Viral load. Medical search

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.

The presence of viruses in the blood.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

The residual portion of BLOOD that is left after removal of BLOOD CELLS by CENTRIFUGATION without prior BLOOD COAGULATION.

The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

A molecular probe technique that utilizes branched DNA (bDNA) as a means to amplify the hybridization signal. One end of the bDNA molecule is designed to bind a specific target, while the other end of the bDNA molecule contains many branches of DNA that are designed to bind a probe used for signal detection.

The relative amount by which the average fitness of a POPULATION is lowered, due to the presence of GENES that decrease survival, compared to the GENOTYPE with maximum or optimal fitness. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.

Persons who have experienced prolonged survival of HIV infection. This includes the full spectrum of untreated, HIV-infected long-term asymptomatics to those with AIDS who have survived due to successful treatment.

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.

Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).

A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.

A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.

Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.

The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.

A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.

An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.

A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.

An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.

A type of human papillomavirus especially associated with malignant tumors of the genital and RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring.

Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.

Techniques for using whole blood samples collected on filter paper for a variety of clinical laboratory tests.

The specificity of a virus for infecting a particular type of cell or tissue.

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.

An HIV protease inhibitor used in a fixed-dose combination with RITONAVIR. It is also an inhibitor of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent SAIDS; (SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME); and containing inactivated SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS or type D retroviruses or some of their component antigens.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.

Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques used in the diagnosis of disease.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.

Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.

A severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS, CRIMEAN-CONGO).

A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest.

The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.

Measure of the number of the PARASITES present in a host organism.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Proteins encoded by the GAG GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS associated with high risk for anogenital neoplasms.

Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.

Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Infection with ROSEOLOVIRUS, the most common in humans being EXANTHEMA SUBITUM, a benign disease of infants and young children.

A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE. Its species include those causing CHICKENPOX and HERPES ZOSTER in humans (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN), as well as several animal viruses.

A member of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, originally isolated from human nasopharyngeal aspirates in patients with respiratory disease.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Proteins encoded by the POL GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

A species of NAIROVIRUS of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. It is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains SPERMATOZOA and their nutrient plasma.

A republic in western Africa, southwest of MAURITANIA and east of MALI. Its capital is Dakar.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

A species of Old World monkeys from the genera CERCOCEBUS that is important in AIDS research. They may be naturally or experimentally infected with the SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. They inhabit African forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo Republic.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and in some cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV).

A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Sexual attraction or relationship between males.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The geographical area of Africa comprising ANGOLA; BOTSWANA; LESOTHO; MALAWI; MOZAMBIQUE; NAMIBIA; SOUTH AFRICA; SWAZILAND; ZAMBIA; and ZIMBABWE.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.

The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.

The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the opposite SEX.

A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.

A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.

Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A genus in the subfamily PARVOVIRINAE comprising three species: Bovine parvovirus, Canine minute virus, and HUMAN BOCAVIRUS.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

Inhibitors of the fusion of HIV to host cells, preventing viral entry. This includes compounds that block attachment of HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 to CD4 RECEPTORS.

Biological adaptation, such as the rise of EPINEPHRINE in response to exercise, stress or perceived danger, followed by a fall of epinephrine during RELAXATION. Allostasis is the achievement of stability by turning on and turning off the allostatic systems including the IMMUNE SYSTEM; the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM and NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS.

The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution.

A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

The top portion of the pharynx situated posterior to the nose and superior to the SOFT PALATE. The nasopharynx is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities and has a respiratory function.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Proteins encoded by the NEF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.

A syndrome characterized by chronic, well-established DIARRHEA (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an HIV-positive individual. It is thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of HIV on the enteric mucosa. HIV enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, pp1607-8; Haubrich et al., Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p1155)

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

Hybrid capture II, a new sensitive test for human papillomavirus detection. Comparison with hybrid capture I and PCR results in cervical lesions. (1/7028)

AIM: To test a new assay for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, hybrid capture II (HC II), compared with the previous commercialized hybrid capture I (HC I) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results on cervical scrapes from fresh cone excision biopsy samples. METHODS: The three methods were used on cervical scrapes from 42 fresh cone excision biopsy samples. There were nine metaplastic and inflammatory lesions, five low grade lesions, and 28 high grade lesions. PCR was performed using the general primers GP5+/GP6+. The viral load of high risk HPV DNA was estimated by the ratio of relative light units to positive control values in the samples. RESULTS: The sensitivity of HC I for the detection of high grade lesions was 71.4%, while it was 92.8% for HC II and 96.4% for the PCR. Considering only the absence of detectable cervical in situ neoplasia, the specificity was 88.9% for HC I, 66.7% for HC II, and 66.7% for PCR. With HC II, for a ratio of cervical sample to normal control of > 200, the sensitivity for the detection of high grade lesion was only 34.6% with a specificity of 66.7%. CONCLUSIONS: HPV detection with the HC II assay is more sensitive than the previous HC I and represents a more convenient and easier test than PCR for routine use. Nevertheless the viral load estimated with this test cannot be a reliable predictive indicator of high grade lesions. (+info)

Rapid death of adoptively transferred T cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (2/7028)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) probably play the major role in controlling HIV replication. However, the value of adoptive transfer of HIV-specific CTL expanded in vitro to HIV+ patients has been limited: this contrasts with the success of CTL therapy in treating or preventing Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus disease after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We investigated the fate of expanded HIV-specific CTL clones in vivo following adoptive transfer to a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two autologous CTL clones specific for HIV Gag and Pol were expanded to large numbers (>10(9)) in vitro and infused into an HIV-infected patient whose viral load was rising despite antiretroviral therapy. The fate of one clone was monitored by staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with T-cell receptor-specific tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes. Although the CTL transfer was well tolerated, there were no significant changes in CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts and virus load. By tracking an infused clone using soluble MHC-peptide complexes, we show that cells bearing the Gag-specific T-cell receptors were rapidly eliminated within hours of infusion through apoptosis. Thus, the failure of adoptively transferred HIV-specific CTL to reduce virus load in AIDS may be due to rapid apoptosis of the infused cells, triggered by a number of potential mechanisms. Further trials of adoptive transfer of CTL should take into account the susceptibility of infused cells to in vivo apoptosis. (+info)

Protection against influenza virus infection of mice fed Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064. (3/7028)

Mice fed Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064 and immunized orally with influenza virus were more strongly protected against influenza virus infection of the lower respiratory tract than ones immunized with influenza virus only. The number of mice with enhanced anti-influenza virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum upon oral administration of B. breve YIT4064 and oral immunization with influenza virus was significantly greater than that upon oral immunization with influenza virus only. These findings demonstrated that the oral administration of B. breve YIT4064 increased anti-influenza virus IgG antibodies in serum and protected against influenza virus infection. The oral administration of B. breve YIT4064 may enhance antigen-specific IgG against various pathogenic antigens taken orally and induce protection against various virus infections. (+info)

Qualitative and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction testing for cytomegalovirus DNA in serum allows prediction of CMV related disease in liver transplant recipients. (4/7028)

AIM: To identify cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in liver transplant recipients by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and to separate the cases in which CMV related disease will occur, for whom treatment is indicated, from those in whom infection will remain innocuous. METHODS: The combination of qualitative and semiquantitative PCR of serum and urine was assessed to determine whether these assays can identify those at risk of CMV related disease and compared their performance with conventional approaches to diagnosis. RESULTS: Qualitative PCR of serum had superior specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values compared with urine DEAFF (detection of early antigen fluorescent foci) and PCR of urine. All episodes of CMV related disease were associated with the presence of CMV DNA by PCR in serum or urine; CMV was detected before clinical onset in 70% and 60% of cases, respectively. The period over which CMV DNA could be detected was not correlated with CMV related disease. Both peak viral load and cumulative viral load estimated using a semiquantitative PCR method on serum samples positive by the qualitative method could be used to distinguish asymptomatic infection from CMV related disease with 100% specificity and sensitivity. In contrast semiquantitative PCR of urine was of little value. CONCLUSIONS: An approach based on PCR testing with a combination of qualitative and subsequently semiquantitative serum samples would improve the diagnosis of CMV infection and aid identification of those patients at risk of CMV related disease, allowing treatment to be targeted specifically. (+info)

Viral burden and disease progression in rhesus monkeys infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses. (5/7028)

To determine the role of viral burden in simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-induced disease, cellular provirus and plasma viral RNA levels were measured after inoculation of rhesus monkeys with four different SHIVs. These SHIVs included SHIV-HXBc2 and SHIV-89.6, constructed with env, tat, rev, and vpu derived from either cell line-passaged or primary patient isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1; the viral quasispecies SHIV-89.6P derived after in vivo passage of SHIV-89.6; and a molecular clone, SHIV-KB9, derived from SHIV-89.6P. SHIV-HXBc2 and SHIV-89.6 are nonpathogenic in rhesus monkeys; SHIV-89.6P and SHIV-KB9 cause rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion and an immunodeficiency syndrome. Relative SHIV provirus levels were highest during primary infection in monkeys infected with SHIV-89.6P, the virus that caused the most rapid and dramatic CD4(+) T cell depletion. However, by 10 weeks postinoculation, provirus levels were similar in monkeys infected with the pathogenic and nonpathogenic chimeric viruses. The virus infections that resulted in the highest peak and chronic viral RNA levels were the pathogenic viruses SHIV-89.6P and SHIV-KB9. SHIV-89. 6P uniformly caused rapid and profound CD4(+) T cell depletion and immunodeficiency. Infection with the SHIV-KB9 resulted in very low CD4(+) T cell counts without seroconversion in some monkeys and a substantial but less profound CD4(+) T cell depletion and rapid seroconversion in others. Surprisingly, the level of plasma viremia did not differ between SHIV-KB9-infected animals exhibiting these contrasting outcomes, suggesting that host factors may play an important role in AIDS virus pathogenesis. (+info)

Detection of human retrovirus 5 in patients with arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. (6/7028)

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether human retrovirus 5 (HRV-5) infection is associated with autoimmune rheumatic disease. METHODS: DNA from patients with various disorders including inflammatory diseases and from normal subjects was tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HRV-5 proviral DNA. Positive results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: HRV-5 proviral DNA was detected in 53% of synovial samples from arthritic joints, in 12% of blood samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in 16% of blood samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In contrast, it was not detectable by PCR of affected tissues from patients with several other autoimmune diseases and was found in only 1 of >200 tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from non-RA patients. Sequence analysis of the amplified viral segment showed genetic variation between samples with maintenance of the open reading frame, typical of a replicating infectious retrovirus. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the frequent detection of HRV-5 in any disease. We propose that the possible involvement of HRV-5 in autoimmune and rheumatic disease should be investigated further. (+info)

Vaccination with experimental feline immunodeficiency virus vaccines, based on autologous infected cells, elicits enhancement of homologous challenge infection. (7/7028)

Cats were vaccinated with fixed autologous feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cells in order to present viral proteins to the immune system of individual cats in an MHC-matched fashion. Upon vaccination, a humoral response against Gag was induced. Furthermore, virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in a Crandell feline kidney cell-based neutralization assay, but not in a neutralization assay based on primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Despite the induction of these FIV-specific responses, vaccinated cats were not protected. Instead, accelerated virus replication was found, an observation similar to what previous experiments using other vaccine candidates have shown. Here, the results of the present study are discussed in the light of enhancement of lentivirus infections as a complicating factor in lentivirus vaccine development. (+info)

Secretion of beta-chemokines by bronchoalveolar lavage cells during primary infection of macaques inoculated with attenuated nef-deleted or pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251. (8/7028)

Primary infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as a model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represents a unique opportunity to investigate early lentivirus-host interactions. In order to gain insight into immunopathogenic events taking place in the lung during lentiviral infection, we analysed lymphocyte expansion in the lung and chemokine secretion by mononuclear cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BALMCs) during primary infection by a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic SIV. Two groups of cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intravenously with a fully pathogenic isolate of SIVmac251 or with an attenuated, nef-deleted, molecular clone of SIVmac251. Spontaneous MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES production was assessed by ELISA in supernatants of short-term cultured BALMCs. Kinetics of haematological, virological and immunological parameters were investigated simultaneously. All 11 inoculated animals became infected. Monkeys inoculated with the nef-deleted SIV clone exhibited a significantly reduced plasma virus load and a less pronounced accumulation of lymphocytes in the lung compared to monkeys infected with the pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. Compared to pre-infection levels, we observed an increase in the levels of RANTES, MIP1-alpha and MIP1-beta production in the two groups of monkeys, by the time of peak viraemia. Strikingly, a greater enhancement of RANTES and MIP-1alpha production was detected in monkeys infected with the attenuated virus. Given the potential influence of beta-chemokines on the immune response and virus replication, such results suggest that RANTES, MIP1-alpha and MIP1-beta could contribute to the singular features of the immune response elicited during infection of macaques with an attenuated SIV. (+info)

How Are Changes in Viral Load Measured? Viral Load Blips What Do The Numbers Mean? [Are There Limitations With The Viral Load ... Table of Contents What Is Viral Load? How Is the Test Used? ... What Is Viral Load?. The viral load test measures the amount of ... viral load. Treatment is working if it lowers viral load by at least 90% within 8 weeks. The viral load should continue to ... The higher the viral load, the faster the disease progression.. *For prevention, viral load predicts how easy it is to transmit ...

https://www.thebody.com/content/art6125.html?ic=4002

How often should a viral be checked, once you have been non detect. I was at 12 weeks, and havent beeen tested since. A friend ... My last viral load test before that was 12 weeks, same as you just had. I have heard some people dont stay non-dect. during ... How often should a viral be checked, once you have been non detect. I was at 12 weeks, and havent beeen tested since. A friend ... Hepatitis C is a blood-borne viral disease which can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. The ...

https://www.dailystrength.org/group/hepatitis-c/discussion/viral-lo_9

In other words, women with half the viral load as men had a similar time to AIDS. Respectively, women with the same viral load ... Viral load was consistently lower in women than men even after adjustments for CD4+ cell count differences were made. This ... Whether or not viral load differences according to gender should be considered a treatment decision point demands further study ... Researchers also looked at the association of viral load, CD4+ cell count and time to AIDS between men and women. They found ...

http://www.thebody.com/content/art5841.html

I have fatty liver disease and geno 1 hep c. I am stage 2 grade 2. The entire time I was on treatment my viral... ... I have fatty liver disease and geno 1 hep c. I am stage 2 grade 2. The entire time I was on treatment my viral load and liver ... Hepatitis C is a blood-borne viral disease which can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. The ...

https://www.dailystrength.org/group/hepatitis-c/discussion/viral-load-went-up

Find out how viral load is tested and what the results mean. ... An HIV viral load test can help diagnose an infection and guide ... What Does HIV Viral Load Tell You?. Articles OnHIV Testing. HIV Testing HIV Testing - What Does HIV Viral Load Tell You? * What ... Your viral load gives you an idea of how much of the HIV virus is in your body. The test measures the number of HIV copies in a ... HIV viral load tests look for RNA, the part of HIV that has the recipe for reproducing itself. They add an enzyme, a kind of ...

https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-viral-load-what-you-need-to-know

A review of data reported to the National HIV Surveillance System through June 2016 suggests that a single measure of viral ... load may overestimate how many persons with HIV infection have durable... ... durable viral suppression), the percentage of persons in whom all viral loads in 2014 were 200 copies/mL or greater (viral ... 57.3 percent had a suppressed viral load on their most recent test in 2014, a total of 47.6 percent had durable viral ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/318871.php

Samsungs Secret to Viral Videos: Load Up on Celebrity Endorsements. Musicians drive clicks. ... New Research Finds That the Average Mobile Ad Takes 5 Seconds to Load. ...

https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/samsung-s-secret-viral-videos-load-celebrity-endorsements-159092/

Antiretroviral therapy aims to reduce a persons viral load to undetectable levels, where the virus is no longer transmittable ... Here, we discuss what viral load and CD4 levels mean for a person living with HIV. ... Viral load is the amount of HIV per milliliter of blood. ... What is HIV viral load?. Share on Pinterest. The viral load is ... Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a persons blood. HIV treatments aim to reduce the viral load until the virus is no ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323851

As a rule of thumb, the lower the HCV viral load, the better someones chances of responding to HCV treatment. HCV viral load ... Yes your viral load can change by the day, not sure what she is talking about it being to low to treat. Thats a first for me, ... Yes, the viral load can go higher. The VL fluctuates day to day. The VL is not indicative of the amount of liver damage. Your ... Though the HCV viral load test cannot determine if or when someone with hepatitis C will develop cirrhosis or liver failure, it ...

https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Hepatitis-C/Low-vs-high-viral-load/show/1869424

Learn more about HIV in the body with articles on the meaning and designation of CD4 cell counts and viral loads that affect ...

https://www.news24.com/health24/Medical/HIV-AIDS/HIV-in-the-body

The percentage of viral load tests with viral suppression might include multiple tests per patient. In Kenya, the viral load ... In 2015, the proportion of viral load tests with viral suppression in countries initiating routine viral load monitoring scale- ... for increases in viral load suppression following increases in viral load testing is that with scale-up in viral load testing, ... the number of viral load tests with laboratory-confirmed viral suppression, and the established target number of viral load ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6446a3.htm

Viral load resources * Undetectable viral load. If your viral load result is undetectable, there is only a little HIV in the ... Viral load. Effective HIV treatment results in a fall in viral loadAn undetectable viral load is the aim of HIV treatment. ... Viral load. Viral load is the term used to describe the amount of HIV in your blood. The more HIV there is in your blood (and ... Viral load features * More confidence on zero risk: still no transmissions seen from people with an undetectable viral load in ...

http://www.aidsmap.com/cat/1657/

... "viral load", which is the amount of virus a person has inside them, and whether a high viral load means worse illness. ... A study from China, where the spread of the virus began, suggests that people exposed to a larger viral load could experience ... Sarah Caddy, a clinical research fellow in viral immunology and veterinary surgeon at University of Cambridge, wrote in The ...

https://www.bworldonline.com/understanding-viral-load-and-covid-19/

Our PCR-based viral DNA tests and viral RNA tests are optimized specifically for your testing needs in small- to medium- ... artus Viral Load. Accurate viral load testing. Viral load testing is integral to the management of viral infections in solid- ... Our PCR-based viral DNA tests and viral RNA tests are optimized specifically for your testing needs in small- to medium- ... Quantification standards enable accurate viral load testing for viruses, including CMV, while the automated workflow minimizes ...

https://www.qiagen.com/qa/product-categories/diagnostics-and-clinical-research/transplant/artus-viral-load/

An HIV viral load is a blood test that measures the amount of HIV in your blood. It can determine how well your HIV medicines ... ART can make the viral load undetectable. That means the viral load is so low it cant be detected on a test. To keep the viral ... A high viral load means the virus is more active and your treatment is not working well. The higher the viral load, the more ... What is an HIV viral load?. An HIV viral load is a blood test that measures the amount of HIV in your blood. HIV stands for ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hiv-viral-load/

This is the first intervention to report improved ART adherence, viral suppression, and reduced secondary sexual transmission ... However, according to current data, only an estimated 77-percent of U.S patients on ART therapy have suppressed viral loads. ... This suggests patients adherence to the current ART treatment regiments is in need of improvement to reduce the viral load and ... After the nine-month period, CARE+ intervention participants overall had an average decrease in HIV viral load, had better ART ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/nyu-ccr040814.php

CD4 count and viral load are important indicators of health status. Learn what they measure and how they affect HIV treatment ... What is a viral load?. An HIV viral load test measures the number of HIV particles in a milliliter (mL) of blood. These ... An HIV viral load is the amount of HIV in a drop of blood. Learn how monitoring viral load helps determine how well HIV ... undetectable viral load. . If a person is virally suppressed or has an undetectable viral load, their HIV is under control. ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/cd4-viral-count

Medical authorities are publicly agreeing that people with undetectable viral loads cannot transmit the virus that causes AIDS. ... An undetectable viral load is defined as fewer than 200 copies of the virus in a milliliter of blood. Generally, people with ... And experts acknowledge that a few people whose viral load is not truly suppressed will eventually transmit HIV to others. ... "Many questions arise following the information that when a person with HIV has an undetectable viral load, he has effectively ...

https://www.miamiherald.com/living/health-fitness/article186789833.html

... how the HIV viral load test is used, and what the results of an HIV viral load test might mean ... Describes when an HIV viral load test is requested, ... Treatment with anti-viral agents can decrease the viral load in ... "viral load", in the blood increases. If you have been diagnosed with HIV, the measurement of an HIV 1 viral load (HIV 1 RNA) ... A viral load result that reads "undetectable" does not mean that you are cured. It may mean that either the HIV 1 RNA is not ...

https://labtestsonline.org.uk/tests/hiv-1-viral-load

Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms, according to a new study from South Korea. This would suggest that they could still spread the virus to others.

https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/07/health/covid-asymptomatic-transmission-study-wellness/index.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcnn_health+%28RSS%3A+CNN+-+Health%29

Genetic subtypes A-F quantified within a factor of 1.5, indicating that the bDNA assay can be used to measure viral load in ... Detection of change in viral load is important in determining the efficacy of therapy. The bDNA assay for HCV RNA can be used ... Branched DNA for quantification of viral load.. Wilber JC1.. Author information. 1. Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California ... Patients who respond to treatment typically have a rapid decline in virus load within one to four weeks of the start of therapy ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9037608?dopt=Abstract

AdultsHBsAgHBV Awarenesshepatitis BHepatitis B newsinactive hepatitis Bsurface antibodiesundetectable viral load. Baruch S. ... Tag Archives: undetectable viral load. Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Monitoring, Living with Hepatitis B ... Forget Surface Antibodies, If You Have Both Undetectable Viral Load and HBsAg, You Might Be Functionally "Cured". March 23, ... Robert Gish, suggest if people have an undetectable viral load (HBV DNA), undetectable HBsAg, and no signs of liver damage, ...

http://www.hepb.org/blog/tag/undetectable-viral-load/

Viral Load Testing. The viral load can be quantified by using several HIV assays. The number of virions in the peripheral blood ... Certain viral-load tests are not sensitive to non-B subtypes of HIV-1. Therefore, viral loads can seem to be considerably ... the viral load rapidly decreases 6-12 months after the primary viremia. Neonates have high viral loads that persist throughout ... Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) of plasma RNA reveal a viral load 2 ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965086-workup

... antiretroviral Kaletra in reducing HIV viral loads among people not previously treated for the virus, Reuters. reports. For the ...

https://www.emaxhealth.com/53/16221.html

Learn more about HIV in the body with articles on the meaning and designation of CD4 cell counts and viral loads that affect ... Viral load, CD4 cell count and HIV/Aids progression Find out how CD4 cell counts and viral loads can predict when the final ... Read about the progression of the HIV virus in the body and how CD4 cell counts and the measurement of viral load indicate ... the cells that manage your immune system and slowly builds up a reservoir of inactive viral cells that lie in wait. ...

https://www.health24.com/Medical/HIV-AIDS/HIV-in-the-body

The study below was presented at the 40th EASL meeting & found that viral load 1000 copies/ml and ALT normalization HBV DNA ... Reducing viral load below 10,000 copies/ml has been shown in study to reduce risk for liver cancer. ... In the study below, HBeAg status was found to be associated with HBV DNA serum level (viral load): 28% of patients with HBV DNA ... Reduction in circulating HBV DNA level is a marker of efficacy for anti-viral treatment of chronic HBV infection. However, ...

http://natap.org/2005/EASL/easl_24.htm

See also: Viral Resistance. General Information. General Fact Sheets:. *Viral load tests (AIDS InfoNet) and Spanish and Russian ... Detectable Viral Load Below 50 Copies Linked to 2-Year Viral Rebound Risk. (December 2015, TheBodyPro) ... HIV Rebound Risk May Be Predicted by Baseline Viral Load, Time to Viral Suppression. (October 2013, TheBodyPro) ... HIV viral load (labtestsonline). Selected Recent Articles. *Spanish study gives reassurance: small HIV blips do not predict ...

https://aac.org/aachealth-library/6461/

Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection.. Mellors JW1, Muñoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB ... Plasma viral load strongly predicts the rate of decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte count and progression to AIDS and death, but the ... Plasma viral load was the single best predictor of progression to AIDS and death, followed (in order of predictive strength) by ... Plasma viral load discriminated risk at all levels of CD4+ lymphocyte counts and predicted their subsequent rate of decline. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9182471?dopt=Abstract

They have only ever gotten viral load tested three times and the last time was a year ago (always good CD4 and undetectable viral load). (poz.com)
A person living with HIV (PLHIV), who is on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and has achieved an undetectable viral load* in their blood for at least 6 months, can not sexually transmit HIV. (poz.com)

First Photo Challenge on Instagram: How the 2020 viral picture trend works. (etflorex.com)

Create an instant viral Instagram template in seconds! (video-marketing.zone)

Bimber is the best selling and one of the popular WordPress theme designed for viral niche websites. (wordpressgplkey.com)

YouTuber and beauty guru Tati Westbrook has come out with another video exposing the drama behind the apocalyptic scandal that surrounded James Charles in May 2019 due to her viral "Bye Sister" upload. (dexerto.com)

Suara.com - Beberapa lagu dangdut yang viral TikTok memang asik lirik. (atraco-lapelicula.com)
Tidak ada laman yang di load. (123berita.com)

With so a large number of viewers sharing their thoughts and taking advantage of videos which have been loaded with keywords, blogs, and other useful data, it's possible to attract massive visitors your website without paying a cent. (elteedeluno.golf)
The yellow shortcut guidebooks to literature are hoping to go viral with online videos co-produced by reality show producer Mark Burnett. (marketplace.org)

s "You Made Me Gay" for a class project to see who could make the viraliest viral video, which means it's our IKD (Internet Karmic Duty) to share this video about going cold turkey on the cooch and embracing your inner BQG (Big Queeny Gay) with EVERYONE. (wordpress.com)
Kieran Donaghy talks about the kinds of questions we can ask learners when using a video, viral video, or visual text to get them thinking about authors and motivations among many things. (visualartscircle.com)
Tega set tongues wagging with a video that went viral on Tuesday which featured her kissing a fellow housemate, Boma, while in bed. (tsbnews.com)

Home News Viral নে'শার ঘোরে শাশুড়িকে 'হবু বউ' মনে করে মালা পরিয়ে দিলেন জামাই, দেখুন. (alkbmedia.com)

Viral content , trending content, topics of all sorts, all posting on full autopilot. (jvsoftwarereview.com)

Bimber has a lot of features that are essential for a viral niche website. (wordpressgplkey.com)
Like every other viral niche theme, It also has the support of AMP to rank higher in Google search results. (wordpressgplkey.com)

Mention viral marketing and most people will probably start thinking of the internet, strange Twitter memes and that good looking Old Spice bloke. (drunkanimal.com)
Jeffree Star, Twitter Star's now-deleted Tweet has become a viral topic regarding his allegations against James Charles. (dexerto.com)

A developing assemblage of examination shows that wearing masks - regardless of whether they're not intently fitted or clinical evaluation - can slow the spread of viral loads by up to 80 percent. (kiasuparents.com)
Although this is a retrospective analysis, results suggest that early diagnosis, early isolation, and early treatment of COVID-19 patients, with at least 3 days of HCQ-AZ lead to a significantly better clinical outcome and a faster viral load reduction than other treatments. (bible-truths.com)

Rochelle Walenski, director of the CDC, said the study showed that Delta virus infection As a result, the viral load is also high in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. (militarni.pl)

Web-sites will need to always keep posting their selves utilizing contemporary material alongside protecting a good user-friendly software, optimizing to your ideal keyword phrases together with loading sooner in an effort to make sure that these continue appears any listings continuously. (poder-sin-limites.com)
The extremely online rapper is no one-hit wonder, and he's using his viral powers for good. (mashable.com)

Loading Comments. (andreimoldovan.blog)

Get the best viral stories straight into your inbox! (gillyweb.com)

He has also created viral products over the internet such as Adwords Miracle and Affiliate Project X. The Day Job Killer Assassin is a membership site that lets you use several tools to become an internet success and "pickpocket" loads of cash from rich affiliates in no time. (popularreview.com)
Any super fast multiplication convenience of viral internet marketing may well induce amplified conversions in your web-site. (poder-sin-limites.com)
You can create and launch a fully feature loaded viral site in a matter of a few hours using this theme. (wordpressgplkey.com)

Still, provided great caption material at the time for hilarious pics of people loading up their supermarket trolleys with a dozen 10 pack rolls. (internationalskeptics.com)
Any WEBSITE SEO provider at the same time acquires a substantial viral marketing strategy ready for its clientele small businesses. (poder-sin-limites.com)
Designed to launch in time for New York Comic-Con - coinciding with a play-through on the popular webseries/podcast Critical Role - Feast of Legends seems like a rousing viral success. (puzzlenation.com)

The proof is in the pudding - if I was talking a load of rubbish would my website be targeted so? (gmmuk.com)

Self-financing viral shorts to attract studio attention worked for Mortal Kombat 's Kevin Tancharoen and Y The Last Man 's Dan Trachtenberg . (deadline.com)
Both the Netflix series Stranger Things and the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory have helped bring roleplaying games to greater mainstream attention (as shows like Community and Freaks and Geeks did in the past), and now, even fast food chains are getting in on the pencil, paper, and dice-loaded pastime. (puzzlenation.com)

Hiya, VL testing is recommended every 6 months correct, although in places where viral load testing is at a premium for the select few things like the U=U messaging is lost at the moment. (poz.com)
she also had anemia for 8 months, only in the last three weeks they found out she had aids her CD4 levels were 6 and viral load 280000. (poz.com)
Six months after the viral outbreak, civilised society in the UK has broken down. (betweenthelinesbookblog.com)

IND vs ENG: Rohit Sharma's viral 'lazy' pic sparks a meme. (228livesports.org)
The gif of a rainbow casting feline was a viral meme back in 2011. (xtendedtech.com)

In this way a viral campaign that can spread virally throughout multiple pieces of technology. (elteedeluno.golf)

Then simply click once to load an instant Google search - or email the list to your personal assistant. (video-marketing.zone)

Sure, it all played against a 13-year-old's rise from viral YouTube sensation to globally famous teen pop icon, but it was always there. (entertainingmovie.com)

High viral load indicates risk of transmission. (militarni.pl)

Si eres VIH positivo y lo revelas en nuestros foros, es lo mismo que decírselo al mundo entero (o al menos al mundo entero en Internet). (poz.com)
Por favor proporcionen enlaces con direcciones de Internet completas o citas completas de trabajos publicados que no estén disponibles en Internet. (poz.com)
Valuable viral internet marketing includes valuable web 2 optimisation. (poder-sin-limites.com)

Once you have results for viral load and CD4 these will form a baseline from which to start treatment. (poz.com)

Before it begins to work in resource-poor settings more development/funding of viral load testing is required. (poz.com)

The developers of this theme claim that it is a highly optimized theme for page loading speed. (wordpressgplkey.com)

In fact, the most cost effective viral campaigns often start life out on the streets as cheap and creative guerrilla concepts. (drunkanimal.com)

Loads of other issues going on there, like vaccine availability being much less in underprivileged communities (where it is needed the most) and the buddies of the governor who are rich and gave him money getting the vaccine first. (spaceengine.org)
And how they handle and making load of money by sue a lot company to bankruptcy when become no 1. (lumion.com)
In other words, you can come up with one idea, one image and one message, then throw loads of money at it, driving fleets of trucks through American towns and sponsoring everything. (drunkanimal.com)

Get a load of this: earlier this month, the Royal Canadian Mint introduced a gold coin with a face value of C$1 million . (jameslin.name)

Apache JMeter is an Apache project that can be used as a load testing tool for analyzing and measuring the performance of a variety of services, with a focus on web applications. (usa-binary-options.trade)

Ten en cuenta que estos foros están abiertos para todos y que se los puede encontrar haciendo búsquedas en Google u otros buscadores. (poz.com)

Loading the player. (powersportz.tv)

Anatomy10

Organisms21

Diseases31

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment37

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Named Groups2

Health Care18

Geographicals7

Hybrid capture II, a new sensitive test for human papillomavirus detection. Comparison with hybrid capture I and PCR results in cervical lesions. (1/7028)

Rapid death of adoptively transferred T cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (2/7028)

Protection against influenza virus infection of mice fed Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064. (3/7028)

Qualitative and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction testing for cytomegalovirus DNA in serum allows prediction of CMV related disease in liver transplant recipients. (4/7028)

Viral burden and disease progression in rhesus monkeys infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses. (5/7028)

Detection of human retrovirus 5 in patients with arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. (6/7028)

Vaccination with experimental feline immunodeficiency virus vaccines, based on autologous infected cells, elicits enhancement of homologous challenge infection. (7/7028)

Secretion of beta-chemokines by bronchoalveolar lavage cells during primary infection of macaques inoculated with attenuated nef-deleted or pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251. (8/7028)

No images available that match "viral load"

Viral Load

HIV Infections

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

HIV-1

Anti-HIV Agents

RNA, Viral

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active

Viremia

DNA, Viral

Anti-Retroviral Agents

HIV

Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Simian immunodeficiency virus

Antiviral Agents

Plasma

Drug Resistance, Viral

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Branched DNA Signal Amplification Assay

Genetic Load

Macaca mulatta

Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical

Genotype

Hepacivirus

Polymerase Chain Reaction

HIV Seropositivity

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Virus Shedding

Hepatitis C, Chronic

Coinfection

Disease Progression

Virus Replication

Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Cohort Studies

Treatment Outcome

Cytomegalovirus Infections

Time Factors

Hepatitis C

Drug Therapy, Combination

Papillomavirus Infections

HIV Long-Term Survivors

Bacterial Load

South Africa

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Drug Monitoring

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

HIV Protease Inhibitors

Antibodies, Viral

Cytomegalovirus

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Polyomavirus Infections

Treatment Failure

Ribavirin

Prospective Studies

CD4-CD8 Ratio

Interferon-alpha

Uganda

Specimen Handling

Organophosphonates

Virology

Nevirapine

AIDS Vaccines

Weight-Bearing

Ritonavir

BK Virus

HIV Core Protein p24

HIV-2

Human papillomavirus 18

Lamivudine

Benzoxazines

Desiccation

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Leukocytes, Mononuclear

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Dried Blood Spot Testing

Viral Tropism

Medication Adherence

Lopinavir