Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Skin diseases caused by viruses.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
A method to identify and enumerate cells that are synthesizing ANTIBODIES against ANTIGENS or HAPTENS conjugated to sheep RED BLOOD CELLS. The sheep red blood cells surrounding cells secreting antibody are lysed by added COMPLEMENT producing a clear zone of HEMOLYSIS. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 3rd ed)
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Lesions formed within the walls of ARTERIES.
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER. Its cells are slightly smaller and more uniform in size than those of RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus fever acquired through contact with lice (TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE) as well as Brill's disease.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus.
A mammalian pancreatic extract composed of enzymes with protease, amylase and lipase activities. It is used as a digestant in pancreatic malfunction.
A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).
Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.
An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent.
A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.
A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.
Proteins isolated from the roots of the pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, that agglutinate some erythrocytes, stimulate mitosis and antibody synthesis in lymphocytes, and induce activation of plasma cells.
The etiologic agent of murine typhus (see TYPHUS, ENDEMIC FLEA-BORNE).

Comparative study of the anti-human cytomegalovirus activities and toxicities of a tetrahydrofuran phosphonate analogue of guanosine and cidofovir. (1/2392)

Cidofovir is the first nucleoside monophosphate analogue currently being used for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) retinitis in individuals with AIDS. Unfortunately, the period of therapy with the use of this compound may be limited due to the possible emergence of serious irreversible nephrotoxic effects. New drugs with improved toxicity profiles are needed. The goal of this study was to investigate the anticytomegaloviral properties and drug-induced toxicity of a novel phosphonate analogue, namely, (-)-2-(R)-dihydroxyphosphinoyl-5-(S)-(guanin-9'-yl-methyl) tetrahydrofuran (compound 1), in comparison with those of cidofovir. The inhibitory activities of both compounds on HCMV propagation in vitro were similar against the AD 169 and Towne strains, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.17 microgram/ml for cidofovir and < 0.05 to 0.09 microgram/ml for compound 1. A clinical HCMV isolate that was resistant to ganciclovir and that had a known mutation within the UL54 DNA polymerase gene and a cidofovir-resistant laboratory strain derived from strain AD 169 remained sensitive to compound 1, whereas their susceptibilities to ganciclovir and cidofovir were reduced by 33- and 10-fold, respectively. Both compound 1 and cidofovir exhibited equal potencies in an experimentally induced murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice, with a prevention or prolongation of mean day to death at dosages of 1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight/day. In cytotoxicity experiments, compound 1 was found to be generally more toxic than cidofovir in cell lines Hs68, HFF, and 3T3-L1 (which are permissive for HCMV or MCMV replication) but less toxic than cidofovir in MRC-5 cells (which are permissive for HCMV replication). Drug-induced toxic side effects were noticed for both compounds in rats and guinea pigs in a 5-day repeated-dose study. In guinea pigs, a greater weight loss was noticed with cidofovir than with compound 1 at dosages of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/day. An opposite effect was detected in rats, which were treated with the compounds at relatively high dosages (up to 100 mg/kg/day). Compound 1 and cidofovir were nephrotoxic in both rats and guinea pigs, with the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubules in the renal cortex being the primary target site. The incidence and the severity of the lesions were found to be dose dependent. The lesions observed were characterized by cytoplasm degeneration and nuclear modifications such as karyomegaly, the presence of pseudoinclusions, apoptosis, and degenerative changes. In the guinea pig model, a greater incidence and severity of lesions were observed for cidofovir than for compound 1 (P < 0.001) with a drug regimen of 10 mg/kg/day.  (+info)

Development and use of a 293 cell line expressing lac repressor for the rescue of recombinant adenoviruses expressing high levels of rabies virus glycoprotein. (2/2392)

An expression cassette designed for high-level production of rabies virus glycoprotein (RG) could not be rescued into a replication-defective, adenovirus-based vector using standard procedures. To overcome this difficulty, a 293-based cell line, designated 293LAP13, was constructed that contained and expressed a derivative of the lac repressor protein. The lac operator sequence, to which the repressor binds, was incorporated into an expression cassette, containing a promoter and intron, designed for high-level production of RG. Insertion of a single operator sequence immediately downstream of the transcription start site and the use of the 293LAP13 cell line allowed recombinant viruses that could not be isolated with 293 cells to be rescued efficiently. The operator-containing virus reached higher titres in 293LAP13 than in parental 293 cells and also produced plaques more efficiently in 293LAP13 cells. Moreover, in non-complementing human and canine cell lines, adenovirus vectors with a promoter-intron expression cassette expressed RG at much higher levels than vectors lacking the intron. These observations, together with the demonstration that expression of RG by operator-containing vectors was repressed markedly in 293LAP13 cells and that this inhibition was relieved at least partly by IPTG, suggest that the 293LAP13 cell line may be useful for the rescue and propagation of many vectors in which high expression of the desired protein prevents vector rescue in 293 cells.  (+info)

Complementation of P37 (F13L gene) knock-out in vaccinia virus by a cell line expressing the gene constitutively. (3/2392)

Vaccinia virus produces two different infectious forms, intracellular mature virus (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). Acquisition of the EEV envelope occurs by wrapping of IMV with vesicles of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The most abundant protein in the envelope of EEV, P37, is a 37 kDa palmitylated protein encoded by the F13L gene. P37 is located in the inner side of the EEV envelope and accumulates in the TGN during infection. Deletion of gene F13L results in a severe defect in the wrapping process, although normal levels of IMV are produced. A cell line, derived from RK-13 cells, was obtained that stably expressed P37 (RK(P37)), and the properties of the protein were studied in the absence of other viral polypeptides. P37 produced in RK(P37) cells differed from P37 produced in vaccinia-infected cells in terms of hydrophobicity and intracellular distribution. Despite these differences, RK(P37) cells partially complemented the phenotypic defect of vaccinia virus P37- mutants. EEV production and cell-to-cell virus spread by mutant viruses were increased significantly in RK(P37) cells when compared to normal RK-13 cell cultures. Infection of RK(P37) cells with P37- virus substantially altered the hydrophobicity and the intracellular distribution of P37 in those cells. These results indicate the requirement of the infection context for determination of the normal palmitylation and intracellular localization of P37.  (+info)

Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of moronic acid purified from Rhus javanica in vitro and in vivo. (4/2392)

Rhus javanica, a medicinal herb, has been shown to exhibit oral therapeutic anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity in mice. We purified two major anti-HSV compounds, moronic acid and betulonic acid, from the herbal extract by extraction with ethyl acetate at pH 10 followed by chromatographic separations and examined their anti-HSV activity in vitro and in vivo. Moronic acid was quantitatively a major anti-HSV compound in the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction. The effective concentrations for 50% plaque reduction of moronic acid and betulonic acid for wild-type HSV type 1 (HSV-1) were 3.9 and 2.6 microgram/ml, respectively. The therapeutic index of moronic acid (10.3-16.3) was larger than that of betulonic acid (6.2). Susceptibility of acyclovir-phosphonoacetic acid-resistant HSV-1, thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-1, and wild-type HSV type 2 to moronic acid was similar to that of the wild-type HSV-1. When this compound was administered orally to mice infected cutaneously with HSV-1 three times daily, it significantly retarded the development of skin lesions and/or prolonged the mean survival times of infected mice without toxicity compared with the control. Moronic acid suppressed virus yields in the brain more efficiently than those in the skin. This was consistent with the prolongation of mean survival times. Thus, moronic acid was purified as a major anti-HSV compound from the herbal extract of Rhus javanica. Mode of the anti-HSV activity was different from that of ACV. Moronic acid showed oral therapeutic efficacy in HSV-infected mice and possessed novel anti-HSV activity that was consistent with that of the extract.  (+info)

A double-selective tissue culture system for isolation of wild-type poliovirus from sewage applied in a long-term environmental surveillance. (5/2392)

We describe a simple, cost-efficient, double-selective method for isolation of wild-type poliovirus from sewage samples containing vaccine polioviruses and other enteroviruses, with a detection limit of 18 to 50 PFU per 1 to 2 liters of sewage. By this method we were able to process 1,700 sewage samples collected between 1991 and 1996, from which 10,472 plaques were isolated, 41 of them being identified as wild-type polioviruses.  (+info)

Herpes simplex virus entry is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. (6/2392)

The initial step in herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry is binding of virion glycoprotein (g)C and/or gB to cell surface heparan sulfate. After this initial attachment, gD interacts with cell surface receptor or receptors, and the virion envelope fuses with the cell membrane. Fusion requires viral glycoproteins gB, gD, gL, and gH, but the cellular factors that participate in or the pathways activated by viral entry have not been defined. To determine whether signal transduction pathways are triggered by viral-cell fusion, we examined the association of viral entry with tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting, we found that at least three cytoplasmic host cell proteins, designated p80, p104, and p140, become tyrosine phosphorylated within 5-10 min after exposure to HSV-1 or HSV-2. However, no phosphorylation is detected when cells are exposed to a mutant virus deleted in gL that binds but fails to penetrate. Phosphorylation is restored when the gL-deletion virus is grown on a complementing cell line. Viral entry and the phosphorylation of p80, p104, and p140 are inhibited when cells are infected with virus in the presence of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Taken together, these studies suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of host cellular proteins is triggered by viral entry.  (+info)

Recombinant influenza A virus vaccines for the pathogenic human A/Hong Kong/97 (H5N1) viruses. (7/2392)

Recombinant reassortment technology was used to prepare H5N1 influenza vaccine strains containing a modified hemagglutinin (HA) gene and neuraminidase gene from the A/Hong Kong/156/97 and A/Hong Kong/483/97 isolates and the internal genes from the attenuated cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 influenza virus strain. The HA cleavage site (HA1/HA2) of each H5N1 isolate was modified to resemble that of "low-pathogenic" avian strains. Five of 6 basic amino acids at the cleavage site were deleted, and a threonine was added upstream of the remaining arginine. The H5 HA cleavage site modification resulted in the expected trypsin-dependent phenotype without altering the antigenic character of the H5 HA molecule. The temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotype of the attenuated parent virus was maintained in the recombinant strains, and they grew to 108.5-9.4 EID50/mL in eggs. Both H5N1 vaccine virus strains were safe and immunogenic in ferrets and protected chickens against wild-type H5N1 virus challenge.  (+info)

Surfactant protein-A enhances respiratory syncytial virus clearance in vivo. (8/2392)

To determine the role of surfactant protein-A(SP-A) in antiviral host defense, mice lacking SP-A (SP-A-/-) were produced by targeted gene inactivation. SP-A-/- and control mice (SP-A+/+) were infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by intratracheal instillation. Pulmonary infiltration after infection was more severe in SP-A-/- than in SP-A+/+ mice and was associated with increased RSV plaque-forming units in lung homogenates. Pulmonary infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes was greater in the SP-A-/- mice. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were enhanced in lungs of SP-A-/- mice. After RSV infection, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation was deficient in macrophages from SP-A-/- mice, demonstrating a critical role of SP-A in oxidant production associated with RSV infection. Coadministration of RSV with exogenous SP-A reduced viral titers and inflammatory cells in the lung of SP-A-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that SP-A plays an important host defense role against RSV in vivo.  (+info)

A viral plaque assay is a laboratory technique used to measure the infectivity and concentration of viruses in a sample. This method involves infecting a monolayer of cells (usually in a petri dish or multi-well plate) with a known volume of a virus-containing sample, followed by overlaying the cells with a nutrient-agar medium to restrict viral spread and enable individual plaques to form.

After an incubation period that allows for viral replication and cell death, the cells are stained, and clear areas or "plaques" become visible in the monolayer. Each plaque represents a localized region of infected and lysed cells, caused by the progeny of a single infectious virus particle. The number of plaques is then counted, and the viral titer (infectious units per milliliter or PFU/mL) is calculated based on the dilution factor and volume of the original inoculum.

Viral plaque assays are essential for determining viral titers, assessing virus-host interactions, evaluating antiviral agents, and studying viral pathogenesis.

Skin diseases of viral origin are conditions that affect the skin caused by viral infections. These infections can lead to various symptoms such as rashes, blisters, papules, and skin lesions. Some common examples of viral skin diseases include:

1. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection: This causes cold sores or genital herpes, which are characterized by small, painful blisters on the skin.
2. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection: This causes chickenpox and shingles, which are characterized by itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin.
3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection: This causes warts, which are small, rough growths on the skin.
4. Molluscum contagiosum: This is a viral infection that causes small, raised, and pearly white bumps on the skin.
5. Measles: This is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash that spreads all over the body.
6. Rubella: Also known as German measles, this viral infection causes a red rash on the face and neck that spreads to the rest of the body.

Viral skin diseases can be spread through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated objects, such as towels or bedding. Some viral skin diseases can be prevented through vaccination, while others can be treated with antiviral medications or other therapies.

There are many diseases that can affect cats, and the specific medical definitions for these conditions can be quite detailed and complex. However, here are some common categories of feline diseases and examples of each:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include:
* Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), also known as feline parvovirus, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and death in kittens.
* Feline calicivirus (FCV), which can cause upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and nasal discharge.
* Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can suppress the immune system and lead to a variety of secondary infections and diseases.
* Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bartonella henselae, which can cause abscesses or other symptoms.
2. Neoplastic diseases: These are cancerous conditions that can affect various organs and tissues in cats. Examples include:
* Lymphoma, which is a common type of cancer in cats that can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs.
* Fibrosarcoma, which is a type of soft tissue cancer that can arise from fibrous connective tissue.
* Squamous cell carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that can be caused by exposure to sunlight or tobacco smoke.
3. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that result from the normal wear and tear of aging or other factors. Examples include:
* Osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and stiffness in older cats.
* Dental disease, which is a common condition in cats that can lead to tooth loss, gum inflammation, and other problems.
* Heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is a thickening of the heart muscle that can lead to congestive heart failure.
4. Hereditary diseases: These are conditions that are inherited from a cat's parents and are present at birth or develop early in life. Examples include:
* Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cats.
* Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which is a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the retina and can lead to blindness.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemolytic Plaque Technique" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems like it might be a combination of two different concepts in medical and scientific research: the Hemolytic Assay and the Plaque Assay technique.

A Hemolytic Assay is a method used to measure the amount of hemolysis, or the rupturing of red blood cells, caused by a substance such as a toxin or an antibody. This assay can help determine the concentration of the hemolysin in a sample.

On the other hand, the Plaque Assay Technique is a method used to measure the number of infectious virus particles in a sample. It involves adding a layer of cells (like bacteria) that the virus can infect and then covering it with a nutrient agar overlay. After a period of incubation, clear areas or "plaques" appear in the agar where the viruses have infected and lysed the cells. By counting these plaques, researchers can estimate the number of infectious virus particles present in the original sample.

Therefore, if you're looking for a definition of a Hemolytic Plaque Technique, it might refer to a research method that combines both concepts, possibly measuring the amount of a substance (like an antibody) that causes hemolysis in red blood cells and correlating it with the number of infectious virus particles present. However, I would recommend consulting the original source or author for clarification on their intended meaning.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Atherosclerotic plaque is a deposit of fatty (cholesterol and fat) substances, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of an artery. This plaque buildup causes the artery to narrow and harden, reducing blood flow through the artery, which can lead to serious cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, angina, heart attack, or stroke. The process of atherosclerosis develops gradually over decades and can start in childhood.

Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.

The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.

The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.

Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.

The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:

1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.

Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.

Antibody-producing cells, also known as plasma cells, are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for producing and secreting antibodies in response to a foreign substance or antigen. These cells are derived from B lymphocytes, which become activated upon encountering an antigen and differentiate into plasma cells.

Once activated, plasma cells can produce large amounts of specific antibodies that bind to the antigen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. Antibody-producing cells play a crucial role in the body's humoral immune response, which helps protect against infection and disease.

A Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is a visible change in the cell or group of cells due to infection by a pathogen, such as a virus. When the cytopathic effect is caused specifically by a viral infection, it is referred to as a "Viral Cytopathic Effect" (VCPE).

The VCPE can include various changes in the cell's morphology, size, and structure, such as rounding, shrinkage, multinucleation, inclusion bodies, and formation of syncytia (multinucleated giant cells). These changes are often used to identify and characterize viruses in laboratory settings.

The VCPE is typically observed under a microscope after the virus has infected cell cultures, and it can help researchers determine the type of virus, the degree of infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral treatments. The severity and timing of the VCPE can vary depending on the specific virus and the type of cells that are infected.

"Rickettsia rickettsii" is a species of bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a potentially severe and life-threatening tick-borne disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, most commonly the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and the brown dog tick.

The bacteria infect endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels, causing vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) and leading to a range of symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, rash, and in severe cases, organ failure and death if left untreated. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is treated with antibiotics, usually doxycycline, which can be effective in reducing the severity of the disease and preventing complications if started promptly.

"Rickettsia prowazekii" is a type of bacteria that causes typhus fever in humans. It's a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected lice or through contact with their feces. The bacteria infect endothelial cells and cause systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash.

Typhus fever is a severe and potentially life-threatening disease, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of death.

"Rickettsia prowazekii" is named after Henry Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two early researchers who studied typhus fever and made significant contributions to our understanding of the disease.

Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the etiologic agents of several important human diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsia are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. Once inside a host cell, Rickettsia manipulate the host cell's cytoskeleton and membrane-trafficking machinery to gain entry and replicate within the host cell's cytoplasm. They can cause significant damage to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, leading to vasculitis, tissue necrosis, and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly diagnosed and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Pancreatin is a mixture of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and proteases, naturally produced by the pancreas in humans and other mammals. These enzymes aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, in the small intestine. Pancreatin is often used as a replacement therapy for individuals with conditions like cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, or pancreatectomy, who have impaired pancreatic function and struggle to digest food properly. It can be obtained from animal pancreases, typically from pigs, and is available in various forms such as tablets, capsules, or powders for medical use.

Haplorhini is a term used in the field of primatology and physical anthropology to refer to a parvorder of simian primates, which includes humans, apes (both great and small), and Old World monkeys. The name "Haplorhini" comes from the Greek words "haploos," meaning single or simple, and "rhinos," meaning nose.

The defining characteristic of Haplorhini is the presence of a simple, dry nose, as opposed to the wet, fleshy noses found in other primates, such as New World monkeys and strepsirrhines (which include lemurs and lorises). The nostrils of haplorhines are located close together at the tip of the snout, and they lack the rhinarium or "wet nose" that is present in other primates.

Haplorhini is further divided into two infraorders: Simiiformes (which includes apes and Old World monkeys) and Tarsioidea (which includes tarsiers). These groups are distinguished by various anatomical and behavioral differences, such as the presence or absence of a tail, the structure of the hand and foot, and the degree of sociality.

Overall, Haplorhini is a group of primates that share a number of distinctive features related to their sensory systems, locomotion, and social behavior. Understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of this group is an important area of research in anthropology, biology, and psychology.

Culture techniques are methods used in microbiology to grow and multiply microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, in a controlled laboratory environment. These techniques allow for the isolation, identification, and study of specific microorganisms, which is essential for diagnostic purposes, research, and development of medical treatments.

The most common culture technique involves inoculating a sterile growth medium with a sample suspected to contain microorganisms. The growth medium can be solid or liquid and contains nutrients that support the growth of the microorganisms. Common solid growth media include agar plates, while liquid growth media are used for broth cultures.

Once inoculated, the growth medium is incubated at a temperature that favors the growth of the microorganisms being studied. During incubation, the microorganisms multiply and form visible colonies on the solid growth medium or turbid growth in the liquid growth medium. The size, shape, color, and other characteristics of the colonies can provide important clues about the identity of the microorganism.

Other culture techniques include selective and differential media, which are designed to inhibit the growth of certain types of microorganisms while promoting the growth of others, allowing for the isolation and identification of specific pathogens. Enrichment cultures involve adding specific nutrients or factors to a sample to promote the growth of a particular type of microorganism.

Overall, culture techniques are essential tools in microbiology and play a critical role in medical diagnostics, research, and public health.

Idoxuridine is an antiviral medication used primarily for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of the eye, such as keratitis or dendritic ulcers. It works by interfering with the DNA replication of the virus, thereby inhibiting its ability to multiply and spread.

Idoxuridine is available as an ophthalmic solution (eye drops) and is typically applied directly to the affected eye every 1-2 hours while awake, for up to 2 weeks. Common side effects include local irritation, stinging, or burning upon application. Prolonged use of idoxuridine may lead to bacterial resistance or corneal toxicity, so it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

It is essential to note that idoxuridine is not commonly used today due to the development of more effective and less toxic antiviral agents for HSV infections.

Neutral Red is not a medical term itself, but it is a dye that is widely used in medical research and clinical settings. Neutral Red is a supravital stain, which means it can be used to selectively stain living cells without staining non-living or dead cells. It is an acidophilic dye, which stains structures that have an affinity for acidic dyes.

Neutral Red is commonly used in cell culture to assess the viability and cytotoxicity of various compounds, as well as to measure the activity of lysosomes in cells. The dye can be taken up by living cells and accumulate in lysosomes, where it exhibits fluorescence. When cells are treated with a cytotoxic compound, the integrity of their lysosomal membranes may be disrupted, leading to the release of Neutral Red into the cytosol and a decrease in fluorescence intensity.

Therefore, Neutral Red can serve as an indicator of cell health and can be used to monitor the effects of various treatments on cells in vitro.

Virology is the study of viruses, their classification, and their effects on living organisms. It involves the examination of viral genetic material, viral replication, how viruses cause disease, and the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines to treat or prevent virus infections. Virologists study various types of viruses that can infect animals, plants, and microorganisms, as well as understand their evolution and transmission patterns.

In the context of medical research, "methods" refers to the specific procedures or techniques used in conducting a study or experiment. This includes details on how data was collected, what measurements were taken, and what statistical analyses were performed. The methods section of a medical paper allows other researchers to replicate the study if they choose to do so. It is considered one of the key components of a well-written research article, as it provides transparency and helps establish the validity of the findings.

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

Methylcellulose is a semisynthetic, inert, viscous, and tasteless white powder that is soluble in cold water but not in hot water. It is derived from cellulose through the process of methylation. In medical contexts, it is commonly used as a bulk-forming laxative to treat constipation, as well as a lubricant in ophthalmic solutions and a suspending agent in pharmaceuticals.

When mixed with water, methylcellulose forms a gel-like substance that can increase stool volume and promote bowel movements. It is generally considered safe for most individuals, but like any medication or supplement, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Pokeweed mitogens are substances derived from the pokeweed plant (Phytolacca americana) that have the ability to stimulate the production and proliferation of various types of cells, particularly white blood cells (lymphocytes). They are often used in laboratory settings as tools for studying the immune system and cell biology.

Pokeweed mitogens are typically extracted from the roots or leaves of the pokeweed plant and purified for use in research and diagnostic applications. When introduced to cells, they bind to specific receptors on the surface of lymphocytes and trigger a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to cell division and growth.

These mitogens are commonly used in immunological assays to measure immune function, such as assessing the proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. They can also be used to study the mechanisms of signal transduction and gene regulation in lymphocytes and other cell types.

It is important to note that pokeweed mitogens should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory setting, as they can cause adverse reactions if improperly administered or ingested.

'Rickettsia typhi' is a species of intracellular bacterium that causes typhus fever, also known as endemic typhus. This disease is typically transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice or fleas. The bacteria enter the host's cells, including endothelial cells, and multiply within them, causing a spectrum of symptoms such as high fever, headache, muscle pain, rash, and sometimes pneumonia or meningoencephalitis. Early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics are crucial to prevent severe complications and death.

"New low-viscosity overlay medium for viral plaque assays". Virology Journal. BioMed Central. 3: 63. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-3-63 ... It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose. A naturally occurring ...
The viral plaque assay is to calculate the number of viruses present in a sample. In this technique the number of viral plaques ... DNase footprinting assay Filter binding assay Gel shift assay Bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay) Bradford protein assay Lowry ... Chemotaxis assay Secretion assays Apoptosis assays such as the DNA laddering assay, the Nicoletti assay, caspase activity ... to invade eukaryotic cells Metastasis Assay Crude oil assay The HPCE-based viral titer assay uses a proprietary, high- ...
Assay Viral culture Virus Virus quantification Virology Finter, N. B (1969-10-01). "Dye Uptake Methods for Assessing Viral ... A viral plaque is a visible structure formed after introducing a viral sample to a cell culture grown on some nutrient medium. ... give turbid plaques. Some partially lysogenic phages give bull's-eye plaques with spots or rings of growth in the middle of ... Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification. These plaques can sometimes be detected ...
ISBN 0-12-521532-0. Baer, Alan; Kehn-Hall, Kylene (November 4, 2014). "Viral Concentration Determination Through Plaque Assays ... Plaque-based assays are a commonly used method to determine virus concentration in terms of infectious dose. Plaque assays ... as these viruses would not be amenable to the plaque assay. Like the plaque assay, host cell monolayers are infected with ... The focus forming assay (FFA) is a variation of the plaque assay, but instead of depending on cell lysis in order to detect ...
Molecule formed binding antigens to antibodies Viral quantification using the plaque assay Schmidt, N J; Dennis, J; Lennette, E ... The concentration of plaque forming units can be estimated by the number of plaques (regions of infected cells) formed after a ... "Dengue Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) in Primary and Secondary Dengue Virus Infections: How Alterations in Assay ... The plaque reduction neutralization test is used to quantify the titer of neutralizing antibody for a virus. The serum sample ...
The plaque assay was developed using poliovirus; the discovery of viral replication in culture was also with poliovirus in 1949 ... Depending on the type and degree of dehydration, the viral particle is around 30-32 nm in diameter. The viral genome is around ... The viral life cycle is very rapid, with the whole process of replication being completed on average within 8 hours. As little ... Picornaviruses have a viral protein (VPg) covalently linked to 5' end of their genomes instead of 7-methylguanosine cap like ...
... which depends on the assay. When an assay for measuring the infective virus particle is done (Plaque assay, Focus assay), viral ... Viral load is often expressed as viral particles, (virions) or infectious particles per mL depending on the type of assay. A ... Viral load is reported as copies of HIV RNA in a millilitre (mL) of blood. Changes in viral load are usually reported as a log ... Viral load, also known as viral burden, is a numerical expression of the quantity of virus in a given volume of fluid, ...
... viral load MeSH E05.200.875.970 - virus cultivation MeSH E05.200.875.970.790 - plaque assay MeSH E05.200.875.977 - virus ... colony-forming units assay MeSH E05.200.500.383.910 - tumor stem cell assay MeSH E05.200.500.385 - cytogenetic analysis MeSH ... drug screening assays, antitumor MeSH E05.337.550.200.800 - tumor stem cell assay MeSH E05.337.550.200.900 - xenograft model ... drug screening assays, antitumor MeSH E05.200.500.388.930 - tumor stem cell assay MeSH E05.200.500.410 - electroporation MeSH ...
... such as inhibition of viral plaque formation. If a drug produces a positive test, the next step is to determine whether it is ... In a typical assay setup, protein-containing samples are exposed to a ligand of choice, then those samples are aliquoted and ... This is due in large part to the sheer volume of ligands that can be screened in a single assay. Researchers at the iHuman ... Chemoproteomics assays can be stratified into three basic types. Solution-based approaches involve the use of drug analogs that ...
... viral load assays are used. The focus forming assay (FFA) is a variation of the plaque assay, but instead of relying on cell ... Plaque assay, Focus assay), viral titre often refers to the concentration of infectious viral particles, which is different ... as these viruses would not be amenable to the plaque assay. Like the plaque assay, host cell monolayers are infected with ... Viral load assays usually count the number of viral genomes present rather than the number of particles and use methods similar ...
... infection and viral replication may result in host cell lysis and formation of a viral plaque. Human cell lines DU145 (prostate ... Assay and Drug Development Technologies. 12 (4): 207-218. doi:10.1089/adt.2014.573. PMC 4026212. PMID 24831787. Bhattacharya M ... Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a ... Whole wild type viruses, recombinant viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts ...
A titration procedure wherein infected cells are made evident by IF microscopy and a plaque assay also have been described. ... The first unequivocal evidence of viral replication is the appearance of nascent viral antigen in the nucleus (Fig. 2A). In at ... Viral antigen is detected in the cytoplasm of cells soon after infection if the inoculum contains a high titer of virus and ... The viral genome is single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a molecular weight of 1.4 × 106 (i.e., about 26.5% of the ...
Transgenic mouse assay using a mouse strain infected with a viral shuttle vector is another method for testing mutagens. ... Using similar method as the blue-white screen, the plaque formed with DNA containing mutation are white, while those without ... Such systems include the HPRT assay for resistance to 8-azaguanine or 6-thioguanine, and ouabain-resistance (OUA) assay. Rat ... Mice may also be used for dominant lethal assays where early embryonic deaths are monitored. Male mice are treated with ...
It is useful for detecting and counting hemorrhagic fever viruses by plaque assays. Vero E6, also known as Vero C1008 (ATCC No ... Research strains transfected with viral genes: Vero F6 is a cell transfected with the gene encoding HHV-1 entry protein ... or the growth of viral stocks for research purposes. As a recent example, CoronaVac, COVID-19 vaccine developed by Sinovac ...
... of the viral genome recruits viral and cellular translation factors to initiate viral protein translation. Viral proteins are ... "Establishment of a Dual SYBR Green I Fluorescence PCR Assay for African Swine Fever Virus and Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus ... viruses from cytopathogenic BVD virus stocks using reverse plaque formation method". Veterinary Microbiology. 38 (1-2): 173-179 ... The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is what causes bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1 ...
After viral growth, viral detection by IPA yields the infectious virus titer, expressed as tissue culture infectious dose ( ... to detect and titrate viruses that do not cause measurable cytopathic effects and cannot be measured by classical plaque assays ... Indirect immunoperoxidase assay (IPA) is a laboratory technique used ... by an Indirect Immunoperoxidase Assay". SARS- and Other Coronaviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 454. pp. 93-102. doi: ...
... attenuated viruses can therefore be used in assays while an additional assay such as a plaque assay must be used to determine ... A consequence of this is that at certain concentrations, a viral suspension may bind together (agglutinate) the RBCs, thus ... While less accurate than a plaque assay, it is cheaper and quicker (taking just 30 minutes).[citation needed] This assay may be ... By serially diluting a virus suspension into an assay tray (a series of wells of uniform volume) and adding a standard amount ...
"A qPCR expression assay of IFI44L gene differentiates viral from bacterial infections in febrile children". Scientific Reports ... a cohort of 264 Caribbean Hispanics with varying smoking frequencies were evaluated for carotid plaque burden and 11 single ... FAM89A is also suggested to be involved in discriminating viral and bacterial infection in febrile patients. A 2016 study ... "Novel Genetic Variants Modify the Effect of Smoking on Carotid Plaque Burden in Hispanics". Journal of the Neurological ...
The phage can then be isolated from the resulting plaques in a lawn of bacteria on a plate. Viral cultures are obtained from ... Liquid cultures are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay in which the liquid broth is inoculated with bacteria and ...
... or plaque formation of hMPV. After fusion, the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) containing negative-sense viral RNA (vRNA) genome ... had tried using (immunological assays using virus-specific antibodies and PCR-based methods using virus genome-specific primers ... Next in the cycle is the fusion of the viral and host membranes which is likely mediated by the F protein. Though the fusion ... As of now, the rest of the replication cycle following RNA and viral protein synthesis are unclear and require further research ...
These qualities make RVPs a safer and faster alternative to plaque assays, and especially well-suited for high-throughput ... Since the RVP genome lacks genes essential for viral replication, RVPs are capable of only a single round of infection. Thus ... A related assay tests for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), a phenomenon where non-neutralizing antibodies against viruses ... 254: 1-7. Peskova, M; Heger, Z; Janda, P; Adam, V; and Pekarik, V (2017). "An enzymatic assay based on luciferase Ebola virus- ...
Cell counting Growth medium Miles and Misra method Most probable number Replica plating Viral plaque Goldman, Emanuel; Green, ... "Optimized digital counting colonies of clonogenic assays using ImageJ software and customized macros: comparison with manual ...
Plaque assays consist of pouring a soft agar solution with an indicator strain onto an agar plate. The indicator strain should ... Strep TSS is an acute, febrile illness that begins with a mild viral-like syndrome characterized by fever, chills, myalgia, ... "Plaque Assay Protocols". Microbe Library. American Society for Microbiology. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. ... The presence of lysogenic bacteriophage T12 can be tested through plaque assays if the indicator strain utilized is susceptible ...
Rowe, Wallace P.; Pugh, Wendell E.; Hartley, Janet W. (1970). "Plaque assay techniques for murine leukemia viruses". Virology. ... Hopkins, N.; Rowe, W. P.; Hartley, J. W.; Holland, C. A. (January 1985). "At least four viral genes contribute to the ... 2 December 2012). "Chapter 2. Dedication (to Wallace Prescott Rowe) by Janet W. Hartley". Viral and Mycoplasmal Infections of ... aroused great interest and excitement among clinicians and virologists alike in that no new acute viral respiratory disease of ...
Lympoid cells at the bite site may also express the EBV1 viral gene, BZLF1; this gene promotes the lyses of its infected cell ... The initial lesions may be papules, plaques, vesicles, or blisters and give a burning or itchy sensation. The eruptions may be ... The diagnosis can be supported by the detection, using for example an ELISA assay), IgE directed against mosquito saliva ... viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections; and insect bites. Mosquitoes trigger mosquito bite allergies in individuals ...
A viral infection following Japanese encephalitis virus infection also increased GPR84 expression by 2-4.5% in the mice brain. ... Finally, it has also shown that GPR84 expression is increased in both the normal appearing white matter and plaque in brains ... in the cAMP assay). These results suggest that GPR84 activation by medium-chain FFAs is coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive ...
2016). "Infectious Zika viral particles in breastmilk". The Lancet. 387 (10023): 1051. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00624-3. PMID ... For infants with suspected congenital Zika virus disease, the CDC recommends testing with both serologic and molecular assays ... such as RT-PCR, IgM ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). RT-PCR of the infants serum and urine should be ... In response to the widespread transmission of Zika virus during the 2016 outbreak and concerns of viral genetic material ...
... viral MeSH E01.450.230.700 - spinal puncture MeSH E01.450.230.900 - vaginal smears MeSH E01.450.375.107 - blood cell count MeSH ... local lymph node assay MeSH E01.370.750.600 - passive cutaneous anaphylaxis MeSH E01.370.750.610 - patch tests MeSH E01.370. ... hemolytic plaque technique MeSH E01.450.495.385 - histocompatibility testing MeSH E01.450.495.385.120 - blood grouping and ... local lymph node assay MeSH E01.450.495.750.600 - passive cutaneous anaphylaxis MeSH E01.450.495.750.610 - patch tests MeSH ...
In vitro assays have found that enJSRV does this by blocking various stages of the viral replication cycle. An example of this ... hybridization analysis revealed that HYAL2 mRNA was only detected in the binucleate cells and multi-nucleated syncytial plaques ... The viral proteins are synthesized initially as large precursors and are later processed into the mature proteins by ... An additional open reading frame (ORF) was observed in the viral genome and has been called orfX and its function is undefined ...
... a direct measurement of the concentration of virus particles in a fraction of the time required for traditional plaque assays. ... Antiviral research Viral vector research and protein expression Bioprocess optimization Viral antigen characterization Viral ... both being substantially higher than plaque titer values. In 2004 the virus counter's added a second detection channel to the ... being more similar in magnitude and correlated with infectious assay results. A commercial version of the virus counter was ...
b, Infectious viral titres detected by plaque assay in different organs at 2, 4 and 6 dpi with 105 PFU SARS-CoV-2 (days 2, 4 n ... Viral titre by plaque assay. Virus or tissue homogenate supernatants were serially diluted in DMEM. 12-well plates of VeroE6 ... After 3 days, overlays were removed, and plaques were visualized by staining with 0.1% crystal violet. Viral titres were ... Mice were infected intranasally with 105 PFU of SARS-CoV-2. a, Viral RNA detected by qPCR targeting viral nucleocapsid gene ...
Viral plaque assay. The antiviral activity of SPS was also evaluated by plaque assay [14]. The HCE-T cells were seeded into ... western blot assays, real-time RT-PCR assays, cytopathic effect inhibition assays, cytotoxicity assays, and viral absorption ... Viral absorption and penetration assays. Viral absorption and penetration assays were performed as previously reported, with ... Importantly, viral absorption and penetration assays showed that the relative fluorescence intensity of HSV-1g was ...
... plaque morphology, cell culture or tissue viral titers, temperature sensitivity); virulence and transmissibility in animal ... and M2 inhibitors in functional assays detected in field isolates or clinical case reports; and animals or cultured cells ... The H5N1 Inventory is an inclusive compilation of amino acid changes and/or motifs identified within each viral protein that ... 6 sialic acid as measured by in vitro assays); altered binding profiles or tropism for human airway tissues; replication ...
"New low-viscosity overlay medium for viral plaque assays". Virology Journal. BioMed Central. 3: 63. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-3-63 ... It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose. A naturally occurring ...
Description: Photograph of viral plaque formation to count viral titer (plaque assay). Vero cells, which grew confluently on ... and then cultured over night to make viral plaque. The number of plaques indicates the number of the infectious virus (= viral ... The viral plaques, each was from one virion, remained transparent. Date: 1 March 2006. Source: Own work. Author: Y tambe. ... titer, as plaque forming unit). Photo: 4-fold dilution series from top-left to bottom-right. Living cells were stained with ...
The titer of purified viral prep was determined by OD260 and by plaque assay on 293 cells. SH-SY5Y cells were infected with ... In mice, sm-FISH was performed using the Basescope fluorescent assay followed by the RNAscope Multiplex Fluorescent Assay ( ... 1). Esrrgfl/fl mice injected with AAV:ThCre showed a pole assay deficit (Fig. 2c) and a hypoactive phenotype 1, 3, and 6 months ... 4i), similar to the pole assay deficits seen in non-PFF-injected iSlc6a3Cre;Esrrgfl/fl mice (Fig. 3e). Importantly, we found ...
Inhibits viral cell infection in an MHV plaque reduction assay. Also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 viral cell entry in a plaque reduction ...
A plaque assay was performed to measure the viral titer in the lung homogenates, as described previously [2,10,21]. Geometric ... Viral titers of the lung homogenates were determined by a plaque assay. Geometric mean titer (PFU/lobe) is shown (LoD: limit of ... Viral titers of the lung homogenates were determined by a plaque assay. Geometric mean titer (PFU/lobe) is shown (LoD: limit of ... Viral titers in the lung homogenates were measured by a plaque assay. Animals vaccinated with NDV-S with or without adjuvant ...
Viral plaque assays were performed on the supernatants to determine the titers of adenovirus present in each sample. This ... At the end of the incubation period, viral plaque assays were performed on the samples, to determine the titers of Ad5 present ... The viral titers were then calculated, and expressed as plaque-forming units per milliliter (pfu/mL). ... The results of the duplicate trials of the in vitro antiviral assay (pfu/mL) were log10 converted and are presented as log10 ...
... viral replication assay results were obtained in half the time of the viral plaque assay. To demonstrate that the viral ... Compared with the traditional culture-based viral plaque assay, the viral replication assay resulted in a 4.6x10(5) fold ... the viral replication assay was able to detect infectious influenza virus that was otherwise undetectable by viral plaque assay ... the viral replication assay was developed. With this assay, influenza virus is first amplified by replication in Mandin-Darby ...
Virus-containing culture fluids were then subjected to plaque assay, during which 2 viral replication cycles took place. For ... Plaque purification has been used for years in virology to produce clonal virus stocks, but at least for VSV, a plaque is not ... The viral yield per cell varied greatly, from 0 to over 3000 PFU. Greater virus yields means more viral RNA replication, and ... In contrast, within 2 viral generations, the viral diversity was over ten times greater (496 changes). This observation ...
... the viral titer was determined by plaque assay (54).. Viral RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and DNA sequencing.. Viral RNA was ... Formation of the poliovirus replication complex requires coupled viral translation, vesicle production, and viral RNA synthesis ... and trans-acting viral proteases (55) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins (9, 62). The ... A viral stock from a type C FMDV C-S8c1 (61) isolate was produced by amplification in BHK-21 cells. Procedures for infections ...
The HCMV helicase-primase complex (pUL105-pUL102-pUL70) is essential for viral DNA replication and could thus be a relevant ... Mutational analysis of several of these amino acids both in pUL105 and pUL70, proved that they are crucial for viral ... The HCMV helicase-primase complex (pUL105-pUL102-pUL70) is essential for viral DNA replication and could thus be a relevant ... Mutational analysis of several of these amino acids both in pUL105 and pUL70, proved that they are crucial for viral ...
... three days and five days of SARS-CoV-2 to obtain their pulmonary tissues for viral load quantification by classic plaque assays ... No viral organisms were detected in mRNA-LNP-immunized mice on the third day or fifth-day post-challenge; however, increased ... With advancing age, the likelihood of viral exposures and the generation of immunity against them increases. Researchers have ... In addition, mice sera were assessed by ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) reporter assays. After 21 days of ...
This requires a time-consuming plaque assay. Bac-to-Bacâ„¢s pFastBacâ„¢ vectors, however, recombines with the parent bacmid in ... Traditional baculovirus systems require purification and amplification of an initial low-titer viral supernatant. ... Collect a pure P2 baculovirus stock on Day 10 without the necessity of tedious plaques assay. ...
Fecal shedding was evaluated in the substudy of 134 infants within REST, using viral culture with a plaque assay and RNA ... 100 viral particles,Footnote 27 high viral concentration within the stool (1012 particles per gram of stool in infected ... Footnote 89 Fevers on day four coincide with the time of peak viral replication and may be of biologic interest because viral ... The incidence of viral-associated diarrhea after admission to a pediatric hospital. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131(4):711-8. ...
14] The finding of viral replication 16-48 hours after infection both with plaque assay and with electron microscopy followed ... Viral excretion usually lasts 2-12 days in healthy patients but may be prolonged in those with poor nutrition. Diarrhea caused ... The viral presence in mature erythrocytes is postulated to be a result of replication of the virus in hematopoietic erythrocyte ... Viral replication occurs in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, heart, and liver of rhesus monkeys but without histological ...
... and plaque assays. Experiments showed no plaque formation in Vero E6 cells after staining with 2% crystal violet solution. ... SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was calculated with the delta CT method and a standard curve. Viral loads are presented as log base 10 ... SARS-CoV-2 viral loads were determined as detailed in Pujadas et al(53). Briefly, viral RNA was extracted from the ... Cell culture supernatants were also collected and assessed for the presence of infective particles by plaque assay. Briefly, ...
The viral titer in the cell supernatant was quantified by standard plaque assay using Vero/TMPRSS2 cells. Cell viability in the ... 2a). For comparison, viral cell entry inhibitors were tested. E64d substantially reduced viral RNA levels, but nafamostat and ... This study suggests that ciclesonide presumably interacts with viral NSP15, either directly or indirectly, to suppress viral ... Viral titer was measured as described in panel a. (c) Vero cells were infected with the parental MERS-CoV/EMC strain (Re-EMC/ ...
Viral Plaque Assay Medicine & Life Sciences 25% * Nucleotides Medicine & Life Sciences 22% ... Here, oh8dGTP and DNA polymerase were used in two complementary bacteriophage plaque color assays to examine the mutagenic ... Here, oh8dGTP and DNA polymerase were used in two complementary bacteriophage plaque color assays to examine the mutagenic ... Here, oh8dGTP and DNA polymerase were used in two complementary bacteriophage plaque color assays to examine the mutagenic ...
The sensitivity of the viral strains was expressed as IC(50) (the concentration of drug reducing the viral plaque by 50%). ... The susceptibility of isolated HSV strains to various concentrations of ACV was determined by plaque reduction assay. The ... sensitivity of the viral strains was expressed as IC(50) (the concentration of drug reducing the viral plaque by 50%). RESULTS ... The susceptibility of isolated HSV strains to various concentrations of ACV was determined by plaque reduction assay. ...
Plaque Assay. Viral Plaque Assay. E02 - Therapeutics. Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis. Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis. ...
Plaque Assay. Viral Plaque Assay. E02 - Therapeutics. Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis. Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis. ...
Plaque Assay. Viral Plaque Assay. E02 - Therapeutics. Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis. Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis. ...
Plaque Assay. Viral Plaque Assay. E02 - Therapeutics. Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis. Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis. ...
Plaque Assay. Viral Plaque Assay. E02 - Therapeutics. Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis. Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis. ...
Plaque Assay. Viral Plaque Assay. E02 - Therapeutics. Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis. Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis. ...
Plaque Assay. Viral Plaque Assay. E02 - Therapeutics. Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis. Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis. ...
Viral Plaque Assay 19% * Inhibitory Concentration 50 19% * Viral Antibodies 15% * Information Dissemination 12% ...
  • Traditional baculovirus systems require purification and amplification of an initial low-titer viral supernatant. (fishersci.com)
  • The viral titer in the cell supernatant was quantified by standard plaque assay using Vero/ TMPRSS2 cells. (biorxiv.org)
  • Viral titer was measured as described in panel a. (c) Vero cells were infected with the parental MERS-CoV/EMC strain (Re-EMC/MERS) or the recombinant mutant strain (Re-Nsp15-A25V) with an amino acid substitution at A25V in NSP15. (biorxiv.org)
  • Viral titer was measured as described in panel a. (biorxiv.org)
  • Among these siRNAs, PB2-2235 offered the highest inhibition of virus replication with 16-fold reduction in virus HA titer, 80% reduction in viral plaque counts and 94% inhibition in expression of specific RNA at 24 h. (ias.ac.in)
  • Mice, which are susceptible to SARS-CoV, are resistant to infection with SARS-CoV-2 because of incompatibilities between mouse ACE2 and the viral spike protein. (nature.com)
  • To understand the cause(s) of this morbidity and mortality better, we assessed the tissue distribution of infectious virus and viral genomic RNA at 2, 4 and 6 days post infection (dpi) in mice receiving 10 5 PFU of SARS-CoV-2. (nature.com)
  • Inhibits viral cell infection in an MHV plaque reduction assay. (tocris.com)
  • Replication of picornaviruses occurs associated to cell endomembranes that are recruited during viral infection ( 25 ). (asm.org)
  • The cytopathic effect caused by MERS-CoV infection was measured to evaluate viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
  • Cell viability in the presence of steroids was quantified by WST assay at 24 hours post-infection (hpi). (biorxiv.org)
  • Here, in order to discover those membrane proteins that may be involved in JEV attachment to or entry into virus permissive BHK-21 cells, a chemically mutated cell line (designated 3A10-3F) that became less susceptible to JEV infection was preliminarily established and selected by repeated low moi JEV challenges and RT-PCR detection for viral RNA E gene fragment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first step of virus infection requires the interaction between virus attachment proteins (VAPs) and cellular receptors, which is known to contribute to host range, tissue tropism and viral pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we have employed NMR and viral plaque assays to probe the interaction between the C-USP7 and HSV-1 immediate-early protein ICP0 (infected cell protein 0), which is essential for efficient lytic infection and virus reactivation from latency. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The viral spike protein is essential for cell receptor binding, cell entry, and viral infection. (molcells.org)
  • A) After infection, the viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a lambda-producing factory, and the host cell then lyses. (easynotecards.com)
  • Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality caused by any of four closely related virus serotypes (DENV-1,-2,-3 and -4), all of which circulate in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
  • Viral tests (nucleic acid or antigen detection tests) are used to assess acute infection, whereas antibody tests provide evidence of prior infection with SARS-CoV-2. (medscape.com)
  • Experiments including photography of fluorescence in HSV-1g or plaque formation by HSV-1f, western blot assays, real-time RT-PCR assays, cytopathic effect inhibition assays, cytotoxicity assays, and viral absorption and penetration assays were performed to explore the antiviral effect and mechanism of the compounds. (molvis.org)
  • To elucidate the possible mechanism of action of honey, plaque inhibition assays were used. (umf.org.nz)
  • The overuse of nucleoside analogs, such as acyclovir (ACV), which suppresses viral DNA polymerase, has led to drug resistance. (molvis.org)
  • One of these changes lead to a single amino acid change in the viral RNA polymerase. (virology.ws)
  • Here, oh 8 dGTP and DNA polymerase were used in two complementary bacteriophage plaque color assays to examine the mutagenic specificity of oh 8 Gua in vivo. (psu.edu)
  • they are currently classified into polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) TaqMan assay for three antigenic groups: group 1 and 2 include mammalian quantifying the number of viral genomes and a plaque coronaviruses, and group 3 encompasses avian coron- assay for performing titration of the virus infectivity. (cdc.gov)
  • Diagnosis is with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mice were euthanized after three days and five days of SARS-CoV-2 to obtain their pulmonary tissues for viral load quantification by classic plaque assays, and their antibody titers were determined. (news-medical.net)
  • At 24?h after infections viral titers were determined in the test supernatants by plaque assay. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • To increase the sensitivity for detecting infectious influenza virus in an aerosol sample, the viral replication assay was developed. (cdc.gov)
  • Compared with the traditional culture-based viral plaque assay, the viral replication assay resulted in a 4.6x10(5) fold increase in influenza virus detection. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, viral replication assay results were obtained in half the time of the viral plaque assay. (cdc.gov)
  • To demonstrate that the viral replication assay is capable of detecting airborne influenza virus, dilute preparations of strain A/WS/33 were loaded into a nebulizer, aerosolized within a calm-air settling chamber and subsequently collected using NIOSH Two-Stage Bioaerosol Samplers. (cdc.gov)
  • At the most diluted concentration corresponding to a chicken embryo infectious dose 50 percent endpoint (CEID(50)) of 2.8E+02/ml, the viral replication assay was able to detect infectious influenza virus that was otherwise undetectable by viral plaque assay. (cdc.gov)
  • The results obtained demonstrate that the viral replication assay is highly sensitive at detecting infectious influenza virus from aerosol samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Seventeen of these participants tested positive for influenza A virus by viral plaque assay (VPA) with confirmation by viral replication assay (VRA). (netecweb.org)
  • Replacements L38E and L41E, involving charge acquisition at residues predicted to contribute to the hydrophobic interface, reduced the dimerization signal in the protein ligation assay and prevented the detection of dimer/multimer species in both transiently expressed 3A proteins and in synthetic peptides reproducing the N terminus of 3A. (asm.org)
  • The viral particle is composed of a protein capsid that contains a positive-sense RNA molecule of about 8,500 nucleotides that is infectious and encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed in infected cells by cis - and trans -acting viral proteases ( 55 ) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins ( 9 , 62 ). (asm.org)
  • The viral genome encodes four structural capsid proteins (VP1 to VP4) and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins, the leader Lb/ab protease, and proteins encoded in the P2 (2B and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) regions ( 9 ). (asm.org)
  • NS proteins are involved in crucial aspects of the viral cycle and pathogenesis, such as rearrangements of intracellular membranes required for endomembrane recruitment and the lysis of host cells ( 1 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 73 ). (asm.org)
  • New drugs targeting essential viral proteins other than pUL54 are therefore urgently needed. (frontiersin.org)
  • Viral proteins levels were examined by Traditional western blotting using antibodies against NP, NA, and M1. (epf2013.org)
  • The A56 protein is capable of binding two viral proteins, a serine protease inhibitor (K2) and the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), and anchoring them to the surface of infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • During many stages of the viral replication cycle in the cytoplasm, + RNA viruses interact with host proteins and alter cell homeostasis to benefit viral replication and assembly [ 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viral proteins had been isolated as described previously. (dub-signal.com)
  • This study illustrates the importance of coupling genomic and biologic comparisons of viral strains in order to enhance understanding of viral evolution and pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Host lipid metabolism, including lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis, has been associated with viral replication and pathogenesis of different viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nineteen national-level public health laboratories performed routine dengue diagnostic assays on a proficiency testing panel consisting of two modules: one containing commercial serum samples spiked with cultured dengue viruses for the detection of nucleic acid and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) (Module A) and one containing human serum samples for the detection of anti-dengue virus antibodies (Module B). A review of logistics arrangements was also conducted. (who.int)
  • For each infected cell, 7-10 plaques were picked and used for massive parallel genome sequencing. (virology.ws)
  • Plaque purification has been used for years in virology to produce clonal virus stocks, but at least for VSV, a plaque is not produced by a single viral genome. (virology.ws)
  • This deficiency could be overcome using genome-wide analysis of multiple viral strains by high-throughput sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Which of the following viral features is most apt to correlate with the size of the genome? (easynotecards.com)
  • B) Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. (easynotecards.com)
  • C) The viral genome replicates without destroying the host. (easynotecards.com)
  • E) Viral genomes are usually similar to the genome of the host cell. (easynotecards.com)
  • The full-length viral genome sequence was characterized coronaviruses (9). (cdc.gov)
  • 225 to the LUR and it is com patible with the worth measured on Bos taurus suggesting a high degree of methylation of CpG nucleotides and similar methylation mechanisms act ing on the viral and cellular discover more here genome. (dub-signal.com)
  • With this assay, influenza virus is first amplified by replication in Mandin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells followed by detection with quantitative PCR (qPCR). (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, fusion analysis using a dual-labeled influenza trojan revealed a substantial decrease in fusion occasions, without detectable effect on endosomal pH, recommending that CtsW is necessary on the stage of viral fusion. (epf2013.org)
  • In this study, we have designed three siRNAs (PB2-2235, PB2-479 and NP-865) targeting PB2 and NP genes of avian influenza virus and evaluated their potential, measured by hemagglutination (HA), plaque reduction and Real time RT-PCR assay, in inhibiting H5N1 virus (A/chicken/Navapur/7972/2006) replication in MDCK cells. (ias.ac.in)
  • Anti influenza Viral Effect of Honey In Vitro: Potent High Activity of Manuka Honey. (umf.org.nz)
  • Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti- influenza viral activity of honey from various sources. (umf.org.nz)
  • Viable influenza A virus was found in the smallest particle size fraction (0.3 μm to 8 μm), with a mean of 142 plaque-forming units (SD 215) expelled during the 6 coughs in particles of this size. (netecweb.org)
  • Diseases affected by this research include viral infections such as SARS, HIV, influenza, Hepatitis C and West Nile Virus. (ubc.ca)
  • Viral loads and detection consistency among Plains ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Currently, there are three basic types of tests to determine if an individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2: viral nucleic acid (RNA) detection, viral antigen detection, and detection of antibodies to the virus. (medscape.com)
  • Initial direct viral detection is typically performed using an upper respiratory tract (URT) specimen. (medscape.com)
  • Replication in a single cell imposes a genetic bottleneck, as few viral genomes are present. (virology.ws)
  • I would be very interested to know if the conclusions of this work would be changed by the ability to determine the sequences of all the viral genomes recovered from a single infected cell . (virology.ws)
  • 1) Viral genomes vary greatly in size and may include from four genes to several hundred genes. (easynotecards.com)
  • Some biologic features plaque assay, we determined that approximately 360 viral of the SARS-CoV described in vivo and in vitro differ genomes were required to generate a PFU. (cdc.gov)
  • Definition noun An assay used for virus isolation and purification, and to determine viral titers. (biologyonline.com)
  • Systemic treatment with corticosteroids is contraindicated for the severe pneumonia caused by viruses such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, as steroids suppress the innate immune system, resulting in increased viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
  • The H5N1 Inventory is an inclusive compilation of amino acid changes and/or motifs identified within each viral protein that affect one or more biological properties, provided in broad categories. (cdc.gov)
  • In this work, FMDV 3A homodimerization was evidenced by an in situ protein fluorescent ligation assay. (asm.org)
  • Chen P et al (2012) Molecular determinants of enterovirus 71 viral entry: cleft around GLN-172 on VP1 protein interacts with variable region on scavenge receptor B2. (virosin.org)
  • Twenty-seven of these substitution mutations have been observed in genes encoding viral spike protein (S), although most differences were found in non-structural protein-coding genes. (molcells.org)
  • Adenoviruses are good vaccine vectors because they can readily be genetically modified to express viral antigens (like the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein). (coviddemystified.com)
  • The susceptibility of isolated HSV strains to various concentrations of ACV was determined by plaque reduction assay. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • and (v) a negative correlation was observed among strains between viral growth in vitro and virulence in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our outcomes indicate that replication-competent attenuated HSV-1 exerts a powerful oncolytic influence on ovarian cancers which might be additional enhanced by the use of a carrier cell delivery program predicated on amplification of viral insert and perhaps on avoidance of neutralizing antibodies. (crispr-reagents.com)
  • Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Vero E6 cells were used for cell culture experiments, and neutralization assays were performed. (news-medical.net)
  • The H5N1 Inventory supports a molecular-based approach for surveillance and should be used to identify genetic mutations that determine viral phenotypic characteristics of importance. (cdc.gov)
  • Also inhibits SARS-CoV-2 viral cell entry in a plaque reduction assay (IC 50 = 16.8 μM). (tocris.com)
  • The other two siRNAs had 68-73% and 87-88% reduction in viral plaque counts and RNA copy number, respectively. (ias.ac.in)
  • The HCMV helicase-primase complex (pUL105-pUL102-pUL70) is essential for viral DNA replication and could thus be a relevant antiviral target. (frontiersin.org)
  • Virus-containing culture fluids were then subjected to plaque assay, during which 2 viral replication cycles took place. (virology.ws)
  • Greater virus yields means more viral RNA replication, and more change for diversity. (virology.ws)
  • A recombinant virus with the mutation was also resistant to ciclesonide suppression of viral replication. (biorxiv.org)
  • Representative images of the virus plaques are presented above the bars. (figshare.com)
  • The susceptibility to JEV of 3A10-3F cells was significantly weakened compared with parental BHK-21 cells, verified by indirect immunofluorescence assay, virus plague formation assay, and flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many potent inhibitors, which play roles in suppressing the virus-host interaction and membrane fusion, restraining viral replication and translation, or disturbing autophagy, have been explored and identified in vitro and in vivo. (datexis.com)
  • In addition, mice sera were assessed by ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) reporter assays. (news-medical.net)
  • stained for viral Demeclocycline HCl Demeclocycline HCl NP utilizing a mouse monoclonal NP antibody (plus supplementary antibody anti-mouse AF488) and DAPI. (epf2013.org)
  • SPS was added to the culture medium at various concentrations in time-of-addition assay. (molvis.org)
  • Adenovirus ocular infections (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis [EKC], follicular conjunctivitis, and pharyngeal conjunctival fever) are the most common ocular viral infections worldwide. (arvojournals.org)
  • To assess the susceptibility of K18-hACE2 mice to SARS-CoV-2, we intranasally challenged male and female mice using inocula of 10 3 , 10 4 and 10 5 plaque-forming units (PFU). (nature.com)
  • The viral strain has been designated as patients with SARS (4,5). (cdc.gov)
  • It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Promising new inhibitors that target the viral helicase-primase complex have been reported to block replication of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, but they have no activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), another herpesvirus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Viable CVA10 viruses were harvested by transfecting the viral mRNA into human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. (virosin.org)
  • Pharmacological interference in lipid metabolism and LD inhibition affects viral replication of different viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A) Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced. (easynotecards.com)
  • We followed this with hands on workshops showing them hematopoietic cell colonies, bacterial colonies and viral plaque assays under microscopes. (ubc.ca)
  • The virion core contains several enzymes needed for transcription and capping of viral RNA. (medscape.com)
  • LXGG sequence is recognized by viral and cellular deubiquitinating enzymes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Next, concentration-dependent viral growth suppression and drug cytotoxicity were assessed. (biorxiv.org)
  • On the other hand, 3AB presumably anchors 3B in intracellular membranes originated de novo during the early steps of RNA replication, where uridylylated 3B primes the synthesis of nascent viral RNAs ( 2 , 37 , 68 , 69 ). (asm.org)
  • At constant temperature, the RH was varied from 7-73% and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay. (com.bd)
  • By using both real-time reverse transcription-poly- voir to humans and the molecular basis of such a jump merase chain reaction TaqMan assay and an infectivity remain unanswered questions (12). (cdc.gov)
  • Many showed uniform plaque morphology and grew to high titre in tissue culture. (who.int)
  • State of strain collections and viability of viral isolates. (who.int)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hold 451 viral isolates derived from several different national collections. (who.int)
  • Collect a pure P2 baculovirus stock on Day 10 without the necessity of tedious plaques assay. (fishersci.com)
  • In this scholarly study, we present that reducing the known degrees of appearance of CtsW decreases viral titers for different subtypes of IAV, and we map the mark stage of CtsW necessity to viral entrance. (epf2013.org)
  • Co-transfection of the viral replicon RNA and capsid expresser in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells led to the production of single round infectious particles (SRIPs). (virosin.org)
  • A total of 881 plaques from 90 individual cells were analyzed in this way. (virology.ws)
  • The number of changes identified in the 7-10 plaques isolated from each cell, between 0 and 17, shows that some cells produce more diverse progeny than others. (virology.ws)
  • Nevertheless, we discovered impaired get away of viral Demeclocycline HCl contaminants from past due endosomes in CtsW knockdown cells. (epf2013.org)
  • The conclusion from these results is very important: a single plaque-forming unit can contain multiple, genetically diverse particles. (virology.ws)
  • Between 0 and 17 changes were identified in the 7-10 plaques isolated from each cell. (virology.ws)
  • The viral yield per cell varied greatly, from 0 to over 3000 PFU. (virology.ws)
  • Caine EA, Osorio JE (2017) In vivo imaging with bioluminescent enterovirus 71 allows for real-time visualization of tissue tropism and viral spread. (virosin.org)
  • Ciclesonide exhibited low cytotoxicity and potent suppression of viral growth ( Fig. 1a ). (biorxiv.org)
  • Sixteen of the 18 laboratories using IgM assays in Module B obtained the correct results as did the 13 laboratories that performed IgG assays. (who.int)
  • We also constructed the vectors for CVA10 subgenomic replicon with luciferase reporter and viral capsid with EGFP reporter, respectively. (virosin.org)
  • The second assay, a forward mutation assay, tests the mispairing potential of any altered nucleotide 1) during incorporation as substrate nucleotide, and 2) after multiple incorporations into a single-stranded DNA gap region of M13mp2. (psu.edu)
  • Globally, HCMV represents the first viral cause of birth defect, leading to severe congenital malformations ( Leruez-Ville and Ville, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Mutational analysis of several of these amino acids both in pUL105 and pUL70, proved that they are crucial for viral replication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Importantly, viral absorption and penetration assays showed that the relative fluorescence intensity of HSV-1g was significantly reduced by SPS in a dose-dependent manner in the absorption test, but no change was observed in the penetration test. (molvis.org)