Viral Nonstructural Proteins
Minute virus of mice
Virus Replication
Inclusion Bodies, Viral
Molecular Sequence Data
Hepacivirus
Dengue Virus
Sindbis Virus
Polyproteins
Parvovirus
Replicon
RNA Replicase
Vero Cells
Amino Acid Sequence
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Cercopithecus aethiops
Viral Core Proteins
Rotavirus
Densovirus
Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
Orthoreovirus, Avian
Alphavirus
Viral Structural Proteins
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Bluetongue virus
Rubella virus
Parvovirus B19, Human
Toxins, Biological
Reoviridae
Base Sequence
Nucleoside-Triphosphatase
A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (1/3998)
Premature translation termination codon (PTC)-mediated effects on nuclear RNA processing have been shown to be associated with a number of human genetic diseases; however, how these PTCs mediate such effects in the nucleus is unclear. A PTC at nucleotide (nt) 2018 that lies adjacent to the 5' element of a bipartite exon splicing enhancer within the NS2-specific exon of minute virus of mice P4 promoter-generated pre-mRNA caused a decrease in the accumulated levels of P4-generated R2 mRNA relative to P4-generated R1 mRNA, although the total accumulated levels of P4 product remained the same. This effect was seen in nuclear RNA and was independent of RNA stability. The 5' and 3' elements of the bipartite NS2-specific exon enhancer are redundant in function, and when the 2018 PTC was combined with a deletion of the 3' enhancer element, the exon was skipped in the majority of the viral P4-generated product. Such exon skipping in response to a PTC, but not a missense mutation at nt 2018, could be suppressed by frame shift mutations in either exon of NS2 which reopened the NS2 open reading frame, as well as by improvement of the upstream intron 3' splice site. These results suggest that a PTC can interfere with the function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner and that the PTC is recognized in the nucleus. (+info)A human sequence homologue of Staufen is an RNA-binding protein that is associated with polysomes and localizes to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (2/3998)
In the course of a two-hybrid screen with the NS1 protein of influenza virus, a human clone capable of coding for a protein with high homology to the Staufen protein from Drosophila melanogaster (dmStaufen) was identified. With these sequences used as a probe, cDNAs were isolated from a lambda cDNA library. The encoded protein (hStaufen-like) contained four double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding domains with 55% similarity and 38% identity to those of dmStaufen, including identity at all residues involved in RNA binding. A recombinant protein containing all dsRNA-binding domains was expressed in Escherichia coli as a His-tagged polypeptide. It showed dsRNA binding activity in vitro, with an apparent Kd of 10(-9) M. Using a specific antibody, we detected in human cells a major form of the hStaufen-like protein with an apparent molecular mass of 60 to 65 kDa. The intracellular localization of hStaufen-like protein was investigated by immunofluorescence using a series of markers for the cell compartments. Colocalization was observed with the rough endoplasmic reticulum but not with endosomes, cytoskeleton, or Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, sedimentation analyses indicated that hStaufen-like protein associates with polysomes. These results are discussed in relation to the possible functions of the protein. (+info)RNA binding by the novel helical domain of the influenza virus NS1 protein requires its dimer structure and a small number of specific basic amino acids. (3/3998)
The RNA-binding/dimerization domain of the NS1 protein of influenza A virus (73 amino acids in length) exhibits a novel dimeric six-helical fold. It is not known how this domain binds to its specific RNA targets, one of which is double-stranded RNA. To elucidate the mode of RNA binding, we introduced single alanine replacements into the NS1 RNA-binding domain at specific positions in the three-dimensional structure. Our results indicate that the dimer structure is essential for RNA binding, because any alanine replacement that causes disruption of the dimer also leads to the loss of RNA-binding activity. Surprisingly, the arginine side chain at position 38, which is in the second helix of each monomer, is the only amino-acid side chain that is absolutely required only for RNA binding and not for dimerization, indicating that this side chain probably interacts directly with the RNA target. This interaction is primarily electrostatic, because replacement of this arginine with lysine had no effect on RNA binding. A second basic amino acid, the lysine at position 41, which is also in helix 2, makes a strong contribution to the affinity of binding. We conclude that helix 2 and helix 2', which are antiparallel and next to each other in the dimer conformation, constitute the interaction face between the NS1 RNA-binding domain and its RNA targets, and that the arginine side chain at position 38 and possibly the lysine side chain at position 41 in each of these antiparallel helices contact the phosphate backbone of the RNA target. (+info)Dengue virus NS3 serine protease. Crystal structure and insights into interaction of the active site with substrates by molecular modeling and structural analysis of mutational effects. (4/3998)
The mosquito-borne dengue viruses are widespread human pathogens causing dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome, placing 40% of the world's population at risk with no effective treatment. The viral genome is a positive strand RNA that encodes a single polyprotein precursor. Processing of the polyprotein precursor into mature proteins is carried out by the host signal peptidase and by NS3 serine protease, which requires NS2B as a cofactor. We report here the crystal structure of the NS3 serine protease domain at 2.1 A resolution. This structure of the protease combined with modeling of peptide substrates into the active site suggests identities of residues involved in substrate recognition as well as providing a structural basis for several mutational effects on enzyme activity. This structure will be useful for development of specific inhibitors as therapeutics against dengue and other flaviviral proteases. (+info)Restricted isotypic antibody reactivity to hepatitis C virus synthetic peptides in immunocompromised patients. (5/3998)
An enzyme immunoassay based on three synthetic peptides from the core, NS4, and NS5 regions of hepatitis C virus allowed the detection of antibodies in 100% of immunocompetent infected patients and in 91% of immunocompromised patients (hemodialysis and hemophiliac patients). Immune impairment seemed to restrict the spectrum of antibody isotypes reacting to the core peptide. (+info)Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of poliovirus protein 2C reveals a mechanism by which guanidine inhibits poliovirus replication. (6/3998)
The highly conserved non-structural protein 2C of picornaviruses is involved in viral genome replication and encapsidation and in the rearrangement of intracellular structures. 2C binds RNA, has nucleoside triphosphatase activity, and shares three motifs with superfamily III helicases. Motifs "A" and "B" are involved in nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) binding and hydrolysis, whereas a function for motif "C" has not yet been demonstrated. Poliovirus RNA replication is inhibited by millimolar concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). Resistance and dependence to GdnHCl map to 2C. To characterize the nucleoside triphosphatase activity of 2C, we purified poliovirus recombinant 2C fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST-2C) from Escherichia coli. GST-2C hydrolyzed ATP with a Km of 0.7 mM. Other NTPs, including GTP, competed with ATP for binding to 2C but were poor substrates for hydrolysis. Mutation of conserved residues in motif A and B abolished ATPase activity, as did mutation of the conserved asparagine residue in motif C, an observation indicating the involvement of this motif in ATP hydrolysis. GdnHCl at millimolar concentrations inhibited ATP hydrolysis. Mutations in 2C that confer poliovirus resistant to or dependent on GdnHCl increased the tolerance to GdnHCl up to 100-fold. (+info)Sequence heterogeneity within three different regions of the hepatitis G virus genome. (7/3998)
Two sets of primers derived from the 5'-terminal region and the NS5 region of the hepatitis G virus (HGV) genome were used to amplify PCR fragments from serum specimens obtained from different parts of the world. All PCR fragments from the 5'-terminal region (5'-PCR, n = 56) and from the NS5 region (NS5-PCR, n = 85) were sequenced and compared to corresponding published HGV sequences. The range of nucleotide sequence similarity varied from 74 and 78% to 100% for 5'-PCR and NS5-PCR fragments, respectively. Additionally, five overlapping PCR fragments comprising an approximately 2.0-kb structural region of the HGV genome were sequenced from each of five sera obtained from three United States residents. These sequences were compared to 20 published sequences comprising the same region of the HGV genome. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences obtained from different individuals were homologous from 82.9 to 93. 6% and from 90.4 to 99.0%, respectively. Sequences obtained from follow-up specimens were almost identical. Comparative analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the HGV structural proteins and hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural proteins combined with an analysis of predicted secondary structures and hydrophobic profiles allowed prediction of processing sites within the HGV structural proteins. A phylogenetic sequence analysis performed on the 2.0-kb structural region supports the existence of three previously identified HGV genetic groups. However, phylogenetic analysis performed on only small DNA fragments yielded inconsistent genetic grouping and failed to confirm the existence of genetic groups. Thus, in contrast to HCV where almost any region can be used for genotyping, only large or carefully selected genome fragments can be used to identify consistent HGV genetic groups. (+info)North American and European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses differ in non-structural protein coding regions. (8/3998)
Although North American and European serotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are recognized, only the genome of the European Lelystad strain (LV) has been sequenced completely. Here, the genome of the pathogenic North American PRRSV isolate 16244B has been sequenced and compared with LV. The genomic organization of 16244B was the same as LV but with only 63.4% nucleotide identity. The 189 nucleotide 5' non-coding region (NCR) of 16244B was distinct from the LV NCR, with good conservation (83%) only over a 43 base region immediately upstream of open reading frame (ORF) 1a. Major differences were found in the region encoding the non-structural part of the ORF1a polyprotein, which shared only 47% amino acid identity over 2503 residues of the six non-structural proteins (Nsps) encoded. Nsp2, thought to have a species-specific function, showed the greatest divergence, sharing only 32% amino acid identity with LV and containing 120 additional amino acids in the central region. Nsps encoded by the 5'-proximal and central regions of ORF1b had from 66 to 75% amino acid identity; however, the carboxy-terminal protein CP4 was distinct (42% identity). The ORF 1a-1b frameshift region of 16244B had 98% nucleotide identity with LV. Consistent with previous reports for North American isolates, the six structural proteins encoded were 58 to 79% identical to LV proteins. The 3' NCR (150 nucleotides) was 76% identical between isolates. These genomic differences confirm the presence of distinct North American and European PRRSV genotypes. (+info)Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.
The Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) is a small, single-stranded DNA parvovirus that primarily infects laboratory mice. It was so named because of its extremely small size and the minimal cytopathic effect it causes in infected cells. MVM is not known to cause disease in humans or other animals. However, it has been used as a model system for studying parvovirus biology and pathogenesis due to its ability to efficiently infect and replicate in many types of mammalian cells. There are three strains of MVM (MVMp, MVMi, and MVMc) that vary in their host range and tissue tropism.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Inclusion bodies, viral are typically described as intracellular inclusions that appear as a result of viral infections. These inclusion bodies consist of aggregates of virus-specific proteins, viral particles, or both, which accumulate inside the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus during the replication cycle of certain viruses.
The presence of inclusion bodies can sometimes be observed through histological or cytological examination using various staining techniques. Different types of viruses may exhibit distinct morphologies and locations of these inclusion bodies, which can aid in the identification and diagnosis of specific viral infections. However, it is important to note that not all viral infections result in the formation of inclusion bodies, and their presence does not necessarily indicate active viral replication or infection.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The most well-known member of this genus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Hepaciviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They have a small icosahedral capsid and infect a variety of hosts, including humans, non-human primates, horses, and birds. The virus enters the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface and is then internalized through endocytosis.
HCV has a high degree of genetic diversity and is classified into seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes based on differences in its RNA sequence. This genetic variability can affect the virus's ability to evade the host immune response, making treatment more challenging.
In addition to HCV, other hepaciviruses have been identified in various animal species, including equine hepacivirus (EHCV), rodent hepacivirus (RHV), and bat hepacivirus (BtHepCV). These viruses are being studied to better understand the biology of hepaciviruses and their potential impact on human health.
Dengue virus (DENV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.
The DENV genome contains approximately 11,000 nucleotides and encodes three structural proteins (capsid, pre-membrane/membrane, and envelope) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). There are four distinct serotypes of DENV (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), each of which can cause dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease.
Infection with one serotype provides lifelong immunity against that particular serotype but only temporary and partial protection against the other three serotypes. Subsequent infections with different serotypes can increase the risk of developing severe dengue, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and original antigenic sin phenomena.
DENV is a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with an estimated 390 million annual infections and approximately 100-400 million clinical cases. Preventive measures include vector control strategies to reduce mosquito populations and the development of effective vaccines against all four serotypes.
Sindbis virus is an alphavirus that belongs to the Togaviridae family. It's named after the location where it was first isolated, in Sindbis, Egypt, in 1952. This virus is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect a wide range of animals, including birds and humans. In humans, Sindbis virus infection often causes a mild flu-like illness characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain. However, some people may develop more severe symptoms, such as neurological disorders, although this is relatively rare. There is no specific treatment for Sindbis virus infection, and management typically involves supportive care to alleviate symptoms.
A polyprotein is a long, continuous chain of amino acids that are produced through the translation of a single mRNA (messenger RNA) molecule. This occurs in some viruses, including retroviruses like HIV, where the viral genome contains instructions for the production of one or more polyproteins.
After the polyprotein is synthesized, it is cleaved into smaller, functional proteins by virus-encoded proteases. These individual proteins then assemble to form new virus particles. The concept of polyproteins is important in understanding viral replication and may provide targets for antiviral therapy.
RNA helicases are a class of enzymes that are capable of unwinding RNA secondary structures using the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes involving RNA, such as transcription, splicing, translation, ribosome biogenesis, and RNA degradation. RNA helicases can be divided into several superfamilies based on their sequence and structural similarities, with the two largest being superfamily 1 (SF1) and superfamily 2 (SF2). These enzymes typically contain conserved motifs that are involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis, as well as RNA binding. By unwinding RNA structures, RNA helicases facilitate the access of other proteins to their target RNAs, thereby enabling the coordinated regulation of RNA metabolism.
Parvovirus is a type of virus that is known to cause diseases in various animals, including dogs and humans. The most common strain that infects humans is called Parvovirus B19. This particular strain is responsible for the illness known as Fifth disease, which primarily affects young children and causes symptoms such as fever, rash, and joint pain.
Parvovirus B19 spreads through respiratory droplets, such as when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted through blood or contaminated objects. Once the virus enters the body, it typically targets and infects rapidly dividing cells, particularly those found in the bone marrow and the fetal heart.
In dogs, a different strain of parvovirus called Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is responsible for a highly contagious and often fatal gastrointestinal illness. CPV primarily affects puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months old, but older dogs can also be infected if they haven't been vaccinated.
It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices and ensure proper vaccination to prevent parvovirus infections in both humans and animals.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "replicon" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. It is a term that is used in the field of molecular biology, where it refers to a segment of DNA that contains an origin of replication. The origin of replication is the site on the DNA molecule where the process of DNA replication is initiated. This concept is important in the fields of genetics and virology, but it is not a term that is commonly used in clinical medicine.
If you have any questions related to the medical field, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also known as RNA replicase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of RNA from an RNA template. It plays a crucial role in the replication of certain viruses, such as positive-strand RNA viruses and retroviruses, which use RNA as their genetic material. The enzyme uses the existing RNA strand as a template to create a new complementary RNA strand, effectively replicating the viral genome. This process is essential for the propagation of these viruses within host cells and is a target for antiviral therapies.
Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.
Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.
It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Aphthovirus. It is the causative agent of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), a highly contagious and severe viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and buffalo. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as through aerosolized particles in the air. FMDV has seven distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories [SAT] 1, 2, and 3), and infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. The virus primarily targets the animal's epithelial tissues, causing lesions and blisters in and around the mouth, feet, and mammary glands. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but poses significant economic consequences for the global livestock industry due to its high infectivity and morbidity rates.
'Cercopithecus aethiops' is the scientific name for the monkey species more commonly known as the green monkey. It belongs to the family Cercopithecidae and is native to western Africa. The green monkey is omnivorous, with a diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. They are known for their distinctive greenish-brown fur and long tail. Green monkeys are also important animal models in biomedical research due to their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is closely related to HIV.
Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) is an alphavirus in the Togaviridae family, which is primarily transmitted to vertebrates through mosquito vectors. The virus was initially isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest of Uganda and has since been found in various parts of Africa and Asia. SFV infection in humans can cause a mild febrile illness characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. However, it is more commonly known for causing severe disease in animals, particularly non-human primates and cattle, where it can lead to encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. SFV has also been used as a model organism in laboratory studies of virus replication and pathogenesis.
Viral core proteins are the structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or protein shell, enclosing and protecting the viral genome. These proteins play a crucial role in the assembly of the virion, assist in the infection process by helping to deliver the viral genome into the host cell, and may also have functions in regulating viral replication. The specific composition and structure of viral core proteins vary among different types of viruses.
Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the Reoviridae family, which is a leading cause of severe diarrhea and gastroenteritis in young children and infants worldwide. The virus infects and damages the cells lining the small intestine, resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
Rotavirus is highly contagious and can be spread through contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, food, or water. The virus is typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route, meaning that it enters the body through the mouth after coming into contact with contaminated hands, objects, or food.
Rotavirus infections are often self-limiting and resolve within a few days to a week, but severe cases can lead to dehydration, hospitalization, and even death, particularly in developing countries where access to medical care and rehydration therapy may be limited. Fortunately, there are effective vaccines available that can prevent rotavirus infection and reduce the severity of symptoms in those who do become infected.
A densovirus is a type of single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae and the subfamily Densovirinae. These viruses are known to infect insects, including crustaceans and arthropods, and are often associated with diseases in these hosts. They have a small, icosahedral capsid and a linear, ssDNA genome that is around 5-6 kilobases in length. Densoviruses are non-enveloped viruses, meaning they do not have a lipid membrane surrounding their capsid.
It's important to note that densoviruses are not known to infect humans or other mammals, and therefore are not considered a threat to human health.
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is a type of flavivirus that is the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis, a mosquito-borne viral infection of the brain. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Culex species mosquitoes, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex gelidus.
JEV is endemic in many parts of Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is estimated to cause around 68,000 clinical cases and 13,000-20,000 deaths each year. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts, primarily pigs and wading birds.
Most JEV infections are asymptomatic or result in mild symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. However, in some cases, the infection can progress to severe encephalitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the brain, leading to neurological symptoms such as seizures, tremors, paralysis, and coma. The case fatality rate for Japanese encephalitis is estimated to be 20-30%, and around half of those who survive have significant long-term neurological sequelae.
Prevention of JEV infection includes the use of insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito feeding times. Vaccination is also an effective means of preventing Japanese encephalitis, and vaccines are available for travelers to endemic areas as well as for residents of those areas.
Orthoreovirus, avian refers to a type of orthoreovirus that primarily infects birds. Orthoreoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Reoviridae. The avian orthoreoviruses are divided into three groups based on their host range and serological properties: orthoreovirus group 1 (avian reovirus), orthoreovirus group 2 (fiscal reovirus), and orthoreovirus group 3 (ptarmigan reovirus). Avian reoviruses are the most well-known and studied among these, causing various diseases in poultry, such as viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome, and enteric disease. They have a segmented genome consisting of 10 separate RNA segments that encode for several structural and non-structural proteins involved in virus replication, assembly, and pathogenesis.
Alphaviruses are a genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the family Togaviridae. They are enveloped viruses and have a icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 70 nanometers. Alphaviruses are transmitted to vertebrates by mosquitoes and other arthropods, and can cause a range of diseases in humans and animals, including arthritis, encephalitis, and rash.
Some examples of alphaviruses that can infect humans include Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. These viruses are usually found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals.
Alphaviruses have a wide host range, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and have a genome that encodes four non-structural proteins (nsP1 to nsP4) involved in viral replication, and five structural proteins (C, E3, E2, 6K, and E1) that form the virion.
Prevention and control of alphavirus infections rely on avoiding mosquito bites, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and reducing mosquito breeding sites. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for alphavirus infections, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. Vaccines are available for some alphaviruses, such as Eastern equine encephalitis virus and Western equine encephalitis virus, but not for others, such as Chikungunya virus.
Viral structural proteins are the protein components that make up the viral particle or capsid, providing structure and stability to the virus. These proteins are encoded by the viral genome and are involved in the assembly of new virus particles during the replication cycle. They can be classified into different types based on their location and function, such as capsid proteins, matrix proteins, and envelope proteins. Capsid proteins form the protein shell that encapsulates the viral genome, while matrix proteins are located between the capsid and the envelope, and envelope proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds some viruses.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and buffalo. The virus can also infect wild animals like deer and antelope. FMD is not a direct threat to human health but may have significant economic impacts due to restrictions on trade and movement of infected animals.
The disease is characterized by fever, blister-like sores (vesicles) in the mouth, on the tongue, lips, gums, teats, and between the hooves. The vesicles can rupture, causing painful erosions that make it difficult for affected animals to eat, drink, or walk. In severe cases, FMD can lead to death, particularly among young animals.
The causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease is the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus. There are seven serotypes of FMDV: O, A, C, Asia 1, and South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3. Infection with one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes.
Prevention and control measures for foot-and-mouth disease include vaccination, quarantine, movement restrictions, disinfection, and culling of infected animals in severe outbreaks. Rapid detection and response are crucial to prevent the spread of FMD within and between countries.
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an infectious agent that causes Bluetongue disease, a non-contagious viral disease affecting sheep and other ruminants. It is a member of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family. The virus is transmitted by biting midges of the Culicoides species and can infect various animals such as sheep, cattle, goats, and wild ruminants.
The virus has a double-stranded RNA genome and consists of ten segments that encode seven structural and four non-structural proteins. The clinical signs of Bluetongue disease in sheep include fever, salivation, swelling of the head and neck, nasal discharge, and respiratory distress, which can be severe or fatal. In contrast, cattle usually show milder symptoms or are asymptomatic, although they can serve as reservoirs for the virus.
Bluetongue virus is an important veterinary pathogen that has a significant economic impact on the global sheep industry. The disease is prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, but has also spread to temperate areas due to climate change and the movement of infected animals. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, insect control, and restricting the movement of infected animals.
Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, within the family Togaviridae. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes the disease rubella (German measles) in humans. The virus is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets and has an incubation period of 12-23 days.
Rubella virus infection during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, can lead to serious birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the developing fetus. The symptoms of CRS may include hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart defects, and developmental delays.
The virus was eradicated from the Americas in 2015 due to widespread vaccination programs. However, it still circulates in other parts of the world, and travelers can bring the virus back to regions where it has been eliminated. Therefore, maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial for preventing the spread of rubella and protecting vulnerable populations from CRS.
Parvovirus B19, Human is a single-stranded DNA virus that primarily infects humans. It belongs to the Parvoviridae family and Erbovirus genus. This virus is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum, also known as fifth disease, a mild, self-limiting illness characterized by a facial rash and occasionally joint pain or inflammation.
Parvovirus B19 has a strong tropism for erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, where it replicates and causes temporary suppression of red blood cell production (aplastic crisis) in individuals with underlying hemolytic disorders such as sickle cell disease or spherocytosis.
Additionally, Parvovirus B19 can cause more severe complications in immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and fetuses. Infection during pregnancy may lead to hydrops fetalis, anemia, or even fetal death, particularly in the first and second trimesters. Transmission of the virus occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and occasionally via blood transfusions or vertical transmission from mother to fetus.
Biological toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals. They can cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment. Biological toxins can be classified into different categories based on their mode of action, such as neurotoxins (affecting the nervous system), cytotoxins (damaging cells), and enterotoxins (causing intestinal damage).
Examples of biological toxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria, ricin toxin from the castor bean plant, and saxitoxin produced by certain types of marine algae.
Biological toxins can cause a range of symptoms depending on the type and amount of toxin ingested or exposed to, as well as the route of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, skin contact). They can cause illnesses ranging from mild to severe, and some can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.
Prevention and control measures for biological toxins include good hygiene practices, vaccination against certain toxin-producing bacteria, avoidance of contaminated food or water sources, and personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling or working with potential sources of toxins.
Reoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses that are non-enveloped and have a segmented genome. The name "Reoviridae" is derived from Respiratory Enteric Orphan virus, as these viruses were initially discovered in respiratory and enteric (gastrointestinal) samples but did not appear to cause any specific diseases.
The family Reoviridae includes several important human pathogens such as rotaviruses, which are a major cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide, and orthoreoviruses, which can cause respiratory and systemic infections in humans. Additionally, many Reoviridae viruses infect animals, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects, and can cause a variety of diseases.
Reoviridae virions are typically composed of multiple protein layers that encase the genomic RNA segments. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Sedoreovirinae and Spinareovirinae, based on structural features and genome organization. Reoviruses have a complex replication cycle that involves multiple steps, including attachment to host cells, uncoating of the viral particle, transcription of the genomic RNA, translation of viral proteins, packaging of new virions, and release from infected cells.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Nucleoside-triphosphatase (NTPase) is not a medical term per se, but rather a biochemical term. However, it is often used in the context of molecular biology and genetics, which are essential components of medical research and practice. Therefore, I will provide a definition related to these fields.
Nucleoside-triphosphatase (NTPase) refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) into nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). NTPs, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP), are crucial for energy transfer in cells.
In the context of molecular biology, NTPases play essential roles in various cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, translation, and degradation. For example, DNA polymerase, an enzyme involved in DNA replication, is a type of NTPase that utilizes dNTPs (deoxynucleoside triphosphates) to synthesize new DNA strands. Similarly, RNA polymerase, which catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA, uses NTPs as substrates and has NTPase activity.
In summary, Nucleoside-triphosphatase (NTPase) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), releasing energy and playing a critical role in various cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, translation, and degradation.
Viral nonstructural protein
VPg
Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 2
Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5B
Adenovirus E1B protein
Ebola viral protein 24
ICP8
Infected cell protein 34.5
Dianthovirus
NSP6 (rotavirus)
Bovine papillomavirus
Bocaparvovirus
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2
NSP4 (rotavirus)
Viral protein
Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 4B
Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 4A
Herpes simplex virus protein vmw65
NSP3 (rotavirus)
West Nile fever
Zaire ebolavirus
Sepik virus
Asparagus virus 1
Piscine orthoreovirus
Cache Valley orthobunyavirus
Bovine immunodeficiency virus
Japanese encephalitis
Helicase-primase complex
Introduction to viruses
Roxan (protein)
Bunyaviridae nonstructural S proteins
Viral nonstructural protein - Wikipedia
Viral Nonstructural Proteins | Palmetto Profiles
Hepatitis C virus exploits cyclophilin A to evade PKR
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Replication38
- Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY. (musc.edu)
- Counteracting innate immunity is essential for successful viral replication. (nih.gov)
- Pharmacological inhibition of CypA rescues PKR from antagonism by HCV NS5A, leading to activation of an interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1)-driven cell intrinsic antiviral program that inhibits viral replication. (nih.gov)
- Collectively, our study identifies a novel antiviral mechanism that harnesses cellular antiviral immunity to suppress viral replication. (nih.gov)
- Reverse Genetics System Demonstrates that Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein NSP6 Is Not Essential for Viral Replication in Cell Culture. (bvsalud.org)
- The NSP6 ORF is present in the vast majority of rotavirus strains , and therefore the NSP6 protein would be expected to have a function in viral replication . (bvsalud.org)
- However, there is no direct evidence of its function or requirement in the viral replication cycle yet. (bvsalud.org)
- Here, taking advantage of a recently established plasmid -only-based reverse genetics system that allows rescue of recombinant rotaviruses entirely from cloned cDNAs, we generated NSP6-deficient viruses to directly address its significance in the viral replication cycle. (bvsalud.org)
- Single-step growth curves and plaque formation of the NSP6-deficient viruses confirmed that NSP6 expression is of limited significance for RVA replication in cell culture , although the NSP6 protein seemed to promote efficient virus growth .IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is one of the most important pathogens of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
- Although specific functions have been ascribed to each of the 12 viral proteins , the role of NSP6 in the viral replication cycle remains unknown. (bvsalud.org)
- In this study, we demonstrated that the NSP6 protein is not essential for viral replication in cell culture by using a recently developed plasmid -only-based reverse genetics system. (bvsalud.org)
- This reverse genetics approach will be successfully applied to answer questions of great interest regarding the roles of rotaviral proteins in replication and pathogenicity , which can hardly be addressed by conventional approaches. (bvsalud.org)
- The largest, ORF-1, codes for the nonstructural proteins responsible for viral replication. (medscape.com)
- The rSA11/NSP3-CoV2/S viruses produced smaller plaques and lower viral titers in cell culture than the wildtype, perhaps because the RNA elongation time required for transcription of the segment 7 dsRNAs is increased during the replication of the virus, or the longer translation time to synthesize proteins encoded from these RNAs. (news-medical.net)
- Non-structural proteins (NSP) are produced during viral replication. (ncl.edu.tw)
- Non-human primates (NHPs) can sustain viral replication in relevant cell types and develop a robust immune response, but they do not develop overt disease. (mdpi.com)
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase type 2α (PI3KC2α) is an essential member of the structurally unresolved class II PI3K family with crucial functions in lipid signaling, endocytosis, angiogenesis, viral replication, platelet formation and a role in mitosis. (nature.com)
- Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
- Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural protein 3A plays important roles in virus replication, virulence, and host range. (asm.org)
- Replication of picornaviruses occurs associated to cell endomembranes that are recruited during viral infection ( 25 ). (asm.org)
- in poliovirus (PV), the interaction between the RNA replication complex and intracellular membranes appears to be accomplished by proteins 3A and 2C, which have membrane-binding properties ( 11 , 60 ). (asm.org)
- On the other hand, 3AB presumably anchors 3B in intracellular membranes originated de novo during the early steps of RNA replication, where uridylylated 3B primes the synthesis of nascent viral RNAs ( 2 , 37 , 68 , 69 ). (asm.org)
- Flavivirus nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A) is a component of the viral replication complex that functions in virion assembly and antagonizes the host immune response. (rcsb.org)
- Functional analysis using replicon and genome-length RNAs of DENV-2 indicates that P85 is not important for viral replication. (rcsb.org)
- The topology model of DENV NS2A provides a good starting point for studying how flavivirus NS2A modulates viral replication and evasion of host immune response. (rcsb.org)
- Emerging evidence demonstrates that some mono-ARTs function as PAMP receptors and modify both host and viral proteins relevant for viral replication. (fsu.edu)
- This prevents poly-protein processing and viral replication. (fsu.edu)
- Nonstructural protein 5 (Nsp5) is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 that cleaves viral polyproteins into individual polypeptides necessary for viral replication. (elifesciences.org)
- Nsp3 and Nsp5 are essential for viral replication and represent well-characterized drug targets among coronaviruses. (elifesciences.org)
- By inhibiting Nsp5 proteolytic activity, Paxlovid reduces viral replication and disease severity in patients with COVID-19. (elifesciences.org)
- SARS-CoV-2 requires two cysteine proteases for viral polypeptide processing to allow maturation and replication: the 3C-like protease also known as the Main protease (M pro ) and the papain-like protease (PL pro ). (biorxiv.org)
- In addition to its critical role in viral replication, PL pro removes post-translational modifications like ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from host proteins through its deubiquitinase domain, leading to host immunosuppression and increased ability of the virus to evade the host antiviral immune response. (biorxiv.org)
- Along this line, in both systems, release of nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is essential for viral RNA replication. (uni-luebeck.de)
- The polyproteins generated from ORF1a/b are cleaved by viral proteases liberating 16 non-structural proteins that guide virus replication. (woofahs.com)
- These agents interfere with HCV replication by inhibiting a key viral enzyme, NS3/4A serine protease. (medscape.com)
- NS5A is integral for HCV RNA viral replication. (medscape.com)
- It binds to the N-terminus within domain 1 of NS5A, which may cause structural distortions that interfere with NS5A functions, and thereby inhibits both viral RNA replication and virion assembly. (medscape.com)
- Ledipasvir inhibits HCV NS5A protein, which is required for viral replication. (medscape.com)
Encodes11
- Segment 11 of the rotavirus genome encodes two nonstructural proteins , NSP5 and NSP6. (bvsalud.org)
- The rotavirus genome , consisting of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA , encodes six structural proteins (VP1 to VP4, VP6, and VP7) and six nonstructural proteins (NSP1 to NSP6). (bvsalud.org)
- HCV nonstructural 5A (NS5A) encodes a 447 amino acid phosphoprotein ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- 2003). The 12.5 kb CSFV genome contains a single open reading frame that encodes a 3898-amino acid polyprotein and ultimately yields 11 to 12 final cleavage products (NH2-N^pro-C-E^rns-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH) through co- and post-translational processing of the polyprotein by cellular and viral proteases (Rice, 1996). (usda.gov)
- In group A rotaviruses, the segment 7 of the genome encodes NSP3, which is a translation enhancer of viral positive-sense RNAs, expressed moderately in cells following infection. (news-medical.net)
- The 5' cap open reading frame encodes a variety of non-structural proteins. (medsci.org)
- The viral particle is composed of a protein capsid that contains a positive-sense RNA molecule of about 8,500 nucleotides that is infectious and encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed in infected cells by cis - and trans -acting viral proteases ( 55 ) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins ( 9 , 62 ). (asm.org)
- The viral genome encodes four structural capsid proteins (VP1 to VP4) and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins, the leader Lb/ab protease, and proteins encoded in the P2 (2B and 2C) and P3 (3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D) regions ( 9 ). (asm.org)
- The viral non-structural protein 3, which encodes a mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolase, antagonizes cellular mono-ADP-ribosylation and reactivates the protease. (fsu.edu)
- The team achieved this by creating a DNA-based vaccine that encodes the nonstructural Zika protein NS3, which is known to elicit a strong T cell response in humans and is unlikely to induce antibodies, certainly not ones that could be exploited in future infections. (the-scientist.com)
- This gene encodes a protein that binds RAN, a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RASsuperfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear porecomplex. (woofahs.com)
Proteases2
- The 3CL protease of coronaviruses facilitates viral assembly by cleaving polyproteins and most active compounds prevent disease progression by inhibiting viral proteases 5 . (nature.com)
- The maturation step to release the individual Nsp polypeptides is executed by two viral-encoded proteases: Nsp5 (also known as Main Protease, M Pro /3C-like protease) and Nsp3 (also known as Papain-Like Protease, PL Pro ) ( Narayanan et al , 2022 ). (elifesciences.org)
Structural proteins11
- This inhibitory effect has been associated with two viral non-structural proteins, NS3A and N^pro. (usda.gov)
- The inactivated vaccines consist of purified viral particle without or with only minor contaminants of NSP and thus induce antibody mainly against structural proteins of virus. (ncl.edu.tw)
- Coronaviruses have at least four major structural proteins, including spikes (S), membranes (M), envelopes (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. (medsci.org)
- Structural proteins are all encoded by the 3' terminus of the viral genome. (medsci.org)
- Genome annotation disclosed 29 SARS-CoV-2 gene products - including 16 non-structural proteins, 4 structural proteins and 9 accessory factors. (news-medical.net)
- In this strain, 1 putative cleavage site of the viral polyprotein responsible for processing of structural proteins was changed. (cdc.gov)
- The B cells, for example, tend to spot structural proteins on the surface of the virus, while the T cells home in on nonstructural viral components produced within infected cells. (the-scientist.com)
- That's because "[o]nly antibodies directed at the structural proteins and specifically Envelope protein can cause ADE," explains immunologist Ashley St. John in an email. (the-scientist.com)
- envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N), as well as multiple non-structural proteins (Srinivasan et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
- Antigen Selection and Engineering Coronaviruses Encode Multiple Structural and Non-structural Proteins that Could Potentially Serve as Immunogens for a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine The best characterized proteins are S, N, M, and E. S has most commonly been utilized in coronavirus vaccine studies, due to its pivotal role in mediating viral entry into cells (Song et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
- An international collaboration between the UCL School of Pharmacy, the Lund Protein Production Platform (LP3) and ESS, through its DEMAX platform, have performed biophysical and structural studies of three non-structural proteins from the novel coronavirus, SARS CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. (lu.se)
Antibodies3
- These animals showed no clinical signs of FMD, no viremia, and did not develop antibodies against viral nonstructural (NS) proteins, suggesting that complete protection from infection was achieved. (usda.gov)
- There are two arms to the adaptive immune response to a virus: B cells, which recognize the virus outside cells and produce antibodies to bind and neutralize it, and T cells, which detect infected cells via the presentation of viral antigens on the cells' surfaces and promptly kill those cells. (the-scientist.com)
- This two-pronged response works well for dealing with all manner of viral invaders, but it seems that while the antibodies created during the first infection are a perfect fit for the original virus, the less-specific interaction with a subsequent, related invader actually helps that virus enter cells. (the-scientist.com)
Intracellular5
- NS proteins are involved in crucial aspects of the viral cycle and pathogenesis, such as rearrangements of intracellular membranes required for endomembrane recruitment and the lysis of host cells ( 1 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 73 ). (asm.org)
- Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that eliminates damaged cell organelles, unfolded proteins, and various intracellular pathogens through lysosomal degradation. (hindawi.com)
- In general, autophagy degrades long-lived damaged intracellular proteins, in contrast to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which controls the degradation of short-lived proteins [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Remarkably, an R84A mutation did not affect viral RNA synthesis but blocked intracellular formation of infectious virions. (rcsb.org)
- Compared to wildtype human cells, TRMT1-deficient human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit reduced levels of intracellular viral RNA. (elifesciences.org)
NS5A6
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) modulates cellular apoptosis, which is involved in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
- In addition, NS5A significantly increases the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclin D1 and nuclear factor-κB, but decreases p53 protein expression in HepG2 cells ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- NS5A upregulates Beclin 1 mRNA and protein expression in a HCV NS5A-transactivated protein 9 (NS5ATP9)-dependent manner ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- DAKLINZA (daclatasvir) is an inhibitor of HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A). (rxlist.com)
- Inhibiting hepatitis C's nonstructural 5A, or NS5A, protein causes viral levels to drop by 99 percent within six hours of administration, and in one clinical trial, it led to sustained drops in viral levels in all treated patients - a stunning validation of the possibility of developing an all-oral hepatitis treatment regimen. (bioworld.com)
- Daclatasvir inhibits NS5A, a nonstructural protein encoded by HCV. (medscape.com)
Peptides1
- Replacements L38E and L41E, involving charge acquisition at residues predicted to contribute to the hydrophobic interface, reduced the dimerization signal in the protein ligation assay and prevented the detection of dimer/multimer species in both transiently expressed 3A proteins and in synthetic peptides reproducing the N terminus of 3A. (asm.org)
Gene12
- Beclin l, the mammalian counterpart of the yeast Atg6 gene, is an essential protein in autophagy ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The protein encoded by this gene is an unusual orphan receptor that contains a putative ligand-binding domain but lacks a conventional DNA-binding domain. (cancerindex.org)
- What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
- What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
- Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a DNA-binding protein involved in gene transcription. (medscape.com)
- The recombinant rotavirus containing a cassette of foreign genetic material encoding the NSP3 ORF, a translational element responsible for translating this inserted gene, and the gene encoding the spike protein . (news-medical.net)
- The most important pathway in influenza virus detection is a retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, which recognizes the 5'-triphosphate in viral RNA. (helsinki.fi)
- Furthermore, stable viral gene expression was done in cells and subsequently verified by immunoblotting technique. (news-medical.net)
- In short, from a total of 437 high-confidence interacting proteins that bind to one or more SARS-CoV-2 genes, the researchers have identified several gene products, M protein, NSP6, ORF3a, ORF6 and ORF7b that interacted with host cell membrane proteins and complexes. (news-medical.net)
- The transmembrane domain prediction also indicated that these viral gene products contain at least one transmembrane domain in their protein sequences - with the exception of ORF6, which is actually a short protein with only 61 amino acids. (news-medical.net)
- The positive samples were further subjected to PCRs for the amplification of a partial segment of the Usutu virus envelope and nonstructural 5 gene. (cdc.gov)
- In this study, we found that NS1 protein inhibits IRF-3-dependent gene transcription in constitutively active IRF-3 overexpressing cells, demonstrating that NS1 directly targets IRF-3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Capsid proteins1
- The capsid proteins are viral protein 1 (VP1) and viral protein 2 (VP2). (medscape.com)
Protease1
- They typically include the various enzymes and transcription factors the virus uses to replicate itself, such as a viral protease (3CL/nsp5, etc.), an RNA replicase or other template-directed polymerases, and some means to control the host. (wikipedia.org)
Hepatitis3
- Here, we show that hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-opts the host protein CypA to aid evasion of antiviral responses dependent on the effector protein kinase R (PKR). (nih.gov)
- Its presentation can range from asymptomatic illness to acute-onset viral hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever. (medscape.com)
- Surplus serum was available in the Division of Viral Hepatitis Laboratory for additional testing on 394 of these 477 specimens. (cdc.gov)
Particle4
- In virology, a nonstructural protein is a protein encoded by a virus but that is not part of the viral particle. (wikipedia.org)
- Participates in the viral particle production as a result of its interaction with the non-structural protein 5A (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
- HSC70 is part of the viral particle and may play a role in viral entry. (wjgnet.com)
- MTTP which is involved in the VLDL pathway also plays important roles in viral particle maturation and secretion. (wjgnet.com)
Rotavirus1
- Rotavirus nonstructural protein 1 subverts innate immune response by inducing degradation of IFN regulatory factor 3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Inhibits2
- Our data also demonstrate that NS1 associates with IRF-3 and its transcriptional coactivator CBP, leading to disrupted association of IRF-3 to CBP and subsequent reduced binding of IRF-3 to the IFN-β promoter without blocking viral-induced IRF-3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and dimerization, thereby identifying a novel molecular mechanism by which RSV inhibits IFN-β synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Human metapneumovirus small hydrophobic protein inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Infection5
- Dr. Jung leads the Department of Cancer Biology, the Infection Biology Program, and the newly-established Global Center for Pathogen & Human Health Research, which is focused on understanding of viral pathogens and the human immune responses toward preparing and protecting future public health threats. (ccf.org)
- Its activation leads to the production of interferons: a group of cytokines important in overcoming viral infection. (helsinki.fi)
- During influenza A virus infection, this function is performed by viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). (helsinki.fi)
- A ntibodies created during a viral infection or in response to a vaccine help to prevent reinfection with that specific virus but can, in some cases, worsen infections by similar ones. (the-scientist.com)
- and identified the biological role of the non-structural protein NS1 of the influenza virus during infection. (mountsinai.org)
Putative2
- Recent zoonotic spillover and tropism shift of a Canine Coronavirus is associated with relaxed selection and putative loss of function in NTD subdomain of spike protein. (cornell.edu)
- and c100-3, representing the putative nonstructural (NS3 and NS4) regions of HCV. (cdc.gov)
Modulates1
- Modulates viral translation initiation by interacting with viral IRES and 40S ribosomal subunit (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
Maturation2
- During elongation and maturation, the phagophore encapsulates damaged proteins and cell organelles. (hindawi.com)
- The interaction between E2 and host apolipoprotein E/APOE allows the proper assembly, maturation and infectivity of the viral particles (PubMed:25122793, PubMed:29695434). (proteopedia.org)
NSP52
- Human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit a decrease in TRMT1 protein levels and TRMT1-catalyzed tRNA modifications, consistent with TRMT1 cleavage and inactivation by Nsp5. (elifesciences.org)
- Purification of individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins from human cells have identified a potential interaction between a catalytic-inactive version of Nsp5 with human tRNA methyltransferase 1 (TRMT1) ( Gordon et al , 2020b ). (elifesciences.org)
Anti-viral3
- 2009). In addition, IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is deregulated by directly interacting with CSFV N^pro, thus inhibiting the production of IFN-alpha and decreasing the anti-viral cellular response (Fiebach et al. (usda.gov)
- Finally, a summary of the immune biomarkers that have been reported for dengue and Zika viral infections are discussed which may be useful indicators for future anti-viral targets or predictors for disease severity. (frontiersin.org)
- Therefore, one focus of our work is the identification of key mechanisms essential for the efficient generation (priming) and expansion (recall) of anti-viral or vaccine-induced T cell responses. (uniklinik-duesseldorf.de)
Infections4
- Laboratory diagnosis of dengue disease focuses on the detec- with various serologic tests, indicating possible cross-reactivity tion of viral RNA by real-time reverse transcription-poly- in these tests for DENV and SARS-CoV-2 infections ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- In turn the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is induced, allowing the host to react swiftly to viral infections. (fsu.edu)
- In particular, we are aiming to characterize the molecular and cellular mechanisms which control and shape the quality and quantity of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses during viral infections or vector-based vaccination. (uniklinik-duesseldorf.de)
- These results will be of interest to virologists interested in studying the alterations in tRNA modifications, host methyltransferases, and viral infections. (elifesciences.org)
NSP11
- When the interactomes of NSP1 and N protein (i.e., two key SARS-CoV-2 proteins) were compared with other human coronaviruses , host pathways manipulations and divergent protein-protein interactions responsible for differences in disease pathology were uncovered. (news-medical.net)
Virulence2
- To address the changes in the viral genome that may have led to increased virulence of the virus, I constructed an infectious cDNA clone for the historical ZIKV isolate MR766. (unl.edu)
- The mutant viruses replicated poorly in the brain of infected mice when inoculated subcutaneously but replicated well following intracranial inoculation, suggesting that the N-linked glycosylation of the E protein is an important determinant of ZIKV virulence and neuroinvasion. (unl.edu)
Envelope7
- The cystovirus Pseudomonas phage phi6 has an envelope that harbors five viral membrane proteins and phospholipids derived from the cytoplasmic membrane of its Gram-negative host. (biomedcentral.com)
- The phi6 major envelope protein P9 and the non-structural protein P12 are essential for the envelopment of its virions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our results demonstrate that the phi6 major envelope protein P9 can trigger formation of cytoplasmic membrane structures in E. coli in the absence of any other viral protein. (biomedcentral.com)
- The only bacteriophages known to have a lipid envelope around their protein capsids are the members of the Cystoviridae family [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Early studies on nonsense mutants of phage phi6 suggested that the major envelope protein P9 and the non-structural protein P12 are the only proteins needed for phi6 virion envelopment [ 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Analyses of full-length genomes of over 300 ZIKV isolates revealed that one sequence motif, VNDT, containing an N-linked glycosylation site in the envelope (E) protein, is polymorphic, being absent in many of the African isolates while present in all isolates from the recent outbreaks. (unl.edu)
- Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of transgenic A549 cells stably expressing SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein (A549-N protein) (left, positive) or SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein (A549-E protein) (right, negative), using SARS-CoV-1/2 Nucleocapsid Protein (1C7C7) Mouse mAb (green), DyLight ™ 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red), and DAPI #4083 (blue). (cellsignal.com)
Polyprotein2
- The 16 non-structure proteins (NSPs) are cleaved products of the large polyprotein open reading frame (ORF)1ab or ORF1a. (news-medical.net)
- Pestiviruses, like bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bear a striking degree of similarity to HCV concerning polyprotein organization, processing, and function. (uni-luebeck.de)
Nucleic acids2
- The inner fluid can contain cargo molecules such as nucleic acids or soluble proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- ISGs include several genes encoding ARTs, enzymes that catalyze ADP-ribosylation of proteins and nucleic acids using NAD + as cofactor. (fsu.edu)
Antibody2
- In addition, these animals did not develop an antibody response against viral nonstructural proteins indicating sterile protection. (usda.gov)
- 2003). From the less-studied proteins, Orf3a offers been proven to manage to increasing a neutralizing polyclonal antibody response in rabbits (Akerstr?m et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
Genes1
- and viral protein 1 (VP1) and viral protein 2 (VP2) genes, complete cds. (cdc.gov)
Synthesis3
- However, when R84 was replaced with E, the mutation attenuated both viral RNA synthesis and virus production. (rcsb.org)
- The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 is essential for viral-induced IFN-β synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Nucleoside analogues such as remdesivir and ribavirin are thought to prevent viral RNA synthesis. (woofahs.com)
Vaccine5
- Our results suggest that glycosylation of both E and NS1 proteins plays an important role in virus pathogenicity, and m5MR virus could be developed as a live attenuated viral vaccine for ZIKV. (unl.edu)
- Our research is directed to develop new approaches for viral vector design, novel vaccine formulations with improved efficacy and optimized preventive and therapeutic MVA-based immunization strategies (e.g. vaccination protocols for T cell-pillowed immunotherapy). (uniklinik-duesseldorf.de)
- We have established or collaborate on preclinical animal models to test MVA vaccine efficacy for viral (e.g. (uniklinik-duesseldorf.de)
- His work has enabled the reconstruction of the extinct 1918 influenza virus, has led to the identification of the biological role of the influenza virus NS1 protein as an interferon antagonist, and has informed continued efforts to develop a universal influenza virus vaccine. (mountsinai.org)
- 2008). The M and E proteins possess garnered less curiosity as vaccine focuses on because of lower immunogenicity (Du et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
Viruses3
- The use of overlapping open reading frames ( ORFs ) to synthesize more than one unique protein from a single mRNA has been described for several viruses . (bvsalud.org)
- Understanding and predicting host tropism of influenza proteins lay an important foundation for future work in constructing computation models capable of directly predicting interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. (springer.com)
- His studies provided the first description and molecular analysis of a viral-encoded peptide among negative strand RNA viruses, which led to a generation of influenza viruses that may prove to be optimal live virus vaccines against influenza. (mountsinai.org)
Coronavirus6
- Proximity-dependent biotinylation detects associations between SARS coronavirus nonstructural protein 1 and stress granule-associated proteins. (musc.edu)
- By conducting a state-of-the-art interactome study between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and host cells, researchers from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston identified 437 human proteins as the high-confidence interacting proteins - with substantial implications for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathology and potential treatments. (news-medical.net)
- RÉSUMÉ Une analyse documentaire des informations publiques disponibles a été entreprise afin de passer en revue les connaissances et les lacunes actuelles sur le coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS-CoV), notamment sur son origine, la transmission, les mesures de lutte efficaces et la prise en charge. (who.int)
- Initial, ACE2 not merely works as mediator of coronavirus admittance in to the cells, but also plays a part in diffuse alveolar harm through imbalances in the reninCangiotensin program because of its down-regulation, turned on from the S proteins. (woofahs.com)
- Subsequently, some coronavirus protein are solid inducers of apoptosis of cell lines produced GSK1904529A from different organs, the lungs primarily. (woofahs.com)
- Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV often presents as a lower respira- is a viral illness caused by a novel hu- tory tract disease associated with fever, man coronavirus. (who.int)
Evasion of host1
- Host cyclophilins (Cyps) have been implicated in viral evasion of host antiviral responses, although the mechanisms are still unclear. (nih.gov)
Virus12
- Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. (musc.edu)
- This family consists of several viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus non-virion (Nv) proteins. (nih.gov)
- This includes the S1 N-terminal domain (NTD) or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the S2 fusion domains that mediate viral-membrane fusion following virus-host cell attachment at the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. (news-medical.net)
- 13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)
- One of the key facets of SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle is host-virus protein-protein interactions. (news-medical.net)
- The researchers have also built an interaction network by utilizing the 437 identified virus-host protein-protein interactions, which enabled all the complex analyses that they have pursued. (news-medical.net)
- The virus contains a roughly 30 kilobase positive-sense RNA genome encoding 4 structural and 16 non-structural viral proteins. (health.mil)
- Since the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is also glycosylated and known to play a role in transmission and pathogenicity, I mutated the glycosylation sites in NS1 (N130 and N207) individually or in combination in the background of m2MR virus. (unl.edu)
- In addition, features from all 11 proteins were used to construct a combined model to predict host tropism of influenza virus strains. (springer.com)
- Algunas de estas proteínas pueden desempeñar funciones dentro de las células infectadas durante la REPLICACIÓN VIRAL o actuar en la regulación de dicha replicación o del ENSAMBLAJE DE VIRUS. (bvsalud.org)
- Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are not structural components of VIRUS PARTICLES. (bvsalud.org)
- Module A contained serum samples spiked with cultured dengue virus (DENV) or chikungunya virus (CHIKV) for the detection of nucleic acid and DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen. (who.int)
Receptors1
- The protein has been shown to interact with retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors, inhibiting their ligand-dependent transcriptional activation. (cancerindex.org)
Recombinant2
- When expressed as a recombinant protein in transfected cells, PV 3A cofractionates with endoplasmic reticulum markers ( 66 ), and its single transient expression can disrupt the secretory apparatus ( 23 ) and decrease major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression ( 22 ). (asm.org)
- Our group focuses on the immunobiology of poxviruses and their development and characterization as viral vectors and recombinant vaccines. (uniklinik-duesseldorf.de)
Membrane2
- The autophagophore membrane then elongates and encloses the molecules to be degraded forming an autophagosome, which occurs in two separate conjugation reactions catalyzed by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). (hindawi.com)
- The bilayer is composed of phospholipids and is typically embedded with membrane proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Hemorrhagic1
- Yellow fever is one of many causes of viral hemorrhagic fever . (medscape.com)
Human proteins2
- With this in mind, a research group led by Dr. Zhen Chen from the Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston (USA) started with a quest for key human proteins that are implicated in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. (news-medical.net)
- From the prediction models constructed, all achieved high prediction performance, indicating clear distinctions in both avian and human proteins. (springer.com)
Binds1
- 2020). Much like SARS-CoV, the SARS-CoV-2?S protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its main sponsor receptor to mediate viral access (Hoffmann et?al. (mingsheng88.org)
Virions1
- The NV protein is a nonstructural protein absent from mature virions although it is present in infected cells. (nih.gov)
Amino2
- After the degradation of damaged proteins and lipids, amino acids and fatty acids are released into the cytoplasm and recycled for new biosynthesis of cellular components or energy production [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The prediction models were trained on influenza protein sequences isolated from both avian and human samples, which were transformed into amino acid physicochemical properties feature vectors. (springer.com)
Nuclear2
- Studies suggest that the protein represses nuclear hormone receptor-mediated transactivation via two separate steps: competition with coactivators and the direct effects of its transcriptional repressor function. (cancerindex.org)
- A molecular model of the FMDV 3A protein, derived from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the poliovirus 3A protein, predicted a hydrophobic interface spanning residues 25 to 44 as the main determinant for 3A dimerization. (asm.org)
Lipid2
- The possibility to locate heterologous proteins into the P9-lipid vesicles facilitates the production of vesicular structures with novel properties. (biomedcentral.com)
- Alters lipid metabolism by interacting with hepatocellular proteins involved in lipid accumulation and storage (PubMed:14602201). (proteopedia.org)
Vectors1
- A set of viral vectors was thus generated, all of which contained SARS-CoV-2 coding sequences for the spike S1 subunit, the NTD, the RBD, extended RBD, and the S2 core region that contains its fusion domain. (news-medical.net)
Pathogenesis1
- As the pathogenesis of viral illnesses is affected by host immune responses, various immune modulators have been proposed as biomarkers to predict the risk of the disease progression to a severe form, at a much earlier stage of the illness. (frontiersin.org)
Morphogenesis1
- Structure-Function Analysis of Two Interacting Vaccinia Proteins That Are Critical for Viral Morphogenesis: L2 and A30.5. (musc.edu)
MeSH1
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (musc.edu)
Inhibitor2
- modified the previously designed best inhibitor ( 11r ) to increase its half-life in plasma, increase its solubility and reduce its binding to plasma proteins 1 . (nature.com)
- To increase solubility of the inhibitor and reduce its binding to plasma proteins, the authors replaced the hydrophobic cinnamoyl moiety with a less hydrophobic Boc group. (nature.com)
Epithelial cells1
- 5 SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from the airway epithelial cells of patients with viral pneumonia in Wuhan. (medsci.org)