

Glycoprotein D actively induces rapid internalization of two nectin-1 isoforms during herpes simplex virus entry. ... Glycoprotein D actively induces rapid internalization of two nectin-1 isoforms during herpes simplex virus entry. Together ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/glycoprotein-d-actively-induces-rapid-internalization-of-two-nect/fingerprints/

Virus Internalization PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. subject area of * An endogenous retroviral element exerts an ... Computational and Functional Analysis of the Virus-Receptor Interface Reveals Host Range Trade-Offs in New World Arenaviruses ... Dual Host-Virus Arms Races Shape an Essential Housekeeping Protein Journal Article ... Phosphorylation of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L2 Contributes to Efficient Virus Infectious Entry Journal Article ...

https://experts.colorado.edu/display/meshid_G06.920.881

... includes evolution of the virus, damaging inflammatory cascades, and the involvement of multiple cell types; however, our ... Virus Internalization * env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / metabolism Substances * G protein, vesicular ... HIV-1 infection within the central nervous system (CNS) includes evolution of the virus, damaging inflammatory cascades, and ... We found that macrophage-tropic viruses confer entry advantages in primary myeloid cells, including monocyte-derived macrophage ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35975998/

Transferrin Receptor Protein 1 Cooperates with mGluR2 To Mediate the Internalization of Rabies Virus and SARS-CoV-2. ... To our knowledge, mGluR2 is the first host factor to be definitively shown to play an important role in RABV street virus ... In addition, how mGluR2 mediates the internalization of RABV and SARS-CoV-2 needed to be resolved. Here, we found that mGluR2 ... Importantly, TfR1 also interacts with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and is important for SARS-CoV-2 internalization. Our ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-36779763

However, curcumin did block two steps of the PRRSV infection process: virus internalization and virus-mediated cell fusion. Our ... and mainly inhibited by virus internalization and cell fusion mediated by virus. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ... Curcumin, a natural compound, has been reported to serve as an entry inhibitor of hepatitis C virus, chikungunya virus and ... vesicular stomatitis virus. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of curcumin on early stages of PRRSV infection ...

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-017-1218-x

... and the internalization of surface-bound ligands including viruses. The penetration of the viruses into the cytosol is ... The process differs fundamentally from other endocytic mechanisms involved in virus internalization. By activating growth ... In the case of vaccinia virus (mature viruses), we have demonstrated that the phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed in the viral ... The second infectious form of the virus, the so called enveloped viruses, also trigger macropinocytosis but without ...

https://www.nyas.org/events/2012/phosphatidylserine-asymmetry-and-cell-survival/

Decreased neurotransmitter internalization may therefore reduce the infectious potential of the virus. ... including Dengue virus, Zika virus, and West Nile virus(9-11). The involvement of the cholesterol/ubiquinone pathway is further ... Role for influenza virus envelope cholesterol in virus entry and infection. J Virol [Internet]. 2003 Dec;77(23):12543-51. ... Ragan I, Hartson L, Pidcoke H, Bowen R, Goodrich R. Pathogen reduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus in plasma and whole blood using ...

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.20211953v2.full

... derived from diverse imaging methods on genome internalization of the large dsDNA Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1 ... Virus-Host Interactions: Insights From The Replication Cycle Of The Large Paramecium Bursaria Chlorella Virus ... The discovery of giant DNA viruses and the recent realization that such viruses are diverse and abundant blurred the ... Viruses. 13, 5, 782. Abstract Chloroviruses are unusual among viruses infecting eukaryotic organisms in that they must, like ...

http://www.weizmann.ac.il/CSB/minsky/publications

Powered by Pure, Scopus & Elsevier Fingerprint Engine™ © 2022 Elsevier B.V We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Log in to Pure. ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/transferring-isolated-mitochondria-into-tissue-culture-cells/fingerprints/

Internalization of Influenza Virus and Cell Surface Proteins Monitored by Site-Specific Conjugation of Protease-Sensitive ...

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/staff-directory/biography/cheloha-ross/publications

Jove

https://www.jove.com/v/53372/measuring-attachment-internalization-influenza-virus-a549-cells-flow?language=German

Adenovirus protein involved in virus internalization recruits ubiquitin- protein ligases. Biochemistry (2002) 41 (48) : 14299- ... Heparan sulfate-mediated binding of infectious dengue virus type 2 and yellow fever virus. Virology (2002) 292 (1) : 162-168 ... Virus Research (2005) 110 (1-2) : 187-193. Sarrazin S, Bonnaffe D, Lubineau A and Lortat-Jacob H. Heparan sulfate mimicry : A ... DC-SIGN and L-SIGN are high affinity binding receptors for hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2. Journal of Biological Chemistry ( ...

https://www.ibs.fr/recherche/groupes-de-recherche/groupe-structure-et-activite-des-glycosaminoglycanes-h-lortat-jacob/publications/?lang=fr

As in Waldenström macroglobulinemia, the CXCR4 gene mutations that cause WHIM syndrome impair internalization of the CXCR4 ... A lack of these immune cells circulating through the body likely impairs the bodys immune reaction to bacteria and viruses, ... Enhanced function with decreased internalization of carboxy-terminus truncated CXCR4 responsible for WHIM syndrome. Exp Hematol ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/cxcr4/

Pharmacological characterization of the αvβ6 integrin binding and internalization kinetics of the foot-and-mouth disease virus ... Use of a peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus for the noninvasive imaging of human cancer: generation and ... The peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART (A20FMDV2), derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus, has been identified as a potent and ... is derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and has been reported as a selective inhibitor of αVβ6 in a pancreatic ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00259-019-04653-5

Procyanidins extracted from Cinnamon demonstrate anti-viral activity against SARS associated viruses. ... CC/Fr.2 inhibited the internalization of TfR but the procyanidins did not. Taken together, CC/Fr.2 contains unknown substances ... Procyanidins extracted from Cinnamon demonstrate anti-viral activity against SARS associated viruses. - GreenMedInfo Summary ... Therefore, CC extracts contain anti-virus activities that act through distinct mechanisms according to differences in the ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/article/procyanidins-extracted-cinnamon-demonstrate-anti-viral-activity-against-sars-a

The authors demonstrated that miR-33a could impede influenza A virus replication at the stage of virus internalization by ... This gene maps in a region, which include the mixed lineage leukemia and Friend leukemia virus integration 1 genes, where ... Title: MicroRNA-33a disturbs influenza A virus replication by targeting ARCN1 and inhibiting viral ribonucleoprotein activity. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/372

It has been shown that LF is able to prevent the internalization of some viruses by binding to HSPGs (86). ... LF might also prevent virus accumulation by the host cell, as well as rolling activity and entering of the virus via the host ... Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus ... Some of the viruses that LF prevents from entering host cells e.g., Herpes simplex virus (162), human papillomavirus (163), ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221/full

Dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, the most severe responses to dengue virus (DV) infection, are ... and possibly even other virus-induced inflammatory diseases. ... and possibly even other virus-induced inflammatory diseases. ... mediated Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection Is Independent of DC-SIGN Internalization Signals*. *P. Lozach, L. Burleigh, +7 ... Dengue virus is a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that productively infects human dendritic cells primarily at the ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/CLEC5A-is-critical-for-dengue-virus-induced-lethal-Chen-Lin/17654f790d0dace756dd660adc92943ef1289c18

Competition between CD4 and DC-SIGN for Env binding likely affects virus access to the cytosol and syncytium formation. ... The lectin enhanced susceptibility to viral infection and dramatically increased virion internalization. Captured virions ... DC-SIGN, a lectin expressed on dendritic cell and macrophage subsets, binds to human immunodeficiency virus Env glycoproteins, ... Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env-mediated fusion by DC-SIGN. ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/inhibition-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-env-mediated-fusion-by-dc-sign/

Virus Internalization Medicine & Life Sciences 62% * virus receptors Agriculture & Biology 53% * Humoral Immunity Medicine & ... as well as mutations affecting receptors for virus entry have been considered and analysed. In this article, we want to discuss ... as well as mutations affecting receptors for virus entry have been considered and analysed. In this article, we want to discuss ... as well as mutations affecting receptors for virus entry have been considered and analysed. In this article, we want to discuss ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/heterogeneity-in-exposed-uninfected-individuals

Virus Internalization Medicine & Life Sciences 96% * Long-Term Memory Medicine & Life Sciences 89% ... particularly well suited for use in vaccine development as it delivers a potent co-stimulatory signal through the Herpes virus ... particularly well suited for use in vaccine development as it delivers a potent co-stimulatory signal through the Herpes virus ... particularly well suited for use in vaccine development as it delivers a potent co-stimulatory signal through the Herpes virus ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/expression-of-anti-hvem-single-chain-antibody-on-tumor-cells-indu-4

The membrane receptor for the virus, ACE-2, was not expressed by infected or control platelets. Our results suggest that ... However, the pathogenesis of these complications is unclear and reports on platelet infection and activation by the virus are ... to observe internalization of the virus in vitro8. The internalization triggered apoptotic states, in agreement with the ... Anti-viral response: Defense response to virus (GO:0,051,607), Cellular response to virus (GO:0,098,586) ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10516-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=ccef5863-8b12-42df-b3e4-bc7c233c62b2

Dengue virus generates oxidative stress through the effect of NADPH oxidase. This triggers the inflammatory cytokine response, ... The primary response against dengue infection is the internalization of the pathogen by an overwhelming number of immune cells ... Roy, A., Sarkar, D., Chakraborty, S., Chaudhuri, J. and Ghosh, P. (2013) Profile of Hepatic Involvement by Dengue Virus in ... 2011) RIG-I, MDA5 and TLR3 Synergistically Play an Important Role in Restriction of Dengue Virus Infection. PLOS Neglected ...

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=106829

Role of the actin cytoskeleton during influenza virus internalization into polarized epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol. 2007;9(7 ... The log2FCs between virus (or interferon) and mock samples at each time point were calculated using limma, with their ... Edinger TO, Pohl MO, Stertz S. Entry of influenza A virus: host factors and antiviral targets. J Gen Virol. 2014;95:263-77. ... Neumann G, Chen H, Gao GF, Shu YL, Kawaoka Y. H5N1 influenza viruses: outbreaks and biological properties. Cell Res. 2010;20(1 ...

https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-021-04046-2

1993) Integrins avβ3 and avβ5 promote adenovirus internalisation but not virus attachment. Cell 73:309-319. ... After one hour, virus-containing medium was aspirated and the cells were overlaid with 10 ml prewarmed complete medium ... For large scale production, virus was added at a multiplicity of infection of 5-15 to confluent 293 cells growing in Dulbeccos ... LPMCs were thought to be only poorly receptive to adenoviruses, because they express only low levels of receptors for virus ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/44/6/800?ijkey=e6bf84d2d4ea128ca8ecfae6a27e1d419d73a39d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The HIV envelope spike glycoprotein on the surface of virus particles binds both CD4 and a seven-transmembrane coreceptor. ... Other cell surface receptors also interact with gp120 and aid attachment of virus particles. This review describes these ... Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exploits cell surface receptors to attach to and gain entry into cells. ... receptor signaling and internalization are dissociable from its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. EMBO Journal 16:4606-4616 ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-83-8-1809

El virus amb les dues mutacions presentava un alliberament incrementat però perdia producció de la progènie viral. Per ... The iRGD peptide enhanced internalization into cells by the interaction with integrins and neuropilin-1, after a proteolytic ... This virus also displayed enhanced release, cytotoxicity, and antitumor efficacy in a lung carcinoma model. In Syrian hamsters ... Aquest virus també presenta alliberament viral, citotoxicitat i eficàcia antitumoral incrementades en un model de carcinoma de ...

http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/46363

1980). As a way to enter the cell each enveloped and non-enveloped viruses want to connect to the host cell receptors and both fuse with the plasma or endosomal membrane (enveloped viruses) or disrupt/type pore(s) within the plasma membrane (non-enveloped viruses) to achieve entry into the cell (Cossart and Helenius, 2014). (achengula.com)
The endocytic pathway contain the virus binding to the host cell receptors, activation of signaling pathways, formation of endocytic vesicles, supply of viral cargo to endosomal compartments, sorting, and eventually escaping into the cytosol (Cossart and Helenius, 2014). (achengula.com)
Identification of bona fide functional receptors and elucidation of the mechanism of receptor-mediated virus entry are important to reveal targets for developing therapeutics against rabies virus (RABV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). (bvsalud.org)
A variety of mechanisms potentially able to confer resistance to HIV infection, including cell-mediated and (unconventional) humoral immune responses, as well as mutations affecting receptors for virus entry have been considered and analysed. (elsevier.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exploits cell surface receptors to attach to and gain entry into cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Other cell surface receptors also interact with gp120 and aid attachment of virus particles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Somatostatin-14 induced internalization of cell surface receptors and reduction of binding sites on the cell surface. (reading.ac.uk)
We were also able to observe that internalization rates vary dramatically across different families of receptors, with the antibody-mediated internalization having the slowest kinetics. (eventscribe.net)
Similar to Measles virus (MV), PPRV has three cellular receptors: CD46, the protein signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM or CD150), and the poliovirus receptor-like protein 4 (also known as PVRL4 or nectin-4). (biomedcentral.com)
Virus attaches to host receptors through the SU glycoprotein. (expasy.org)
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) receptors locate in the human oral pharynx and upper airway where the high replication rate of Corona virus happens more easily. (multispaninc.com)
reabsorption chaperones via precursor virus Protease Activated Receptors( PARs). (erik-mill.de)
Chronic ethanol exposure has been found to alter gene expression and to increase cellular internalization of certain subunits, affecting the type of GABA receptors that are available at the cell surface and the synapse. (medscape.com)

LF might also prevent virus accumulation by the host cell, as well as rolling activity and entering of the virus via the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). (frontiersin.org)
Here we also suggest that LF might be used as both a preventive and therapeutic supplement in the COVID-19 pandemic, by preventing interactions between the virus and both HSPGs and possibly ACE2. (frontiersin.org)
Cells were treated with the antibodies A and B, with an EC50 value of 72.5±5nM for antibody A and 33.1±3nM for antibody B. Finally, we were also able to monitor virus entry in living cells via ACE2 internalization by binding with the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein in HEK293 cells treated with lentiviruses expressing the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein at their surface. (eventscribe.net)
ACE2 has been confirmed as the cause of SARS-CoV-2 internalization in concert with TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serin 2). (multispaninc.com)
SARS CoV-2, the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is well-known to use ACE2 to begin internalization. (biomedcentral.com)
Binding to human ACE2 receptor and internalization of the virus into the endosomes of the host cell induces conformational changes in the Spike glycoprotein (PubMed:32142651, PubMed:32075877, PubMed:32155444). (bioss.com.cn)

After attachment to the host cell receptor, in all of the endocytic pathways endocytic vesicles containing the virus are shaped (Cossart and Helenius, 2014). (achengula.com)
Transferrin Receptor Protein 1 Cooperates with mGluR2 To Mediate the Internalization of Rabies Virus and SARS-CoV-2. (bvsalud.org)
Our previous studies suggest that metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 (mGluR2) functions as an entry receptor for RABV in vitro , and is an important internalization factor for SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
IMPORTANCE We previously found that metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 (mGluR2) is an entry receptor for RABV in vitro , and an important internalization factor for SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
however, recombinant HAdV-14p1 fi ber regions containing the depending on the infecting HAdV serotype and tropism 2-aa deletion did not demonstrate substantial phenotypic resulting from differential host receptor use, the wide differences between the new agent and the prototype virus variety of symptoms can include pneumonia, febrile ( 12 ). (cdc.gov)
We attribute this increase to removal of residual host receptor that attached to newly replicated viruses in the cell lysates. (weizmann.ac.il)
The co-signaling molecule, LIGHT, is particularly well suited for use in vaccine development as it delivers a potent co-stimulatory signal through the Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) receptor on T cells and facilitates tumor-specific T cell immunity. (elsevier.com)
The membrane receptor for the virus, ACE-2, was not expressed by infected or control platelets. (nature.com)
Molecular mechanism of desensitization of the chemokine receptor CCR-5: receptor signaling and internalization are dissociable from its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Confocal microscopic analysis revealed colocalization of intracellularly localized rat sst1-human simplex virus (HSV) with Rab5a-green fluorescent protein and Rab11a-green fluorescent protein, indicating the distribution of the receptor in endocytotic and recycling organelles. (reading.ac.uk)
Enrichment analyses showed that cargo receptor and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were enriched in DEGs, and might help the virus to cross gut barrier. (biomedcentral.com)
A Novel Vaccine Employing Non-Replicating Rabies Virus Expressing Chimeric SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Domains: Functional Inhibition of Viral/Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Complexes. (cdc.gov)

Ari Helenius was the primary individual to show that some enveloped viruses fuse with the endosomes to ship their genome into the cytosol (Helenius et al. (achengula.com)
Although extensively studied, the mechanisms and factors responsible for the genome internalization process remain poorly understood. (weizmann.ac.il)
Here we report our observations, derived from diverse imaging methods on genome internalization of the large dsDNA Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1). (weizmann.ac.il)
Our studies reveal that early infection stages of this eukaryotic-infecting virus occurs by a bacteriophage-like pathway, whereby PBCV-1 generates a hole in the host cell wall and ejects its dsDNA genome in a linear, base-pair-by-base-pair process, through a membrane tunnel generated by the fusion of the virus internal membrane with the host membrane. (weizmann.ac.il)
As an obligate intracellular parasite, viruses must deliver their genome to the nucleus of host cells to replicate and ultimately cause disease. (biomedcentral.com)
It has six steps to enter target cells that start with attachment to target cells and are followed by internalization into cellular compartments, trafficking through endosomal network, fusion, uncoating, and finally viral genome entry into the nucleus [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Importantly, TfR1 also interacts with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and is important for SARS-CoV-2 internalization. (bvsalud.org)
Additionally, we found that IFN-α and LPS restricted replication in myeloid cells, and IFN-α treatment prior to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV G) Envs resulted in a conserved antiviral response across all CNS cell types. (nih.gov)
DNA viruses encapsidated within a protein shell and 14p) ( 9 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)
As in Waldenström macroglobulinemia, the CXCR4 gene mutations that cause WHIM syndrome impair internalization of the CXCR4 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
The objective of this work is the development of a universal method to study, under physiological conditions and in real-time, the different membrane protein internalization processes. (eventscribe.net)
This novel method to measure membrane protein internalization will accelerate the drug discovery process for a wide variety of diseases. (eventscribe.net)
We also explored the pharmacological analysis of a non-GPCR membrane protein, termed FAM19A5 Isoform II, and monitored its internalization by two monoclonal antibodies. (eventscribe.net)
TMPRSS2 facilitates ACEs cell entry by priming the spike S protein of the virus. (multispaninc.com)
We generated seventeen novel mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high reactivity against E protein of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2). (cdc.gov)
Through internalization assays with an EGFP epitope-tagged Us9 protein, we demonstrate that the maintenance of Us9 to the TGN region is a dynamic process involving retrieval of molecules from the cell surface. (vetres.org)

A lack of these immune cells circulating through the body likely impairs the body's immune reaction to bacteria and viruses, leading to the recurrent infections common in WHIM syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Dengue virus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. (who.int)
Editorial: mRNA Vaccines and Future Epidemic, Pandemic, and Endemic Zoonotic Virus Infections. (cdc.gov)
One important factor is the introduction of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into areas and populations already having a high TB incidence [ 5 ], the resulting double infections having a disastrous effect. (intechopen.com)

The innate cellular response to virus particle entry in non-immune cells requires the transcriptional activity of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), but not production of type I interferon (IFN). (elsevier.com)
Here, we characterize the IFN-independent innate cellular response to virus-derived stimuli in Vero cells, a monkey kidney epithelial cell line deficient for IFN production. (elsevier.com)
Overall, the mechanisms of recognition, cellular internalization of EN by immune competent cells, particularly macrophages, represent an important new field of molecular nanotoxicology. (cdc.gov)

Abstract - Aujeszky's Disease Virus (ADV) is an alphaherpesvirus with the remarkable ability to cause lethal encephalitis in a wide variety of animal species including the swine, its natural host. (vetres.org)

DC-SIGN, a lectin expressed on dendritic cell and macrophage subsets, binds to human immunodeficiency virus Env glycoproteins, allowing capture of viral particles. (pasteur.fr)

The primary response against dengue infection is the internalization of the pathogen by an overwhelming number of immune cells and the production of antibodies. (scirp.org)
Taura syndrome virus (TSV), a pathogen of penaeid shrimp and member of the family Dicistroviridae , was recently reported to have the ability to infect primate cells. (cdc.gov)
In a recent article, Taura syndrome virus (TSV), exclusively a pathogen of penaeid shrimp, was attributed a zoonotic potential because of its reported ability to infect cultured human and monkey cells ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Internalization of Influenza Virus and Cell Surface Proteins Monitored by Site-Specific Conjugation of Protease-Sensitive Probes. (nih.gov)

In addition, how mGluR2 mediates the internalization of RABV and SARS-CoV-2 needed to be resolved. (bvsalud.org)

Due to the heterogeneity of viruses and their hosts, a comprehensive view of viral infection is best achieved by analyzing large populations of infected cells. (weizmann.ac.il)
Through this report, we demonstrate that IFC offers a quantitative, high-throughput, and highly robust approach to study viral infection cycles and virus-host interactions. (weizmann.ac.il)
A fundamental stage in viral infection is the internalization of viral genomes in host cells. (weizmann.ac.il)
The lectin enhanced susceptibility to viral infection and dramatically increased virion internalization. (pasteur.fr)

The most used laboratory methods are virus isolation, detection of viral RNA, detection of Nonstructural Protein1 (NS1) antigens and antibody detection (IgG and IgM) [4]. (scirp.org)
By using this novel approach we were able to characterize the trafficking of a wide variety of membrane proteins ranging from GPCRs to even antibody internalization and SARS-CoV2 virus entry in real-time living cells. (eventscribe.net)

The sequence of these sites can determine whether the virus can cross species, for example from bats or camels to humans 5, 6, 7, 8 . (researchsquare.com)

However, PBCV-1 does not use any of the five previously characterized virus-encoded polysaccharide degrading enzymes to digest the Chlorella host cell wall during virus entry because none of the enzymes are packaged in the virion. (weizmann.ac.il)
The molecular mechanisms that enable the virus to invade and spread in the nervous systems of so many different animals are not known, but it is well known that the virion envelope proteins gE and gI are required in almost every case studied for efficient cell-to-cell spread both in non-neuronal and neuronal cells. (vetres.org)

Viruses use a number of advanced and fewer understood mechanisms and pathways to ship their cargo (nucleocapsid and accent proteins) to the cytoplasm and or nucleus. (achengula.com)
The mechanisms of internalization differ between viruses however usually, two major pathways exist: endocytic and non-endocytic pathways. (achengula.com)
Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical purposes. (achengula.com)
Therefore, CC extracts contain anti-virus activities that act through distinct mechanisms according to differences in the compounds or mixtures. (greenmedinfo.com)
A recently generated adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vector, AAV-PHP.eB, has been found to penetrate the BBB more efficiently than other vectors including AAV-PHP.B. However, little is known about the mechanisms. (thno.org)
The circulation of TYLCV in the insect involves complex insect-virus interactions, whereas the molecular mechanisms of these interactions remain ambiguous. (biomedcentral.com)

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication in cells from infected subjects, and serum IL-16 levels drop with disease progression. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Interestingly, apoptosis was also observed in UV-inactivated MV-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), suggesting that MV replication is not necessary for virus-induced gene expression in the host cells [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Compared to other technologies where specialized microscopes and fluorophores are required, our approach represents a simple low-cost universal assay to monitor the internalization of membrane proteins under physiological conditions. (eventscribe.net)
This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS , by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE , or by fusion of the membrane of infected cells with the membrane of non-infected cells causing SYNCYTIA to be formed. (bvsalud.org)
Site-directed mutagenesis of the dileucine motif results in an increase in Us9 plasma membrane staining and a partial internalisation defect. (vetres.org)

SARS-Cov-2 is a new single-stranded RNA virus, which was first identified in December 2019, and has rapidly spread into a global pandemic of primarily respiratory illness designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). (medrxiv.org)
The Mechanism and Clinical Outcome of patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 Whose Nucleic Acid Test has changed from negative to positive, and the therapeutic efficacy of Favipiravir: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. (cdc.gov)

1 ), namely human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), human larynx carcinoma (Hep-2), and Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK), the three cell lines that we used are also routinely used for virus isolation and diagnosis of diseases caused by human enteroviruses that belong to the family Picornaviridae ( 2 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)

It is therefore not surprising that immune-competent cells may respond to EN in a similar manner as to viruses/bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Consequently, there are complex relationships between the infection process and inflammatory responses to EN resulting in potent effects of nanoparticles on pulmonary clearance of bacteria. (cdc.gov)

CCR5 signal transduction in macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus envelopes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
However, this BBB penetration occurs only at a very high virus load and with limited CNS transduction efficiency [ 8 - 10 ]. (thno.org)
Majhen D , Nemet J, Richardson J, Gabrilovac J, Hajsig M, Osmak M, Eloit M, Ambriović-Ristov A. Differential role of alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins in internalization and transduction efficacies of wild type and RGD4C fiber-modified adenoviruses. (irb.hr)

Curcumin, a natural compound, has been reported to serve as an entry inhibitor of hepatitis C virus, chikungunya virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Progress in the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for hepatitis C virus. (austin.org.au)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood borne disease estimated to chronically infect 3% of the worlds' population causing significant morbidity and mortality. (austin.org.au)

Viruses 2022 0 0. (cdc.gov)

Endocytosis of viruses and micro organism. (achengula.com)
Taken together, CC/Fr.2 contains unknown substances, that could inhibit the infection, probably by interfering with endocytosis, and it also contains procyanidins that did not inhibit the internalization but inhibited the infection. (greenmedinfo.com)
Some viruses enter the host cell through the endocytosis process and involve some endocytosis proteins, such as the Rab family. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we demonstrate that mGluR2 facilitates RABV internalization in vitro and infection in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
New insights from restriction factors inhibiting virus-cell fusion in vitro may contribute to the development of future therapeutic interventions. (ox.ac.uk)
Finally, oxidative stress - known to act as an underlying mechanism that drives the toxicities of EN in vitro as well as in vivo - may be triggered as a macrophage response to recognized nanoparticles. (cdc.gov)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could lead to pandemic diseases and huge financial losses to the swine industry worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
However, curcumin did block two steps of the PRRSV infection process: virus internalization and virus-mediated cell fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggested that an inhibition of genotype 2 PRRSV infection by curcumin is virus strain-independent, and mainly inhibited by virus internalization and cell fusion mediated by virus. (biomedcentral.com)
The etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Arteriviridae family [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, we evaluated curcumin as an anti-PRRSV agent in Marc-145 cells and PAM and found it inhibited PRRSV infection by preventing virus internalization and virus-mediated cell fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is a severe infectious disease in the swine industry. (ijbs.com)
The etiological agent of PRRS is Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) [ 3 , 4 ], which causes reproductive and respiratory symptoms in different ages of pigs, especially in piglets and sows. (ijbs.com)
PRRSV is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Arterivirus of the family Arteriviridae within the order Nidovirale [ 11 , 12 ]. (ijbs.com)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infects mainly the porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). (ijbs.com)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) which belongs to the genus Arterivirus of the family Arteriviridae , is the most economically significant disease effecting commercially bred pigs world-wide [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)

The endocytic pathway is the most typical amongst enveloped and non-enveloped viruses for entry and launch of their nucleocapsid and accent proteins into the cytosol. (achengula.com)
People with Type O are better able to recognize certain proteins as foreign, and that may extend to proteins on virus surfaces, Hari explained. (cogwriter.com)
Further, the presence of specific signals on the surface of EN, such as adsorbed lipids or proteins, confers additional features to the effectiveness of the recognition of nanoparticles by professions phagocytes. (cdc.gov)
The term 'peplomer' is typically used to refer to a grouping of heterologous proteins on the virus surface that function together. (bioss.com.cn)

The HIV envelope spike glycoprotein on the surface of virus particles binds both CD4 and a seven-transmembrane coreceptor. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We provide evidence that Vero cells are deficient in their ability to mount an IRF-3-dependent, IFN-independent antiviral response against either incoming virus particles or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pIC), a dsRNA mimetic. (elsevier.com)
Several preclinical vaccine strategies are also under development and include recombinant adenoviral vaccines, virus like particles, and synthetic peptide vaccines. (austin.org.au)
Using phage display and virus-like particles (VLPs) we found that residue K310 in the E-DIII A-strand was key to mAb DB32-6 binding E-DIII. (cdc.gov)

Internalization and partial uncoating. (expasy.org)

The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. (bioss.com.cn)

2012). Whereas the non-endocytic pathway embrace the pore formation-mediated penetration by cell-penetrating and low pH insertion peptides (non-enveloped viruses) (Li et al. (achengula.com)
We found that macrophage-tropic viruses confer entry advantages in primary myeloid cells, including monocyte-derived macrophage, microglia, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. (nih.gov)
Taken together, these data focus attention on the cells in the CNS that are truly permissive to HIV-1, further highlight the role of HIV-1 Env evolution in mediating infection in the CNS, and point to limitations in using model cell types versus primary cells to explore features of virus-host interaction. (nih.gov)
Chloroviruses are unusual among viruses infecting eukaryotic organisms in that they must, like bacteriophages, penetrate a rigid cell wall to initiate infection. (weizmann.ac.il)
Chlorovirus PBCV-1 infects its host, Chlorella variabilis NC64A by specifically binding to and degrading the cell wall of the host at the point of contact by a virus-packaged enzyme(s). (weizmann.ac.il)
This is of particular importance to coronaviruses, as these viruses are considered to bind to the host cell by attaching first to HSPGs using them as preliminary docking sites on the host cell surface. (frontiersin.org)
Two major subunits (S1 and S2) need to be processed by host cell proteases to enable conformational rearrangement of the C-terminal domain and exposure of the epitopes that allow the virus to enter and subsequently egress from host cells ( Figure 1B) 1, 2 . (researchsquare.com)
The infectivity of residual virus in the cell culture media at day 7 was confirmed by bioassay using TSV-free indicator shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ). (cdc.gov)
To date, TSV (or any other of the known viruses of the penaeid shrimp) has not yet been successfully cultured in any invertebrate or vertebrate cell-culture system. (cdc.gov)
T Cell Immunopathogenesis of Dengue Virus Infection remains undefined. (who.int)

Dengue virus belongs to family Flaviviridae consisting of four different antigenic serotypes [2]. (scirp.org)
Dengue virus belongs to the genus Flavivirus and has four serotypes, each of which may cause a spectrum of illness ranging from asymptomatic to mild febrile illness to severe and often fatal haemorrhagic disease. (who.int)

The epithelial cells that are in contact with the virus may be responsible for generating the immune response required for the initiation of inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)

Virus entry: what has pH bought to do with it? (achengula.com)
On the entry of Semliki forest virus into BHK-21 cells. (achengula.com)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Heparan Sulfate : from attachment to entry inhibition. (ibs.fr)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201506084 ) show that exosomes surf filopodia and are endocytosed in a process reminiscent to virus entry. (rupress.org)
Influenza A virus utilises this pathway to gain entry into its host cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Accurate dose-response curves could be generated, and we found that mild oxidative stress delayed multiple stages of virus production, but eventually infection processes occurred with approximately the same amplitudes. (weizmann.ac.il)

Most viruses utilize the host endocytic pathway to enter the cells [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Over the past few decades, a number of research have investigated the interactions between plant viruses and insect vectors because of its importance in viral epidemiology and disease management [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Elucidation of how EN impact the conserved mechanism of autophagy, recognition and/or phagocytosis promise to be an interesting and fruitful area for better understanding of interactions of EN with the cells of innate immune system, particularly macrophages. (cdc.gov)

Early endosomes containing the virus are transported in direction of the nucleus on microtubules the place in between they mature to late endosomes (Le Blanc et al. (achengula.com)
2018). The low pH for fusion varies between viruses making some viruses to fuse both throughout early endosomes (comparatively excessive pH ∼ 6.0) or late endosomes (low pH ∼ 5) to launch its content material to the cytosol (White and Whittaker, 2016). (achengula.com)

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), causes an acute or subacute disease in small ruminants. (biomedcentral.com)

use single particle tracking analysis to study the internalization of exosomes and show that exosomes and viruses can enter cells by a common route. (rupress.org)
Note: Accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, where it participates in virus particle assembly. (bioss.com.cn)

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT . (bvsalud.org)

An extrinsic physiological abnormality being an acute increase incubation period of 8-10 days is required in vascular permeability leading to extravasation before the virus appears in the saliva of the of fluid, haemoconcentration and hypotension. (who.int)

CLEC5A is critical for dengue virus-induced inflammasome activation in human macrophages. (semanticscholar.org)
It becomes clear that the presence of specific recognition patterns primarily defined by the EN' size and charges are essential for their recognition and uptake by macrophages. (cdc.gov)

Hence, if viable, the use of primate cells for propagation of TSV would prove to be an important advancement in the study of TSV, and perhaps of other crustacean viruses. (cdc.gov)
The virus is taken up by dendritic cells, which, after antigen processing, presents it to T cells, leading to immune activation and release of a cascade of cytokines that are believed to mediate the systemic effects of plasma leakage and circulatory insufficiency. (who.int)

Procyanidins extracted from Cinnamon demonstrate anti-viral activity against SARS associated viruses. (greenmedinfo.com)

2021) Viruses. (weizmann.ac.il)

Dengue virus causes Dengue Fever (DF) with the most severe and life-threatening forms being Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) [3]. (scirp.org)

To our knowledge , mGluR2 is the first host factor to be definitively shown to play an important role in RABV street virus infection in vivo. (bvsalud.org)

This paper describes the GMP radiolabelling of the synthetic 20 amino acid peptide A20FMDV2 (NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART), derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus, and characterises the use of [ 18 F]FB-A20FMDV2 as a high affinity, specific and selective PET radioligand for the quantitation and visualisation of α v β 6 in rodent lung to support human translational studies. (springer.com)
Replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus from patients with varying severity of HIV infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 7558) AUTHORS Dicaprio,E., Ma,Y., Purgianto,A., Hughes,J. and Li,J. TITLE Internalization and dissemination of human norovirus and animal caliciviruses in hydroponically grown romaine lettuce JOURNAL Appl. (cdc.gov)

In this process, midgut and salivary glands are the two major barriers that viruses have to overcome before successfully transmitted [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Dengue virus (DENV) infection remains a serious health threat despite the availability of supportive care in modern medicine. (cdc.gov)

Men and COVID-19: A Biopsychosocial Approach to Understanding Sex Differences in Mortality and Recommendations for Practice and... (cdc.gov)

Large population study identifies drugs associated with reduced COVID-19 severity | medRxiv (medrxiv.org)

Publications | Ross Cheloha, Ph.D., Stadtman Tenure-Track Investigator | NIDDK (niddk.nih.gov)

Preclinical evaluation of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 as a selective marker for measuring αVβ6 integrin occupancy using positron emission... (link.springer.com)

Frontiers | The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria (frontiersin.org)

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env-mediated fusion by DC-SIGN - Research - Institut Pasteur (research.pasteur.fr)

Integrated analysis of transcriptomic data reveals the platelet response in COVID-19 disease | Scientific Reports (nature.com)

Nonsusceptibility of Primate Cells to Taura Syndrome Virus - Volume 10, Number 12-December 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)

Optimization-by-design of hepatotropic lipid nanoparticles targeting the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide | eLife (elifesciences.org)

DeltaNeTS+: elucidating the mechanism of drugs and diseases using gene expression and transcriptional regulatory networks | BMC... (bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com)

Cell surface receptors, virus entry and tropism of primate lentiviruses | Microbiology Society (microbiologyresearch.org)

Therapeutic targeting of coronavirus spike glycoprotein priming | Research Square (researchsquare.com)

William Weis' Profile | Stanford Profiles (profiles.stanford.edu)

Anatomy7

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes11

Information Science2

Inhibition of Henipavirus fusion and infection by heptad-derived peptides of the Nipah virus fusion glycoprotein. (1/1806)

Calcium-dependent viral internalization is required for adenovirus type 7 induction of IL-8 protein. (2/1806)

The small envelope protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus possesses ion channel protein-like properties. (3/1806)

Induction of transcription factor Egr-1 gene expression in astrocytoma cells by Murine coronavirus infection. (4/1806)

Paramyxovirus fusion: real-time measurement of parainfluenza virus 5 virus-cell fusion. (5/1806)

Identification and characterization of a novel gene encoding an RGD-containing protein in large yellow croaker iridovirus. (6/1806)

Diverse CD81 proteins support hepatitis C virus infection. (7/1806)

Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in vitro: coevolution of virus and host. (8/1806)

Virus Internalization

Receptors, Virus

Endocytosis

RNA Viruses

Vaccinia virus

Virus Replication

Virus Cultivation

Virus Shedding

Cell Line

Virus Diseases

Simian virus 40

Clathrin

Virus Assembly

Plant Viruses

DNA Viruses

Defective Viruses

Sindbis Virus

Measles virus

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

Rabies virus

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype

Dynamins

Cricetinae

Molecular Sequence Data

Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype

Hepatitis B virus

West Nile virus

Cercopithecus aethiops

Arrestins

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Cells, Cultured

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Inhibition of Henipavirus fusion and infection by heptad-derived peptides of the Nipah virus fusion glycoprotein. (1/1806)

Calcium-dependent viral internalization is required for adenovirus type 7 induction of IL-8 protein. (2/1806)

The small envelope protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus possesses ion channel protein-like properties. (3/1806)

Induction of transcription factor Egr-1 gene expression in astrocytoma cells by Murine coronavirus infection. (4/1806)

Paramyxovirus fusion: real-time measurement of parainfluenza virus 5 virus-cell fusion. (5/1806)

Identification and characterization of a novel gene encoding an RGD-containing protein in large yellow croaker iridovirus. (6/1806)

Diverse CD81 proteins support hepatitis C virus infection. (7/1806)

Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in vitro: coevolution of virus and host. (8/1806)

Part 4 : The Elliot Wave road to $3k or $20k+ for BITFINEX:BTCUSD by monkia - TradingView

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MiniCD4 protein resistance mutations affect binding to the HIV-1 gp120 CD4 binding site and decrease entry efficiency -...

Hepatitis C virus entry receptor dynamics and studies of platelet actin dynamics using lifeact-gfp: a potential role for actin...

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis C virus cell entry in human hepatoma cells - NDM Research Building

mouse anti-p46 cell surface protein excluded from macropinocytic cup hybridoma (H36) at eagle-i Network Shared Resource...

HIV entry inhibitors: mechanisms of action and resistance pathways : Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - oi

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Mother With U.S.-Born Teen With Leukemia Refused Entry at U.S. border, Told to Pray to God That Hell Take The Cancer Away

Commanding Your IT Lifecycle Processes | Dynamic Technology Solutions

Imaging a single virus | May 2007 | BioPhotonics

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