Viral vaccines. Medical search

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

A species of RESPIROVIRUS, subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE, most often seen in conjunction with a secondary infection of MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA resulting in pneumonic pasteurellosis (PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC).

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.

Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.

A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.

A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).

Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with DENGUE VIRUS. These include live-attenuated, subunit, DNA, and inactivated vaccines.

Vaccines using VIROSOMES as the antigen delivery system that stimulates the desired immune response.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.

A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccine used to prevent YELLOW FEVER. It consists of a live attenuated 17D strain of the YELLOW FEVER VIRUS.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease.

A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines that are produced by using only the antigenic part of the disease causing organism. They often require a "booster" every few years to maintain their effectiveness.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent SAIDS; (SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME); and containing inactivated SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS or type D retroviruses or some of their component antigens.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with SALMONELLA. This includes vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER or PARATYPHOID FEVER; (TYPHOID-PARATYPHOID VACCINES), and vaccines used to prevent nontyphoid salmonellosis.

Vaccines using supra-molecular structures composed of multiple copies of recombinantly expressed viral structural proteins. They are often antigentically indistinguishable from the virus from which they were derived.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER.

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS.

Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.

Vaccines used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS. They include inactivated (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, INACTIVATED) and oral vaccines (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, ORAL).

Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat both enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with WEST NILE VIRUS.

Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) caused by species of SHIGELLA.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

An attenuated vaccine used to prevent and/or treat HERPES ZOSTER, a disease caused by HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 3.

Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

A bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. Brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection by any virus from the family HERPESVIRIDAE.

The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with LEISHMANIA.

A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with viruses from the genus SIMPLEXVIRUS. This includes vaccines for HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES.

Protection conferred on a host by inoculation with one strain or component of a microorganism that prevents infection when later challenged with a similar strain. Most commonly the microorganism is a virus.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE).

Administration of a vaccine to large populations in order to elicit IMMUNITY.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants (PLANTS, TRANSGENIC) are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Low temperature and pressure stability of picornaviruses: implications for virus uncoating. (1/3369)

The family Picornaviridae includes several viruses of great economic and medical importance. Poliovirus replicates in the human digestive tract, causing disease that may range in severity from a mild infection to a fatal paralysis. The human rhinovirus is the most important etiologic agent of the common cold in adults and children. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes one of the most economically important diseases in cattle. These viruses have in common a capsid structure composed of 60 copies of four different proteins, VP1 to VP4, and their 3D structures show similar general features. In this study we describe the differences in stability against high pressure and cold denaturation of these viruses. Both poliovirus and rhinovirus are stable to high pressure at room temperature, because pressures up to 2.4 kbar are not enough to promote viral disassembly and inactivation. Within the same pressure range, FMDV particles are dramatically affected by pressure, with a loss of infectivity of more than 4 log units observed. The dissociation of polio and rhino viruses can be observed only under pressure (2.4 kbar) at low temperatures in the presence of subdenaturing concentrations of urea (1-2 M). The pressure and low temperature data reveal clear differences in stability among the three picornaviruses, FMDV being the most sensitive, polio being the most resistant, and rhino having intermediate stability. Whereas rhino and poliovirus differ little in stability (less than 10 kcal/mol at 0 degrees C), the difference in free energy between these two viruses and FMDV was remarkable (more than 200 kcal/mol of particle). These differences are crucial to understanding the different factors that control the assembly and disassembly of the virus particles during their life cycle. The inactivation of these viruses by pressure (combined or not with low temperature) has potential as a method for producing vaccines. (+info)

Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1. (2/3369)

The utilization of transgenic plants expressing recombinant antigens to be used in the formulation of experimental immunogens has been recently communicated. We report here the development of transgenic plants of alfalfa expressing the structural protein VP1 of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). The presence of the transgenes in the plants was confirmed by PCR and their specific transcription was demonstrated by RT-PCR. Mice parenterally immunized using leaf extracts or receiving in their diet freshly harvested leaves from the transgenic plants developed a virus-specific immune response. Animals immunized by either method elicited a specific antibody response to a synthetic peptide representing amino acid residues 135-160 of VP1, to the structural protein VP1, and to intact FMDV particles. Additionally, the immunized mice were protected against experimental challenge with the virus. We believe this is the first report demonstrating the induction of a protective systemic antibody response in animals fed transgenic plants expressing a viral antigen. These results support the feasibility of producing edible vaccines in transgenic forage plants, such as alfalfa, commonly used in the diet of domestic animals even for those antigens for which a systemic immune response is required. (+info)

IL-12 gene as a DNA vaccine adjuvant in a herpes mouse model: IL-12 enhances Th1-type CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against herpes simplex virus-2 challenge. (3/3369)

IL-12 has been shown to enhance cellular immunity in vitro and in vivo. Recent reports have suggested that combining DNA vaccine approach with immune stimulatory molecules delivered as genes may significantly enhance Ag-specific immune responses in vivo. In particular, IL-12 molecules could constitute an important addition to a herpes vaccine by amplifying specific immune responses. Here we investigate the utility of IL-12 cDNA as an adjuvant for a herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) DNA vaccine in a mouse challenge model. Direct i.m. injection of IL-12 cDNA induced activation of resting immune cells in vivo. Furthermore, coinjection with IL-12 cDNA and gD DNA vaccine inhibited both systemic gD-specific Ab and local Ab levels compared with gD plasmid vaccination alone. In contrast, Th cell proliferative responses and secretion of cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and chemokines (RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha) were significantly increased by IL-12 coinjection. However, the production of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) and chemokine (MCP-1) was inhibited by IL-12 coinjection. IL-12 coinjection with a gD DNA vaccine showed significantly better protection from lethal HSV-2 challenge compared with gD DNA vaccination alone in both inbred and outbred mice. This enhanced protection appears to be mediated by CD4+ T cells, as determined by in vivo CD4+ T cell deletion. Thus, IL-12 cDNA as a DNA vaccine adjuvant drives Ag-specific Th1 type CD4+ T cell responses that result in reduced HSV-2-derived morbidity as well as mortality. (+info)

EBV structural antigens, gp350 and gp85, as targets for ex vivo virus-specific CTL during acute infectious mononucleosis: potential use of gp350/gp85 CTL epitopes for vaccine design. (4/3369)

For many years, EBV vaccine development efforts have concentrated on the use of structural Ag, gp350, and have been directed toward Ab-mediated blocking virus attachment to the target cell. There is increasing evidence to suggest that the development of neutralizing Abs in vaccinated animals does not always correlate with protection; nevertheless, it has been postulated that gp350-specific T cell-mediated immune responses may have an effector role in protection. This hypothesis has largely remained untested. In the present study, we demonstrate that CTL from acute infectious mononucleosis patients display strong ex vivo reactivity against the EBV structural Ags, gp85 and gp350. Moreover, long-term follow up studies on infectious mononucleosis-recovered individuals showed that these individuals maintain gp350- and gp85-specific memory CTL, albeit at low levels, in the peripheral blood. These results strongly suggest that CTL specific for EBV structural proteins may play an important role in the control of EBV infection during acute infection. More importantly, we also show that prior immunization of HLA A2/Kb transgenic mice with gp350 and gp85 CTL epitopes induced a strong epitope-specific CTL response and afforded protection against gp85- or gp350-expressing vaccinia virus challenge. These results have important implications for future EBV vaccine design and provides evidence, for the first time, that CTL epitopes from EBV structural proteins may be used for establishing strong antiviral immunity against EBV infection. (+info)

Detection and induction of equine infectious anemia virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by use of recombinant retroviral vectors. (5/3369)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) appear to be critical in resolving or reducing the severity of lentivirus infections. Retroviral vectors expressing the Gag/Pr or SU protein of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) were constructed and used to evaluate EIAV-specific CTL responses in horses. Three promoters, cytomegalovirus, simian virus SV40, and Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MoMSV) long terminal repeat (LTR), were used, and there was considerable variation in their ability to direct expression of Gag/Pr and SU. Vectors expressing EIAV proteins under the direction of MoMSV LTR and using the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) Env for internalization were efficient at transducing equine kidney (EK) target cells and were effective targets for EIAV-specific CTL lysis. CTL from EIAV-infected horses caused lysis of retroviral vector-transduced EK cells expressing either Gag/Pr or SU in an ELA-A-restricted manner. In contrast, lysis of recombinant vaccinia virus-infected EK cells expressing Gag/Pr and SU/TM was often non-LA-A restricted. Five horses were immunized by direct intramuscular injection with a mixture of retroviral vectors expressing Gag/Pr or SU, and one responded with EIAV-specific CTL. This result indicates that retroviral vector stimulation of CTL in horses needs to be optimized, perhaps by inclusion of appropriate cytokine genes in the constructs. However, the studies demonstrated that retroviral vector-transduced target cells were very effective for in vitro dissection of EIAV-specific CTL responses. (+info)

Human antibody responses to mature and immature forms of viral envelope in respiratory syncytial virus infection: significance for subunit vaccines. (6/3369)

A number of antibodies generated during human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have been cloned by the phage library approach. Antibodies reactive with an immunodominant epitope on the F glycoprotein of this virus have a high affinity for affinity-purified F antigen. These antibodies, however, have a much lower affinity for mature F glycoprotein on the surface of infected cells and are nonneutralizing. In contrast, a potent neutralizing antibody has a high affinity for mature F protein but a much lower affinity for purified F protein or F protein in viral lysates. The data indicate that at least two F protein immunogens are produced during natural RSV infection: immature F, found in viral lysates, and mature F, found on infected cells or virions. Binding studies with polyclonal human immunoglobulin G suggest that the antibody responses to the two immunogens are of similar magnitudes. Competitive binding studies suggest that overlap between the responses is relatively limited. A mature envelope with an antigenic configuration different from that of the immature envelope has an evolutionary advantage in that the infecting virus is less subject to neutralization by the humoral response to the immature envelope that inevitably arises following lysis of infected cells. Subunit vaccines may be at a disadvantage because they most often resemble immature envelope molecules and ignore this aspect of viral evasion. (+info)

Protection of macaques against intrarectal infection by a combination immunization regimen with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne gp160 vaccines. (7/3369)

We previously reported that immunization with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne envelope (gp160) vaccines protected macaques against intravenous challenge by the cloned homologous virus E11S but that this protection was only partially effective against the uncloned virus, SIVmne. In the present study, we examine the protective efficacy of this immunization regimen against infection by a mucosal route. We found that the same gp160-based vaccines were highly effective against intrarectal infection not only with the E11S clone but also with the uncloned SIVmne. Protection against mucosal infection is therefore achievable by parenteral immunization with recombinant envelope vaccines. Protection appears to correlate with high levels of SIV-specific antibodies and, in animals protected against the uncloned virus, the presence of serum-neutralizing activities. To understand the basis for the differential efficacies against the uncloned virus by the intravenous versus the intrarectal routes, we examined viral sequences recovered from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of animals early after infection by both routes. We previously showed that the majority (85%) of the uncloned SIVmne challenge stock contained V1 sequences homologous to the molecular clone from which the vaccines were made (E11S type), with the remainder (15%) containing multiple conserved changes (the variant types). In contrast to intravenously infected animals, from which either E11S-type or the variant type V1 sequences could be recovered in significant proportions, animals infected intrarectally had predominantly E11S-type sequences. Preferential transmission or amplification of the E11S-type viruses may therefore account in part for the enhanced efficacy of the recombinant gp160 vaccines against the uncloned virus challenge by the intrarectal route compared with the intravenous route. (+info)

Rapid and sensitive detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies against canine distemper virus by a new recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (8/3369)

Canine distemper morbillivirus (CDV) infection causes a frequently fatal systemic disease in a broad range of carnivore species, including domestic dogs. In CDV infection, classical serology provides data of diagnostic and prognostic values (kinetics of seroconversion) and is also used to predict the optimal vaccination age of pups. Routine CDV serology is still based on time- and cost-intensive virus neutralization assays (V-NA). Here, we describe a new capture-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses recombinant baculovirus-expressed nucleocapsid (N) protein of a recent CDV wild-type isolate (2544/Han95) for the detection of CDV-specific antibodies in canine sera. Recombinant antigen was produced with high efficacy in Heliothis virescens larvae. The capture-sandwich ELISA enabled a clear-cut qualitative evaluation of the CDV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM serostatuses of 196 and 35 dog sera, respectively. Inter-rater agreement analysis (kappa = 0.988) indicated that the ELISA can be used unrestrictedly as a substitute for the V-NA for the qualitative determination of CDV-specific IgG serostatus. In an attempt to semiquantify N-specific antibodies, a one-step-dilution (alpha method) IgG-specific ELISA was implemented. Alpha values of >/=50% showed very good inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.968) with V-NA titers of >/=1/100 50% neutralizing dose (ND50) as measured against the central European CDV wild-type isolate 2544/Han95 in canine sera originating from northern Germany. An ND50 titer of 1/100 is considered a threshold, and titers of >/=1/100 indicate a resilient, protective immunity. CDV N-specific antibodies of the IgM class were detected by the newly developed ELISA in 9 of 15 sera obtained from dogs with symptoms of acute distemper. In leucocytes of 5 of the 15 dogs (all of which were also IgM positive) CDV RNA was detected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The recombinant capture-sandwich ELISA detecting N-specific antibodies of the IgG class provided superior sensitivity and specificity and thus represents a rapid and cost-effective alternative to classical CDV V-NA. By detection of specific IgM antibodies, the ELISA will be complementary to RT-PCR and V-NA in the diagnosis of acute distemper infections. (+info)

a single primary dose to people 18 years and older who are unable to receive or unwilling to receive other FDA-authorized or -approved COVID-19 vaccines. (medlineplus.gov)
a single booster dose at least 2 months after the first dose of the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine for people 18 years and older who are unable to receive or unwilling to receive other FDA-authorized or -approved COVID-19 vaccines. (medlineplus.gov)

The high-resolution structure will aid efforts to screen experimental drugs for their ability to block attachment to the protein on cells in the joints, evaluate whether the antibodies elicited by investigational vaccines are likely to prevent infection, and analyze whether mutations in viruses affect their virulence. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Should the tests detect changes in the ability for antibodies to neutralise the new SARS-CoV-2 viral strain, preclinical testing will then be performed to evaluate whether there are any changes in pathogenesis (disease progression) and virulence (severity of infection) associated with the new strain. (biospectrumasia.com)
An efficacious vaccine would be an important step towards decreasing the disease burden caused by CHIKV infection. (jenner.ac.uk)
Spurred by the success of the influenza vaccine, Salk began working in 1947 to produce a vaccine for polio, a viral infection capable of killing or severely crippling its victims, especially young children. (boomlive.in)
The trial will test the vaccine candidate in 2,600 women who are at risk of acquiring HIV to see if it can prevent HIV infection. (labiotech.eu)
After human immunodeficiency virus infection, JE may be the leading cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. (cdc.gov)
The dynamics of immunity after second doses differed significantly between BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1, with greater initial effectiveness against new PCR-positive cases but faster declines in protection against high viral burden and symptomatic infection with BNT162b2. (gla.ac.uk)
Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response. (hhs.gov)
Recombinant vector vaccines (platform-based vaccines) act like a natural infection, so they're especially good at teaching the immune system how to fight germs. (hhs.gov)
In fact, two COVID-19 vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna, are 95% and 94.1% effective, respectively, at preventing an infection with the novel coronavirus causing COVID-19. (livescience.com)
While we are seeing hopeful evidence that physical distancing has slowed the rate of transmission in California and the Sacramento area, the world's best hope is for a vaccine to prevent new viral infection," said Allison Brashear, dean of the UC Davis School of Medicine. (ucdavis.edu)
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that can have severe complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The CDC recommend receiving two doses of the chickenpox vaccine, as this amount is over 90% effective in protecting the person against the infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A vaccine works by mimicking a natural infection. (moneycontrol.com)
A vaccine not only induces immune response to protect people from any future COVID-19 infection, but also helps quickly build herd immunity to put an end to the pandemic. (moneycontrol.com)
Experts say that toxic synovitis is "most commonly caused by a viral infection. (scarymommy.com)
The viral infection, vaccine, or medicine triggers a process that leads to an immune response that affects the joints. (scarymommy.com)
But Gov. Ron DeSantis won't be declaring a state of emergency over the viral infection any time soon. (wmfe.org)
Now there's more than 32 cases of the viral infection. (wmfe.org)
The experts believe that better diagnosis, advanced treatments, and vaccination drive can prevent severe illnesses from viral infection. (legalreader.com)
The Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) is the cause of bovine viral diarrhoea in cattle and can be transmitted throughout a herd in a number of ways, including congenital infection of an unborn foetus. (scawfellgenetics.com)
Viral vector vaccines can mimic natural viral infection and should therefore trigger a strong immune response. (gavi.org)
There remains a pressing need for an effective HIV vaccine, and no current approach sufficiently induces effective antibody responses to block infection of diverse HIV viral strains, as well as T cell responses to clear HIV infection. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
A viral infection of the smallest airways in the lungs. (healthychildren.org)
A viral infection of the voice box and windpipe. (healthychildren.org)
The trial demonstrated the vaccine is 62% effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection beginning two weeks after the second dose. (mssociety.ca)
Aseptic meningitis (including viral meningitis ) is the most common infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in the pediatric population, occurring most frequently in children younger than 1 year. (medscape.com)
Viral infection causes an inflammatory response but to a lesser degree than bacterial infection does. (medscape.com)

Efficacy among adults aged 65 to 74 years is approximately 96% for the mRNA vaccines and 84% for Janssen vaccine. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] During this same time period, the Novavax vaccine showed 90.4% efficacy. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] Vaccine efficacy (VE) has shown to wane over time following an initial 2-dose primary series with the mRNA vaccines and the 1-dose regimen with the Janssen vaccine. (medscape.com)
For optimum efficacy, recombinant vaccines against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) must be correctly administered on days 18 or 19 of incubation, according to new research from Athens, yet the method offers less protection than traditional vaccines. (thepoultrysite.com)
Intensive research into HIV-1 vaccines is entering its fifth decade, although with fewer than 10 funded phase 3 trials testing preventive efficacy of candidate vaccines since the start of the AIDS epidemic (compared with nine licensed vaccines and over three dozen vaccine efficacy trials in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic [2] ). (lww.com)
Regrettably, the few trialled HIV-1 vaccine strategies have failed to show deployable, reproducible efficacy [3-6] . (lww.com)
Means to improve safety of attenuated viruses as vaccines without compromising efficacy should be sought. (ku.edu)
This is contributing to rapidly providing researchers there with accurate information on the efficacy of hepatitis B and hepatitis C DNA vaccines. (selectscience.net)
Since IR fluorescence is directly proportional to the amount of antigens present on Western blots, this is allowing scientists there to accurately quantify the amount of viral antigen being expressed, and is helping them to determine the efficacy of different types of hepatitis B and C DNA vaccines to be tested in in-vivo mouse models. (selectscience.net)
"This is only the fifth HIV vaccine concept that will be tested for efficacy in humans in the over 35-year history of the global HIV epidemic," adds Barouch. (labiotech.eu)
But the analysis found a striking difference in efficacy depending on the amount of vaccine delivered to a participant. (nature.com)
The disparity in the latest results means there will be considerable uncertainty over precisely how well the Oxford vaccine protects against COVID-19 until ongoing efficacy trials report more data, say scientists. (nature.com)
The vaccine entered phase III efficacy trials before other front runners, including Pfizer and Moderna, and trials are continuing in countries including the United States, South Africa, Japan and Russia. (nature.com)
Overall, the developers found that the 2-dose vaccine had an efficacy of 70%, when measured 2 weeks after participants received their second dose. (nature.com)
Using the established rodent model can quickly provide data related to vaccine efficacy and immune response before moving into larger species, such as nonhuman primates, and human clinical trials. (ucdavis.edu)
In this call, clinicians will learn effective strategies for responding to safety and efficacy questions they may hear, and in doing so, promote confidence, communication, and update of COVID-19 vaccines. (cdc.gov)
The Maharashtra government had asked the Haffkine Institute to carry out research on the efficacy of the BCG vaccine in combating the Covid-19 virus after experts advised that it boosted immunity in patients. (tribuneindia.com)
However, the efficacy of the BCG vaccine on those found to have tested positive for the Covid-19 virus need to be established by clinical trials, according to health department officials. (tribuneindia.com)
However it seems that this adenovirus vaccine has not been through Phase 3 trials, and we are therefore discounting it as a 'winner' until more evidence of its safety and efficacy comes to light. (allianceforscience.org)
The protective efficacy of these inactivated vaccines was demonstrated in the 1950s. (cdc.gov)
As an infectious disease expert , I have closely followed the development of the COVID-19 vaccines and the research on how immunity and vaccine efficacy shift over time. (springfieldnewssun.com)
While the Pfizer mRNA vaccine shows decreasing efficacy against asymptomatic and mild infections over the first six months after vaccination , studies show that it continues to be highly effective at preventing hospitalizations and deaths , including against the delta variant , in the first six months. (springfieldnewssun.com)
This review aims to summarise the current data for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in patients with cancer, suggest priority areas for future research and look at potential disparities at a global level. (ecancer.org)
However, the study of immunity, particularly in the elderly, can no longer be limited to efficacy of vaccination, given the emergence of new viral strains of common viruses, such as avian influenza, and the threat of using viruses to which there are no current vaccines as agents of bioterrorism. (msu.edu)
Some experts are less concerned with the long-term risks of the mRNA vaccines, but more concerned about the efficacy of them, as mRNA is very fragile and if not properly stored, could be destroyed. (swfinstitute.org)
The International Symposium on the adverse reactions experienced by girls who have been vaccinated by Human Papillomavirus vaccines and subsequent events which took place in Tokyo on February 25th and 26th have sparked a high-profile debate over HPV vaccine safety, efficacy and need. (healthimpactnews.com)

[ 1 ] As of August 31, 2022, The New York Times Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker lists 2 mRNA vaccines (Comirnaty by Pfizer and Spikevax by Moderna) that have gained full approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (medscape.com)
Among adults aged 75 years and older, effectiveness of full vaccination is estimated at 91% for Pfizer-BioNTech, 96% for Moderna, and 85% for Janssen vaccine products. (medscape.com)
So my heart filled with joy and delight when I saw Vick Krishna's TikTok explaining how the vaccines made by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna work. (kunc.org)
The trend got pushed even further this week when Dolly Parton was seen sporting a cold-shoulder top in a video (that received millions of views across Instagram and Twitter) receiving the Moderna vaccine that she helped fund. (ypulse.com)
Earlier this month, drug companies Pfizer and BioNTech reported that their RNA-based vaccine was around 90% effective after the trial reached its primary endpoint, and an interim analysis of an RNA vaccine by biotechnology firm Moderna showed it worked roughly as well . (nature.com)
During this COCA call, clinicians will receive an update on COVID-19 vaccine safety and effectiveness for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, including data on COVID-19 vaccine safety in pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
On the heels of the Food and Drug Administration's emergency use authorization of a third dose - or "booster shot" - of the Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine for certain Americans, on Oct. 20, the agency also gave emergency authorization to a third Moderna shot and a second dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine . (springfieldnewssun.com)
A clinical study of the Moderna vaccine showed that antibody levels remain strong after six months as well. (springfieldnewssun.com)
The mRNA vaccines by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna provide the blueprint for the spike protein in the form of mRNA in a drug-delivery system called a lipid nanoparticle . (springfieldnewssun.com)
[ 1 ] Two mRNA monoclonal vaccines (Comirnaty by Pfizer and Spikevax by Moderna) gained full approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (medscape.com)
Most people aged ≥ 6 years who are not moderately or severely immunocompromised and have received 1 dose of a bivalent mRNA vaccine (from either Moderna or Pfizer ) do not need any further vaccine doses as of April 2023. (medscape.com)
It provides the number of bivalent mRNA vaccine doses an individual needs based on COVID-19 vaccine doses previously received, including the number of prior doses, whether the doses were monovalent or bivalent, and the vaccine manufacturer (Moderna, Novavax, or Pfizer-BioNTech). (medscape.com)
Others, like the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, carry a genetic code for the spike protein, which our bodies then make and destroy, kind of like a practice run, according to the CDC. (health.com)
The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are messenger RNA vaccines, also called mRNA vaccines. (medlineplus.gov)
People are considered fully vaccinated two weeks after their second shot in a two-dose series, like the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines, or two weeks after a single-shot vaccine, like the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
Late last year, the Pfizer and Moderna COVID vaccines jabs were both licensed for emergency use only by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (swfinstitute.org)

Viral vectors are weak (attenuated) strains of viruses that encode recombinant antigens of pathogens. (bioprocessintl.com)
Naobios benefits from a GMP certification which covers clinical manufacturing of viral vaccines (live or inactivated), oncolytic viruses and viral vectors . (clean-biologics.com)
Adenovirus is one of the viral vectors used in some COVID-19 vaccines being studied in clinical trials. (hhs.gov)
Adenoviruses are not the only viral vectors that can be used: pharmaceutical giant Merck says it is working on a potential COVID vaccine using an engineered vesicular stomatis virus , previously used successfully in its Ebola vaccine. (allianceforscience.org)
So, it's no wonder that viruses-or rather, viral vectors derived from viruses-have been harnessed to accomplish gene transfer in the name of science and medicine. (genengnews.com)
Viral vectors now carry genetic material in diverse applications, helping to correct genetic defects, prevent infections, and cure cancer. (genengnews.com)
Viruses are diverse, and so are viral vectors. (genengnews.com)
With such diversity, is there any way to guarantee that viral vectors are safe and effective? (genengnews.com)
The experts responded that, yes, there are ways to prevent viral vectors from failing the patients they're intended to help. (genengnews.com)
Viral vectors that are frequently used to deliver gene therapy include adeno-associated vectors, adenoviral vectors, and retroviral vectors. (genengnews.com)
Poxviruses are currently being developed as vaccine vectors and cancer therapeutic agents. (researchgate.net)
as vaccine vectors and cancer therapeutic agents. (researchgate.net)
Examples include live viral vaccines, stem cells, and gene therapy viral vectors. (bioreliance.com)
However, since there is a chance that many people may have already been exposed to the viruses being used as vectors, some may be immune to it, making the vaccine less effective. (gavi.org)

Millions of people have received the vaccine under EUA since February 27, 2021. (medlineplus.gov)
Late last month, a video resurfaced from 2021 of Angelia Desselle, a then 45-year-old woman from Louisiana attempting to walk while supposedly experiencing these symptoms, which she claims were developed after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. (medscape.com)
In February 2021, the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control conducted a random sampling point prevalence investigation consisting of viral and antibody testing and an associated health survey , after selecting participants aged ≥5 years using a population proportionate to size of South Carolina residents. (bvsalud.org)
Johnson & Johnson, while it has the corporate muscle to produce vaccine doses in large quantities, doesn't expect to start Phase 1 trials until September, which it says could possibly "allow vaccine availability for emergency use in early 2021. (allianceforscience.org)
Pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca of Cambridge, UK, aims to produce three billion doses of this vaccine for distribution around the world by the end of 2021, significantly protecting people from severe disease and death. (nature.com)
Initial data with showed effectiveness of full vaccination with monoclonal vaccines in older adults to prevent hospitalization was estimated for the period between February through April 2021. (medscape.com)
On February 26, 2021, Health Canada authorized the use of a third COVID-19 vaccine from AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S). This new vaccine is a viral-vector based vaccine which uses a harmless virus, in this case an adenovirus, to deliver the genetic information (DNA) that instructs the body on how to make the surface spike protein of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). (mssociety.ca)

More than 160 vaccine efforts are currently underway in the global push to stop the COVID-19 pandemic, according to the World Health Organization. (allianceforscience.org)
Since the coronavirus disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020, vaccine development and administration became a global priority. (ecancer.org)
Antigens are the part of viruses (and vaccines) that spur our immune systems into action, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). (health.com)

T-cell competition takes two forms, per Deem's computer models: original antigenic sin (also known as "deceptive imprinting"), and immunodominance, which occurs when several viral strains simultaneously infect a single person. (aps.org)
Tracking viral mutations and diversity is important to ensure current COVID-19 vaccine candidates can be tested against circulating strains of the virus. (biospectrumasia.com)
The laboratories will be asked to conduct tests, known as neutralisation assays, on laboratory-grown stocks of the new viral strain to determine whether, compared to current SARS-CoV-2 strains, antibodies are still able to effectively respond to ('neutralise') the new strain. (biospectrumasia.com)
As a result, the rapid sharing of key data should help guide vaccine developers to determine if their vaccine candidates are protective against current circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. (biospectrumasia.com)
Up to an additional US $1.3 million funding will also be provided to PHE and the NIBSC to carry out the neutralisation tests to provide information on the effectiveness of vaccine candidates in development against newly circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. (biospectrumasia.com)
These recommendations were based on antigenic analyses of recently isolated influenza viruses, epidemiologic data, post-vaccination serologic studies in humans, and the availability of candidate vaccine strains and reagents. (cdc.gov)
Viral strains from South America are closely related to those from West Africa. (medscape.com)
A new HIV vaccine is moving into a Phase IIb trial and could potentially protect patients against multiple HIV strains worldwide. (labiotech.eu)
The vaccine uses fragments of three different types of antigens found on HIV viruses in order to protect the patient against multiple HIV strains. (labiotech.eu)
JE viruses isolated from human cases in Japan in 1935 and in Beijing in 1949 provided the prototype Nakayama, Beijing and P3 strains respectively that are in principal use in vaccine production. (cdc.gov)
According to Dr. Scully, live-attenuated vaccines are produced by selecting strains of a bacteria or virus that still produce a robust enough immune response but that does not cause disease. (pfizer.com)
Influenza vaccines based on mRNA may offer a solution as sequence-matched, clinical-grade material could be produced reliably and rapidly in a scalable process, allowing quick response to the emergence of pandemic strains. (nextbigfuture.com)
His team used CureVac's process to make durable mRNA vaccines for common human flu strains, as well as H5N1 bird flu. (nextbigfuture.com)
Vaccines that work against all flu strains could eventually be given once in childhood, like vaccines for other diseases. (nextbigfuture.com)

One of the leading reasons why many preventable diseases are so prevalent in the third world, despite the benefits and relatively low costs offered by vaccination, is the necessity to keep many vaccines cold. (thenakedscientists.com)
The team tested two viruses, vaccinia, a member of the poxvirus family used to protect people against smallpox and also to deliver antigens from other infectious diseases including TB, and adenovirus 5, a cause of the common cold which is also used as a viral vector to deliver foreign antigens. (thenakedscientists.com)
This, say the researchers, could make a massive contribution to attempts to improve health in resource-poor countries where diseases like malaria and TB, for which vaccines are now entering trials, are currently killing more than 5 million people per year. (thenakedscientists.com)
The purpose of this review is to share the excitement of new developments in the field of vaccine vector modalities against infectious diseases. (lww.com)
For more complex diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, vaccine development requires a much greater understanding of the principles and pathways towards effective immunity. (lww.com)
Vaccines for viral diseases are __________ and help prevent infec. (pearson.com)
Vaccination of mice with KOS-NA prior to corneal challenge provides significant protection against HSV-1-mediated eye diseases even at a very low immunizing dose, indicating its utility as a vaccine scaffold. (ku.edu)
One limitation of these vaccines is that you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases. (hhs.gov)
Like some other types of vaccines, you may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases. (hhs.gov)
Some vaccines recently used for Ebola outbreaks have used viral vector technology, and a number of studies have focused on viral vector vaccines against other infectious diseases such as Zika, flu, and HIV. (hhs.gov)
It's one thing to say you don't want a vaccine when it's only been out for four weeks and you can't get it anyway," said Andrew Noymer, an epidemiologist and demographer at UCI Irvine who studies infectious diseases. (ocregister.com)
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) - one of the largest Institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) - is seeking to recruit an outstanding, highly creative tenured investigator to serve as Chief of the Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory (VPL) at the Vaccine Research Center (VRC). (sfm-microbiologie.org)
Within NIAID, the VRC conducts research to develop vaccines for human diseases using an interdisciplinary approach. (sfm-microbiologie.org)
At the core of the VRC mission is the application of scientific and technological knowledge to design and develop vaccines and biologics against infectious, emerging, and re-emerging diseases of high public health burden. (sfm-microbiologie.org)
Today, those methods, known as vaccine technologies, are more advanced and use the latest technology to help protect the world from preventable diseases. (pfizer.com)
This is a new technology: no adenovirus vector vaccines for other diseases are yet widely available, though vaccines for HIV, influenza, Ebola and malaria using this platform are in clinical trials and an Ebola vaccine has been briefly deployed. (allianceforscience.org)
Vaccines stop diseases safely - why all the suspicion? (nature.com)
Novel vaccine technologies are critical to improving the public health response to infectious disease threats that continually emerge and re-emerge, according to scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
Historically, vaccines against viral diseases have used live-attenuated (weakened) viruses or inactivated whole viruses to induce protective immune responses. (nih.gov)
Novel vaccine technologies: essential components of an adequate response to emerging viral diseases. (nih.gov)
Amazingly, mRNA vaccines have never been really tested against infectious diseases," says Stitz. (nextbigfuture.com)
We think that mRNA would provide an excellent platform against viral, bacterial and fungal diseases," he says. (nextbigfuture.com)
Establishing immunity against the pathogens that cause these diseases requires an initial priming series of vaccine doses, followed by an -annual booster to maintain -immunity. (thehorse.com)
The problem is here - disregarding the rhetoric - is not that anyone wants children to suffer or die from infectious diseases, it is one of transparency, it is one of whether vaccines are as safe and effective as Pollard wants people to believe, and it is question of manning up to it and admitting fallibility when things go wrong. (ageofautism.com)

In the U.S., there are currently 28 pathogens with a licensed vaccine [1] . (lww.com)
COVID-19 has really "laid the foundation" for rapid production of new vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines, to fight future pathogens, said Maitreyi Shivkumar, a virologist and senior lecturer in molecular biology at De Montfort University in Leicester, England. (livescience.com)
Live-attenuated vaccines contain live pathogens from either a bacteria or a virus that have been "attenuated," or weakened. (pfizer.com)
The perspective notes that once a vaccine platform is established, such as that for DNA or mRNA vaccines, potentially it can be applied to multiple pathogens, especially within virus classes or families. (nih.gov)
The field virus test uses next generation sequencing technology to monitor the prevalence of viral pathogens in a flock. (wattagnet.com)

Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection. (hhs.gov)
Dr. Richard Currie explained how rapid genomic tests can be used to benchmark vaccine administration in poultry flocks vaccinated with next generation vector vaccines. (wattagnet.com)
Next generation vector vaccines for poultry can be administered in the hatchery and are minimally interfered with by maternal antibodies, are safer to use than live attenuated whole virus vaccines and offer the potential for lifetime immunity for the bird. (wattagnet.com)
Next generation vector vaccines utilize a virus, such as a turkey herpes virus (HVT), which serves as a carrier for the genetic material from viruses which cause a poultry disease, such as Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, Marek's disease or infectious bronchitis. (wattagnet.com)
Viral vector vaccines also work by giving cells genetic instructions to produce antigens. (gavi.org)

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Recombinant Vaccines are now commonly available to the poultry industry, according to Dr Maricarmen Garcia from the Poultry Diagnostic Research Center in Athens, Georgia. (thepoultrysite.com)
In the summary of work sponsored by US Poultry & Egg Association, she says that over the past several years, vaccination with recombinant ILT vaccines has resulted in variable results. (thepoultrysite.com)
In Georgia, two-thirds of the ILT cases recorded during 2008 occurred in flocks vaccinated with recombinant vaccines during incubation (in ovo). (thepoultrysite.com)
Embryo vaccination at 18 to 19 days was found to be the optimal age for vaccination, and optimal efficiency of recombinant vaccines was found to strongly rely on proper vaccine delivery (precision and consistency of equipment used). (thepoultrysite.com)
Compared to traditional (CEO) vaccine, recombinant (ILTV) vaccine provided partial protection against laryngotracheitis but did not stop replication of the challenge virus in the upper respiratory tract. (thepoultrysite.com)
ChAdOx1-HPV is a recombinant replication-incompetent chimpanzee-derived adenovirus (ChAdY25) viral vector. (biosafety.be)
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the germ-like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ). (hhs.gov)
A non-live, recombinant influenza virus vaccine not requiring isolation or growth in hen's eggs was licensed in 2013. (cdc.gov)
and four, protein subunit vaccine wherein the recombinant proteins of SARS-COV-2 along with an adjuvant (booster) is given as a vaccine. (moneycontrol.com)

Dr. Maria Rosario Vergeire, a Philippine health department undersecretary, also refuted the claim and urged the public to receive the flu vaccine during the coronavirus pandemic. (boomlive.in)
What makes them different this time around is the "perfect storm" - ongoing pandemic stress and fatigue, the social media megaphone and its ability to reach millions of people in real time at the same time, and global vaccination campaigns - all of which make it more common to attribute the development of nerve disorder symptoms to the vaccines. (medscape.com)
The COVID-19 pandemic served as an unexpected proof of concept for mRNA vaccines. (livescience.com)
But the COVID-19 pandemic served as an unexpected proof of concept for mRNA vaccines, which, experts told Live Science, have the potential to dramatically reshape vaccine production in the future. (livescience.com)
On Thursday (Dec. 10), a panel of experts voted and recommended that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) grant emergency approval to Pfizer's vaccine, or permission for it to be distributed prior to full approval under emergency situations like a pandemic . (livescience.com)
A federal judge on Tuesday blocked President Biden's administration from enforcing a COVID-19 vaccine mandate for employees of federal contractors, the latest in a string of victories for Republican-led states pushing back against Biden's pandemic policies. (latimes.com)
The book, along with The Vaccine - a documentary commissioned by the BBC and CNN Films - offers a welcome glimpse inside the race to develop COVID-19 vaccines in the middle of a raging pandemic. (nature.com)
This work emphasized the importance of considering social vulnerability in the pandemic response and provided information that could be used in vaccine allocation and planning. (cdc.gov)
Unlike its predecessors, the new vaccine may work for life, and it may be possible to manufacture it quickly enough to stop a pandemic. (nextbigfuture.com)
Just to clarify-the nightmare is the pandemic, not the vaccine rollout. (torontolife.com)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development and administration have become global priorities since the beginning of the pandemic, particularly for special populations at higher risk of complications and mortality, such as patients with haematologic and solid organ malignancies. (ecancer.org)
On Wednesday, the company issued a statement, attributed to Soriot, saying AstraZeneca would be guided by a committee of independent experts in determining when to lift the hold on the trial "so that we can continue our work at the earliest opportunity to provide this vaccine broadly, equitably and at no profit during this pandemic. (statnews.com)

If you have more questions about the COVID-19 vaccine, visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website and talk to your health care provider. (medlineplus.gov)

Researchers in the Department of Laboratory Medicine at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden are using a G:BOX Chemi XX6 multi-application imager to analyze viral antigens on multiplex Infrared (IR) fluorescent Western blots. (selectscience.net)
Laura Sullivan, Syngene's Divisional Manager, commented: "We are delighted that our new imaging technology is helping researchers at the Karolinska to speed up quantification of viral antigens in this vital research. (selectscience.net)
Adenoviruses, which exist in the wild in humans and typically cause mild infections such as the common cold, have been genetically engineered to express viral antigens found in SARS-CoV-2, usually those of the infamous spike protein that the coronavirus uses to break into human cells. (allianceforscience.org)
This vaccine format elicits B and T cell-dependent protection and targets multiple antigens, including the highly conserved viral nucleoprotein, indicating its usefulness as a cross-protective vaccine. (nextbigfuture.com)
This means researchers can use the leafy organism as a vessel for producing antigens, a key component of vaccines. (health.com)
These antigens will be delivered in planned preclinical and clinical trials using Inovio's delivery system, as well as in combination with an engineered protein to drive broader vaccine immunity. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Prevention using the live-attenuated 17D vaccine is highly efficacious. (medscape.com)
The first live, attenuated influenza vaccine was licensed in 2003. (cdc.gov)
The 17D vaccine is live attenuated and was developed in 1936 ( Monath, 2005 ). (elifesciences.org)
Live attenuated vaccines use a weakened form of the virus that can still replicate without causing illness. (gavi.org)

health authorities say flu vaccines have prevented millions of illnesses and thousands of deaths, and an annual shot is needed because flu viruses constantly change and immunity to the disease declines over time. (boomlive.in)
Inactivated vaccines usually don't provide immunity (protection) that's as strong as live vaccines. (hhs.gov)
DNA vaccines are easy and inexpensive to make-and they produce strong, long-term immunity. (hhs.gov)
If 80% to 85% of the population needs to be vaccinated or have been infected to reach "herd immunity" - where the virus essentially fizzles for lack of fresh hosts - vaccine skeptics could contribute to a real problem. (ocregister.com)
Here we show that mRNA vaccines induce balanced, long-lived and protective immunity to influenza A virus infections in even very young and very old mice and that the vaccine remains protective upon thermal stress. (nextbigfuture.com)
A true universal vaccine for flu, however, would induce immunity to proteins that are the same in all flu viruses, but which flu normally hides from the immune system. (nextbigfuture.com)
The chickenpox vaccine uses a weakened version of the virus to build up the person's immunity to the actual virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
As Zand's lab pivots to use the test to detect immunity to COVID-19, they hope it could also offer a quick and easy way to test immune responses to experimental vaccines. (rochester.edu)
These vaccines inject the genetic recipe into the body cells, and those cells, in turn, produce the protein so that our immunity can fight the disease. (legalreader.com)
So, the main difference is that this vaccine uses proteins made outside the body and injects them into the system to aid immunity. (legalreader.com)

There are several different types of vaccines. (hhs.gov)
mRNA vaccines have several benefits compared to other types of vaccines, including shorter manufacturing times and, because they do not contain a live virus, no risk of causing disease in the person getting vaccinated. (hhs.gov)
Did you know that scientists are still working to create new types of vaccines? (hhs.gov)
Because these types of vaccines contain a live pathogen, the immune system reacts very well to them and it will typically remember the pathogen for a very long time. (pfizer.com)
How many types of vaccines are there? (moneycontrol.com)
We have two types of vaccines - the adenovirus vector vaccine by Johnson & Johnson and RNA/ mRNA vaccines. (legalreader.com)

Information from clinical trials is available at this time to support the use of Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine to prevent COVID-19. (medlineplus.gov)
In clinical trials, approximately 21,895 individuals 18 years of age and older have received the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
Globally, 12 vaccines are approved for full use, 21 vaccines are authorized for early or limited use, and 42 vaccines are in phase 3 clinical trials. (medscape.com)
The virus-like particles are being evaluated in clinical trials as a potential vaccine for chikungunya. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Days before her 91st birthday, Margaret Keenan became the first person in the world to receive the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine outside of clinical trials. (livescience.com)
authorities to carry out clinical trials of the vaccine," Dr Sanjay Mukherjee, Secretary, Medical Education and Drugs Department, Government of Maharashtra said. (tribuneindia.com)
Officials say, elderly patients and those with co-morbidities may be injected with newer versions of the BCG vaccine to protect them from the Covid-19 virus if the clinical trials are proved to be effective. (tribuneindia.com)
She runs a clinical biomanufacturing facility at the University of Oxford, UK, and is part of a team that had developed a COVID-19 vaccine that was in clinical trials at the time. (nature.com)
Although I have reported on many aspects of COVID-19 vaccine development over the past year, I was surprised to learn the extent to which they had to gamble in those early days, without knowing if funding would come through - and that the vials of vaccine used in the first clinical trials were filled by hand at Oxford's facility. (nature.com)
Globally, at least 12 vaccines are approved for full use, more than 20 vaccines are authorized for early or limited use, and as of Fall 2022, 42 vaccines were in phase 3 clinical trials. (medscape.com)
Because it often uses repurposed viruses to deliver therapeutic genes, gene therapy has been caught in a vicious cycle for nearly two decades owing to immune response, insertional mutagenesis, viral tropism, off-target activity, unwanted clinical outcomes (ranging from illness to death of participants in clinical trials), and patchy regulations (23, 28-31). (swfinstitute.org)
The board tasked with overseeing the data and safety components of the AstraZeneca clinical trials confirmed that the participant was injected with the company's Covid-19 vaccine and not a placebo, Soriot said on the conference call, which was set up by the investment bank J.P. Morgan. (statnews.com)
Competing interests: AJP conducts clinical trials on behalf of Oxford University, sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Novartis Vaccines, Sanofi Pasteur, Sanofi Pasteur MSD, and Wyeth Vaccines and has received funds from vaccine manufacturers to attend scientific meetings. (ageofautism.com)

Margaret Keenan, 90, is applauded by staff as she returns to her ward after becoming the first person in the U.K. to receive the Pfizer/BioNtech COVID-19 vaccine on Dec. 8, 2020. (livescience.com)
Healthcare workers and vulnerable individuals in the U.S. could receive the Pfizer vaccine as early as next week. (livescience.com)
We spoke with Ingrid Scully, PhD, Senior Director of Vaccine Research and Development at Pfizer, about what makes each one special. (pfizer.com)
Project Veritas on Thursday released a new segment of undercover footage of Pfizer director Jordon Walker in which the Director of R&D within the company's mRNA operation expressed concern over how the COVID-19 vaccine may be affecting women's reproductive health. (whatreallyhappened.com)

By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, decreases release of viruses from infected cells and thus viral spread. (medscape.com)
By inhibiting viral neuraminidase, release of viruses from infected cells and viral spread are decreased. (medscape.com)
The structures, published May 9 in the journal Cell, shows in atomic-level detail how the virus and cell-surface protein fit together - data that promises to accelerate efforts to design drugs and vaccines to prevent or treat arthritis caused by chikungunya or related viruses. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The Food and Drug Administration's Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee recommended that the 2008--09 trivalent influenza vaccine for the United States contain A/Brisbane/59/2007-like (H1N1), A/Brisbane/10/2007-like (H3N2), and B/Florida/4/2006-like viruses. (cdc.gov)
A total of 200 (69%) of 290 influenza A (H1N1) viruses were characterized as A/Solomon Islands/3/2006-like, the influenza A (H1N1) component of the 2007--08 influenza vaccine for the Northern Hemisphere, and 70 (24%) were characterized as A/Brisbane/59/2007-like, the recommended H1N1 component of the 2008--09 Northern Hemisphere vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Thirty-five (22%) of the 161 influenza A (H3N2) viruses were characterized as A/Wisconsin/67/2005-like, the influenza A (H3N2) component of the 2007--08 influenza vaccine for the Northern Hemisphere. (cdc.gov)
One hundred fifteen (71%) of the 161 viruses were characterized as A/Brisbane/10/2007-like, the recommended influenza A (H3N2) component for the 2008 Southern Hemisphere and 2008--09 Northern Hemisphere vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Six (75%) of these viruses from the B/Victoria lineage were characterized as B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like, the influenza B component of the 2007--08 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Verndari was founded to enable a rapid response to new viral threats as well as to produce more effective vaccinations for existing viruses, such as seasonal flu, while sharply reducing costs and making vaccine administration much simpler," Verndari's chief executive officer, Daniel R. Henderson, said in a news release . (ucdavis.edu)
The Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory (VPL) is dedicated to understanding how viruses cause disease and to defining immunologic mechanisms through which vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and other biomedical countermeasures can be used to prevent or modify disease. (sfm-microbiologie.org)
To define how viruses cause disease, the VPL examines functional and structural features of the viral pathogen, as well as elucidating mechanisms for regulating the composition and timing of the host immune response. (sfm-microbiologie.org)
The film follows five research groups as they forgo sleep and family time to develop vaccines using approaches ranging from tried-and-true inactivated viruses to cutting-edge messenger RNA techniques. (nature.com)
Because this research does not require replicating "live" viruses, it does not need to be done in high-level containment facilities when developing vaccines for highly pathogenic viruses. (nih.gov)
Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem of global importance because of the ongoing transmission of viruses that cause the disease and increased morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
This phenomenon can make it more difficult to develop vaccines against these viruses, so it is critical to know whether it happens in COVID-19. (rochester.edu)
Many conventional vaccines use whole viruses to trigger an immune response. (gavi.org)
Inactivated vaccines use viruses whose genetic material has been destroyed so they cannot replicate, but can still trigger an immune response. (gavi.org)
The platform has not been used in an approved vaccine, but has been tested in experimental vaccines against other viruses, including the Ebola virus. (statnews.com)

The Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine vaccination is given as a one-time dose. (medlineplus.gov)
a single booster dose at least two months after completion of the primary vaccination of Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
It's important to have conversations with friends and family members, encouraging all communities to get vaccinated and actually get to a vaccination site, which you can do more easily than ever before, given how many sites we have and how easy it is to find them at vaccines.gov. (hollywoodlife.com)
If you need hepatitis B vaccination in addition to hepatitis A, you can do these individually or as a combined vaccine that covers both. (va.gov)
First, a person's immune protection from vaccination declines over time, so an annual vaccine is needed for optimal protection. (boomlive.in)
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination still reduces new infections, but effectiveness and attenuation of peak viral burden are reduced with B.1.617.2. (gla.ac.uk)
Keenan, who was sporting a polka-dot cardigan over a festive shirt, was given the first dose of a two-dose vaccine at the University Hospital Coventry in England, setting off the first mass vaccination effort against a virus that has now infected at least 70 million people worldwide and killed 1.5 million. (livescience.com)
Immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of heterologous COVID-19 primary vaccination incorporating mRNA, viral-vector, and protein-adjuvant vaccines in the UK (Com-COV2): a single-blind, randomised, phase 2, non-inferiority trial. (ox.ac.uk)
If these genes were highly active before vaccination, an individual would generate a high level of antibodies after vaccination , no matter the flu strain in the vaccine, researchers report online August 25 in Science Immunology . (sciencenews.org)
Verndari's VaxiPatch is a single-dose vaccination kit that uses a dermal patch with a metal microneedle array to deliver vaccines. (ucdavis.edu)
Vaccinia, the first-ever vaccine which protects against smallpox, is actually where we get the term 'vaccination' from. (pfizer.com)
Vaccination was well tolerated and enhanced the peak magnitude, breadth, and proliferative capacity of anti-HCV T cell responses compared to non-Ii vaccines in humans. (ox.ac.uk)
As the world confronts both new variants and limited vaccination rates, our study supports this practical intervention to reduce the presence of viral aerosols in a real-world setting. (cdc.gov)
When news broke that US Air Force Academy cadet Hunter Brown suddenly collapsed and died on the way to class, anti-vaccination activists immediately claimed that he died from the COVID-19 vaccine! (rojakpot.com)
Even though details about Hunter Brown's death was extremely limited, anti-vaccination activists immediately blamed the COVID-19 vaccine for his death. (rojakpot.com)
Control of yellow fever is primarily through vaccination, and there is no specific anti-viral treatment available. (elifesciences.org)
The CDC updated COVID-19 vaccine recommendations for vaccination in April 2023 to simplify and allow flexibility for people at higher risk. (medscape.com)

The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is made from a cold-causing adenovirus that was isolated from the stool of chimpanzees and modified so that it no longer replicates in cells. (nature.com)
The Chinese company CanSino Biologics - the medical science arm of the People's Liberation Army, no less - has completed Phase 1 trials with an adenovirus vector vaccine called Ad5-nCoV. (allianceforscience.org)
The other vaccine contains an adenovirus vector. (legalreader.com)
The vaccine - known as AZD1222 - uses an adenovirus that carries a gene for one of the proteins in SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. (statnews.com)

After the hepatitis A vaccine is given, your body makes antibodies that will protect you against the hepatitis A virus. (va.gov)
In an immune response, viral neutralizing antibodies are present by the end of the first week, and the virus is rapidly cleared. (medscape.com)
Despite no licensed vaccine is yet available for CHIKV, there is strong evidence of effective asymptomatic viral clearance due to neutralising antibodies against the viral structural proteins. (jenner.ac.uk)
Our vaccines induce high frequencies of anti-chikungunya specific T-cell responses as well as high titres of anti-CHIKV E2 antibodies with high capacity for in vitro neutralisation. (jenner.ac.uk)
In the early 1940s, Salk and esteemed fellow scientist Thomas Francis Jr. revolutionized immunology with their killed-virus vaccine for influenza, which produced protective antibodies without exposing recipients to the live virus itself. (boomlive.in)

We have designed viral-vectored vaccines to express the structural proteins of CHIKV, using the replication-deficient chimpanzee adenoviral platform, ChAdOx1. (jenner.ac.uk)
Our results indicate the potential for further clinical development of the ChAdOx1 vaccine platform in CHIKV vaccinology. (jenner.ac.uk)
The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines against new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections requires continuous re-evaluation, given the increasingly dominant B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. (gla.ac.uk)
We found that the effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 against infections (new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive cases) with symptoms or high viral burden is reduced with the B.1.617.2 variant (absolute difference of 10-13% for BNT162b2 and 16% for ChAdOx1) compared to the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant. (gla.ac.uk)
Probably the highest-profile effort is the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine candidate from Oxford University's Jenner Institute . (allianceforscience.org)
ChAdOx1) vaccine (AstraZeneca/FIOCRUZ-RJ). (bvs.br)
Data is pre- afterwards, the ChAdOx1 vaccine, depending on their avail- sented anonymously. (bvs.br)

Since the first SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes were shared via GISAID on 10 January 2020, over 200,000 SARS-CoV-2 viral sequences have since been made available with unprecedented speed on its publicly accessible platform. (biospectrumasia.com)
Second, it's flu season now… We need to encourage our fellow Filipinos to receive this vaccine so the disease does not add to the Covid-19 burden in our country," Vergeire said in a media briefing in response to the misleading post on October 12, 2020. (boomlive.in)
As the vaccine becomes available, I encourage all Marines and their families to get the shot to slow the spread of the virus," he tweeted in December of 2020, alongside a photo of himself receiving a shot. (usmclife.com)
Soon after news of SARS-CoV-2 arrives in early January 2020, Gilbert and Green decide that COVID-19 could be Disease X. They risk their reputations and a substantial amount of Oxford's money to prepare a vaccine, even before the need becomes clear. (nature.com)
Global and US goals have been established for elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030 (HHS, 2020). (cdc.gov)

If you have a history of blood clots with low platelets following the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine or AstraZeneca (not currently approved in the US) COVID-19 vaccines, you should not receive the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
The vaccine results from Oxford and AstraZeneca are based on data collected in Brazil and the United Kingdom. (nature.com)
The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford, UK, and pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca was found to be, on average, 70% effective in a preliminary analysis of phase III trial data, the developers announced in a press release on 23 November. (nature.com)
What does Denmark's permanent suspension of both the AstraZeneca and Janssen covid-19 vaccines mean for other countries? (ivi.int)
The initial indication of the AstraZeneca vaccine is for use in people 18 years of age or older. (mssociety.ca)

The focus is on HIV-1/AIDS with reference to the most successful as well as currently tested COVID-19 vaccines, and human trials, which best inform iterative vaccine improvements. (lww.com)
In preparation for human trials, the company is working on an agreement with UC Davis' Good Manufacturing Practice, or GMP, facility to manufacture the clinical version of the vaccine kit. (ucdavis.edu)
It has an mRNA vaccine against prostate and lung cancer tumours in human trials. (nextbigfuture.com)
Although patients diagnosed with or receiving therapy for cancer were excluded from the initial vaccine trials, emerging evidence now supports vaccine safety with potentially diminished immune response in this group. (ecancer.org)
We're hoping this could make coronavirus research - especially vaccine trials - faster and more convenient for those who volunteer for them," said Zand, who is also senior associate dean for Clinical Research at the University of Rochester Medical Center. (rochester.edu)
Trials found the vaccine, which is produced with the help of plants, to be 70% effective at preventing coronavirus-related illness. (health.com)
The fight against COVID-19 has seen vaccine development move at record speed, with more than 170 different vaccines in trials. (gavi.org)
If successful, the new vaccine will undergo field trials through the NIH-sponsored HIV Vaccine Trials Network in a few years. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
T he participant who triggered a global shutdown of AstraZeneca's Phase 3 Covid-19 vaccine trials was a woman in the United Kingdom who experienced neurological symptoms consistent with a rare but serious spinal inflammatory disorder called transverse myelitis, the drug maker's chief executive, Pascal Soriot, said during a private conference call with investors on Wednesday morning. (statnews.com)
Health Canada approval was based on an interim analysis of pooled data from ongoing multicentre, placebo-controlled trials which involved 8,895 participants who were randomized equally to receive two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine 4-12 weeks apart. (mssociety.ca)

Application of the vector trains the immune system of vaccine recipients to fight the pathogen. (bioprocessintl.com)
Depending on the pathogen (a bacteria or virus) that is being targeted, different vaccine technologies are used to generate an effective vaccine. (pfizer.com)
Subunit vaccines use pieces of the pathogen - often fragments of protein - to trigger an immune response. (gavi.org)
Traditional vaccines revolved around injecting part of the pathogen, such as a protein or sugar, to induce an immune response. (swfinstitute.org)

These molecules, called virus-like particles (VLPs), form in the leaves of the plant and are the antigen in Medicago's vaccine. (health.com)
Some of them try to smuggle the antigen into the body, others use the body's own cells to make the viral antigen. (gavi.org)
Nucleic acid vaccines use genetic material - either RNA or DNA - to provide cells with the instructions to make the antigen. (gavi.org)
As with nucleic acid vaccines, our own cellular machinery is hijacked to produce the antigen from those instructions, in order to trigger an immune response. (gavi.org)

With B.1.617.2, infections occurring after two vaccinations had similar peak viral burden as those in unvaccinated individuals. (gla.ac.uk)
This strategy could be used to develop more potent HCV vaccines that may contribute to the HCV elimination targets and paves the way for developing class II Ii vaccines against cancer and other infections. (ox.ac.uk)
That hijacking, called antibody-dependent enhancement, happens in viral infections that are similar to COVID-19, like SARS and MERS, as well as Zika and Dengue. (rochester.edu)
Not only that, but results from the study show that the vaccine was 78.8% effective at protecting against moderate-to-severe infections of COVID-19. (health.com)
although it can also be caused by viral infections. (statnews.com)

The hepatitis A vaccine is a dose of inactive virus that stimulates your natural immune system. (va.gov)
How does a vaccine help the immune system? (medium.com)
A vaccine primes the specific (adaptive) immune system so that it more quickly sees invading harmful particles. (medium.com)
The vaccine trains the immune system how to fight the actual harmful enemy by giving the immune system a less harmful surrogate from which to learn. (medium.com)
This relatively new tech, which relies on a synthetic strand of genetic code called messenger RNA (mRNA) to prime the immune system, had not yet been approved for any previous vaccine in the world. (livescience.com)
Vaccines work by teaching your body's immune system to recognize and fight back against germs, such as a virus, that can cause serious illness. (medlineplus.gov)
The symptoms that sometimes come after you've had a vaccine shot are normal and a sign that your immune system is working. (medlineplus.gov)
The COVID mRNA vaccine partly works by inducing local inflammatory reactions to trigger the immune system. (swfinstitute.org)

Several genetic subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated protection against severe disease, obtained Emergency Use Authorization and scaled their production to billions of doses. (lww.com)
I am working on a video about why two doses are needed for the mRNA vaccine. (kunc.org)
Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes. (hhs.gov)
Just like there are multiple ways to develop a vaccine, they can also take on multiple forms-from needle injections and nasal sprays to oral doses, a more recent innovation. (pfizer.com)
This is a proven platform, which was used to produce thousands of doses of company's Ebola vaccine deployed in the Congo in November 2019. (allianceforscience.org)
Yet, nearly a year after Green's encounter, conspiracy theories continue to stymie take-up of COVID-19 vaccines, risking lives both in regions where doses are abundant, and in those where there are precious few. (nature.com)

Because of this, new bivalent mRNA vaccine boosters were authorized in Fall 2022 containing omicron BA.4/BA.5 components. (medscape.com)
Taking into account diminished VE, new bivalent mRNA vaccine boosters were authorized in Fall 2022 containing Omicron BA.4/BA.5 components. (medscape.com)
This two-dose COVID-19 vaccine is the first plant-based vaccine authorized for use in humans, according to this study from June 2022 in The New England Journal of Medicine . (health.com)
Medicago's vaccine method is different-it starts by introducing the genetic code for making the spike protein into plants, not humans, according to the June 2022 study in The New England Journal of Medicine . (health.com)

Syngene, a world-leading manufacturer of image analysis solutions, today announced its new G:BOX Chemi XX6 is being used by scientists at the Karolinska Institutet for multiplex imaging of IR fluorescent viral proteins on Western blots. (selectscience.net)
mRNA vaccines make proteins in order to trigger an immune response. (hhs.gov)
Synthetic vaccinology uses information from viral gene sequencing to create DNA and mRNA molecules encoding viral proteins. (nih.gov)
New Scientist - In a first for any infectious disease, a vaccine against flu has been made out of messenger RNA (mRNA) - the genetic material that controls the production of proteins. (nextbigfuture.com)
Similar vaccines have been made of DNA that codes for flu proteins. (nextbigfuture.com)
Vaccines made only of the proteins do not elicit this type of response. (nextbigfuture.com)

Some users also claimed the COVID-19 vaccine contains ciprofloxacin and refused to take the vaccine to not face extreme side effects. (who.int)

Will we all need fourth COVID vaccine booster shots? (ivi.int)
Many Americans now have the green light to get a COVID-19 vaccine booster - and the flexibility to receive a different brand than the original vaccine they received. (springfieldnewssun.com)
Notably, the FDA and CDC also authorized a "mix-and-match" strategy , enabling eligible Americans to get a booster shot from a brand different from their original vaccine. (springfieldnewssun.com)
With the swirling mass of news around how effective the COVID-19 vaccines are and who needs booster shots and when, it can be challenging and confusing to make sense of it all. (springfieldnewssun.com)
The FDA Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) continues to assess the optimal composition of COVID-19 primary and booster vaccines. (medscape.com)

What is the hepatitis A vaccine? (va.gov)
VA » Health Care » Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease » Hepatitis A » What's New » For Patients » What is the hepatitis A vaccine? (va.gov)
NHANES viral hepatitis data are used to monitor progress toward goals in Healthy People and the HHS Viral Hepatitis National Strategic Plan, which in turn support US and global viral hepatitis elimination goals. (cdc.gov)
Viral hepatitis data from NHANES are available beginning with the Second NHANES conducted during 1976-1980 for hepatitis A and hepatitis B, and with the Third NHANES conducted during 1988-1994 for hepatitis C, hepatitis D and hepatitis E. (cdc.gov)
Other vaccines that use the same model as Novavax include diphtheria toxoid vaccines, tetanus toxoid vaccines, the hepatitis B virus, and others. (legalreader.com)
An example of an existing subunit vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine. (gavi.org)
Recently, under Andrew Pollard's chairmanship the JCVI succeeded in adding Hepatitis B to the infant schedule as part of GSK's controversial Infanrix Hexa multivac which the Oxford Vaccine Group helped develop. (ageofautism.com)

Two others, a viral vector vaccine (Janssen) and an adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine (Novavax), have emergency use approval (EUA) in the United States. (medscape.com)

In an ongoing clinical trial, the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine has been shown to prevent COVID-19 after a single dose. (medlineplus.gov)
The combination vaccine is given as 3 injections over a 6-month period--an initial dose, followed by a second dose 1 month later, and then a third dose 5 months after the second. (va.gov)
But, surprisingly, participants who received a lower amount of the vaccine in the first dose and then the full amount in the second dose were 90% less likely to develop COVID-19 than were participants in the placebo arm. (nature.com)
A top priority for researchers is understanding why the vaccine seems to have performed so much better with a lower first dose. (nature.com)
METHODS: Com-COV2 is a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial in which adults aged 50 years and older, previously immunised with a single dose of ChAd or BNT in the community, were randomly assigned (in random blocks of three and six) within these cohorts in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive a second dose intramuscularly (8-12 weeks after the first dose) with the homologous vaccine, m1273, or NVX. (ox.ac.uk)
Safety analyses were done for all participants who received a dose of study vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)
That meant those receiving a two-dose vaccine must get their second shot by Jan. 4. (latimes.com)
The authorization made all Johnson & Johnson vaccine recipients eligible for a second shot two months after the initial dose. (springfieldnewssun.com)
About 80% of Americans have had their first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, and two-thirds have completed both rounds. (legalreader.com)
People aged ≥ 65 years who received 1 dose of a vaccine have the option to receive 1 additional dose at least 4 months after the first bivalent dose. (medscape.com)
Killed virus (KV) vaccines are expensive and require more than one dose during the immunisation process. (scawfellgenetics.com)

They look for ways first to develop an Ebola vaccine and then to prepare for a future epidemic "Disease X". The identity of this illness was uncertain, but its eventual arrival was never in doubt. (nature.com)

Can China's home-grown mRNA Covid-19 vaccine pass its final tests? (ivi.int)

When it comes to vaccines, Tucker Carlson is trying to kill the Messenger RNA. (humortimes.com)

But they differ from nucleic acid vaccines in that they use a harmless virus, different from the one the vaccine is targeting, to deliver these instructions into the cell. (gavi.org)

The Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is currently being studied to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (medlineplus.gov)
Vaccines have been associated with neuromuscular issues after receipt, but this is a very rare side effect," says Matthew Laurens, MD, MPH, pediatric infectious disease specialist and a professor of pediatrics at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore. (medscape.com)
Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease. (hhs.gov)
Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease. (hhs.gov)
Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease. (hhs.gov)
The extent to which this particular vaccine, this particular disease, is perceived very differently depending on what political party you're in - that, to my knowledge, is unprecedented, and lamentable," said Arthur L. Reingold, chair of California's vaccine safety review panel and head of epidemiology and biostatistics at UC Berkeley. (ocregister.com)
The perspective concludes that modern vaccine technology and improved surveillance in developing countries ultimately can help us better prepare for emerging infectious disease threats. (nih.gov)
Dr. Richard Currie, CEO, Rapid Genomics , said that a pair of new diagnostic tests for HVT vector vaccine verification and virus exposure characterization have been developed to help poultry producers manage their vaccine administration programs and provide insight into the level of disease challenge present on their farms. (wattagnet.com)
This vaccine has stayed on the core list because of high disease mortality rates (75-90% for EEE, 20-30% for WEE) and you can't completely eliminate exposure. (thehorse.com)
There are more vaccine candidates simultaneously in the pipeline for COVID-19 than ever before for an infectious disease. (gavi.org)
Vaccine may prevent the disease. (healthychildren.org)

Scientists have produced a sugar sarcophagus to keep viral vaccines viable without refrigeration. (thenakedscientists.com)
Now scientists in the UK have found a way to produce a glassy sugar-based casket that can keep viral particles in pristine condition for over 6 months without any need for refrigeration. (thenakedscientists.com)
Based on a number of these factors, scientists decide which type of vaccine they will make. (hhs.gov)
Scientists used this technology to make COVID-19 vaccines as well. (hhs.gov)
Platform technologies enable scientists to apply a standardized manufacturing process to multiple vaccines and create a collective database on their safety as well, which can shorten the preclinical development period to as little as several months, according to the authors. (nih.gov)
I have no proof, but and many, many scientists and doctors think it's the vaccine. (rojakpot.com)
Weiner, a leader in DNA vaccine research for the last two decades, has assembled a group of scientists from Emory University, Duke University, and the University of Massachusetts, as well as scientists from the NIH Vaccine Research Center and DNA product development company Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

the video … has been debunked by multiple news outlets and local and federal health officials, showing no association of Desselle's alleged 2 days of symptoms with the COVID vaccine. (medscape.com)
On 11 August the story broke that Russia is claiming to have a fully developed COVID vaccine. (allianceforscience.org)
The [COVID] vaccine shouldn't be interfering with that [menstrual cycles]. (whatreallyhappened.com)

This, he explained, makes it well suited to vaccine and gene therapy development. (bioprocessintl.com)
Because KOS-NA contains a neuro-attenuating mutation in a single gene, we sought to improve its safety by deleting a portion of the UL29 gene whose protein product, ICP8, is essential for viral DNA replication. (ku.edu)
But DNA vaccines seem unlikely ever to be approved, because of worries that they might be incorporated into human DNA, disrupting gene regulation. (nextbigfuture.com)
One of our main focus areas is viral vector manufacturing for those gene therapies, where plasmid DNA constructs serve as key raw material. (biovian.com)
Our GMP plasmid DNA may also be used to develop novel DNA or mRNA vaccines and non-viral gene therapy applications. (biovian.com)

NVX vaccine was supplied for use in the trial by Novavax. (ox.ac.uk)
A case in point is the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by Novavax, a biotechnology firm from Maryland. (legalreader.com)
However, the Novavax vaccine leverages the older vaccine development techniques , where the injection introduces the protein and not the genetic recipe. (legalreader.com)

Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine has not undergone the standard review to be approved by the FDA for use. (medlineplus.gov)
Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine may cause life-threatening blood clots. (medlineplus.gov)
How is the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine given? (medlineplus.gov)
The Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine will be given to you as an injection into the muscle. (medlineplus.gov)
What are the benefits of the Janssen (Johnson and Johnson) vaccine? (medlineplus.gov)
The Johnson & Johnson vaccine gives DNA instructions inside the coat of a different virus, called a viral vector . (springfieldnewssun.com)
For example, some-like the Johnson & Johnson vaccine-use a modified virus to introduce the spike protein to our cells, according to the CDC. (health.com)
The Johnson & Johnson vaccine, which is a viral vector vaccine, works in a similar way. (medlineplus.gov)

To design effective drugs and vaccines that interfere with attachment, researchers need a detailed picture of the molecular interactions between the virus and the protein. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
To visualize how the virus interacts with the cell-surface protein, the researchers first flash-froze the viral particles attached to the protein. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Then, the researchers shot a beam of electrons through the sample, mapped where the electrons landed on a detector, and used computer programs to reconstruct the electron density patterns and thereby the 3D structure of the viral particles bound to the cell-surface protein. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Researchers caution against making head-to-head comparisons of vaccines on the basis of incomplete data. (nature.com)
Researchers have been studying and working with mRNA vaccines for decades and this technology was used to make some of the COVID-19 vaccines. (hhs.gov)
So the researchers looked for a common genetic signal in blood samples from 175 people with different genetic backgrounds, from different locations in the United States, and who received the flu vaccine in different seasons. (sciencenews.org)
Preclinical testing of the immune response to the vaccine begins May 1 at the Mouse Biology Program, where researchers amended an existing protocol for influenza to test a COVID-19 vaccine in rats. (ucdavis.edu)
In fact, when it comes to immunization, "plant-based" simply means researchers recruited plants to produce part of the vaccine, Brian Ward, MD , Medical Officer at Medicago, said. (health.com)
How long have researchers been studying mRNA vaccines? (medlineplus.gov)
The three COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the U.S. use technology that researchers at the National Institutes of Health have been studying for decades. (medlineplus.gov)
The vaccine was able to be made quickly because researchers already constructed an mRNA platform for cancer and other vaccines under trial. (swfinstitute.org)

Inhibits neuraminidase, which is a glycoprotein on the surface of influenza virus that destroys an infected cell's receptor for viral hemagglutinin. (medscape.com)

Deem has devised a potential new strategy for a more effective HIV vaccine. (aps.org)
Many more are still awaiting an effective vaccine strategy. (lww.com)
Our results suggest that the capacity to replicate, even at significantly reduced levels compared with wild-type HSV-1, may be an important feature of an effective vaccine. (ku.edu)
The photo was published here by The Smithsonian Institution, a major US organization of museums and research centers, and shows Jonas Salk, the American virologist who developed the first effective vaccine against polio. (boomlive.in)
The photo, dated 1956, is captioned in part: "With his development of the first safe and effective vaccine against polio, virologist Jonas Salk became a hero to millions. (boomlive.in)
The flu vaccine , which was first licensed for use on civilians in 1945, has been proven effective in averting illnesses and deaths, according to health authorities. (boomlive.in)
While previous HIV vaccines have often only been effective in certain parts of the world, the new vaccine could be effective in multiple locations. (labiotech.eu)
The vaccines are safe and effective and the benefits far, far, far outweigh any risks. (ocregister.com)
COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective . (cdc.gov)
However, compared with the effective vaccine that is now available, pox parties can be risky. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Vaccines made from survivin peptide may help the body build an effective immune response to kill cancer cells that express survivin. (clinicaltrials.gov)
It is vaccine preventable, with a safe and effective vaccine available since the 1930s that has been introduced into the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) of many countries ( Region V, 2003 ). (elifesciences.org)
The goal of this award is to broaden advances with synthetic DNA vaccines already made by this team and to develop the next generation of more widely effective HIV vaccines. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
This means that if the UK Parliament did legislate to make vaccines compulsory, Prof Pollard himself would have effective dictatorial powers over citizens telling them which vaccines they and their children must have. (ageofautism.com)

The deal will see University of Oxford's Jenner Institute spin-out Vaccitech gain access to ProBioGen's technology platform based on the AGE1.CR duck retina cell line for production of its viral vectored universal flu vaccine. (bioprocessintl.com)

In contrast, development of HIV-1 vaccines has been extremely difficult. (lww.com)
GISAID will produce for CEPI regular reports on genomic diversity which will be openly shared by CEPI, to support analyses on the diversity of the spike protein sequence-a key target for COVID-19 vaccine development. (biospectrumasia.com)
PA is a key target for both antitoxin and vaccine development. (listlabs.com)
Naobios has built substantial experience within two major vaccines groups (Valneva and Biological E) and has specialized in process and analytical development and pharmaceutical manufacturing , whereas Clean Cells specialized in quality control testing and storage of biologics, including numerous viral vaccines, in compliance with GMPs. (clean-biologics.com)
Here's how mRNA vaccines work, and why they could make such a difference for vaccine development. (livescience.com)
The successful candidate will share the VRC's vision for collaboration and mentorship and the application of transdisciplinary approaches to lead the VPL in conducting research advancing the understanding of viral pathogenesis and to translate this research into the development of vaccines and related biopharmaceuticals. (sfm-microbiologie.org)
This led to the study of the virus's characteristics and the development and use of inactivated vaccines in the late 1930s and 1940s. (cdc.gov)
In a perspective in The Journal of the American Medical Association , the experts highlight innovations that could significantly shorten the typical decades-long vaccine development timeline. (nih.gov)
Vaccine development is a long, complex process. (moneycontrol.com)
In the lab of National Institutes of Health-supported researcher Jason McLellan, Ph.D., whose work at the University of Texas-Austin supported COVID-19 vaccine development. (medlineplus.gov)

The vaccine is not in high use, particularly in Africa, and African social media communities have already begun to target specific brands/types of the monkeypox vaccine. (who.int)
Appointments to get the monkeypox vaccine at the Orange County Department of Health filled up in a matter of hours earlier this week. (wmfe.org)

The state Board of Health, they claimed, was about to authorize local health officials and police to round up people for refusing to get coronavirus vaccines and forcibly lock them up in quarantine facilities. (columbian.com)
They raged at the nonexistent quarantine plot, as well as a real - but very early stage - study on whether to mandate coronavirus vaccines for children to attend K-12 schools. (columbian.com)

A healthy volunteer receives the NIAID Zika virus investigational DNA vaccine as part of an early-stage trial to test the vaccine's safety and immunogenicity. (nih.gov)

Anatomy1

Organisms3

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care4

Low temperature and pressure stability of picornaviruses: implications for virus uncoating. (1/3369)

Induction of a protective antibody response to foot and mouth disease virus in mice following oral or parenteral immunization with alfalfa transgenic plants expressing the viral structural protein VP1. (2/3369)

IL-12 gene as a DNA vaccine adjuvant in a herpes mouse model: IL-12 enhances Th1-type CD4+ T cell-mediated protective immunity against herpes simplex virus-2 challenge. (3/3369)

EBV structural antigens, gp350 and gp85, as targets for ex vivo virus-specific CTL during acute infectious mononucleosis: potential use of gp350/gp85 CTL epitopes for vaccine design. (4/3369)

Detection and induction of equine infectious anemia virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by use of recombinant retroviral vectors. (5/3369)

Human antibody responses to mature and immature forms of viral envelope in respiratory syncytial virus infection: significance for subunit vaccines. (6/3369)

Protection of macaques against intrarectal infection by a combination immunization regimen with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne gp160 vaccines. (7/3369)

Rapid and sensitive detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies against canine distemper virus by a new recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (8/3369)

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Viral Vaccines

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