AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
Viral LoadHIV InfectionsCD4 Lymphocyte CountHIV-1Anti-HIV AgentsRNA, ViralAntiretroviral Therapy, Highly ActiveViremiaDNA, ViralAnti-Retroviral AgentsHIVSimian Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeSimian immunodeficiency virusAntiviral AgentsPlasmaDrug Resistance, ViralCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeBranched DNA Signal Amplification AssayGenetic LoadMacaca mulattaInfectious Disease Transmission, VerticalGenotypeHepacivirusPolymerase Chain ReactionHIV SeropositivityCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesVirus SheddingHepatitis C, ChronicCoinfectionDisease ProgressionVirus ReplicationReagent Kits, DiagnosticCohort StudiesTreatment OutcomeCytomegalovirus InfectionsTime FactorsHepatitis CDrug Therapy, CombinationPapillomavirus InfectionsHIV Long-Term SurvivorsBacterial LoadSouth AfricaPregnancy Complications, InfectiousDrug MonitoringHepatitis B virusHepatitis B, ChronicEpstein-Barr Virus InfectionsHIV Protease InhibitorsAntibodies, ViralCytomegalovirusReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsPolyomavirus InfectionsTreatment FailureRibavirinProspective StudiesCD4-CD8 RatioInterferon-alphaUgandaSpecimen HandlingOrganophosphonatesVirologyNevirapineAIDS VaccinesWeight-BearingRitonavirBK VirusHIV Core Protein p24HIV-2Human papillomavirus 18LamivudineBenzoxazinesDesiccationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionLeukocytes, MononuclearReal-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionDried Blood Spot TestingViral TropismMedication AdherenceLopinavirSAIDS VaccinesHLA-B AntigensAlanine TransaminaseAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsCervical Intraepithelial NeoplasiaHIV AntibodiesLongitudinal StudiesVirus ActivationProvirusesUterine Cervical NeoplasmsMolecular Diagnostic TechniquesHepatitis BZidovudinePatient ComplianceRetrospective StudiesLymphocyte CountGene Products, gagLentivirus InfectionsHemorrhagic Fever, CrimeanBotswana
Viral Load
The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.
HIV-1
The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.
Anti-HIV Agents
Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.
DNA, Viral
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Simian immunodeficiency virus
Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.
Antiviral Agents
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
Plasma
The residual portion of BLOOD that is left after removal of BLOOD CELLS by CENTRIFUGATION without prior BLOOD COAGULATION.
Drug Resistance, Viral
The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
Branched DNA Signal Amplification Assay
A molecular probe technique that utilizes branched DNA (bDNA) as a means to amplify the hybridization signal. One end of the bDNA molecule is designed to bind a specific target, while the other end of the bDNA molecule contains many branches of DNA that are designed to bind a probe used for signal detection.
Genetic Load
The relative amount by which the average fitness of a POPULATION is lowered, due to the presence of GENES that decrease survival, compared to the GENOTYPE with maximum or optimal fitness. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Macaca mulatta
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.
Genotype
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Hepacivirus
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
HIV Seropositivity
Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.
Virus Shedding
The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Coinfection
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
Disease Progression
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Virus Replication
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
Cohort Studies
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Treatment Outcome
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.
HIV Long-Term Survivors
Persons who have experienced prolonged survival of HIV infection. This includes the full spectrum of untreated, HIV-infected long-term asymptomatics to those with AIDS who have survived due to successful treatment.
Bacterial Load
Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.
South Africa
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Drug Monitoring
The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically.
Hepatitis B virus
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).
HIV Protease Inhibitors
Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.
Antibodies, Viral
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.
Polyomavirus Infections
Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).
Treatment Failure
A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series.
Ribavirin
A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.
Prospective Studies
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
CD4-CD8 Ratio
Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.
Interferon-alpha
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
Uganda
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
Specimen Handling
Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.
Organophosphonates
Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.
Virology
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.
Nevirapine
A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.
AIDS Vaccines
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.
Weight-Bearing
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
Ritonavir
An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.
BK Virus
A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.
HIV Core Protein p24
A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.
HIV-2
An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.
Human papillomavirus 18
A type of human papillomavirus especially associated with malignant tumors of the genital and RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.
Lamivudine
A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.
Benzoxazines
OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring.
Desiccation
Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Leukocytes, Mononuclear
Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.
Dried Blood Spot Testing
Techniques for using whole blood samples collected on filter paper for a variety of clinical laboratory tests.
Viral Tropism
The specificity of a virus for infecting a particular type of cell or tissue.
Medication Adherence
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.
Lopinavir
An HIV protease inhibitor used in a fixed-dose combination with RITONAVIR. It is also an inhibitor of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.
SAIDS Vaccines
Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent SAIDS; (SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME); and containing inactivated SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS or type D retroviruses or some of their component antigens.
HLA-B Antigens
Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.
Alanine Transaminase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
HIV Antibodies
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.
Longitudinal Studies
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
Virus Activation
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.
Proviruses
Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques used in the diagnosis of disease.
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
Zidovudine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.
Patient Compliance
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Lymphocyte Count
The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.
Gene Products, gag
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
Lentivirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.
Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean
A severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS, CRIMEAN-CONGO).
Botswana
A republic in southern Africa, between NAMIBIA and ZAMBIA. It was formerly called Bechuanaland. Its capital is Gaborone. The Kalahari Desert is in the west and southwest.
Herpesvirus 4, Human
The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.
Parasite Load
Measure of the number of the PARASITES present in a host organism.
Risk Factors
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Proteins encoded by the GAG GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Zambia
A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.
Kenya
A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.
Cross-Sectional Studies
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Human papillomavirus 31
A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS associated with high risk for anogenital neoplasms.
Cyclohexanes
Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons.
Adenine
A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Blood
The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.
Herpesviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.
Reproducibility of Results
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Roseolovirus Infections
Infection with ROSEOLOVIRUS, the most common in humans being EXANTHEMA SUBITUM, a benign disease of infants and young children.
Papillomaviridae
A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
Polyethylene Glycols
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Macaca nemestrina
A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.
Receptors, CCR5
CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.
Cervix Uteri
The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.
Varicellovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE. Its species include those causing CHICKENPOX and HERPES ZOSTER in humans (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN), as well as several animal viruses.
Human bocavirus
A member of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, originally isolated from human nasopharyngeal aspirates in patients with respiratory disease.
Antibodies, Neutralizing
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
Follow-Up Studies
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Proteins encoded by the POL GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo
A species of NAIROVIRUS of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE. It is primarily transmitted by ticks and causes a severe, often fatal disease in humans.
Tumor Virus Infections
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Parvoviridae Infections
Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.
Biological Markers
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
Semen
The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains SPERMATOZOA and their nutrient plasma.
Senegal
A republic in western Africa, southwest of MAURITANIA and east of MALI. Its capital is Dakar.
Hepatitis B e Antigens
A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.
Prevalence
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Cercocebus atys
A species of Old World monkeys from the genera CERCOCEBUS that is important in AIDS research. They may be naturally or experimentally infected with the SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. They inhabit African forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo Republic.
Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and in some cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV).
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)
Case-Control Studies
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Homosexuality, Male
Sexual attraction or relationship between males.
Interferon-gamma
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Biomechanical Phenomena
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Africa, Southern
The geographical area of Africa comprising ANGOLA; BOTSWANA; LESOTHO; MALAWI; MOZAMBIQUE; NAMIBIA; SOUTH AFRICA; SWAZILAND; ZAMBIA; and ZIMBABWE.
Didanosine
A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Statistics, Nonparametric
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.
Penile Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.
Herpesvirus 6, Human
The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.
Heterosexuality
The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the opposite SEX.
Stavudine
A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.
HIV Reverse Transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.
Virus Latency
The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.
Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Bocavirus
A genus in the subfamily PARVOVIRINAE comprising three species: Bovine parvovirus, Canine minute virus, and HUMAN BOCAVIRUS.
Host-Pathogen Interactions
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
HIV Fusion Inhibitors
Inhibitors of the fusion of HIV to host cells, preventing viral entry. This includes compounds that block attachment of HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 to CD4 RECEPTORS.
Allostasis
Biological adaptation, such as the rise of EPINEPHRINE in response to exercise, stress or perceived danger, followed by a fall of epinephrine during RELAXATION. Allostasis is the achievement of stability by turning on and turning off the allostatic systems including the IMMUNE SYSTEM; the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM and NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS.
Vaginal Douching
The washing of the VAGINA cavity or surface with a solution. Agents or drugs can be added to the irrigation solution.
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Nasopharynx
The top portion of the pharynx situated posterior to the nose and superior to the SOFT PALATE. The nasopharynx is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities and has a respiratory function.
Infant, Newborn
An infant during the first month after birth.
nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Proteins encoded by the NEF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Pyrimidinones
Predictive Value of Tests
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Nucleic Acid Probes
Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.
HIV Enteropathy
A syndrome characterized by chronic, well-established DIARRHEA (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an HIV-positive individual. It is thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of HIV on the enteric mucosa. HIV enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, pp1607-8; Haubrich et al., Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p1155)
Severity of Illness Index
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Genome, Viral
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
HIV Antigens
Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

Hybrid capture II, a new sensitive test for human papillomavirus detection. Comparison with hybrid capture I and PCR results in cervical lesions. (1/7028)

AIM: To test a new assay for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, hybrid capture II (HC II), compared with the previous commercialized hybrid capture I (HC I) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results on cervical scrapes from fresh cone excision biopsy samples. METHODS: The three methods were used on cervical scrapes from 42 fresh cone excision biopsy samples. There were nine metaplastic and inflammatory lesions, five low grade lesions, and 28 high grade lesions. PCR was performed using the general primers GP5+/GP6+. The viral load of high risk HPV DNA was estimated by the ratio of relative light units to positive control values in the samples. RESULTS: The sensitivity of HC I for the detection of high grade lesions was 71.4%, while it was 92.8% for HC II and 96.4% for the PCR. Considering only the absence of detectable cervical in situ neoplasia, the specificity was 88.9% for HC I, 66.7% for HC II, and 66.7% for PCR. With HC II, for a ratio of cervical sample to normal control of > 200, the sensitivity for the detection of high grade lesion was only 34.6% with a specificity of 66.7%. CONCLUSIONS: HPV detection with the HC II assay is more sensitive than the previous HC I and represents a more convenient and easier test than PCR for routine use. Nevertheless the viral load estimated with this test cannot be a reliable predictive indicator of high grade lesions.  (+info)

Rapid death of adoptively transferred T cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (2/7028)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) probably play the major role in controlling HIV replication. However, the value of adoptive transfer of HIV-specific CTL expanded in vitro to HIV+ patients has been limited: this contrasts with the success of CTL therapy in treating or preventing Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus disease after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We investigated the fate of expanded HIV-specific CTL clones in vivo following adoptive transfer to a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two autologous CTL clones specific for HIV Gag and Pol were expanded to large numbers (>10(9)) in vitro and infused into an HIV-infected patient whose viral load was rising despite antiretroviral therapy. The fate of one clone was monitored by staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with T-cell receptor-specific tetrameric major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes. Although the CTL transfer was well tolerated, there were no significant changes in CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte counts and virus load. By tracking an infused clone using soluble MHC-peptide complexes, we show that cells bearing the Gag-specific T-cell receptors were rapidly eliminated within hours of infusion through apoptosis. Thus, the failure of adoptively transferred HIV-specific CTL to reduce virus load in AIDS may be due to rapid apoptosis of the infused cells, triggered by a number of potential mechanisms. Further trials of adoptive transfer of CTL should take into account the susceptibility of infused cells to in vivo apoptosis.  (+info)

Protection against influenza virus infection of mice fed Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064. (3/7028)

Mice fed Bifidobacterium breve YIT4064 and immunized orally with influenza virus were more strongly protected against influenza virus infection of the lower respiratory tract than ones immunized with influenza virus only. The number of mice with enhanced anti-influenza virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum upon oral administration of B. breve YIT4064 and oral immunization with influenza virus was significantly greater than that upon oral immunization with influenza virus only. These findings demonstrated that the oral administration of B. breve YIT4064 increased anti-influenza virus IgG antibodies in serum and protected against influenza virus infection. The oral administration of B. breve YIT4064 may enhance antigen-specific IgG against various pathogenic antigens taken orally and induce protection against various virus infections.  (+info)

Qualitative and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction testing for cytomegalovirus DNA in serum allows prediction of CMV related disease in liver transplant recipients. (4/7028)

AIM: To identify cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in liver transplant recipients by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and to separate the cases in which CMV related disease will occur, for whom treatment is indicated, from those in whom infection will remain innocuous. METHODS: The combination of qualitative and semiquantitative PCR of serum and urine was assessed to determine whether these assays can identify those at risk of CMV related disease and compared their performance with conventional approaches to diagnosis. RESULTS: Qualitative PCR of serum had superior specificity, sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values compared with urine DEAFF (detection of early antigen fluorescent foci) and PCR of urine. All episodes of CMV related disease were associated with the presence of CMV DNA by PCR in serum or urine; CMV was detected before clinical onset in 70% and 60% of cases, respectively. The period over which CMV DNA could be detected was not correlated with CMV related disease. Both peak viral load and cumulative viral load estimated using a semiquantitative PCR method on serum samples positive by the qualitative method could be used to distinguish asymptomatic infection from CMV related disease with 100% specificity and sensitivity. In contrast semiquantitative PCR of urine was of little value. CONCLUSIONS: An approach based on PCR testing with a combination of qualitative and subsequently semiquantitative serum samples would improve the diagnosis of CMV infection and aid identification of those patients at risk of CMV related disease, allowing treatment to be targeted specifically.  (+info)

Viral burden and disease progression in rhesus monkeys infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses. (5/7028)

To determine the role of viral burden in simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-induced disease, cellular provirus and plasma viral RNA levels were measured after inoculation of rhesus monkeys with four different SHIVs. These SHIVs included SHIV-HXBc2 and SHIV-89.6, constructed with env, tat, rev, and vpu derived from either cell line-passaged or primary patient isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1; the viral quasispecies SHIV-89.6P derived after in vivo passage of SHIV-89.6; and a molecular clone, SHIV-KB9, derived from SHIV-89.6P. SHIV-HXBc2 and SHIV-89.6 are nonpathogenic in rhesus monkeys; SHIV-89.6P and SHIV-KB9 cause rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion and an immunodeficiency syndrome. Relative SHIV provirus levels were highest during primary infection in monkeys infected with SHIV-89.6P, the virus that caused the most rapid and dramatic CD4(+) T cell depletion. However, by 10 weeks postinoculation, provirus levels were similar in monkeys infected with the pathogenic and nonpathogenic chimeric viruses. The virus infections that resulted in the highest peak and chronic viral RNA levels were the pathogenic viruses SHIV-89.6P and SHIV-KB9. SHIV-89. 6P uniformly caused rapid and profound CD4(+) T cell depletion and immunodeficiency. Infection with the SHIV-KB9 resulted in very low CD4(+) T cell counts without seroconversion in some monkeys and a substantial but less profound CD4(+) T cell depletion and rapid seroconversion in others. Surprisingly, the level of plasma viremia did not differ between SHIV-KB9-infected animals exhibiting these contrasting outcomes, suggesting that host factors may play an important role in AIDS virus pathogenesis.  (+info)

Detection of human retrovirus 5 in patients with arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. (6/7028)

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether human retrovirus 5 (HRV-5) infection is associated with autoimmune rheumatic disease. METHODS: DNA from patients with various disorders including inflammatory diseases and from normal subjects was tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HRV-5 proviral DNA. Positive results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: HRV-5 proviral DNA was detected in 53% of synovial samples from arthritic joints, in 12% of blood samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in 16% of blood samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In contrast, it was not detectable by PCR of affected tissues from patients with several other autoimmune diseases and was found in only 1 of >200 tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from non-RA patients. Sequence analysis of the amplified viral segment showed genetic variation between samples with maintenance of the open reading frame, typical of a replicating infectious retrovirus. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the frequent detection of HRV-5 in any disease. We propose that the possible involvement of HRV-5 in autoimmune and rheumatic disease should be investigated further.  (+info)

Vaccination with experimental feline immunodeficiency virus vaccines, based on autologous infected cells, elicits enhancement of homologous challenge infection. (7/7028)

Cats were vaccinated with fixed autologous feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cells in order to present viral proteins to the immune system of individual cats in an MHC-matched fashion. Upon vaccination, a humoral response against Gag was induced. Furthermore, virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in a Crandell feline kidney cell-based neutralization assay, but not in a neutralization assay based on primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Despite the induction of these FIV-specific responses, vaccinated cats were not protected. Instead, accelerated virus replication was found, an observation similar to what previous experiments using other vaccine candidates have shown. Here, the results of the present study are discussed in the light of enhancement of lentivirus infections as a complicating factor in lentivirus vaccine development.  (+info)

Secretion of beta-chemokines by bronchoalveolar lavage cells during primary infection of macaques inoculated with attenuated nef-deleted or pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251. (8/7028)

Primary infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as a model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represents a unique opportunity to investigate early lentivirus-host interactions. In order to gain insight into immunopathogenic events taking place in the lung during lentiviral infection, we analysed lymphocyte expansion in the lung and chemokine secretion by mononuclear cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BALMCs) during primary infection by a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic SIV. Two groups of cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intravenously with a fully pathogenic isolate of SIVmac251 or with an attenuated, nef-deleted, molecular clone of SIVmac251. Spontaneous MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES production was assessed by ELISA in supernatants of short-term cultured BALMCs. Kinetics of haematological, virological and immunological parameters were investigated simultaneously. All 11 inoculated animals became infected. Monkeys inoculated with the nef-deleted SIV clone exhibited a significantly reduced plasma virus load and a less pronounced accumulation of lymphocytes in the lung compared to monkeys infected with the pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. Compared to pre-infection levels, we observed an increase in the levels of RANTES, MIP1-alpha and MIP1-beta production in the two groups of monkeys, by the time of peak viraemia. Strikingly, a greater enhancement of RANTES and MIP-1alpha production was detected in monkeys infected with the attenuated virus. Given the potential influence of beta-chemokines on the immune response and virus replication, such results suggest that RANTES, MIP1-alpha and MIP1-beta could contribute to the singular features of the immune response elicited during infection of macaques with an attenuated SIV.  (+info)

Undetectable viral load and HIV sexual transmission | CATIE - Canadas source for HIV and hepatitis C informationUndetectable viral load and HIV sexual transmission | CATIE - Canadas source for HIV and hepatitis C information
The only way to know if your viral load is undetectable over the long term is to have regular viral load tests. You should have an undetectable viral load for at least six months before you can rely on undetectable viral load as an HIV prevention strategy.. When starting HIV treatment it usually takes three to six months before the viral load becomes undetectable. Most people will eventually have an undetectable viral load if they take their HIV treatment exactly as prescribed by their doctor and have a drug combination that is effective against their strain of HIV.. Once your viral load has become undetectable, it is important to regularly monitor the viral load to ensure that it remains undetectable. If your viral load becomes detectable again, there may be a risk of HIV transmission. An ongoing detectable viral load may also indicate that your HIV treatment is no longer working properly. If your viral load does become detectable, then you should discuss your options with your doctor. It is ...
http://www.catie.ca/en/healthy-living/undetectable-viral-load
Point-of-care viral load testing results in more switches from failing treatment | aidsmapPoint-of-care viral load testing results in more switches from failing treatment | aidsmap
The retrospective analysis included 21,400 people who were eligible for point-of-care viral load testing and who had been on ART for at least three months, up to June 2017. Eighty-five per cent received a viral load test during the study period and 89% of those tested had a viral load below 1000 copies/ml - almost matching the UNAIDS target of 90% of people on ART being virally suppressed.. Of those with a viral load above 1000 copies/ml, 83% received a follow-up test. Less than a third (29%) had a viral load below 1000 copies/ml on the follow-up test. Of those with a viral load above 1000 copies/ml on the follow-up test, 70% received a third viral load test.. Re-suppression was rare among those who received a follow-up test; only 15% had a viral load below 1000 copies/ml at follow-up. Eighty per cent of those with viral load above 1000 copies/ml were switched to second-line treatment. Switching rates and the rate of post-switch viral load testing were significantly higher at decentralised ...
http://aidsmap.com/news/sep-2019/point-care-viral-load-testing-results-more-switches-failing-treatment
FDA Approves Roches Hepatitis C Viral Load Test | EmaxHealthFDA Approves Roches Hepatitis C Viral Load Test | EmaxHealth
The new test offers a broad dynamic range from high levels of virus in a patients blood to the undetectable low levels of viremia -- the goal of therapy. To ensure accurate quantification, the test has been calibrated to World Health Organization (WHO) traceable standards and can detect down to 18 IU/mL with 100% certainty. In a 1,281 patient clinical trial, the COBAS AmpliPrep / COBAS TaqMan HCV Test confirmed the importance of viral load testing to personalize Hepatitis C patient care by accurately predicting treatment response, from onset of therapy through end of treatment.. About the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan System. The COBAS AmpliPrep / COBAS TaqMan HCV Viral Load Test is designed for use on the first fully automated, FDA approved, real-time PCR platform, providing sample-in/results-out capability. The platform is flexible and customizable to meet the space and workflow needs of any laboratory. In the United States, more than 130 laboratories already utilize this fully automated ...
https://www.emaxhealth.com/2/39/26050/fda-approves-roche-039-s-hepatitis-c-viral-load-test.html
HCV RNA viral load is independent from CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA viral load in immunocompetent HIV-HCV co-infected...HCV RNA viral load is independent from CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA viral load in immunocompetent HIV-HCV co-infected...
HCV RNA viral load is an important predictor of sustained virological response and, recently, a significant correlation with liver fibrosis was described. We investigated on possible influence of clinical and viro-immunological variables on HCV viral load in HIV-HCV co-infected patients over a study time of three years (2009-2012). We retrospectively enrolled 98 adult patients with a diagnosis of chronic HIV infection in 2009, a diagnosis of chronic HCV infection with a detectable plasma HCV RNA in 2009 and 2012, HCV therapy-naïve or with failed and stopped antiviral treatment before June 2008. The following variables were recorded: age, gender, HCV genotype, IL28B rs12979860 CC genotype, HCV treatment status, advanced liver fibrosis diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, CD4+ cell count, HCV viral load, HIV RNA (plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were measured from blood samples every three months at least). The correlation was established using linear regression analysis, analysis of variance and Fishers exact
https://aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-6405-11-21/metrics
The Effectiveness of HIV RNA Viral Load Testing in Determining Treatment Type in HIV-Infected Patients - Full Text View -...The Effectiveness of HIV RNA Viral Load Testing in Determining Treatment Type in HIV-Infected Patients - Full Text View -...
To evaluate, in HIV-infected patients whose baseline CD4 count is 300 to 750 cells/mm3, whether an antiretroviral treatment regimen based upon clinical evaluation and CD4 counts plus HIV RNA viral load is more effective than a treatment regimen based upon clinical evaluation and CD4 counts without the use of HIV RNA viral load information. To assess relative utility of viral load testing in determining therapeutic choice by the surrogate marker of CD4 cell counts after 48 weeks of therapy.. It is hypothesized that among HIV-infected patients whose baseline CD4 count is in the range of 300 to 750 cells/mm3, those patients who incorporate initial and periodic viral RNA measurements in their therapeutic decisions will have higher CD4 counts after 48 weeks than patients whose therapeutic decisions do not incorporate initial and periodic viral RNA measurements. ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00002376?order=323
The Effectiveness of HIV RNA Viral Load Testing in Determining Treatment Type in HIV-Infected Patients - Full Text View -...The Effectiveness of HIV RNA Viral Load Testing in Determining Treatment Type in HIV-Infected Patients - Full Text View -...
To evaluate, in HIV-infected patients whose baseline CD4 count is 300 to 750 cells/mm3, whether an antiretroviral treatment regimen based upon clinical evaluation and CD4 counts plus HIV RNA viral load is more effective than a treatment regimen based upon clinical evaluation and CD4 counts without the use of HIV RNA viral load information. To assess relative utility of viral load testing in determining therapeutic choice by the surrogate marker of CD4 cell counts after 48 weeks of therapy.. It is hypothesized that among HIV-infected patients whose baseline CD4 count is in the range of 300 to 750 cells/mm3, those patients who incorporate initial and periodic viral RNA measurements in their therapeutic decisions will have higher CD4 counts after 48 weeks than patients whose therapeutic decisions do not incorporate initial and periodic viral RNA measurements. ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00002376?order=166
Undetectable viral load | aidsmapUndetectable viral load | aidsmap
This illustrated leaflet gives basic information on undetectable HIV viral load.. If your viral load result is undetectable, there is only a little HIV in the body. The aim of HIV treatment is to have an undetectable viral load: this means that your HIV is being kept under control.. If you have had an undetectable viral load for at least six months, and you continue to take your treatment as prescribed, there is no risk of passing HIV on during sex. ...
https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/basics/undetectable-viral-load
Short Communication: The Interaction of HIV Set Point Viral Load and Subtype on Disease Progression<...Short Communication: The Interaction of HIV Set Point Viral Load and Subtype on Disease Progression<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Short Communication. T2 - The Interaction of HIV Set Point Viral Load and Subtype on Disease Progression. AU - McPhee, Emily. AU - Grabowski, Mary. AU - Gray, Ronald H. AU - Ndyanabo, Anthony. AU - Ssekasanvu, Joseph. AU - Kigozi, Godfrey. AU - Makumbi, Fredrick. AU - Serwadda, David. AU - Quinn, Thomas C. AU - Laeyendecker, Oliver B.. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - HIV-1 subtype and viral load set point have been implicated as strong predictors of HIV-1 disease progression; however, the relationship between these two variables has not been investigated. We used data from the Rakai Community Cohort Study to investigate whether the association between viral load set point and disease progression is modified by HIV subtype. Time to AIDS or AIDS-related death was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis stratified by subtype and viral set point, and Cox proportional hazards regression with an interaction term between viral load set point and HIV subtype. The interaction term ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/short-communication-the-interaction-of-hiv-set-point-viral-load-a
Diagnosing acute HIV infection: The performance of quantitative HIV-1 RNA testing (viral load) in the 2014 laboratory testing...Diagnosing acute HIV infection: The performance of quantitative HIV-1 RNA testing (viral load) in the 2014 laboratory testing...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Diagnosing acute HIV infection. T2 - Journal of Clinical Virology. AU - Wu,Hsiu. AU - Cohen,Stephanie E.. AU - Westheimer,Emily. AU - Gay,Cynthia L.. AU - Hall,Laura. AU - Rose,Charles. AU - Hightow-Weidman,Lisa B.. AU - Gose,Severin. AU - Fu,Jie. AU - Peters,Philip J.. PY - 2017/8/1. Y1 - 2017/8/1. N2 - New recommendations for laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States were published in 2014. The updated testing algorithm includes a qualitative HIV-1 RNA assay to resolve discordant immunoassay results and to identify acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). The qualitative HIV-1 RNA assay is not widely available; therefore, we evaluated the performance of a more widely available quantitative HIV-1 RNA assay, viral load, for diagnosing AHI. We determined that quantitative viral loads consistently distinguished AHI from a false-positive immunoassay result. Among 100 study participants with AHI and a viral load result, the estimated geometric mean viral load was 1,377,793 ...
https://uncch.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/diagnosing-acute-hiv-infection-the-performance-of-quantitative-hi
CROI 2019: Point-of-care viral load testing improves HIV outcomes, researchers say | Science Speaks: Global ID NewsCROI 2019: Point-of-care viral load testing improves HIV outcomes, researchers say | Science Speaks: Global ID News
SEATTLE - People living with HIV who undergo HIV viral load testing at the point of health care delivery and receive their results immediately go on to achieve undetectable viral loads at higher rates than people whose testing is done at laboratories, researchers said here.. Results from the Simplifying HIV Treatment and Monitoring - or STREAM study - conducted in Durban, South Africa found that nearly 90 percent of study participants who received point-of-care viral load testing and same-day counseling had achieved viral suppression 12 months after testing, compared to 76 percent of participants who waited for the results of viral load testing conducted at laboratories - part of the prevailing standard of care - Dr. Paul Drain of the University of Washington said here.. Subjects whose samples were sent to labs were notified of their viral load results on average 28 days later, Drain said, compared to subjects who received their results within hours and had their results uploaded to the health ...
https://sciencespeaksblog.org/2019/03/05/croi-2019-point-of-care-viral-load-testing-improves-hiv-outcomes-researchers-say/
Lack of effect of chemokine receptor CCR2b gene polymorphism on HIV-1 plasma RNA viral load and immune activation among HIV-1...Lack of effect of chemokine receptor CCR2b gene polymorphism on HIV-1 plasma RNA viral load and immune activation among HIV-1...
The prevalence of the CCR2b-V64I mutation among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and -seronegative female workers and the potential effect of heterozygosity of this mutation on HIV-1 plasma RNA viral load and markers of immune activation were assessed. CCR2b-V64I was detected by polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction enzymes analysis; plasma viral load was measured by the Amplicor HIV-1 monitor assay and CD4(+) T-cell counts and markers of immune activation by standard three-color FACscan flow cytometry. Of the 260 female workers, 56 (21.5%) were heterozygous for CCR2b-V64I, and 8 (3%) were homozygous. Of the 99 HIV-seronegative female workers, 19 (19.2%) were heterozygous for the CCR2b-V64I mutation compared with 37 (23%) of the 161 HIV-seropositive FSW (P = 0.47). In a univariate analysis of viral load among HIV-seropositive FSW, no difference was noted between those heterozygous for or without the mutation; both groups had plasma viral loads of 5.0 log(10) ...
http://dspace.itg.be/handle/10390/1651?show=full
HIV Viral Load Test in kannur - Metropolis HealthcareHIV Viral Load Test in kannur - Metropolis Healthcare
Get accurate and quick report of HIV Viral Load Test in kannur at your nearest Metropolis lab or your home at affordable cost. A HIV Viral Load Test is used in HIV patients to determine the status of the infection and thereafter to monitor the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment. Basically this test tells you whether the viral is supressed in the body or not.
https://www.metropolisindia.com/parameter/kannur/hiv-viral-load-test
Forecasting & Sensitivity Analysis of the Decay of Viral Load in HCV Infection during Treatment by using Mathematical Tools and...Forecasting & Sensitivity Analysis of the Decay of Viral Load in HCV Infection during Treatment by using Mathematical Tools and...
The present paper gives a brief description of study of decay of viral load in HCV infection during treatment of patients through various mathematical tools. In the study clinical data of few patients have been taken. The basic model of HIV infection adapted by Neumann et al has been taken in to account and explained to understand the decay or flow of viral load. For eight consecutive weeks data of viral load has been taken which is based on clinical data. Then, by using RStudio simulation (R-language) viral load is forecasted further for six more weeks. The forecasted viral load totally resembles with viral load through clinical data established by using Origin Lab. The sensitivity analysis of study of viral load of HCV during treatment for fourteen weeks shows specific pattern which will help in the treatment of Hepatitis C infected patients. In this study immunity of a human body is excluded.. Keywords: Mathematical model, Graphical presentation (MATLAB), Simulation (RStudio), Forecasting of ...
http://inpressco.com/forecasting-sensitivity-analysis-of-the-decay-of-viral-load-in-hcv-infection-during-treatment-by-using-mathematical-tools-and-simulation/
Viral Load Std Needed If You Have A Viral Load Of 600 Does It Mean That You Are HIV Positive Before You Could Test For HIV?Viral Load Std Needed If You Have A Viral Load Of 600 Does It Mean That You Are HIV Positive Before You Could Test For HIV?
If she had a viral load of HIV, indicating that viruses that are currently active against HIV in the blood. There are other viral load may have to do is to say, hepatitis C, B, or viral load. So if you have HIV viral load was associated with a profit of 600 units or more by showing a rule the patient is HIV positive is the possibility of false positive. If the first test was conducted, I would say, an analysis of repetition, and genotype of HIV. And know your doctor about your lab results, we SchmOS in the Q & A make sure what kind of testing. ...
http://coff-merchan-sleepi.blogspot.com/2009/11/viral-load-std-needed-if-you-have-viral.html
Growth, survival and viral load in symptomatic childhood human immunodeficiency virus infection<...Growth, survival and viral load in symptomatic childhood human immunodeficiency virus infection<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Growth, survival and viral load in symptomatic childhood human immunodeficiency virus infection. AU - Chantry, Caroline J. AU - Byrd, Robert S. AU - Englund, Janet A.. AU - Baker, Carol J.. AU - McKinney, Ross E.. PY - 2003/12. Y1 - 2003/12. N2 - Background. The relationships among weight and height growth, viral load and survival in HIV-infected children remain unclear. Objectives. To determine whether weight or height growth velocity independently predicts survival and to investigate associations of weight, height and head circumference growth velocities with viral loads in symptomatic HIV-infected children. Methods. We analyzed data from a prospective antiretroviral study utilizing clinical endpoints (PACTG 152). Viral load [log(RNA PCR)] and anthropometric measures 12 weeks before and after viral load measures were available in 494 of 831 children. Interval changes during 24 weeks in z-scores for weight-for-age (ΔWAZ), height-for-age (ΔHAZ) and head circumference-for-age ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/growth-survival-and-viral-load-in-symptomatic-childhood-human-imm
Studies Disagree on Danger in Detectable Viral Load Under 50 CopiesStudies Disagree on Danger in Detectable Viral Load Under 50 Copies
Researchers in Paris focused on two sets of patients--group 1 consisting of 413 people with a viral load always below 20 copies and group 2 including 25 people with at least two viral loads between 20 and 50 copies [1]. The investigators measured viral loads at least three times through the 1 year after inclusion in the study with the COBAS AmpliPrep TaqMan HIV-1 assay. During that time, 267 of 413 people in group 1 (65%) and 11 of 25 in group 2 (44%) had viral loads consistently below 20 copies, a nearly significant difference (P = 0.053 ...
http://www.natap.org/2012/CROI/croi_12.htm
Hepatitis c undetectable viral load - Things You Didnt KnowHepatitis c undetectable viral load - Things You Didnt Know
Hepatitis c undetectable viral load - What is the difference between hepatitis C viral load and hepetitis c genotype? Numbers and type. Viral load refers to how many viral molecules can be detected in the blood. It gives an idea about how active the virus is and can be used to monitor response to therapy. Genotype refers to a test that can identify subtypes of hep c. Certain genotypes are more likely to respond to a given therapy, so this information can be useful in deciding in what treatment, if any, would be best.
https://www.healthtap.com/topics/hepatitis-c-undetectable-viral-load
Viral Load MonitoringViral Load Monitoring
Welcome to the Viral Load Monitoring training. To more effectively treat HIV clients, Zimbabwe has adopted viral load testing to monitor ART treatment outcomes. This training will explain the different algorithms that guide decisions on when to test viral load and what kind of counselling and treatment to provide based on the test results.. Session 1 provides an overview of viral load monitoring in Zimbabwe. Session 2 covers sample collection and packaging. In Session 3, youll learn how to interpret test results and what to do for clients with high viral load. Session 4 discusses drug resistance and second-line therapy. Finally, in Session 5, youll learn about viral load monitoring for pregnant women, children, and adolescents.. ...
https://depts.washington.edu/edgh/zw/vl/
Nigerians Living with HIV Should Have Access to Viral Load Testing, Says Lawal - THISDAYLIVENigerians Living with HIV Should Have Access to Viral Load Testing, Says Lawal - THISDAYLIVE
He said: With the unveiling of this campaign, we are joining the rest of the international community to raise the consciousness of all Nigerians to the fact that undetectable viral load equals to untransmittable virus. With the unveiling of this campaign, we stand with Nigerians living with HIV to support their goal of viral load suppression.. As we commemorate World AIDS Day 2019, Nigeria is reaffirming its commitment through all the relevant communities to make the difference in the National HIV response to attain the 90-90-90 goal by the end of 2020.. He said the campaign was important as it conveys to Nigerians living with HIV that their undetectable viral load protects their own health, the health of their families and prevents new HIV infections.. The Director General, National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Dr Aliyu Gambo said this years World AIDS Day, tagged communities make the difference, acknowledges the essential role communities play in the global HIV ...
https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/11/28/nigerians-living-with-hiv-should-have-access-to-viral-load-testing-says-lawal/
HIVManagement.org - Principles of Antiretroviral TherapyHIVManagement.org - Principles of Antiretroviral Therapy
Due to the limited number and mechanism of action of current agents, any changes in a regimen will lead to further constraints on therapy in the future of the patient in question. Antiretroviral changes should be made cautiously. Recommendations regarding changing antiretroviral therapy include the following:. A. Therapy should not be changed prematurely. Virologic and immunologic trends should be established before medication changes are planned. See below.. B. If viral load measurements are being used to change therapy, repeat the viral load measurements prior to most, if not all, significant changes. The exception to this is the already observed trend of increasing viral load and decreasing CD4-lymphocytes with or without clinical deterioration.. C. Consideration of antiretroviral therapy change in the setting of possible virologic failure should be done in the following situations:. 1) Viral load becomes detectable and continues to rise in someone who had previously had an undetectable viral ...
http://hivmanagement.org/arvprinciples.html
August 2017 update: Proposed changes in viral load test reporting remain alarming - positivelite.comAugust 2017 update: Proposed changes in viral load test reporting remain alarming - positivelite.com
Its complicated but here is what almost came about: people living with HIV in Ontario would have had their viral load test results, with their names attached, sent from the provincial testing labs to their local public health unit.. For what? Public Health Ontario proposed leaving it up to the individual local health units to decide. The move followed a legal opinion obtained by Public Health Ontario that as HIV is a reportable disease (thats not new), the required reporting to local health units includes viral load test results (that certainly IS new). The new rules, formed without community consultation, were slated to start as early as September 2017. Thanks to community mobilization which triggered the involvement of CATIE, the Ontario HIV Treatment Network (OHTN), the Ministry of Health and Long Term Cares AIDS Bureau and AIDS Action Now, the changes wont happen - for now.. Its not hard to see why community members were shocked, if not outraged. by the proposed changes. They challenge ...
http://www.positivelite.com/index.php/news/news-sections/legal/item/proposed-change-in-viral-load-reporting-sends-shivers-through-the-ontario-hiv-community?category_id=141
Viral Load Measurement Tests: NASBA, bDNA, RT-PCRViral Load Measurement Tests: NASBA, bDNA, RT-PCR
A viral load test measures how much human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in the blood. Viral load is first measured when you are diagnosed with HIV infection.
https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/viral-load-measurement
Multiple Viral Load Value Testing May Better Inform HIV Transmission PotentialMultiple Viral Load Value Testing May Better Inform HIV Transmission Potential
Viral loads can fluctuate over time depending on patients access and response to HIV treatment, their medication adherence behavior, and care status.
http://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/croi-2017/multiple-viral-load-value-testing-to-gauge-hiv-transmission/article/639792/
US label changes for rilpivirine and Eviplera follows EU caution on high baseline viral load: new summary on drug resistance |...US label changes for rilpivirine and Eviplera follows EU caution on high baseline viral load: new summary on drug resistance |...
Simon Collins, HIV i-Base. On 7 December 2012, the US FDA approved changes to the rilpivirine (Edurant) package insert that included restricting the indication to treatment-naïve adult patients with HIV viral load less than 100,000 copies/mL.. Previously, the FDA had only highlighted the poorer responses in patients with baseline viral load ,100,000 copies/mL. This brings the US indication in line with the label indication originally granted by the EU. On 25 January, a similar change occured for the Fixed Dose Combination of Eviplera that contains rilpivirine/tenofovir/FTC.. Of note, the FDA review included a different summary of data relating to the risk of resistance based on baseline viral load and CD4 count, that appears to be different to the analysis of the 96 week pooled phase 3 data in the EU Summary of Product Characteristics, see Table 1 and 2.. This showed that in people failing virologically, there were disproportionately higher rates of resistance when stratified by both baseline ...
https://i-base.info/htb/20854
Point-of-Care Viral Load Testing Improves Viral Suppression and Care Retention | Contagion LivePoint-of-Care Viral Load Testing Improves Viral Suppression and Care Retention | Contagion Live
Over a 12-month study, there was a 13.9% increase of retention with viral load suppression among participants who received rapid viral load results following point-of-care testing.
https://www.contagionlive.com/view/pointofcare-viral-load-testing-improves-viral-suppression-and-care-retention
Private Insurance--and ADAP--Tied to Undetectable Viral Load in US WomenPrivate Insurance--and ADAP--Tied to Undetectable Viral Load in US Women
The UNC team analyzed data on 1481 HIV-positive women in WIHS from 2006 through 2009. WIHS enrolls HIV-positive and high-risk negative women in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington, DC. The researchers grouped women according to self-reported health insurance--no insurance, Medicaid, Medicare or other public insurance, and private insurance. They also ranked women by annual income--below $6000, $6001 to $12,000, $12,001 to $18,000, or above $18,000. Defining an unsuppressed viral load as HIV RNA above 200 copies, the investigators used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate time from 2006 to 2009 with an unsuppressed viral load by insurance type and stratified by ADAP access (yes or no). WIHS records viral load every 6 months ...
http://www.natap.org/2015/IAS/IAS_59.htm
HIV Monitoring Test Basics - HIV/AIDS Resource Center for the Newly Diagnosed - TheBody.comHIV Monitoring Test Basics - HIV/AIDS Resource Center for the Newly Diagnosed - TheBody.com
Viral load means exactly what it sounds like -- its an estimate of how much HIV is circulating in your blood. Generally speaking, your viral load is not considered as critical as your CD4 count in determining the health of your immune system. However, once you begin HIV treatment, it is a good measure of how well your HIV medications are working.. A viral load test measures the amount of HIV in a small amount (milliliter, or mL) of your blood. The most sensitive viral load tests currently used in clinics can detect as few as 20 copies of HIV per milliliter of blood. When your viral load test indicates that you have fewer than 20 copies/mL of HIV, your health care provider will tell you that your viral load is below the limit of detection, or undetectable.. This does not mean you no longer have HIV in your body. Though it is not technically impossible for someone who has an undetectable viral load to transmit HIV, studies show that there is virtually no risk of HIV transmission when a ...
http://www.thebody.com/content/50043/hiv-monitoring-test-basics.html?getPage=4&comments=on
At what viral load level should one start meds? - Forum on Choosing Your Meds -- TheBody.comAt what viral load level should one start meds? - Forum on Choosing Your Meds -- TheBody.com
Hello and thanks for posting. We generally dont use VL tests as an indicator for when to start medications, though someone with a very high viral load (both of yours qualify), the risk of disease...
http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Meds/Q232223.html?wnhp
Incentives for Viral Suppression in People Living with HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial<...Incentives for Viral Suppression in People Living with HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Incentives for Viral Suppression in People Living with HIV. T2 - A Randomized Clinical Trial. AU - Silverman, Kenneth. AU - Holtyn, August F.. AU - Rodewald, Andrew M.. AU - Siliciano, Robert F.. AU - Jarvis, Brantley P.. AU - Subramaniam, Shrinidhi. AU - Leoutsakos, Jeannie Marie. AU - Getty, Carol Ann. AU - Ruhs, Sebastian. AU - Marzinke, Mark A.. AU - Fingerhood, Michael. PY - 2019/1/1. Y1 - 2019/1/1. N2 - The HIV/AIDS epidemic can be eliminated if 73% of people living with HIV take antiretroviral medications and achieve undetectable viral loads. This study assessed the effects of financial incentives in suppressing viral load. People living with HIV with detectable viral loads (N = 102) were randomly assigned to Usual Care or Incentive groups. Incentive participants earned up to $10 per day for 2 years for providing blood samples that showed either reduced or undetectable viral loads. This report presents data on the 1st year after random assignment. Incentive participants ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/incentives-for-viral-suppression-in-people-living-with-hiv-a-rand
WORLD AIDS DAY 2019 COMMEMORATION: U = U (Undetectable Viral Load Equals Untransmittable HIV) - APINWORLD AIDS DAY 2019 COMMEMORATION: U = U (Undetectable Viral Load Equals Untransmittable HIV) - APIN
As part of activities to commemorate #WAD2019NG, APIN joins the Nigeria Government in collaboration with PEPFAR to launch this years campaign tag: U = U, which stands for Undetectable Viral Load Equals Untransmittable HIV. The campaign is a behaviour change activity to mitigate stigma in HIV program and among PLHIV. The campaign will run for initial 18months and thereafter blends into the regular HIV/AIDS service delivery. More information will be shared as it unfolds.. You can visit this link: https://positiveseries.org/ to have access to the factsheets and other pertinent information (as shared by CDC). Hashtags for social media: ...
https://apin.org.ng/world-aids-day-2019-commemoration-u-u-undetectable-viral-load-equals-untransmittable-hiv/
Clinical Prognostic Value of RNA Viral Load and CD4 Cell Counts during Untreated HIV-1 Infection-A Quantitative ReviewClinical Prognostic Value of RNA Viral Load and CD4 Cell Counts during Untreated HIV-1 Infection-A Quantitative Review
Background The prognostic value of CD4 counts and RNA viral load for identifying treatment need in HIV-infected individuals depends on (a) variation within and among individuals, and (b) relative risks of clinical progression per unit CD4 or RNA difference. Methodology/Principal Findings We reviewed these measurements across (a) 30 studies, and (b) 16 cohorts of untreated seropositive adults. Median within-population interquartile ranges were 74,000 copies/mL for RNA with no significant change during the course of infection; and 330 cells/µL for CD4, with a slight proportional increase over infection. Applying measurement and physiological fluctuations observed on chronically infected patients, we estimate that 45% of population-level variation in RNA, and 25% of variation in CD4, were due to within-patient fluctuations. Comparing a patient with RNA at upper 75th centile with a patient at median RNA, 5-year relative risks were 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.7) for AIDS and 1.5 (1.3-1.9) for death, without change
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005950
Welcome to CDC stacks | The effect of opportunistic illness on HIV RNA viral load and CD4+ T cell count among HIV-positive...Welcome to CDC stacks | The effect of opportunistic illness on HIV RNA viral load and CD4+ T cell count among HIV-positive...
VL was more likely to be detectable if participants had OIs in the prior three months compared to when they did not (OR=4.0 (95% CI=1.9-8.6)). The CD4+ T cell counts declined 24.1 cells/µL per three months in intervals where the participants had OIs compared to an increase of 21.3 cells/µL per three months in intervals where they did not have OIs (adjusted difference in the rate of CD4+ T cell count change of 61.7 cells/µL per three months (95% CI=13.7-109.7), P value=0.012). The rate of CD4+ T cell count increase was 25.6 cells/µL per three months (95% CI=11.6-39.6) higher for females compared to males (p value ...
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13270
Hiv Viral Load Nasba Blood in Tank Road, Mumbai. View Prices, Labs & Book online only on | PractoHiv Viral Load Nasba Blood in Tank Road, Mumbai. View Prices, Labs & Book online only on | Practo
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HIV Viral Load PCR in Borivali West, Mumbai. View Prices, Labs & Book online only on | PractoHIV Viral Load PCR in Borivali West, Mumbai. View Prices, Labs & Book online only on | Practo
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https://www.practo.com/tests/mumbai/hiv-viral-load-pcr/borivali-west
Undetectable Viral Load | Definition | AIDSinfoUndetectable Viral Load | Definition | AIDSinfo
When the amount of HIV in the blood is too low to be detected with a viral load (HIV RNA) test. Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs may reduce a persons viral load to an undetectable level; however, that does not mean the person is cured. Some HIV, in the form of latent HIV reservoirs, remain inside cells and in body tissues.
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/876/undetectable-viral-load
DI-041 Predictive factors of sustained virological response in HCV infected patients on boceprevir treatment | European Journal...DI-041 Predictive factors of sustained virological response in HCV infected patients on boceprevir treatment | European Journal...
Results 19 [45%] patients achieved SVR versus 23 [70%] who did not. No statistically-significant differences were observed for the variables sex [68% male vs. 70%]; fibrosis stage [6% F2 vs. 0%, 27% F3 vs. 17%, 67% F4 vs. 83%]; HIV-HCV coinfection [26% vs. 13%]; baseline haemoglobin [150 ± 16 mg/dl vs. 147 ± 16]; AST [61 ± 47 mU/ml vs. 70 ± 38] and ALT [78 ± 61 mU/ml vs. 72 ± 42] levels. In contrast, differences were founded in age [52 ± 7 years vs. 57 ± 9] and in viral load reduction after the lead-in [24% ,1 log vs. 64%]. The Chi-squared test showed a statistically-significant relationship between SVR and undetectable viral load at weeks eight and twelve, as well as at the end of treatment. Logistic regression showed that viral load at week eight (OR: 5.03 [95% CI:1.25-20.19]) was the only independent predictor of SVR. This association remained significant after controlling independently for age. ...
http://ejhp.bmj.com/content/21/Suppl_1/A86.3
High Viral Load Levels in Young People Newly Linked With HIV Care in the U.S. - TheBodyPRO.comHigh Viral Load Levels in Young People Newly Linked With HIV Care in the U.S. - TheBodyPRO.com
This article was reported by NAM aidsmap. An article in NAM aidsmap reported on a new study, published in the journal AIDS, that showed young men who ...
http://www.thebodypro.com/content/73617/high-viral-load-levels-in-young-people-newly-linke.html?ic=4003
Correlates of plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load among HIV-1 seropositive women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<...Correlates of plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load among HIV-1 seropositive women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Correlates of plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load among HIV-1 seropositive women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AU - Kapiga, Saidi H.. AU - Bang, Heejung. AU - Spiegelman, Donna. AU - Msamanga, Gernard I.. AU - Coley, Jenny. AU - Hunter, David J.. AU - Fawzi, Wafaie W.. PY - 2002/7/1. Y1 - 2002/7/1. N2 - This study was conducted to determine the predictors of plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load in HIV-1-positive pregnant women (N = 151) participating in a clinical trial in Tanzania. Viral load was measured at randomization, delivery, and approximately 7 months after delivery. The median viral load was 20,400 copies/mL at baseline, 20,216 copies/mL at delivery, and 19,100 copies/mL 7 months after delivery. The absolute CD4+ lymphocyte count had a strong negative correlation with HIV-1 RNA viral load at baseline (r = -.38), time of delivery (r = -.36), and 7 months after delivery (r = -.53). The association between CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV-1 RNA viral load was modified by the per capita daily ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/correlates-of-plasma-hiv-1-rna-viral-load-among-hiv-1-seropositiv
ASMscience | Highly Active Antiretroviral TherapyASMscience | Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
This chapter focuses on the available molecular tests for diagnosis, monitoring, and management of HIV-1-infected individuals. It also focuses on molecular methods as they apply to the diagnosis and management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- 1). The guidelines for initiation of therapy based on viral load have changed as one's understanding of disease progression at higher CD4 cell counts has improved. Combination therapy using drugs from multiple classes has been the most effective approach to controlling viral replication. There are several FDA-approved assays for the detection, quantification, and characterization of HIV-1, and this field has expanded recently with the approval of real-time RTPCR viral load tests. A section covers conventional and real-time viral load tests, RNA and proviral DNA tests for the detection of HIV-1, resistance testing, and the tropism assay. The Amplicor monitor test was modified in a study comparing viral load values between the conventional ...
http://www.asmscience.org/content/concept/Entity/ASM/Microbiology/Clinical_and_Public_Health/Therapeutics/Drug_Therapy/Combination_Therapy/Highly_Active_Antiretroviral_Therapy
CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-Infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed...CD4 cell count and the risk of AIDS or death in HIV-Infected adults on combination antiretroviral therapy with a suppressed...
BACKGROUND. Most adults infected with HIV achieve viral suppression within a year of starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). It is important to understand the risk of AIDS events or death for patients with a suppressed viral load.. METHODS AND FINDINGS. Using data from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (2010 merger), we assessed the risk of a new AIDS-defining event or death in successfully treated patients. We accumulated episodes of viral suppression for each patient while on cART, each episode beginning with the second of two consecutive plasma viral load measurements ,50 copies/µl and ending with either a measurement ,500 copies/µl, the first of two consecutive measurements between 50-500 copies/µl, cART interruption or administrative censoring. We used stratified multivariate Cox models to estimate the association between time updated CD4 cell count and a new AIDS event or death or death alone. 75,336 patients contributed 104,265 ...
http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47082/
Effect of incident hepatitis C infection on CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA trajectories based on a multinational HIV...Effect of incident hepatitis C infection on CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA trajectories based on a multinational HIV...
BACKGROUND: Most studies on hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV-coinfection do not account for the order and duration of these two infections. We aimed to assess the effect of incident HCV infection, and its timing relative to HIV seroconversion (HIVsc) in HIV-positive MSM on their subsequent CD4 T-cell count and HIV RNA viral load trajectories. METHODS: We included MSM with well estimated dates of HIVsc from 17 cohorts within the CASCADE Collaboration. HCV-coinfected MSM were matched to as many HIV monoinfected MSM as possible by HIV-infection duration and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) use. We used multilevel random-effects models stratified by cART use to assess differences in CD4 cell count and HIV RNA viral load trajectories by HCV-coinfection status. FINDINGS: We matched 214 (ART-naive) and 147 (on cART) HCV-coinfected MSM to 5384 and 3954, respectively, matched controls. The timing of HCV seroconversion (HCVsc) relative to HIVsc had no demonstrable effect on HIV RNA viral load or CD4 cell
https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/929696
Erratum to Virus-induced target cell activation reconciles set-point viral load heritability and within-host evolution ...Erratum to Virus-induced target cell activation reconciles set-point viral load heritability and within-host evolution ...
Erratum to Virus-induced target cell activation reconciles set-point viral load heritability and within-host evolution [Epidemics (2013) 174-180 ...
https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/87130
Efavirenz Plasma Concentrations and HIV Viral Load in HIV/AIDS-tuberculosis Infection Patients Treated with Rifampicin - E...Efavirenz Plasma Concentrations and HIV Viral Load in HIV/AIDS-tuberculosis Infection Patients Treated with Rifampicin - E...
ABSTRACT: to determine the effect of a rifampicin-containing tuberculosis regimen on efavirenz plasma concentrations and viral load in HIV/AIDS-Tuberculosis infection patients who received efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy. Methods: plasma efavirenz concentrations and HIV viral load were measured in HIV/AIDS patients treated with 600 mg efavirenz-based antiretroviral for 3 to 6 months and in HIV/AIDS-Tuberculosis infection patients treated with similar antiretroviral regimen plus rifampicin-containing antituberculosis in Sulianti Saroso Infectious disease Hospital, Jakarta. Plasma efavirenz concentration in both groups were compared using Mann-Whitney test, while proportion of patients with viral load ,40 copy/mL were analyzed with chi-square test. Results: forty fve patients (27 with HIV/AIDS and 18 with HIV/AIDS-Tuberculosis infections) were recruited during the period of February to May 2015. The median efavirenz plasma concentration obtained from HIV/AIDS group was 0,680 mg/L(range 0,24 ...
http://www.e-jurnal.com/2016/11/efavirenz-plasma-concentrations-and-hiv.html
CoV-2 viral load in throat saliva samples correlates with clinical outcomes from COVID-19 | HTB | HIV i-BaseCoV-2 viral load in throat saliva samples correlates with clinical outcomes from COVID-19 | HTB | HIV i-Base
Simon Collins, HIV i-Base. This longitudinal observational cohort study describes coronavirus viral load in saliva throat samples in 23 people diagnosed with laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Hong Kong.. Higher viral load was associated with more symptoms, slower recover and poorer outcomes.. The median viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva or other respiratory specimens at presentation was 5·2 log10 copies per mL (IQR 4·1-7·0). Salivary viral load was highest during the first week after symptom onset and subsequently declined with time (slope −0·15, 95% CI −0·19 to −0·11; R2=0·71). In one patient, viral RNA was detected 25 days after symptom onset.. Ref: To KK-W et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infectious Disease. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1. (23 March 2020 ...
https://i-base.info/htb/37433
Targeting of conserved gag-epitopes in early HIV infection is associated with lower plasma viral load and slower CD4<sup>+</sup...Targeting of conserved gag-epitopes in early HIV infection is associated with lower plasma viral load and slower CD4<sup>+</sup...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Targeting of conserved gag-epitopes in early HIV infection is associated with lower plasma viral load and slower CD4+ T cell depletion.. AU - Perez, Carina L. AU - Milush, Jeffrey M. AU - Buggert, Marcus. AU - Eriksson, Emily M. AU - Larsen, Mette Voldby. AU - Liegler, Teri. AU - Hartogensis, Wendy. AU - Bacchetti, Peter. AU - Lund, Ole. AU - Hecht, Frederick M. AU - Nixon, Douglas F. AU - Karlsson, Annika C. PY - 2013. Y1 - 2013. N2 - We aimed to investigate whether the character of the immunodominant HIV-Gag peptide (variable or conserved) targeted by CD8+ T cells in early HIV infection would influence the quality and quantity of T cell responses, and whether this would affect the rate of disease progression. Treatment-naive HIV-infected study subjects within the OPTIONS cohort at the University of California, San Francisco, were monitored from an estimated 44 days postinfection for up to 6 years. CD8+ T cells responses targeting HLA-matched HIV-Gag-epitopes were identified and ...
https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/targeting-of-conserved-gag-epitopes-in-early-hiv-infection-is-ass
Viral load - WikipediaViral load - Wikipedia
Viral load, also known as viral burden, viral titre or viral titer, is a numerical expression of the quantity of virus in a given volume. It is often expressed as viral particles, or infectious particles per mL depending on the type of assay. A higher viral burden, titre, or viral load often correlates with the severity of an active viral infection. The quantity of virus / mL can be calculated by estimating the live amount of virus in an involved body fluid. For example, it can be given in RNA copies per millilitre of blood plasma. Tracking viral load is used to monitor therapy during chronic viral infections, and in immunocompromised patients such as those recovering from bone marrow or solid organ transplantation. Currently, routine testing is available for HIV-1, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. Viral load monitoring for HIV is of particular interest in the treatment of people with HIV, as this is continually discussed in the context of management of HIV/AIDS. A ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_load
Detection of HIV-1 RNA/DNA and CD4 mRNA in feces and urine from chronic HIV-1 infected subjects with and without anti...Detection of HIV-1 RNA/DNA and CD4 mRNA in feces and urine from chronic HIV-1 infected subjects with and without anti...
HIV-1 infects gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) very early after transmission by multiple routes. The infected GALT consequently serves as the major reservoir for HIV-1 infection and could constantly shed HIV-1 and CD4+ T cells into the intestinal lumen. To examine this hypothesis, we monitored HIV-1 RNA/DNA and CD4 mRNA in fecal samples of chronically infected subjects with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). We compared this to levels of HIV-1 RNA/DNA in urine and blood from the same subjects. Our results show that HIV-1 DNA, RNA and CD4 mRNA were detected in 8%, 19% and 31% respectively, of feces samples from infected subjects with detectable plasma viral load, and were not detected in any of subjects on ART with undetectable plasma viral load. In urine samples, HIV-1 DNA was detected in 24% of infected subjects with detectable plasma viral load and 23% of subjects on ART with undetectable plasma viral load. Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope sequences of HIV-1 revealed distinct virus
https://aidsrestherapy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-6405-6-20/figures/3
Virologic Failure | Adult and Adolescent ARV | AIDSinfoVirologic Failure | Adult and Adolescent ARV | AIDSinfo
Antiretroviral (ARV) regimens currently recommended for initial therapy of patients with HIV have a high likelihood of achieving and maintaining plasma HIV RNA levels below the lower limits of detection (LLOD) of currently used assays (see What to Start). Patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who do not achieve this treatment goal or who experience virologic rebound can develop resistance mutations to one or more components of their regimen. Many patients with detectable viral loads have challenges adhering to treatment. Depending on their treatment histories, some of these patients may have minimal or no drug resistance; others may have extensive resistance. Managing patients with extensive resistance is complex and usually requires consultation with an HIV expert. This section of the guidelines defines virologic failure in patients on ART and discusses strategies to manage ART in these individuals.. Virologic Response Definitions The following definitions are used in this section to ...
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv-guidelines/15/virologic-failure
Performance of point-of-care Xpert HIV-1 plasma viral load assay at a tertiary HIV care centre in Southern India. | Physicians...Performance of point-of-care Xpert HIV-1 plasma viral load assay at a tertiary HIV care centre in Southern India. | Physicians...
The performance of the point-of-care Xpert HIV-1 viral load assay was evaluated against the Abbott RealTime PCR m2000rt system. A total of 96 plasma specimens ranging from 2.5 log10 copies ml-1 to 4.99 log10 copies ml-1 and proficiency testing panel specimens were used. Precision and accuracy were checked using the Pearson correlation co-efficient test and Bland-Altman analysis.. RESULTS ...
https://www.physiciansweekly.com/performance-of-point-of-care-xpert-hiv-1-plasma-viral-load-assay-at-a-tertiary-hiv-care-centre-in-southern-india/
HIV Viral Load Testing in LaosHIV Viral Load Testing in Laos
The number of people living with HIV/AIDS in the Peoples Democratic Republic of Laos (also known as Laos PDR) is estimated at 13,600 and the number of people in need of antiretroviral therapy at 8,000. Today, around 3,200 HIV infected individuals receive treatment in seven centres throughout the country. Until recently, antiretroviral treated patients were followed-up only on the basis of clinical and immunological criteria. In 2009 the Centre dInfectiologie Christophe Mérieux in Laos PDR (CICML) signed a collaboration agreement with the national Centre of HIV/AIDS/STI (CHAS) for the implementation of HIV viral load testing (VLT) in the country, leading to the technological transfer of the ANRS generic assay (HIV Generic charge virale, Biocentric, Bandol, France). The introduction of HIV VLT has been accompanied through national HIV workshops every 6 months. From June 2009 to December 2011, HIV viral load has been measured in 1,782 antiretoviral-treated patients. Of these, 97% were on reverse
http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/2628
This Week in HIV Research: Zero HIV Transmissions With Undetectable Viral Load in PARTNER Study, and Integrase Inhibitors vs....This Week in HIV Research: Zero HIV Transmissions With Undetectable Viral Load in PARTNER Study, and Integrase Inhibitors vs....
This week, results from the PARTNER study are the strongest evidence yet that having an undetectable viral load prevents HIV transmission.
http://www.thebodypro.com/content/77938/this-week-in-hiv-research-zero-hiv-transmissions-w.html
Broad and Gag-biased HIV-1 epitope repertoires are associated with lower viral loads. - Department of PaediatricsBroad and Gag-biased HIV-1 epitope repertoires are associated with lower viral loads. - Department of Paediatrics
BACKGROUND: HLA class-I alleles differ in their ability to control HIV replication through cell-mediated immune responses. No consistent associations have been found between the breadth of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) responses and the control of HIV-1, and it is unknown whether the size or distribution of the viral proteome-wide epitope repertoire, i.e., the intrinsic ability to present fewer, more or specific viral epitopes, could affect clinical markers of disease progression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used an epitope prediction model to identify all epitope motifs in a set of 302 HIV-1 full-length proteomes according to each individuals HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) genotype. The epitope repertoire, i.e., the number of predicted epitopes per HIV-1 proteome, varied considerably between HLA alleles and thus among individual proteomes. In a subgroup of 270 chronically infected individuals, we found that lower viral loads and higher CD4 counts were associated with a larger predicted epitope
https://www.paediatrics.ox.ac.uk/publications/191160
Canadian study finds even very low persistent viral load can mean HIV treatment failure - FourTwoNineCanadian study finds even very low persistent viral load can mean HIV treatment failure - FourTwoNine
In a study conducted at the University of Montreal, in collaboration with the Clinique medicale du Quartier Latin de Montreal, researchers found that in patients with HIV, a persistent low viral load (specifically defined as between 50 and 199 copies of viral RNA per milliliter of blood) carries a much higher risk than previously thought. The study was based on data pulled from the files of 1,860 patients living with HIV/AIDS over the course of 12 years; nearly 94 percent were male. In HIV treatment, the goal is to reduce a patients viral load to below the detectable limit, less than 50 copies/ml. The higher a patients viral load, the more the immune system is compromised, which causes the progression of HIV to AIDS. The development of anti-retroviral drug regimens in 1996, which inhibits the spread and increase of the virus, was what finally turned HIV/AIDS from an imminent death sentence into, largely, a chronic health condition. In some cases, HIV infection is resistant to treatment; this ...
http://fourtwonine.com/2013/12/02/3567-canadian-study-finds-even-very-low-persistent-viral-load-can-mean-hiv-treatment-failure/
Abbott RealTime HBV Assay Is More Sensitive in Detection of Low Viral Load and Little Impacted by Drug Resistant Mutation in...Abbott RealTime HBV Assay Is More Sensitive in Detection of Low Viral Load and Little Impacted by Drug Resistant Mutation in...
Abbott RealTime HBV Assay Is More Sensitive in Detection of Low Viral Load and Little Impacted by Drug Resistant Mutation in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients under Nucleotside Analogues Therapy. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun8/149839392712-Abbott-RealTime-HBV-Assay-Is-More-Sensitive-in-Detection-of-Low-Viral-Load-and-Little-Impacted-by-Drug-Resistant-Mutation-in-Chronic-Hepatitis-B-Patie.php
HIV and Sex<...HIV and Sex<...
People living with HIV can now feel confident that if they have an undetectable viral load and take their HIV medications properly, they will not pass on HIV to sexual partners.. Having an undetectable viral load not only stops HIV being passed on through sex, it is also good for your health. In Ireland, and worldwide, it is now recommended that everyone diagnosed with HIV starts treatment as soon as possible. The benefits of this, such as keeping your immune system strong and preventing illness, means that people can expect to live long, healthy lives.. It also means that if you keep taking your HIV medication properly, and keep your viral load undetectable, you can have sex without the worry that you might pass HIV on to your sexual partners.. Do I have to use condoms? The science is very clear about the risk of passing on HIV through sex: if you are HIV-positive with an undetectable viral load and are having sex without condoms with someone who is HIV-negative, the risk of passing on HIV is ...
https://www.hivireland.ie/living-with-hiv/newly-diagnosed/hiv-and-sex/
Performance Comparison of Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load Assay and Roche Taqman and Abbott M2000 RT in Bamako, Mali | AbstractPerformance Comparison of Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load Assay and Roche Taqman and Abbott M2000 RT in Bamako, Mali | Abstract
Background: Routine monitoring of HIV-1 Viral Load (VL) is important in patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) management. Access to HIV VL remains ..
https://www.hilarispublisher.com/abstract/performance-comparison-of-xpert-hiv1-viral-load-assay-and-roche-taqman-and-abbott-m2000-rt-in-bamako-mali-46953.html
amfAR :: Treatment-Experienced Patients: Physician and Patient Perspectives on Choosing Antiretroviral Regimens (April 2005) ::...amfAR :: Treatment-Experienced Patients: Physician and Patient Perspectives on Choosing Antiretroviral Regimens (April 2005) ::...
Survey results demonstrated that both physicians and treatment-experienced HIV patients view reaching an undetectable viral load and increasing CD4 cells as very important to successful treatment. More than 80% of patients surveyed and 57% of their physicians view reaching an undetectable viral load as very important to successful treatment. Both patients (88%) and physicians (55%) view significantly increased CD4 cells as very important to successful treatment.. Physicians tend to underestimate their patients willingness to use and comply with an injectable antiretroviral medication. A majority (79%) of patients said that they would be willing to try an injectable medication if it suppressed the virus and gave them more energy, and only 20% of physicians reported having major reservations about prescribing this type of medication. Overall, 68% of physicians surveyed reported minor or major reservations about prescribing an injectable medication, and the large majority (90%) of these physicians ...
http://www.amfar.org/Articles/In-The-Lab/Older/Treatment-Experienced-Patients--Physician-and-Patient-Perspectives-on-Choosing-Antiretroviral-Regimens-
Accelerating Access to Point-of-Care Viral Load Testing for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Living With HIV | Children & AIDSAccelerating Access to Point-of-Care Viral Load Testing for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Living With HIV | Children & AIDS
This brief highlights the current scenario of policies and programmes related to point-of-care viral load testing among pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV. In many countries, viral load policies are not differentiated for pregnant and breastfeeding women despite evidence that point-of-care viral load testing is helpful for this population. Same-day results for pregnant and breastfeeding women can help ensure timely initiation of ART, improved rates of viral suppression and retention in care to support efforts of preventing vertical transmission of HIV.. ...
https://childrenandaids.org/node/992
STIs Have Minimal Effects on Viral Load of People on HIV Treatment - POZSTIs Have Minimal Effects on Viral Load of People on HIV Treatment - POZ
Sexually transmitted infections apparently have a minimal effect on the HIV viral load of those who are taking antiretrovirals for the virus.
https://www.poz.com/article/STIs-viral-load-27728-4189
BHIVA - NewsBHIVA - News
Low-level HIV viral load, above the limit of detection, is an important warning signal for future treatment failure and World Health Organization guidelines on spotting treatment failure need to be revised to encourage greater vigilance and swifter action by healthcare providers in lower- and middle-income settings, investigators report in The Lancet Infectious Diseases.. The study, carried out by Annemarie Wensing and colleagues at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands and University of Witwatersrand in South Africa, looked at the relationship between having a detectable viral load below 1000 copies/ml after at least six months on antiretroviral treatment and the subsequent risk of treatment failure - a virological rebound above 1000 copies/ml that should lead to a switch in treatment. In its 2016 antiretroviral treatment guidelines for lower- and middle-income settings, the World Health Organization (WHO) did not recommend any action should be taken in cases where a person has a ...
http://bhiva.org/News.aspx?NewsID=c21545f1-fbce-4a6c-8dc2-5d2e0d8f788b
overt signsovert signs
Assessment and Diagnostic Methods. Confirmation of HIV antibodies is done using enzyme immunoassay(EIA; formerly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), Western blot assay, and viral load tests such as target amplification methods.. Medical Management. Currently there is no cure for HIV or AIDS, although researchers continue to work on developing a vaccine. Treatment decisions for an individual patient are based on three factors: HIV RNA (viral load), CD4 T-cell counts, and the clinical condition of the patient (severity of symptoms and patients commitment to participate in lifelong therapy). The goals of treatment are maximal and durable suppression of viral load, restoration and/or preservation of immunologic function, improvement of quality of life, and reduction of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. To determine and evaluate the treatment plan, viral load testing is recommended at diagnosis and then 3 to 4 months thereafter in the untreated person. CD4+ T-cell counts should be ...
https://www.nursingbuddy.com/tag/overt-signs/
Captains QuartersCaptains Quarters
We got some great news from the U of M on the First Mates recovery this afternoon. She seems to be recovering her health across the board, which we suspected by watching her stamina and coloring improve greatly since her last release from the hospital. She has less need for the oxygen -- in fact, she may not need it at all, but we have to wait for another clinic visit to determine that. But the real news came from the lab reports.. As you know, the FM has suffered from CMV and BK viral infections; the former can be deadly, and the latter killed her transplanted kidney. Today we heard that her viral load on CMV as dropped to 100, just above a negative result. It means that the antivirals have done their work. We also found out that the BK viral load results are negative, which means we can start working to get her back on the transplant list. Her hemolytic anemia appears to be resolving itself, which means the bone marrow has shaken off the affects of the campath. Her hemoglobin levels have ...
http://www.captainsquartersblog.com/mt/archives/007483.php
Margaret McCartneyMargaret McCartney
Wikidata () McCartney, Margaret (24 March 2020). "COVID-19 PPE; Secondary Pneumonia; Viral Load; Trauma Care in Fort William". ... McCartney, Margaret (24 March 2020). "COVID-19 PPE; Secondary Pneumonia; Viral Load; Trauma Care in Fort William". Inside ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_McCartney
Public health mitigation of COVID-19Public health mitigation of COVID-19
"Viral Load Exposure Factors". ReallyCorrect.com. Qin, Amy (2020-03-07). "China May Be Beating the Coronavirus, at a Painful ... Epperly, David E.; Rinehart, Kristopher R.; Caney, David N. (2020). "COVID-19 Aerosolized Viral Loads, Environment, Ventilation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19
Middle East respiratory syndromeMiddle East respiratory syndrome
One study found that severe cases of illness had higher viral loads than milder cases, and that concentrations peaked in the ... "Viral Load Kinetics of MERS Coronavirus Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (13): 1303-1305. doi:10.1056/ ... sputum sample or tracheal aspirate as these have the highest viral loads. There have also been studies utilizing upper ... Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, is a viral respiratory infection caused by the Middle East ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome
Misery BearMisery Bear
"Best Internet Viral Show" - 2012. Loaded Laftas comedy awards. "Misery Bear: Films". Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) BBC - Newsbeat - Tim Vine wins funniest joke award at Loaded Laftas Misery Bear clips ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_Bear
Hantaan orthohantavirusHantaan orthohantavirus
Severity of symptoms depends on the viral load. Like Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Hantaan virus has a mortality rate of 10 to 12%. ... "Hantaan Virus RNA Load in Patients Having Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: Correlation With Disease Severity". Journal of ... "The Murine Model for Hantaan virus-Induced Lethal Disease Shows Two Distinct Paths in Viral Evolutionary Trajectory with or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantaan_orthohantavirus
Gene therapyGene therapy
All patients had stable or decreased viral load; four of the five patients had stable or increased CD4 T cell counts. All five ... Non-viral methods present certain advantages over viral methods, such as large scale production and low host immunogenicity. ... Problems with viral vectors - Viral vectors carry the risks of toxicity, inflammatory responses, and gene control and targeting ... Non-viral techniques offer the possibility of repeat dosing and greater tailorability of genetic payloads, which in the future ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy
Swiss StatementSwiss Statement
... a sufficiently low viral load, and a lack of any other sexually transmitted diseases-under which an HIV-positive individual ... regimes could be sufficient to suppress HIV viral load such that ART patients would not transmit the disease, even without ... blood viral load has consistently been undetectable (. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Statement
Marburg virus diseaseMarburg virus disease
Weidmann, M.; Hufert, F. T.; Sall, A. A. (2007). "Viral load among patients infected with Marburgvirus in Angola". Journal of ... At the time, serologic testing was negative for viral hemorrhagic fever. She was discharged on January 19, 2008. After the ... In early 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) began investigating an outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever in Angola, which ... Jeffs, B. (2006). "A clinical guide to viral haemorrhagic fevers: Ebola, Marburg and Lassa". Tropical Doctor. 36 (1): 1-4. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virus_disease
Feline coronavirusFeline coronavirus
Relationship Between Antiviral Activity and Viral Load". Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 21 (8): 575-81. doi:10.1089 ... During the viral replication cycle, spikes proteins mature in the host cell Golgi complex with a high mannose glycosylation. ... For SARS CoV, it binds to ACEs It also binds to DC-SIGN of macrophages, The lactoferrin anti-viral activity is sialic-acid- ... The APN is a glycoprotein.) The anti-viral effect of lactoferrin is increased by the removal of sialic acid. Mannan-binding ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_coronavirus
HLA-A68HLA-A68
A*68 is associated with higher viral load in HIV. A68 may be protective against symptomatic heart disease in Chaga's ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-A68
Metropolis LabMetropolis Lab
"NACO partners with Metropolis Healthcare for HIV Viral Load Testing". Retrieved 2018-11-23. K. Tiwari, Ashish (October 3, 2019 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Lab
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritisMembranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Pegylated interferon and ribavirin are useful in reducing viral load. Colville D, Guymer R, Sinclair RA, Savige J (August 2003 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis
Epstein-Barr virus infectionEpstein-Barr virus infection
Radiographic testing is often paired with EBV viral load measuring. A biopsy can also be conducted in order to find where the ... Another test involves screening for the measurement of EBV viral loads in peripheral blood. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein–Barr_virus_infection
IndinavirIndinavir
Eventually, the viral load decreases because of the lack of reproduction. The official start to its development started in ... 1156 patients with a mean of 87 CD4 cell counts and mean viral load of 100,000 copies/ml were randomized to one of the two ... There were higher CD4 cell counts and less viral load in patients assigned to the three-drug group, proving that a three-drug ... After 24 weeks of treatment, 24 patients of the 28 patients who were treated with the three drugs were able to have viral load ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinavir
Emma HodcroftEmma Hodcroft
... while HIV C strains showed a greater degree of viral influence over viral load. She completed her first postdoctoral position ... She found that variations in HIV B strains were responsible for only a small fraction in the variations of viral load in ... Her thesis studied the phylogenetic factors influencing viral load in HIV. Her three-minute summary of her thesis won the ... Hodcroft's doctoral work studied the phylogenetic factors influencing viral load in HIV, analyzing the genetic sequences of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Hodcroft
Nashom WoodenNashom Wooden
Wooden was HIV-positive, though he had an undetectable viral load. On March 23, 2020, Wooden died at the age of 50 as a result ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashom_Wooden
Hepatitis C and HIV coinfectionHepatitis C and HIV coinfection
For nucleic acid tests, like the viral load blood test, it can take anywhere from 10-33 days for the test to provide an ... the new viral DNA integrates itself into the host cell's DNA and instructs the cell to produce viral proteins. These viral ... There are several test options including ELISA, at-home, saliva, viral load, and western blot. To establish the presence of the ... For a quantitative test, a low viral load is any value below ... HCV RNA blood test which provides a count of the HCV viral load ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_and_HIV_coinfection
Infectious periodInfectious period
For viral infections, viral load and viral shedding are important related concepts. Viral load refers to the quantity of ... Viral shedding refers to the event when a host releases pathogens into his surroundings. Together these two factors influence ... Asymptomatic carrier Basic reproduction number Generation time Incubation period Latent period Serial interval Viral shedding ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_period
Selenium yeastSelenium yeast
2007). "Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation". Arch Intern Med. 167 (2 ... Viral infection. Findings of increased viral virulence in selenium-deficient hosts support the need for further investigation ... Beck M (2001). "Antioxidants and viral infections: Host immune response and viral pathogenicity". J Am Coll Nutr. 20 (5 Suppl ... Certain viral diseases have been shown to mutate more rapidly in selenium-deficient hosts producing more virulent viruses. This ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium_yeast
Robert R. RedfieldRobert R. Redfield
Based on preliminary results of 15 of the 26 patients who got the vaccine, Redfield said that the viral load of patients ... Most researchers believe that viral load is a good indicator of vaccine effectiveness.[full citation needed] The vaccine later ... In 1996, Redfield, his HIV research colleague Robert Gallo and viral epidemiologist William Blattner co-founded the Institute ... It is a multidisciplinary research organization dedicated to developing research and treatment programs for chronic human viral ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Redfield
Human papillomavirus infectionHuman papillomavirus infection
Schmitt M, Depuydt C, Benoy I, Bogers J, Antoine J, Arbyn M, Pawlita M (May 2013). "Prevalence and viral load of 51 genital ... However, viral early transcription subjects to viral E2 regulation and high E2 levels repress the transcription. HPV genomes ... the viral genome is transported to the nucleus by unknown mechanisms and establishes itself at a copy number of 10-200 viral ... Thus, viral genome integration into host DNA genome increases E6 and E7 expression to promote cellular proliferation and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection
Tuberculosis in relation to HIVTuberculosis in relation to HIV
If not on medication, a person's viral load starts to go up and the CD4 cell count begins to go down. Stage 3 of HIV infection ... People with AIDS can have a high viral load and be very infectious. HIV/TB infection is a bi-directional interaction of the two ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis_in_relation_to_HIV
Zion WilliamsonZion Williamson
Johnson, Chris (January 20, 2018). "Viral Sensation Zion Williamson Picks Duke as Blue Devils Solidify Loaded 2018 Class". ... Starting in the 2016-17 season, Williamson was propelled into the national spotlight for his viral highlight videos. He made ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_Williamson
Sea star-associated densovirusSea star-associated densovirus
The highest viral load was found in the body wall of the central disk. A similar virus infecting sea stars on the Atlantic ... "Diversity of Sea Star-Associated Densoviruses and Transcribed Endogenous Viral Elements of Densovirus Origin". Journal of ... "Investigating the Complex Association Between Viral Ecology, Environment, and Northeast Pacific Sea Star Wasting". Frontiers in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_star-associated_densovirus
ChikungunyaChikungunya
RT-PCR can also be used to quantify the viral load in the blood. Using RT-PCR, diagnostic results can be available in one to ... Additionally, viral antigen and viral RNA were found in macrophages in the synovial joint of a person experiencing a relapse of ... Viral antigen was detected in a muscle biopsy of a person suffering a recurrent episode of disease three months after initial ... Viral replication is highly cytopathic, but susceptible to type-I and -II interferon. In vivo, in studies using living cells, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya
Tetramer assayTetramer assay
This was compared to results of cytotoxic assays and plasma RNA viral load to characterize the function of CTLs in HIV ... "Quantitation of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma load of viral RNA". Science. 279 (5359): 2103-6. Bibcode: ... If the peptides being presented by MHC class I molecules are foreign-for example, derived from viral proteins instead of the ... Quantification and sorting of T-cells by flow cytometry enables researchers to investigate immune response to viral infection ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramer_assay
Sharon LewinSharon Lewin
"Analysis of hepatitis B viral load decline under potent therapy: Complex decay profiles observed". Hepatology. 34 (5): 1012- ... Over 20 years later, this method still informs studies of residual HIV replication, HIV latency and viral reactivation. Lewin's ... an early product of viral transcription, in people receiving antiretroviral drugs. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lewin
Virological failureVirological failure
... even for individuals who have reached complete viral suppression, by confirmed rebound of viral load above 400 copies / ml. Non ... It is characterized by a confirmed viral load above 400 copies / ml after 24 weeks or above 50 copies / ml after 48 weeks of ... Virological failure is defined as non-attainment or non-maintenance of undetectable viral load. ... the evolution of viral load, T-CD4 + lymphocyte count and the occurrence of clinical events. The progressive decline in T-CD4 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virological_failure
He Jiankui affairHe Jiankui affair
After complete treatment, the patients showed decreased viral load, and in one, HIV disappeared. In January 2019, scientists in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair
Leickness SimbayiLeickness Simbayi
The report now included a measurement of HIV incidence, viral load, and ARV use. In 2008, Simbayi was the co-Principal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leickness_Simbayi
AcneAcne
... glycemic-load diets have been found to have different degrees of effect on acne severity.[7][53][54] Multiple randomized ... controlled trials and nonrandomized studies have found a lower-glycemic-load diet to be effective in reducing acne.[53] There ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris
ImmunosenescenceImmunosenescence
... the challenge of heterogeneity and the role of antigenic load". Experimental Gerontology. 34 (8): 911-921. doi:10.1016/S0531- ... stimulation the accumulation and the clonal expansion of memory and effector T-cells hampered immune defences against viral ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosenescence
Brown ratBrown rat
... viral hemorrhagic fever, Q fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. In the United Kingdom, brown rats are an important ... and it is said to have been imported into this country in a ship-load of timber from Norway. Against this hypothesis stands the ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus
Index of HIV/AIDS-related articlesIndex of HIV/AIDS-related articles
... viral burden - viral core - viral culture - viral envelope - viral load - viremia - viricide - virion - virology - virus - ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics
RetrovirusRetrovirus
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. *Viral load. *Virus-like particle. *Virus quantification ... The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the ... This step will also make viral enzymes and capsid proteins (8). Viral RNA will be made in the nucleus. These pieces are then ... Next, some of these RNA molecules are translated into viral proteins. For example, the gag gene is translated into molecules of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus
எயிட்சு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாஎயிட்சு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
2002). "Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in northern Thailand". J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr ... Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, et al. (January 2007). "Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with ... Blankson JN, Persaud D, Siliciano RF (2002). "The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection". Annu. Rev. Med. 53: 557- ... 1996). "Type 1 cytokine production and low prevalence of viral isolation correlate with long-term non progression in HIV ...
https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/எய்ட்சு
InfluenzaInfluenza
The central core contains the viral RNA genome and other viral proteins that package and protect this RNA. RNA tends to be ... "W.H.O. Gives Swine Flu a Less Loaded, More Scientific Name". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 ... the viral particles of all influenza viruses are similar in composition.[63] These are made of a viral envelope containing two ... symptoms and viral shedding show a similar pattern, but with viral shedding preceding illness by one day.[82] Children are much ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicityAntibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
If the target cell was pre-loaded with a label of some sort, that label is released in proportion to the amount of cell lysis. ... During replication of a virus some of the viral proteins are expressed on the cell surface membrane of the infected cell. ... Antibodies can then bind to these viral proteins. Next, the NK cells which have Fc Receptors will bind to that antibody, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity
ChikungunyaChikungunya
RT-PCR can also be used to quantify the viral load in the blood. Using RT-PCR, diagnostic results can be available in one to ... viral antigen and viral RNA were found in macrophages in the synovial joint of a person experiencing a relapse of ... Viral replication is highly cytopathic, but susceptible to type-I and -II interferon.[43] In vivo, in studies using living ... Viral antigen was detected in a muscle biopsy of a person suffering a recurrent episode of disease three months after initial ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine
Antigenic driftAntigenic drift
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. *Viral load. *Virus-like particle. *Viral quantification ... However, viral genomes are constantly mutating, producing new forms of these antigens. If one of these new forms of an antigen ... 3 substitutions per site per year during viral genome replication.[7] Mutations in the surface proteins allow the virus to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_drift
HepadnaviridaeHepadnaviridae
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections. *Viral load. *Virus-like particle. *Virus quantification ... The pgRNA is inserted into an assembled viral capsid containing the viral polymerase. Inside this capsid the genome is ... Viral Polymerase[edit]. Hepadnaviridae encode their own polymerase, rather than co-opting host machinery as some other viruses ... Based on the presence of viral genomes in bird DNA it appears that the Hepatoviruses evolved ,82 million years ago.[6] Birds ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepadnaviridae
Water bottleWater bottle
"Viral Warning: Don't Drink Bottled Water Left in Car".. *^ a b Halden, Rolf U. (2010). "Plastics and Health Risks". Annual ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bottle
HomeostasisHomeostasis
... such as the advent of a concurrent acute viral infection), which sends the body reeling through a new cascade of events. Such ... and therefore highly variable in rough proportion to the heat load that threatens to destabilize the body's core temperature, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_homeostasis
Red blood cellRed blood cell
When these release their oxygen load in the tissues, they become insoluble, leading to mis-shaped red blood cells. These sickle ... as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies, thus temporarily depleting the ... where they efficiently release their oxygen load.[15] ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells
Linux malwareLinux malware
Xor DDoS[63] A Trojan malware that hijacks Linux systems and uses them to launch DDoS attacks which have reached loads of 150+ ... "From position-independent to self-relocatable viral code".. *^ Kaspersky Lab (August 2003). "Virus.Linux.Rike.1627". Archived ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_computer_viruses
Jet injectorJet injector
These devices have all been spring-loaded. At their peak, jet injectors accounted for only 7% of the injector market. Currently ... An experiment using mice, published in 1985, showed that jet injectors would frequently transmit the viral infection lactate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_injector
ChemotherapyChemotherapy
The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself, viral hepatitis ... Salvage chemotherapy or palliative chemotherapy is given without curative intent, but simply to decrease tumor load and ... "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea" ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics
SepsisSepsis
This section needs expansion with: Viral sepsis. You can help by adding to it. (March 2020) ... Meanwhile, for antibiotics with low volume distribution (vancomycin, teicoplanin, colistin), loading dose is required to ... Infections leading to sepsis are usually bacterial but may be fungal or viral.[21] Gram-positive bacteria were the primary ... viral, and protozoan infections can also lead to sepsis.[3] Common locations for the primary infection include the lungs, brain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis
VertigoVertigo
... and generalized imbalance and is believed to be caused by a viral infection of the inner ear though several theories have been ... actually increasing their total inert gas loading. This is often found to provoke inner ear decompression sickness, as the ear ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo
InfectionInfection
Bacterial or viral[edit]. As bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms, it can be difficult to ... A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is ... Comparison of viral and bacterial infection Characteristic Viral infection Bacterial infection Typical symptoms In general, ... Some viral infections can also be latent, examples of latent viral infections are any of those from the Herpesviridae family.[ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection
Atkins dietAtkins diet
"International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Ajcn.org. 76 (1): 5- ... as stating that the circumstances of his death from an epidural hematoma had nothing to do with his diet or history of viral ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkins_Nutritional_Approach
RNA interferenceRNA interference
Researchers believed that viral RNA produced by transgenes could also inhibit viral replication.[195] The reverse experiment, ... Loading is asymmetric: the MID domain of Ago2 recognizes the thermodynamically stable end of the siRNA. Therefore, the " ... The first type is to target viral RNAs. Many studies have shown that targeting viral RNAs can suppress the replication of ... VIRmiRNA is a comprehensive catalogue covering viral microRNA, their targets and anti-viral miRNAs [22] (see also VIRmiRNA ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference
Causes of the vote in favour of BrexitCauses of the vote in favour of Brexit
Michael Dougan, Professor of European Law at the University of Liverpool, in a viral video of one of his lectures prior to the ... as a word places a lower cognitive load on observers than 'Remain a member of'.[61] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_Brexit
Chemtrail conspiracy theoryChemtrail conspiracy theory
... which had to dump fuel to lighten its load for an emergency landing in São Paulo. The clip went viral on Facebook, with over ... Viral Video Claims to Prove 'Chemtrails' Conspiracy *^ "The Man Who Tricked Chemtrails Conspiracy Theorists - VICE". Vice. ... In May 2014 a video that went viral showed a commercial passenger airplane landing on a foggy night, which was described as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemtrails
ATP-binding cassette transporterATP-binding cassette transporter
Upon docking of the closed, substrate-loaded binding protein towards the periplasmic side of the transmembrane domains, ATP ... which is known to recognize certain oligodendrocytes produced in response to certain viral infections. Each member of the ABCF ... or a faster rate of substrate elimination from cells loaded with the substrate. Transported radioactive substrates or labeled ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP-binding_cassette_transporter
Molecular dynamicsMolecular dynamics
The entire STMV particle consists of 60 identical copies of one protein that make up the viral capsid (coating), and a 1063 ... Parallel algorithms allow the load to be distributed among CPUs; an example is the spatial or force decomposition algorithm.[17 ... Molecular dynamics simulations were used to probe the mechanisms of viral assembly. ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics
Stem-cell therapyStem-cell therapy
Viral entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the interaction with a cellular chemokine receptor, the most common of which are ... Mesenchymal stem cells that are induced to a neural cell fate are loaded onto a porous scaffold and are then implanted at the ... Because subsequent viral replication requires cellular gene expression processes, activated CD4+ cells are the primary targets ... "Tissue regeneration observed in a basic fibroblast growth factor-loaded porous acellular bovine pericardium populated with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_therapy
Health effects of tobaccoHealth effects of tobacco
"Effect of mild-to-moderate smoking on viral load, cytokines, oxidative stress, and cytochrome P450 enzymes in HIV-infected ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco
வயிற்றுப் புண் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாவயிற்றுப் புண் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
கல்லீரல் அழற்சி (Viral hepatitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Alcoholic hepatitis) · கல்லீரல் இழைநார் வளர்ச்சி (PBC) · கொழுப்புமிகு ... "Mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori load in vivo". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52 (3): 522-3. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg366 ...
https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/வயிற்றுப்_புண்
Viral Load TestsViral Load Tests
How Are Changes in Viral Load Measured? Viral Load Blips What Do The Numbers Mean? [Are There Limitations With The Viral Load ... Table of Contents What Is Viral Load? How Is the Test Used? ... What Is Viral Load?. The viral load test measures the amount of ... viral load. Treatment is working if it lowers viral load by at least 90% within 8 weeks. The viral load should continue to ... The higher the viral load, the faster the disease progression.. *For prevention, viral load predicts how easy it is to transmit ...
https://www.thebody.com/content/art6125.html?ic=4002
Viral load | DailyStrengthViral load | DailyStrength
How often should a viral be checked, once you have been non detect. I was at 12 weeks, and havent beeen tested since. A friend ... My last viral load test before that was 12 weeks, same as you just had. I have heard some people dont stay non-dect. during ... How often should a viral be checked, once you have been non detect. I was at 12 weeks, and havent beeen tested since. A friend ... Hepatitis C is a blood-borne viral disease which can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. The ...
https://www.dailystrength.org/group/hepatitis-c/discussion/viral-lo_9
Gender Difference in Viral Load - TheBody.comGender Difference in Viral Load - TheBody.com
In other words, women with half the viral load as men had a similar time to AIDS. Respectively, women with the same viral load ... Viral load was consistently lower in women than men even after adjustments for CD4+ cell count differences were made. This ... Whether or not viral load differences according to gender should be considered a treatment decision point demands further study ... Researchers also looked at the association of viral load, CD4+ cell count and time to AIDS between men and women. They found ...
http://www.thebody.com/content/art5841.html
Viral load went up | DailyStrengthViral load went up | DailyStrength
I have fatty liver disease and geno 1 hep c. I am stage 2 grade 2. The entire time I was on treatment my viral... ... I have fatty liver disease and geno 1 hep c. I am stage 2 grade 2. The entire time I was on treatment my viral load and liver ... Hepatitis C is a blood-borne viral disease which can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. The ...
https://www.dailystrength.org/group/hepatitis-c/discussion/viral-load-went-up
Viral Load TestViral Load Test
Find out how viral load is tested and what the results mean. ... An HIV viral load test can help diagnose an infection and guide ... What Does HIV Viral Load Tell You?. Articles OnHIV Testing. HIV Testing HIV Testing - What Does HIV Viral Load Tell You? * What ... Your viral load gives you an idea of how much of the HIV virus is in your body. The test measures the number of HIV copies in a ... HIV viral load tests look for RNA, the part of HIV that has the recipe for reproducing itself. They add an enzyme, a kind of ...
https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/hiv-viral-load-what-you-need-to-know
Single measures of viral load may overestimate HIV suppression statusSingle measures of viral load may overestimate HIV suppression status
A review of data reported to the National HIV Surveillance System through June 2016 suggests that a single measure of viral ... load may overestimate how many persons with HIV infection have durable... ... durable viral suppression), the percentage of persons in whom all viral loads in 2014 were 200 copies/mL or greater (viral ... 57.3 percent had a suppressed viral load on their most recent test in 2014, a total of 47.6 percent had durable viral ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/318871.php
HIV viral load: What it means, detection, and CD4 levelsHIV viral load: What it means, detection, and CD4 levels
Antiretroviral therapy aims to reduce a persons viral load to undetectable levels, where the virus is no longer transmittable ... Here, we discuss what viral load and CD4 levels mean for a person living with HIV. ... Viral load is the amount of HIV per milliliter of blood. ... What is HIV viral load?. Share on Pinterest. The viral load is ... Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a persons blood. HIV treatments aim to reduce the viral load until the virus is no ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323851
Low vs high viral load - Hepatitis C - MedHelpLow vs high viral load - Hepatitis C - MedHelp
As a rule of thumb, the lower the HCV viral load, the better someones chances of responding to HCV treatment. HCV viral load ... Yes your viral load can change by the day, not sure what she is talking about it being to low to treat. Thats a first for me, ... Yes, the viral load can go higher. The VL fluctuates day to day. The VL is not indicative of the amount of liver damage. Your ... Though the HCV viral load test cannot determine if or when someone with hepatitis C will develop cirrhosis or liver failure, it ...
https://www.medhelp.org/posts/Hepatitis-C/Low-vs-high-viral-load/show/1869424
HIV Virus in the Body | Viral Load | Health24HIV Virus in the Body | Viral Load | Health24
Learn more about HIV in the body with articles on the meaning and designation of CD4 cell counts and viral loads that affect ...
https://www.news24.com/health24/Medical/HIV-AIDS/HIV-in-the-body
Viral Load Key to HIV Transmission | Medpage TodayViral Load Key to HIV Transmission | Medpage Today
HIV-1 viral load in the blood is one of the most important factors influencing transmission to the partner in serodiscordant ... HIV-1 viral load in the blood is one of the most important factors influencing transmission to the partner in serodiscordant ... This study found that HIV-1 viral load in the blood is one of the most important factors influencing transmission to the ... infectivity appear to be largely driven by measurable differences in plasma viral load of the HIV-1-infected partner, condom ...
https://www.medpagetoday.com/hivaids/hivaids/30639
Scale-up of HIV Viral Load Monitoring - Seven Sub-Saharan African CountriesScale-up of HIV Viral Load Monitoring - Seven Sub-Saharan African Countries
The percentage of viral load tests with viral suppression might include multiple tests per patient. In Kenya, the viral load ... In 2015, the proportion of viral load tests with viral suppression in countries initiating routine viral load monitoring scale- ... for increases in viral load suppression following increases in viral load testing is that with scale-up in viral load testing, ... the number of viral load tests with laboratory-confirmed viral suppression, and the established target number of viral load ...
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6446a3.htm
HIV & AIDS Information :: Topics - Viral loadHIV & AIDS Information :: Topics - Viral load
Viral load resources * Undetectable viral load. If your viral load result is undetectable, there is only a little HIV in the ... Viral load. Effective HIV treatment results in a fall in viral loadAn undetectable viral load is the aim of HIV treatment. ... Viral load. Viral load is the term used to describe the amount of HIV in your blood. The more HIV there is in your blood (and ... Viral load features * More confidence on zero risk: still no transmissions seen from people with an undetectable viral load in ...
http://www.aidsmap.com/cat/1657/
Understanding viral load and COVID-19 | BusinessWorldUnderstanding 'viral load' and COVID-19 | BusinessWorld
... "viral load", which is the amount of virus a person has inside them, and whether a high viral load means worse illness. ... A study from China, where the spread of the virus began, suggests that people exposed to a larger viral load could experience ... Sarah Caddy, a clinical research fellow in viral immunology and veterinary surgeon at University of Cambridge, wrote in The ...
https://www.bworldonline.com/understanding-viral-load-and-covid-19/
Highly accurate viral load testingHighly accurate viral load testing
Our PCR-based viral DNA tests and viral RNA tests are optimized specifically for your testing needs in small- to medium- ... artus Viral Load. Accurate viral load testing. Viral load testing is integral to the management of viral infections in solid- ... Our PCR-based viral DNA tests and viral RNA tests are optimized specifically for your testing needs in small- to medium- ... Quantification standards enable accurate viral load testing for viruses, including CMV, while the automated workflow minimizes ...
https://www.qiagen.com/qa/product-categories/diagnostics-and-clinical-research/transplant/artus-viral-load/
HIV Viral Load: MedlinePlus Medical TestHIV Viral Load: MedlinePlus Medical Test
An HIV viral load is a blood test that measures the amount of HIV in your blood. It can determine how well your HIV medicines ... A high viral load means the virus is more active and your treatment is not working well. The higher the viral load, the more ... What is an HIV viral load?. An HIV viral load is a blood test that measures the amount of HIV in your blood. HIV stands for ... Why do I need an HIV viral load?. Your health care provider may order an HIV viral load when you are first diagnosed with HIV. ...
https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hiv-viral-load/
Computerized counseling reduces HIV-1 viral load, sexual transmission risk | EurekAlert! Science NewsComputerized counseling reduces HIV-1 viral load, sexual transmission risk | EurekAlert! Science News
This is the first intervention to report improved ART adherence, viral suppression, and reduced secondary sexual transmission ... However, according to current data, only an estimated 77-percent of U.S patients on ART therapy have suppressed viral loads. ... This suggests patients adherence to the current ART treatment regiments is in need of improvement to reduce the viral load and ... After the nine-month period, CARE+ intervention participants overall had an average decrease in HIV viral load, had better ART ...
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/nyu-ccr040814.php
CD4 vs. Viral Load: What They Mean for People with HIVCD4 vs. Viral Load: What They Mean for People with HIV
CD4 count and viral load are important indicators of health status. Learn what they measure and how they affect HIV treatment ... What is a viral load?. An HIV viral load test measures the number of HIV particles in a milliliter (mL) of blood. These ... An HIV viral load is the amount of HIV in a drop of blood. Learn how monitoring viral load helps determine how well HIV ... undetectable viral load. . If a person is virally suppressed or has an undetectable viral load, their HIV is under control. ...
https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/cd4-viral-count
Patients with undetectable viral loads cannot transmit HIV | Miami HeraldPatients with undetectable viral loads cannot transmit HIV | Miami Herald
Medical authorities are publicly agreeing that people with undetectable viral loads cannot transmit the virus that causes AIDS. ... An undetectable viral load is defined as fewer than 200 copies of the virus in a milliliter of blood. Generally, people with ... And experts acknowledge that a few people whose viral load is not truly suppressed will eventually transmit HIV to others. ... "Many questions arise following the information that when a person with HIV has an undetectable viral load, he has effectively ...
https://www.miamiherald.com/living/health-fitness/article186789833.html
HIV 1 Viral LoadHIV 1 Viral Load
... how the HIV viral load test is used, and what the results of an HIV viral load test might mean ... Describes when an HIV viral load test is requested, ... Treatment with anti-viral agents can decrease the viral load in ... "viral load", in the blood increases. If you have been diagnosed with HIV, the measurement of an HIV 1 viral load (HIV 1 RNA) ... A viral load result that reads "undetectable" does not mean that you are cured. It may mean that either the HIV 1 RNA is not ...
https://labtestsonline.org.uk/tests/hiv-1-viral-load
Asymptomatic Covid-19 patients still carry high viral loads, study suggests - CNNAsymptomatic Covid-19 patients still carry high 'viral loads,' study suggests - CNN
Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms, according to a new study from South Korea. This would suggest that they could still spread the virus to others.
https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/07/health/covid-asymptomatic-transmission-study-wellness/index.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcnn_health+%28RSS%3A+CNN+-+Health%29
Branched DNA for quantification of viral load. - PubMed - NCBIBranched DNA for quantification of viral load. - PubMed - NCBI
Genetic subtypes A-F quantified within a factor of 1.5, indicating that the bDNA assay can be used to measure viral load in ... Detection of change in viral load is important in determining the efficacy of therapy. The bDNA assay for HCV RNA can be used ... Branched DNA for quantification of viral load.. Wilber JC1.. Author information. 1. Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California ... Patients who respond to treatment typically have a rapid decline in virus load within one to four weeks of the start of therapy ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9037608?dopt=Abstract
undetectable viral loadundetectable viral load
AdultsHBsAgHBV Awarenesshepatitis BHepatitis B newsinactive hepatitis Bsurface antibodiesundetectable viral load. Baruch S. ... Tag Archives: undetectable viral load. Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Monitoring, Living with Hepatitis B ... Forget Surface Antibodies, If You Have Both Undetectable Viral Load and HBsAg, You Might Be Functionally "Cured". March 23, ... Robert Gish, suggest if people have an undetectable viral load (HBV DNA), undetectable HBsAg, and no signs of liver damage, ...
http://www.hepb.org/blog/tag/undetectable-viral-load/
Pediatric HIV Infection Workup: Approach Considerations, Detection of HIV, Viral Load TestingPediatric HIV Infection Workup: Approach Considerations, Detection of HIV, Viral Load Testing
Viral Load Testing. The viral load can be quantified by using several HIV assays. The number of virions in the peripheral blood ... Certain viral-load tests are not sensitive to non-B subtypes of HIV-1. Therefore, viral loads can seem to be considerably ... the viral load rapidly decreases 6-12 months after the primary viremia. Neonates have high viral loads that persist throughout ... Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) of plasma RNA reveal a viral load 2 ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965086-workup
Pfizers Antiretroviral Maraviroc Reduces Viral Loads | EmaxHealthPfizer's Antiretroviral Maraviroc Reduces Viral Loads | EmaxHealth
... antiretroviral Kaletra in reducing HIV viral loads among people not previously treated for the virus, Reuters. reports. For the ...
https://www.emaxhealth.com/53/16221.html
HIV Virus in the Body | Viral Load | Health24HIV Virus in the Body | Viral Load | Health24
Learn more about HIV in the body with articles on the meaning and designation of CD4 cell counts and viral loads that affect ... Viral load, CD4 cell count and HIV/Aids progression Find out how CD4 cell counts and viral loads can predict when the final ... Read about the progression of the HIV virus in the body and how CD4 cell counts and the measurement of viral load indicate ... the cells that manage your immune system and slowly builds up a reservoir of inactive viral cells that lie in wait. ...
https://www.health24.com/Medical/HIV-AIDS/HIV-in-the-body
HBV Viral Load Risk Factor for Liver CancerHBV Viral Load Risk Factor for Liver Cancer
The study below was presented at the 40th EASL meeting & found that viral load 1000 copies/ml and ALT normalization HBV DNA ... Reducing viral load below 10,000 copies/ml has been shown in study to reduce risk for liver cancer. ... In the study below, HBeAg status was found to be associated with HBV DNA serum level (viral load): 28% of patients with HBV DNA ... Reduction in circulating HBV DNA level is a marker of efficacy for anti-viral treatment of chronic HBV infection. However, ...
http://natap.org/2005/EASL/easl_24.htm
HIV Viral Load and Viral Suppression - AIDS ActionHIV Viral Load and Viral Suppression - AIDS Action
See also: Viral Resistance. General Information. General Fact Sheets:. *Viral load tests (AIDS InfoNet) and Spanish and Russian ... Detectable Viral Load Below 50 Copies Linked to 2-Year Viral Rebound Risk. (December 2015, TheBodyPro) ... HIV Rebound Risk May Be Predicted by Baseline Viral Load, Time to Viral Suppression. (October 2013, TheBodyPro) ... HIV viral load (labtestsonline). Selected Recent Articles. *Spanish study gives reassurance: small HIV blips do not predict ...
https://aac.org/aachealth-library/6461/
Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. - PubMed - NCBIPlasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. - PubMed - NCBI
Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection.. Mellors JW1, Muñoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB ... Plasma viral load strongly predicts the rate of decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte count and progression to AIDS and death, but the ... Plasma viral load was the single best predictor of progression to AIDS and death, followed (in order of predictive strength) by ... Plasma viral load discriminated risk at all levels of CD4+ lymphocyte counts and predicted their subsequent rate of decline. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9182471?dopt=Abstract
SuppressionMaintaining an undetectable viral loadCopiesInfectionAssayAdherenceMeasurementProgressionHigher viral loadsBaselinePlasma viral loadBlipsReach an undetectable viral loadUndetectable viral load does notMaintain an undetectable viral loadPredictsAIDSResultsPatients with undetectable viralTreatmentClinicalLower viral loadsCount and viral loadReplicationRoutineTestReductionAssaysHuman papillomavirusThresholdCounts and viralQuantificationDefined a high viral loadSuppress the viral loadDetectionOutcomesFibrosisPredictInfectionsPeople with low viral loadsRibonucleic acidSpecimensHepatitis B Viral LoadGoal of antiretroviral therapyIncreasesHigh viral load meansRegular viral load testsDetectAccess to HIV viraTestsMutationsSignificantlyStudyVirus
Suppression34
  • Viral load tests are used to monitor the effects ART, to track viral suppression, and detect treatment failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • A review of data reported to the National HIV Surveillance System through June 2016 suggests that a single measure of viral load may overestimate how many persons with HIV infection have durable viral suppression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reviewed data for 630,965 persons aged 13 years or older who were diagnosed with HIV infection through 2013 to determine the usefulness of a single measure of viral load for understanding long-term suppression and to examine the extent of cumulative HIV burden for understanding the potential risk for transmission. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The data showed that of all persons with HIV infection, 57.3 percent had a suppressed viral load on their most recent test in 2014, a total of 47.6 percent had durable viral suppression throughout 2014, and 8.1 percent never achieved viral suppression during 2014. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Those who never achieved viral suppression in 2014 had an average of 17,530 copy-years of viremia and 56.3 percent of those people had at least two tests for viral load in 2014, suggesting that they had regular care for their infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The findings emphasize the importance of routine monitoring of viral suppression status and of more effective delivery of appropriate therapy in response to the results of such monitoring. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This is known as viral suppression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In 2014, UNAIDS launched "90-90-90" goals to increase to 90% by 2020 the proportion of persons living with HIV infection who know their status, the proportion of persons living with HIV infection receiving ART, and the proportion of persons living with HIV infection on ART who have achieved viral suppression (defined as HIV RNA concentration below the threshold needed for detection on a viral load assay) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Routine laboratory and clinical data were collected by the ministries of health and CDC personnel from each country's laboratory database on the total number of ART patients, the total number of viral load tests, the number of viral load tests with laboratory-confirmed viral suppression, and the established target number of viral load tests for 2015 and 2016. (cdc.gov)
  • This is the first intervention to report improved ART adherence, viral suppression, and reduced secondary sexual transmission risk behavior. (eurekalert.org)
  • A number of studies at this 40th EASL meeting & published studies report that the greatest suppression of HBV DNA (viral suppression) is associated with better clinical outcomes. (natap.org)
  • ALT normalization & HBeAg seroconversion are also associated with better clinical outcomes, but still HBV DNA viral suppression appears to be the best predictor of HBeAg seroconversion & ALT normalization. (natap.org)
  • Avoid quarterly viral load testing of patients who have durable viral suppression, unless clinically indicated. (choosingwisely.org)
  • Viral load testing should be conducted before initiation of treatment, two to eight weeks after initiation or modification of therapy, and then every three to four months to confirm continuous viral suppression. (choosingwisely.org)
  • The study defined viral suppression as the first two consecutive viral load tests at or below 400. (poz.com)
  • The researchers found that having a higher viral load when starting ARVs was linked with a 13 percent increase in the likelihood of taking more time to achieve viral suppression. (poz.com)
  • This goal means that 90% of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status, 90% of all people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of all people receiving antiretroviral therapy will have durable viral suppression. (fiercepharma.com)
  • The French investigators suggested that detectable low-level viremia "seems to be a transient and dynamic phenomenon with about 40% of patients shifting from low-level viremia status to complete viral load suppression" during the 1 year of follow-up. (natap.org)
  • Point-of-care viral load testing resulted in higher rates of switching and shorter periods on failing treatment than laboratory-based viral load testing in rural Malawi and has the potential to be "game-changing" for achievement of viral suppression goals, Médecins sans Frontières researchers report in the Journal of the International AIDS Society . (aidsmap.com)
  • World Health Organization guidelines define antiretroviral treatment failure as two consecutive viral load results above 1000 copies/ml, based on evidence that re-suppression of viral load is frequent, and development of drug resistance is rare, in people with detectable viral load below 1000 copies/ml. (aidsmap.com)
  • Analysis of 18,095 HIV-positive adults in the US Medical Monitoring Project found that those diagnosed with depression were more likely to be prescribed antiretroviral therapy but less likely to achieve sustained viral suppression than people without depression [2]. (natap.org)
  • Among those prescribed ART, 69% had durable viral suppression. (natap.org)
  • OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of initiating raltegravir (RAL)-containing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens on HIV viral load (VL) in pregnant women who have high or suboptimal VL suppression late in pregnancy. (hindawi.com)
  • Indications for RAL initiation were late presentation in pregnancy (n=4) and suboptimal VL suppression secondary to poor adherence or viral resistance (n=7). (hindawi.com)
  • As a group, patients who developed the NRTI mutations showed continued viral load suppression (HIV RNA mean DAVG48 of -0.56 log(10) copies/mL). (gilead.com)
  • Moreover, if a person has developed or acquired resistance to any of the prescribed drugs, the likelihood of viral suppression may also be severely compromised. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Suppression of viral load to undetectable levels is a measure of antiviral treatment response and is an important goal of chronic hepatitis B treatment. (drugs.com)
  • These relatively high levels of inaccurate reporting of viral suppression exist in a sample that reported almost universal engagement in HIV care and ART medication, although approximately half reported sub-optimal ART adherence," write the authors. (aidsmap.com)
  • In HIV, optimal viral suppression is measured as the reduction of viral load (HIV RNA) to undetectable levels and is the goal of antiretroviral therapy. (aidsmap.com)
  • As an HIV prevention strategy, Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) relies on people with HIV having an accurate understanding of their current viral load and also an appreciation of the relationship between adherence to ART and viral suppression. (aidsmap.com)
  • The industry-leading simplicity and scalability of this new test, when successfully completed, could support efforts to enable the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target, with the goal to assure, by the year 2020, that 90% of individuals worldwide with HIV know their status, 90% of diagnosed individuals have initiated antiretroviral treatment, and 90% of those on treatment achieve viral suppression. (medindia.net)
  • 40 copies/mL but detectable typically had been on treatment for a shorter duration, and suggested they might simply need more time on the same regimen to achieve full viral suppression. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • Viral load suppression was strongest 24 hours after treatment. (umd.edu)
  • A VL test monitors viral suppression, the goal of ART given to a HIV-infected person. (worldbank.org)
Maintaining an undetectable viral load2
  • But maintaining an undetectable viral load is compatible with a normal, or near-normal life span. (webmd.com)
  • Current research has shown that having and maintaining an undetectable viral load eliminates your risk of transmitting HIV to an uninfected partner, whether for anal, vaginal, and oral sex. (verywellhealth.com)
Copies91
  • Previous treatment guidelines recommended that anyone with a viral load greater than 100,000 copies/mL of blood should begin treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] While receiving ART some patients with undetectable viral load measurements may experience an increase in viral load, to a low level (usually below 400 copies/mL blood), and then returned to an undetectable level. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viral loads are usually reported as copies of HIV in one milliliter of blood. (thebody.com)
  • With the first viral load tests, 'undetectable' meant up to 9,999 copies! (thebody.com)
  • The viral load should continue to drop to less than 50 copies within 6 months. (thebody.com)
  • According to the guidelines, treatment failure is indicated by a confirmed viral load above 200 copies while adherent to treatment. (thebody.com)
  • Viral load (VL) is reported as the number of HIV RNA copies per milliliter of blood. (nih.gov)
  • A high viral load is generally considered about 100,000 copies, but you could have 1 million or more. (webmd.com)
  • A lower HIV viral load is below 10,000 copies. (webmd.com)
  • A viral load that can't be detected -- less than 20 copies -- is always the goal of HIV treatment. (webmd.com)
  • The researchers used information about sex, age, transmission category, and race/ethnicity to calculate the percentage of persons with HIV infection whose last viral load in 2014 was less than 200 copies/mL. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Doctors define the viral load as the number of HIV copies in a milliliter of blood (copies/ml). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The more copies of the virus there are, the higher a person's viral load. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The main aim of HIV treatments is to reduce the viral load to the point where there are so few copies of the virus left that it is undetectable in the blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an undetectable viral load means less than 200 copies/ml . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • As the HIV viral load increases, the number of healthy CD4 cells decreases as they are destroyed creating HIV copies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An HIV viral load chart shows the number of particles (known as copies) of the HIV virus in 1 milliliter of blood of an HIV-positive individual. (reference.com)
  • There is no normal range to reference a viral load measurement against because uninfected people do not have any copies of the HIV virus in their blood. (reference.com)
  • A low viral load count is a good sign because the test measures the number of virus copies present in the blood. (reference.com)
  • A viral load can include millions of copies per mL of blood, especially when the virus is first contracted. (healthline.com)
  • A low viral load indicates relatively few copies of HIV in the blood. (healthline.com)
  • According to HIV.gov , HIV viral load is typically undetectable below levels of 40 to 75 copies/mL. (healthline.com)
  • Studies have found that transmission among HIV-infected persons with a viral load below 1,500 copies/ml is rare. (mynewsdesk.com)
  • An undetectable viral load is defined as fewer than 200 copies of the virus in a milliliter of blood. (miamiherald.com)
  • Many who faithfully take antiretroviral medication and lead healthy lifestyles can bring their viral loads considerably lower, to 50 or even 25 copies. (miamiherald.com)
  • Viral load" means the number of HIV particles or copies of the virus present in the blood. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
  • Reducing viral load below 10,000 copies/ml has been shown in study to reduce risk for liver cancer. (natap.org)
  • 3000 copies/ml & Group B # who develop a 2nd episode of a viral load above 3000 copies/ml after therapy stopped. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • b) whether those patients with 'high level' viral load results (above 3,000 copies/ml) could stop preemptive therapy earlier, thus maximising the benefits of therapy and minimising its risks. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • With the introduction of real time PCR, using a Taqman probe and the ABI7700 thermal cycler, it is possible to obtain rapid and sensitive results of viral load on clinical samples with a lower limit of detection of 200 copies/ml. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The lower bound of the 95% confidence limits of this distribution was 37,000 copies/ml and we aimed to initiate therapy in time to prevent CMV viral load reaching this value. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • To give a margin of safety, bearing in mind the 1 day average doubling-time of CMV and the timing of sampling twice-weekly, we therefore recommended that preemptive therapy be given once the viral load increases above 3,000 copies/ml. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • In the past, all patients with a CMV PCR load between 200 and 3,000 copies/ml have received preemptive treatment because the previous PCR assay did not give a quantitative result. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The standard blood tests used in clinics can measure viral load down to 20 or 50 copies per millilitre of blood. (aidsmap.com)
  • This found that no HIV-positive partner with a viral load below 1500 copies/ml transmitted HIV. (aidsmap.com)
  • A level of viral load that is too low to be picked up by the particular viral load test being used or below an agreed threshold (such as 50 copies/ml or 200 copies/ml). (aidsmap.com)
  • The PARTNER studies did not find a single HIV transmission from an HIV-positive partner who had an undetectable viral load (below 200 copies/ml). (aidsmap.com)
  • To find out, the researchers enrolled 1,858 treatment-naive patients who were stratified according to their initial serum viral load, with the cutoff between high and low set at a serum HIV RNA level of 100,000 copies per milliliter. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Further analysis showed that the excess was concentrated among patients with an initial serum viral load of 100,000 or more copies per milliliter, Sax and colleagues reported. (medpagetoday.com)
  • It is called undetectable as the devices used to determine the viral load cannot detect HIV if there are fewer than 40 to 50 copies of HIV per cubic millilitre of blood. (ght.org.uk)
  • When the viral load rises above the level of 100,000 copies/ml of blood, the virus is considered to be actively reproducing thus increasing the risk of a rapid decline in CD4 cell counts responsible for the progressive weakening of your immune system. (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • Lab 21 HIV-1 Viral Load testing utilises Roche Diagnostic's FDA and CE-IVD-certified COBAS technology to produce fully automated real-time PCR results and is sensitive down to 20 copies/mL. (lab21.com)
  • The viral RNA load was 6.63 copies/mL in the saliva of the 46-year-old woman. (drbicuspid.com)
  • The other patient's viral RNA load was 7.10 copies/mL. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Three studies--two presented at the Conference on Retroviruses [1,2] and one published in Clinical Infectious Diseases [3]--disagreed on whether a detectable viral load under 50 copies posed a risk of confirmed virologic rebound. (natap.org)
  • A 438-person French study found no evidence that a load between 20 and 50 copies threatened virologic failure through 1 year of follow-up compared with a load consistently below 20 copies [1]. (natap.org)
  • Across the Channel a 1247-person British analysis found that a still-detectable load under 40 copies almost tripled the risk of rebound above 400 copies when compared with a completely undetectable load [3]. (natap.org)
  • Researchers in Paris focused on two sets of patients--group 1 consisting of 413 people with a viral load always below 20 copies and group 2 including 25 people with at least two viral loads between 20 and 50 copies [1]. (natap.org)
  • During that time, 267 of 413 people in group 1 (65%) and 11 of 25 in group 2 (44%) had viral loads consistently below 20 copies, a nearly significant difference (P = 0.053). (natap.org)
  • During the 1 year of follow-up, 7 of 413 people in group 1 (2%) and 4 of 25 in group 2 (16%) had at least two viral loads between 20 and 50 copies, a significant difference (P = 0.002). (natap.org)
  • But the proportion of people with virologic failures--defined as two successive viral loads above 50 copies--did not differ significantly between group 1 and group 2 (4% versus 8%, P = 0.32). (natap.org)
  • Median viral load at failure was 250 copies in group 1 and 88 in group 2. (natap.org)
  • The Italian study focused on 1214 people with a viral load below 50 copies while taking a stable antiretroviral combination [2]. (natap.org)
  • Most study participants (71.5%) had a viral load below 3 copies, while the rest had a load between 3 and 50. (natap.org)
  • During 1 year of follow-up, 43 people (3.6%) endured virologic failure, defined as a confirmed viral load above 50 copies. (natap.org)
  • Thirty-one people (2.6%) had a confirmed load above 200 copies. (natap.org)
  • Risk of virologic failure after 4 months of follow-up was 0.4% in those who began the study with a load below 3 copies and 3.2% in those who began with 3 to 50 copies. (natap.org)
  • The British study involved 1247 people with a load below 50 copies followed for 1 year with the Abbott RealTime assay to gauge rates of rebound above 50 or 400 copies [3]. (natap.org)
  • Confirmed rebound rates above 50 copies were 34.2% for people who started the study with 40 to 49 copies, 11.3% for those who started with a detectable load below 40 copies, and 4.0% for people who started with completely undetectable viremia. (natap.org)
  • Compared with a completely undetectable initial viral load, a starting load between 40 and 49 copies more than quadrupled the risk of a confirmed rebound above 50 copies (adjusted hazard ratio 4.67), while a detectable load below 40 copies almost doubled that risk (adjusted hazard ratio 1.97). (natap.org)
  • The British team proposed that "treatment efficacy should be reviewed" for people with a detectable viral load below 50 copies on the RealTime assay they used. (natap.org)
  • The implementation of viral load monitoring was done largely in accordance with WHO ART guidelines, which advises annual routine monitoring, and a threshold of 1000 copies/mL to define virological failure. (eurekalert.org)
  • The study of over 70 000 patients attending 57 HIV treatment facilities has shown that patients presenting with detectable viral loads below the lenient 1000 copies/mL threshold are at an increased risk to develop virological failure - i.e. less than 1000 copies/mL. (eurekalert.org)
  • The assay provides semi-quantitative results, distinguishing between viral loads above and below 1000 copies/ml. (aidsmap.com)
  • Malawi's national guidelines define treatment failure as a viral load of 5000 copies or above on a confirmatory viral load test. (aidsmap.com)
  • Any person with a viral load above 1000 copies but below 5000 copies/ml is referred for enhanced adherence counselling and undergoes viral load testing again. (aidsmap.com)
  • At MSF-supported sites, anyone with viral load above 1000 copies/ml receives enhanced viral load testing and two follow-up viral load tests three months apart. (aidsmap.com)
  • A model adjusted for age, gender, antiretroviral regimen, CD4 count, and temporal trend determined that people with depression and not taking an SSRI antidepressant had 23% lower odds of reaching a viral load below 500 copies 12 months after starting ART than HIV-positive people without depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.77, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.95, P = 0.02). (natap.org)
  • The CDC determined how many had been prescribed ART within the past 12 months, how many took all their antiretroviral doses in the 3 days before the study interview, and how many had a viral load below 200 copies on every measure in the past 12 months. (natap.org)
  • While 8% had a CD4 count below 200 cells, 18% had a viral load at or above 200 copies. (natap.org)
  • In an analysis with the interaction terms viral load and age, a viral load at or above 200 copies was significantly associated with higher non-HDL cholesterol (adjusted beta 2.4, P (natap.org)
  • In an analysis with the interaction terms CD4 count and viral load at or above 200 copies, a CD4 count below 200 (versus above 500) was associated with lower (worse) HDL cholesterol level (adjusted beta -4.9, P = 0.0013). (natap.org)
  • Typically speaking, though, 800,000 IU/L correlates to around two million copies of viral RNA. (verywellhealth.com)
  • The number of HPV viral copies was normalized to the number of cells in the PCR reaction as estimated by a real-time PCR assay to a single copy human gene (ERV-3). (cdc.gov)
  • No virus was detectable in plasma from 49.2% of patients, while 42.4% had virological failure (viral load, ≥1000 copies/mL) according to WHO criteria. (scirp.org)
  • In practice, the viral load is estimated from the number of copies of ribonucleic acid (RNA) HIV-1 per milliliter of plasma, determined with commercial molecular technic used to evaluate the effectiveness of ART. (scirp.org)
  • Newer, ultra-sensitive quantitative viral load tests can detect viral activity as low as five copies/mL to well over 1,000,000 copies per milliliter (copies/mL. (verywellhealth.com)
  • The aim of viral load is simple: the fewer copies of HIV in your blood the better. (verywellhealth.com)
  • For example, if the viral load drops from 50,000 copies/mL to 500 copies/mL, the patient is said to have a two-log drop in viral load. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Key factors associated with these abnormalities were increasing age (the older a woman, the greater the risk of having one or more of these abnormalities) and having had a high viral load (100,000 copies/mL or greater). (thebodypro.com)
  • 2) The mean reduction in viral load from baseline in patients treated with BARACLUDE was -7.82 log(10) copies/mL and was -5.96 log(10) copies/mL in patients treated with adefovir at week 96. (drugs.com)
  • No BARACLUDE-treated patient (n=0/29) and 35 percent (n=7/20) of adefovir-treated patients had viral load greater than or equal to 10^5 copies/mL. -- 97 percent (n=28/29) of BARACLUDE patients achieved ALT normalization (ALT of less than or equal one time the upper limit of normal) compared with 85 percent (n=17/20) of adefovir-treated patients. (drugs.com)
  • A Finger Stick whole blood HIV quantitative assay that can reliably differentiate viral load levels at the 1,000 copies/mL level could dramatically impact the course of the HIV epidemic," said Prof Ian Sanne , Founding Director and Chief Executive Officer of Right to Care. (medindia.net)
  • 3] The Finger Stick whole blood test from Cepheid is designed to detect HIV viral load levels, the standard method of monitoring the amount of HIV in the blood and is anticipated to be accurate, precise, and conform to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, which defines treatment failure at a HIV viral load of 1,000 copies/mL or above. (medindia.net)
  • The researchers assessed viral load using a sensitive test -- the Abbott RealTime assay -- that can measure HIV RNA down to 40 copies/mL, and below that can determine whether HIV is present, but not its precise level. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • 40 copies/mL but detectable, and 40.1% had undetectable viral load by the sensitive test. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • Our extracts significantly decrease the number of viral copies per cell with no significant toxicity. (umd.edu)
  • For example, in the PARTNER study, zero new HIV transmissions occurred through more than 44,000 condomless sex acts within 767 mixed-HIV-status couples in which the HIV-positive partner's viral load was suppressed below 200 copies/mL, and where the HIV-negative partner did not use PrEP or PEP to prevent infection . (thebodypro.com)
  • All participants were on ART and had undetectable blood viral load (defined here as below 50 copies/mL) for more than six months. (thebodypro.com)
  • The main aim of the study was to see how many men reached an undetectable viral load (defined as a load below 50 copies). (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Although the number of EBV copies increases over time in patients progressing to AIDS-related NHL, there is no correlation between absolute EBV load and the occurrence of NHL, in contrast to the situation in transplant patients. (jimmunol.org)
Infection35
  • People who are recently infected (acute HIV infection, see fact sheet 103 ) have very high initial viral loads. (thebody.com)
  • The test can be used for diagnosis , because it can detect a viral load a few days after HIV infection. (thebody.com)
  • The data also showed that some persons who seemed to have received regular care for HIV infection still had viral loads high enough to substantially increase transmission risk. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In sub-Saharan Africa, where 11 million persons living with HIV infection are receiving ART ( 3 ), an estimated six million ART patients do not have access to viral load testing ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Timely and accurate monitoring of viral load through a molecular test is essential for these patients, especially for those patients undergoing antiviral drug therapy for a viral infection. (qiagen.com)
  • Physicians use Hepatitis C viral load testing results to establish a baseline level of hepatitis C infection and to serially monitor viral load levels and treatment effectiveness in patients on therapy. (emaxhealth.com)
  • Reduction in circulating HBV DNA level is a marker of efficacy for anti-viral treatment of chronic HBV infection. (natap.org)
  • Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. (nih.gov)
  • No randomized clinical trial to date has demonstrated a survival benefit of using regular HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) viral load (VL) testing to monitor patients' responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • In transplant recipients with CMV infection, the risk of developing CMV disease is directly proportional to the CMV DNA viral load. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • When the viral load is low - the virus may be relatively inactive and/or your immune system may be efficiently managing the infection (even without medications early on in the infection). (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • Viral load results permit your doctor to evaluate the rate of progression of your infection. (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • In summary: the greater the viral load, the faster your infection may progress (greater numbers of CD4 cells destroyed and your bone marrow can't pump out enough new cells to compensate) and the lower the viral load, the slower the infectious process (fewer CD4 cells destroyed and your bone marrow is able to compensate for the amount of destruction incurred). (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • An analysis of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection control and establishing a definite causal load by patient age [cited 2020 May 3]. (cdc.gov)
  • June 3, 2020 -- In a new study, high amounts of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in the saliva of patients for days after infection, but rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced the viral load in saliva for a short time. (drbicuspid.com)
  • To understand the transmission dynamics and reinforce infection control practices, doctors evaluated viral shedding in a range of body fluids for two patients who went to the hospital: a 46-year-old woman who had mild dizziness and fatigue and a 65-year-old woman who had a mild sore throat and general weakness. (drbicuspid.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 viral loads were consistently high in the patients' saliva during the early stages of infection, suggesting the virus may be secreted from the salivary glands, according to the authors. (drbicuspid.com)
  • MBL2 genetic variants in HCV infection susceptibility, spontaneous viral clearance and pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment response," Scandinavian Journal of Immunology , vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 61-69, 2016. (hindawi.com)
  • Indian scientists have observed a higher association between asymptomatic COVID-19 cases and viral load, or the amount of virus in an infected person's bodily fluid, in a study of over 200 patients with SARS-CoV-2 virus in Telangana, a 'surprise' finding that may better inform the policymakers about the spread of the novel coronavirus infection. (rediff.com)
  • Taking daily selenium supplements appears to increase the level of the essential mineral in the blood and may suppress the progression of viral load in patients with HIV infection, according to an article in the January 22 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • The Swiss commission said that a person with HIV/AIDS (PHA) would be sexually non-infectious if that person: a) is taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with excellent adherence, b) has an undetectable viral load for the past six consecutive months, c) is in a stable and monogamous relationship and d) neither partner has a sexually transmitted infection (STI). (catie.ca)
  • Numerous studies have attempted to determine whether HPV infection and high concentration of HPV DNA (HPV viral load) in cytologic specimens are predictors of detectable cytologic abnormalities and/or underlying histologic CIN ( 5 - 13 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • To evaluate the impact of sustained viral loads on anti-viral T cell responses we compared responses that cleared acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection with those that were elicited but could not resolve chronic infection. (jimmunol.org)
  • During a typical acute viral infection, naive CD8 T cells undergo massive proliferation as they differentiate and acquire effector capabilities ( 3 , 4 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ). (jimmunol.org)
  • The virus-specific CD8 T cells that are elicited by an acute infection are not usually a monoclonal population of cells, but instead are comprised of oligoclonal subsets that recognize a variety of distinct viral epitopes ( 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ). (jimmunol.org)
  • detectable hepatitis C virus , regardless if the viral load is 100 IU/ml or 25 million IU/ml, you have active infection and are infectious. (healthtap.com)
  • Although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to be involved in the control of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, it has not been possible to demonstrate a direct relation between CTL activity and plasma RNA viral load. (sciencemag.org)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are believed to be important in the control of HIV infection ( 2-6 ) because the emerging HIV-specific CTL response observed during primary infection follows a close temporal association with acute viral load reduction ( 2 , 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
  • Mathematical modeling of viral dynamics has predicted that if CTLs are important in the control of HIV infection, there should be an inverse association between HIV-specific CTL activity and plasma RNA viral load ( 7 , 8 ). (sciencemag.org)
  • In a study of early HIV infection only, the levels of Env-specific cultured memory CTLs were inversely correlated with RNA viral load, but this finding did not extend to Gag- or Pol-specific memory CTLs ( 13 ). (sciencemag.org)
  • Clinical and demographic factors associated with low viral load in early untreated HIV infection in the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • To study whether a high EBV load is already a normal situation early in HIV infection and is not related to a decrease in immune function over time, we investigated EBV load and EBV-specific CD8 + T cells ∼1 year before and 1 year after HIV seroconversion. (jimmunol.org)
  • In conclusion, both virological and immunological data support the idea that a new EBV viral setpoint is reached early in HIV infection, probably by EBV reactivation, as suggested by the preferential increase in EBV lytic epitope-specific CD8 + T cells. (jimmunol.org)
  • As in many viral infections, CD8 + T cells are thought to play a major role in the control of both primary infection as well as subsequent reactivations of the virus from the latently infected B cell pool ( 4 , 5 ). (jimmunol.org)
  • During the acute phase of primary EBV infection, which is accompanied by an elevated EBV load in both infectious mononucleosis and asymptomatic EBV seroconversion ( 8 , 9 ), most CD8 + T cells are directed against EBV early lytic proteins, whereas during the transition to latent infection, relatively more CD8 + T cells are directed toward latent Ags ( 10 , 11 ). (jimmunol.org)
Assay14
  • Genetic subtypes A-F quantified within a factor of 1.5, indicating that the bDNA assay can be used to measure viral load in clinical samples regardless of genotype. (nih.gov)
  • and plasma viral load, which was measured as the concentration of HIV-1 RNA found using a sensitive branched-DNA signal-amplification assay. (nih.gov)
  • The investigators measured viral loads at least three times through the 1 year after inclusion in the study with the COBAS AmpliPrep TaqMan HIV-1 assay. (natap.org)
  • The findings cover the first four years of implementation of point-of-care viral load testing in decentralised medical facilities using SAMBA, a semi-automated assay that uses disposable cartridges and provides results in approximately two hours. (aidsmap.com)
  • Two FDA-approved ( in vitro diagnostic [IVD]) hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load assays, the manual Cobas TaqMan HBV Test for use with the High Pure System (HP) and the automated Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HBV Test v2.0 (CAP/CTM), were compared to a modified (not FDA-approved) version of the HP assay by automating the DNA extraction using the Total Nucleic Acid Isolation (TNAI) kit on the Cobas AmpliPrep. (asm.org)
  • All HPV viral loads and ERV3 were subsequently normalized to a 12µLvolume of DNA to be representative of the 12 uL oral rinse DNA sample volume used the Roche Linear Array assay. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, up to date, an HIV-2 viral load assay (or diagnostic test) does not exist. (omicsonline.org)
  • Accordingly, our aim was to develop a sensitive viral load assay utilizing digital PCR to quantify HIV-2 RNA in plasma and to validate it for clinical use. (omicsonline.org)
  • The same method was repeated using the stock HIV-2 only, utilizing the digital PCR to validate the viral load assay. (omicsonline.org)
  • The viral loads of 1,396 HR-HPV-positive specimens confirmed by Cervista ® assay were detected by BioPerfectus Multiplex Real-Time PCR assay. (dovepress.com)
  • The BioPerfectus Multiplex Real-Time PCR viral load assay provides viable triage for ≥HSIL when using appropriate cutoff levels. (dovepress.com)
  • The Xpert Finger Stick HIV-1 Viral Load Assay, now in development, builds on Cepheid's existing plasma-based test for HIV viral load, and is expected to deliver results within one hour, enabling same-visit test and treat algorithms, even in the most remote and challenging environments. (medindia.net)
  • Coupled with Cepheid's innovative Omni point of care system[2], we believe the Xpert Finger Stick HIV-1 Viral Load Assay has the potential to revolutionize the management of HIV patients on a worldwide basis," said John Bishop , Cepheid's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. (medindia.net)
  • The Finger Stick HIV viral load assay is currently in Phase I development by Cepheid, with partial funding from the Gates Foundation. (medindia.net)
Adherence9
  • It should be monitored every 6 months after that for patients with good adherence who have an undetectable viral load and have been clinically stable on their treatment for 2 or 3 years. (thebody.com)
  • This suggests patients' adherence to the current ART treatment regiments is in need of improvement to reduce the viral load and also to lower sexual transmission risk behaviors. (eurekalert.org)
  • After the nine-month period, CARE+ intervention participants overall had an average decrease in HIV viral load, had better ART adherence, and decreased the odds of transmission risks. (eurekalert.org)
  • Specifically, BHIVA says there is no risk of onward transmission of HIV from people who have maintained an undetectable viral load for at least six months and have good adherence (take their treatment without missing doses). (aidsmap.com)
  • We need to support the scale-up of viral load testing in low and middle-income countries as well as encourage adherence to ARVs and close follow-up of viral load results. (eurekalert.org)
  • However, strict adherence to the therapy is required to keep HIV viral counts low, and there is a risk of toxic effects and metabolic dysfunction. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • A 4001-person analysis of the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort found that test-determined depression raised the risk of all-cause mortality independently of antiretroviral adherence, CD4 count, viral load, and several other death risk factors [1]. (natap.org)
  • A Cox model to explore the association between depression and mortality adjusted for study site, gender, race/ethnicity, HIV acquisition risk, alcohol dependence, panic disorder, antiretroviral treatment status and adherence, viral load, and CD4 count at enrollment. (natap.org)
  • Discrepancies between perceived and actual viral load could be because some men were recalling information given to them at their last clinic visit, which had then become out of date because of less than perfect adherence to HIV therapy. (aidsmap.com)
Measurement14
  • Viral load monitoring for HIV is the regular measurement of the viral load of individual HIV-positive people as part of their personal plan for treatment of HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
  • Right after you're diagnosed, you should get a viral load test for a "baseline measurement. (webmd.com)
  • Measurement of the viral load provides information about the person's health status and the effect, if any, that HIV medicines are having in controlling the virus, reports the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (reference.com)
  • Without viral load measurement, doctors can also misattribute patient symptoms to treatment failure and switch them before it is required. (mynewsdesk.com)
  • Read about the progression of the HIV virus in the body and how CD4 cell counts and the measurement of viral load indicate prognosis. (health24.com)
  • Plasma viral load strongly predicts the rate of decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte count and progression to AIDS and death, but the prognosis of HIV-infected persons is more accurately defined by combined measurement of plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocytes. (nih.gov)
  • HIV-1 viral load measurement is performed if the criteria for either immunologic (i.e. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • A viral load is simply the measurement of the amount of virus in your blood. (verywellhealth.com)
  • An IU is a standard measurement used by pathologists to ensure consistency from lab to lab and is considered more accurate than a simple 'head count' of viral RNA. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Oral rinse samples previously reported as positive for a high-risk HPV type by Roche Linear Array were evaluated for measurement of HPV viral load by use of HPV type-specific real-time TaqMan PCR assays targeted to the HPV E6 or E7 gene. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2017, with the support of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Institute Pasteur of Bangui (IPB) proposed the measurement of HIV viral load and other biological tests for the monitoring of people living with HIV (PLWH) were taken in charge. (scirp.org)
  • A baseline viral load measurement provides information about the amount of hepatitis C in the blood before treatment is initiated. (catie.ca)
  • As a result, this enables different laboratories to compare viral load measurement results in a standardized manner without interference from external factors. (thermofisher.com)
  • The HIV viral load is a measurement of the amount of HIV circulating in your blood if you are HIV-positive. (verywellhealth.com)
Progression13
  • A CD4 test quantifies Helper T cells and is often combined with viral load testing to monitor the progression of HIV. (wikipedia.org)
  • The higher the viral load, the faster the disease progression. (thebody.com)
  • They suggest that women have progression of HIV disease at lower viral levels than men. (thebody.com)
  • The HIV viral load test can help to guide future therapy, monitor the effects of current therapy and predict the progression of the disease, states WebMD. (reference.com)
  • Find out how CD4 cell counts and viral loads can predict when the final stages of Aids will kick in for an HIV positive patient and their role in this progression. (health24.com)
  • Does low-level HIV viral load raise the risk of disease progression and co-morbidities? (aac.org)
  • Plasma viral load was the single best predictor of progression to AIDS and death, followed (in order of predictive strength) by CD4+ lymphocyte count and serum neopterin levels, serum beta 2-microglobulin levels, and thrush or fever. (nih.gov)
  • The investigators hypothesize that routine viral load testing of patients on ART will improve patient survival, decrease disease progression and development of drug resistance, and will be feasible and cost-effective for resource-constrained settings. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The study 'Effectiveness of HIV Viral Load Monitoring on Patient Outcome in Resource-Poor Settings,' is a dual-arm, cluster randomized trial to evaluate the use of routine plasma HIV-1 VL monitoring to improve survival and decrease HIV disease progression in patients receiving ART. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The greater the viral load, the greater the activity and reproduction level of HIV thus increasing the risk of a progression in the weakening of your immune system. (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • HIV viral load is increasingly employed as a surrogate marker for disease progression . (biology-online.org)
  • Objective To evaluate viral loads at different stages of disease progression in patients infected with the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the first four months of the epidemic in Zhejiang province, China. (bmj.com)
  • Cross-sectional stratification of RNA loads provides a highly significant indicator of the likelihood of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and mortality ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
Higher viral loads3
  • After adjusting for various confounders, the relative risk for MTF transmission was reduced to 1.03 ( P =0.93), suggesting that this was largely related to higher viral loads in men. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Reacting to the findings of the study, immunologist Satyajit Rath said he is quite surprised by the finding of higher viral loads in asymptomatic individuals. (rediff.com)
  • Prior research, they added, tied lower CD4 counts and higher viral loads to unhealthy lipid profiles in people with HIV [2,3]. (natap.org)
Baseline7
  • Usually after a few months, their viral loads reach a 'baseline' level. (thebody.com)
  • Current guidelines ( Fact Sheet 404 ) suggest measuring baseline (pre-treatment) viral load. (thebody.com)
  • Routine viral load testing arm: Routine HIV viral load testing at ART initiation (baseline) and at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months thereafter. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Note that this study suggests that initial NRTI therapy for treatment-naive patients should be chosen with the baseline HIV viral load in mind. (medpagetoday.com)
  • As treatment continues, this baseline viral load may be compared to the viral loads taken during and after treatment. (catie.ca)
  • When starting treatment, viral load tests provide the baseline measures by which later tests are compared. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Baseline viral load, CD4+ cell count, and change in CD4+ cell count predicted alterations in trunk fat, extremity fat, and lean mass. (unboundmedicine.com)
Plasma viral load4
  • Observed differences in MTF and female-to-male (FTM) infectivity appear to be largely driven by measurable differences in plasma viral load of the HIV-1-infected partner, condom use, and HSV-2 status and age of the uninfected partner," wrote the authors. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Plasma viral load discriminated risk at all levels of CD4+ lymphocyte counts and predicted their subsequent rate of decline. (nih.gov)
  • In this prospective cohort study of patients who had been on combined antiretroviral therapy treatment (cART) for at least 12 months in Bangui, only one HIV plasma viral load per patient was realized at the Institut Pasteur of Bangui, between April 4th and November 28th, 2017. (scirp.org)
  • The rate of virological failure among patients on cART is very high in the CAR, despite the availability of and access to monitoring of HIV plasma viral load in Bangui. (scirp.org)
Blips3
  • Viral load blips are partially explained by various patient related factors, and thought to be relatively common. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, from time to time people on HAART with undetectable viral load can experience short bursts of viral activity, which cause a temporary detectable viral load (these are called blips). (catie.ca)
  • She notes that such assays, which can find a single copy of the virus in a milliliter (about a fifth of a teaspoon) of blood, can also be used to document viral "blips," or transient, low-level bursts of virus. (amfar.org)
Reach an undetectable viral load2
  • The most important change is to reach an undetectable viral load. (thebody.com)
  • Previous research found black gay or bisexual men with HIV less likely than white men to start antiretroviral therapy and less likely to reach an undetectable viral load. (thefreelibrary.com)
Undetectable viral load does not2
  • However, an undetectable viral load does not mean the HIV-positive individual is free of the disease, and the virus can still pass to others, warns Mayo Clinic. (reference.com)
  • An undetectable viral load does not necessarily mean you have no virus in your blood or that you've achieved a cure. (verywellhealth.com)
Maintain an undetectable viral load2
  • On Sept. 27, the CDC followed, releasing a letter that said people who take medication daily "and achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner. (miamiherald.com)
  • BHIVA says consistent use of HIV treatment to maintain an undetectable viral load is a highly effective way to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. (aidsmap.com)
Predicts2
  • For prevention, viral load predicts how easy it is to transmit HIV to someone else. (thebody.com)
  • HIV viral load predicts how fast the disease will progress, while other tests, like the CD4 count, indicate how much damage the virus has already caused. (webmd.com)
AIDS18
  • Viral load monitoring is used by HIV-positive people to develop a plan for their personal treatment of HIV/AIDS. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many people with no symptoms of AIDS and high CD4 cell counts also had high viral loads. (thebody.com)
  • Researchers also looked at the association of viral load, CD4+ cell count and time to AIDS between men and women. (thebody.com)
  • In addition, the differences in viral levels among men and women suggest that women appear to progress to AIDS with about half the viral load as men. (thebody.com)
  • In other words, women with half the viral load as men had a similar time to AIDS. (thebody.com)
  • Respectively, women with the same viral load as men had a higher risk of AIDS. (thebody.com)
  • To achieve global targets for universal treatment set forth by the Joint United Nations Programme on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (UNAIDS), viral load monitoring for HIV-infected persons receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) must become the standard of care in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • CDC and other U.S. government agencies, as part of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, are supporting multiple countries in sub-Saharan Africa to change from the use of CD4 cell counts for monitoring of clinical response to ART to the use of viral load monitoring, which is the standard of care in developed countries. (cdc.gov)
  • What Are Viral Load and CD4 Counts in HIV/AIDS Patients? (reference.com)
  • One Hope by Joe Average was used for the XI International AIDS Conference in Vancouver in 1996The direct benefits of HIV viral load testing to the patient are well documented in terms of better outcomes with decreased mortality. (mynewsdesk.com)
  • Simple acknowledgments like that one, spoken quietly in the privacy of doctors' offices, mark the arrival of a historic moment in the history of HIV: Medical authorities are publicly agreeing that people with undetectable viral loads cannot transmit the virus that causes AIDS. (miamiherald.com)
  • But progress raises other questions, said Jonathan Mermin, director of the CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. (miamiherald.com)
  • In some ways, it's not a surprise that people living with HIV who received the intervention had reductions in their viral load," said Mike Discepola, MA, senior director of behavioral health services and The Stonewall Project at San Francisco AIDS Foundation. (sfaf.org)
  • Additionally, the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control, after looking at the same data and the statement by the Swiss Federal Commission for HIV/AIDS, both reiterated that safer sex techniques should be continued by persons who are HIV positive, regardless of level of viral load. (americablog.com)
  • EARLIER THIS YEAR , the Swiss National AIDS Commission sparked a global controversy when it released a provocative statement about viral load and HIV transmission. (catie.ca)
  • The 2008 Recommendations for care of the International AIDS Society reaffirmed the importance of both accurate and sensitive viral load assessment, and by necessity, access to viral load assays. (nih.gov)
  • HIV-positive people with an undetectable viral load are less likely to get AIDS diseases and some serious non-AIDS diseases, and they are unlikely to pass HIV to partners during sex. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • These data may thus help to explain the lack of predictive value of EBV load for the occurrence of AIDS-related lymphoma. (jimmunol.org)
Results24
  • The results of a viral load test help determine when a CD4 count is indicated. (wikipedia.org)
  • Your doctor should use the same HIV viral load test each time, because tests made by different manufacturers might give you slightly different results. (webmd.com)
  • Effective HIV treatment results in a fall in viral loadAn undetectable viral load is the aim of HIV treatment.People who are taking effective HIV treatment. (aidsmap.com)
  • An HIV viral load gives you results sooner, so you can avoid spreading the disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If your results show a high viral load, your health care provider will probably make changes in your treatment plan. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Early results indicate that changes in viral load in the blood are mirrored in the lymph system, but research into this is continuing. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
  • The COBAS AmpliPrep / COBAS TaqMan HCV Viral Load Test is designed for use on the first fully automated, FDA approved, real-time PCR platform, providing sample-in/results-out capability. (emaxhealth.com)
  • Routine viral load results are provided to clinicians for the management of the participant's HIV treatment. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Viral load results vary greatly from one individual to the next. (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • Viral transmission is based on several factors but based on our results, it is now important to initiate studies on possible transmission of virus from asymptomatic patients," Bashyam noted. (rediff.com)
  • Médecins Sans Frontières researchers looked at the results of implementing point-of-care viral load testing in Chiradzulu district in Malawi. (aidsmap.com)
  • This analysis focused on people at least 21 years old who had 1 or more lipid profiles with CD4 and viral load results within 14 days. (natap.org)
  • At least two viral load results are needed to assess treatment efficacy. (verywellhealth.com)
  • The 24-week results met the study's primary efficacy endpoint of reduction in viral load. (gilead.com)
  • We know from existing research that, on average, undetectable viral load results in a low risk of HIV transmission - less virus, less chance of transmission. (catie.ca)
  • Together, the results of this study identify viral load as a driver of innate immune dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • MILAN, Italy, April 26, 2008 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company today announced new data from the E.A.R.L.Y. study (ETV-079), in which treatment of antiviral-naive adult chronic hepatitis B patients with Baraclude(R) (entecavir) resulted in greater long-term viral load reduction than adefovir at 96 weeks -- consistent with earlier 12-week results (primary endpoint). (drugs.com)
  • Laboratory viral load results showed that a fifth of men who believed that they were undetectable currently had a detectable viral load, and that 7.5% were virally suppressed when they thought their viral load was detectable. (aidsmap.com)
  • The development effort is targeting a new test that is designed to deliver lab-quality results from a few drops of finger stick-collected blood at remote patient sites, in contrast to existing HIV viral load tests that require venipuncture and separation of plasma from venous blood at a limited number of molecular lab locations. (medindia.net)
  • Patients today in resource-limited settings can wait weeks to months for important HIV viral load test results that could support better anti-retroviral therapy management. (medindia.net)
  • These results suggest that passive immunization using these antibodies might, under the right conditions, kill cells of the persistent viral reservoir and thus play a role in curing HIV. (amfar.org)
  • In many cases, systems and clinical capacity to get viral load test results and act promptly on results are also lacking. (iafrica.com)
  • Taken together, our data show that sustained exposure to high viral loads results in the progressive functional inactivation of virus-specific T cell responses, which may further promote virus persistence. (jimmunol.org)
  • Now, it's built on that lead with new Phase II results for its therapeutic candidate, HerpV, which achieved statistical significance in reducing viral load. (fiercevaccines.com)
Patients with undetectable viral1
  • But I think that there are several unanswered questions that need to be investigated before making a blanket statement supporting unprotected sex in HIV positive patients with undetectable viral loads. (americablog.com)
Treatment59
  • A count of the viral load is routine before the start of HIV treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the treatment is not changed, then viral load is monitored with testing every 3-4 months to confirm a stable low viral load. (wikipedia.org)
  • If a viral load count is not stable or sufficiently low, then that might be a reason to modify the HIV treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • If HIV treatment is changed, then the viral load should be tested 2-8 weeks later. (wikipedia.org)
  • For prognosis , For prognosis, viral load can help predict how fast HIV disease progresses without treatment. (thebody.com)
  • Treatment is 'working' if it lowers viral load by at least 90% within 8 weeks. (thebody.com)
  • The viral load should be measured within 2 to 8 weeks after treatment is started or changed. (thebody.com)
  • The entire time I was on treatment my viral load and liver enzymes continued to rise. (dailystrength.org)
  • Without treatment, the viral load will rise again as the virus starts to destroy specific immune system cells known as CD4 cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Treatment aims to produce a low viral load and a high CD4 count. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Thats a first for me, as a matter of fact a lower viral load to start treatment with can have better odds of clearing Hep-C....... What kind of doctor is telling you this? (medhelp.org)
  • Viral load monitoring is the preferred method for immunologic monitoring because it enables earlier and more accurate detection of treatment failure before immunologic decline. (cdc.gov)
  • Certain countries in sub-Saharan Africa have adopted the 2013 WHO recommendation to use routine viral load testing for monitoring treatment ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of HIV treatment is to reduce viral load to a level which is too low to be measured by standard tests. (aidsmap.com)
  • People with HIV who are on treatment and have an undetectable viral load cannot pass HIV on.This is what is meant by the slogan 'Undetectable equals Untransmittable' ('U=U').Not everyone. (aidsmap.com)
  • Doctors usually test the viral load at the beginning of treatment and every three to six months while therapy continues. (reference.com)
  • The viral load may need to be measured more frequently if physicians make treatment changes or add new medicines. (reference.com)
  • The ideal goal of any HIV treatment is an undetectable viral load, which greatly reduces the chances of virus transmission from an HIV-positive to an HIV-negative individual. (reference.com)
  • A low viral load means the virus is not very active and probably means your HIV treatment is working. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If an HIV treatment plan is effective, a person will be able to maintain a lower viral load. (healthline.com)
  • More frequent testing may be needed for some people, such as those in their first two years of treatment or those whose viral load isn't suppressed. (healthline.com)
  • That's why HIV viral load testing has long been a standard part of treatment in middle- to upper-income nations. (mynewsdesk.com)
  • Noncompliant patients will usually show elevated viral activity which can lead to increases in treatment failure, transmission, comorbidity, drug resistance, and mortality. (mynewsdesk.com)
  • Monitoring viral load helps identify viral activity and address it before the treatment fails and the patient needs to be moved to a new treatment (if available). (mynewsdesk.com)
  • A 2010 study in resource-limited settings found that in the absence of HIV viral load monitoring, the incidence of drug-resistant mutations following treatment failure is high. (mynewsdesk.com)
  • In a 1,281 patient clinical trial, the COBAS AmpliPrep / COBAS TaqMan HCV Test confirmed the importance of viral load testing to personalize Hepatitis C patient care by accurately predicting treatment response, from onset of therapy through end of treatment. (emaxhealth.com)
  • Patients who respond to treatment typically have a rapid decline in virus load within one to four weeks of the start of therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Many patients relapse when therapy is discontinued as evidenced by a rise in virus load to near pre-treatment levels. (nih.gov)
  • People with HIV who are on treatment and have an undetectable viral load cannot pass HIV on. (aidsmap.com)
  • Not everyone taking HIV treatment has an undetectable viral load. (aidsmap.com)
  • If they stop taking HIV treatment, their viral load will increase and become detectable again. (aidsmap.com)
  • In the future, monitoring levels of virus during pregnancy may identify women who may benefit from additional treatment if they have high or rising virus loads despite AZT therapy. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of putting people on treatment is to get the viral load count to undetectable levels. (ght.org.uk)
  • Viral loads will vary between individuals, but the vast majority of people will quickly achieve an undetectable viral load once treatment has started. (ght.org.uk)
  • If someone is not on treatment, the viral load and the CD4 count may be factors that determine when the doctors think it is appropriate to start doing so. (ght.org.uk)
  • The viral load also permits the evaluation of your response to treatment (please refer to the section How do I know if my treatment is working? ). (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • Starting HIV treatment with a higher viral load tends to increase the time it takes to suppress the virus, extending the window of time when an individual may still be infectious. (poz.com)
  • Treatment failure was defined as the first of two consecutive viral loads at or above 1,000, more than 24 weeks after starting treatment. (poz.com)
  • Viral load testing is essential to check that antiretroviral treatment is suppressing HIV. (aidsmap.com)
  • People who do not have fully suppressed viral load on treatment are at risk of developing drug resistance. (aidsmap.com)
  • If viral load rebounds above the limit of detection on a viral load test, treatment has failed, and it is time for a switch to a second-line or third-line drug regimen. (aidsmap.com)
  • If the person is taking HIV treatment but their viral load is detectable, the treatment is not working properly. (aidsmap.com)
  • To overcome some of these potential losses, point-of-care viral load testing is being introduced in some settings to speed up testing and switching in cases of treatment failure. (aidsmap.com)
  • They also looked at differences in viral load testing and treatment switching between facilities, focusing on district hospitals and decentralised clinics. (aidsmap.com)
  • Doctors use your viral load to determine how well you're responding to anti-viral treatment. (verywellhealth.com)
  • A significantly reduced viral load, like a 100-fold decrease in viral actively, generally means that treatment is working. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Nearly all people who achieve an SVR12 go on to achieve an SVR24, which means there has been no viral activity detected 24 weeks after treatment. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Viral resistance is one of the most serious challenges facing long-term HIV treatment today, and Viread's favorable resistance profile, combined with its proven efficacy and safety profile, represent a major step forward. (gilead.com)
  • Some healthcare providers may do a viral load test during treatment if they have concerns about whether someone is adhering to treatment. (catie.ca)
  • when a person has an undetectable viral load twelve weeks after the end of treatment. (catie.ca)
  • The viral load is used to determine how effectively your antiretroviral drugs are working and can even tell doctors when your treatment is failing or you are not taking your drugs as prescribed. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Additionally, sustaining an undetectable viral significantly reduces your chance of passing the virus to others, a prevention strategy known as treatment as prevention (TasP) . (verywellhealth.com)
  • This is important information for health care providers to consider when evaluating initial treatment options to suppress viral load in antiviral-naive chronic hepatitis B patients. (drugs.com)
  • A previous study found that the vast majority of people taking HIV treatment in the UK had an accurate knowledge of their viral load, while one study found that a third of people in Chicago with a detectable viral load reported that their viral load was undetectable . (aidsmap.com)
  • Although viral load testing cannot alleviate the HIV epidemic, the accessibility of the device, particularly in low-resourced areas, has the potential to improve the quality of treatment and the life expectancy of people living with HIV. (iafrica.com)
  • I want to know which treatment is the best bcoz my viral load now is 6.97 log10. (healthtap.com)
  • If this viral load is after starting treatment for hepatitis c , it could be considered high. (healthtap.com)
  • Low viral loads should help lead to higher cure rates with antiviral treatment when she is ready. (healthtap.com)
  • After one month of a 6month treatment for hep c genotype3 my HCV is undetectable and no viral load detectable! (healthtap.com)
Clinical11
  • Sarah Caddy, a clinical research fellow in viral immunology and veterinary surgeon at University of Cambridge, wrote in The Conversation that there are factors to consider aside from the amount of virus. (bworldonline.com)
  • Use of HIV viral load in clinical practice: back to the future. (nih.gov)
  • however, the clinical significance of viral load measurements other than in plasma is not well-established. (mdanderson.org)
  • Thus, viral load data can be incorporated into the clinical management of the patient. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • However, the authors were cautious in defining the clinical utility of measurements of viral load at this time and advise against using any specific copy number as a threshold for altering clinical care. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, clinical intervention should take place at lower viral loads than those proposed by the current WHO guidelines. (eurekalert.org)
  • Carmona, in the division of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology at Wits University and Head of the Viral Load Unit at the National Health Laboratory Service, says: "This study provides clear evidence that clinical interventions should take place at lower viral loads than those proposed by the current WHO guidelines. (eurekalert.org)
  • Clinical/CD4/viral load monitoring compared with clinical/CD4 monitoring adds $142 458, and averts 27.5 DALYs ($5181 per DALY). (bmj.com)
  • The superior ICER for clinical/CD4 monitoring is robust to uncertainties in input values, and that strategy is dominant (less expensive and more effective) compared with clinical/CD4/viral load monitoring in one quarter of simulations. (bmj.com)
  • If clinical inputs are based on the as treated analysis starting at 90 days (after laboratory monitoring was initiated), then clinical/CD4/viral load monitoring is dominated by other strategies. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Based on this trial, compared with clinical monitoring alone, monitoring of routine CD4 cell count is considerably more cost effective than additionally including routine viral load testing in the monitoring strategy and is more cost effective than ART. (bmj.com)
Lower viral loads3
  • New research presented at IAS 2019 showed the effectiveness of a counseling intervention to improve mood, reduce substance use, and lower viral loads in men using meth. (sfaf.org)
  • Men who received the ARTEMIS sessions had significantly lower viral loads at six, 12 and 15 months compared to participants who received the control condition. (sfaf.org)
  • Although HIV-1 and HIV-2 have similar transmission routes and can cause immunodeficiency, patients infected with HIV-2 have lower viral loads than those infected with HIV-1. (omicsonline.org)
Count and viral load5
  • There's no direct relationship between CD4 count and viral load. (healthline.com)
  • The time of day, any illnesses, and recent vaccinations can all affect CD4 count and viral load. (healthline.com)
  • The CD4 count and viral load are the two measures which are most commonly used to determine how HIV may be impacting on the immune system and how much HIV is in the body. (ght.org.uk)
  • Objective To examine the cost and cost effectiveness of quarterly CD4 cell count and viral load monitoring among patients taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). (bmj.com)
  • Age affected the impact of CD4 count and viral load on non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in this Washington, DC group. (natap.org)
Replication5
  • HIV is a retrovirus, an RNA virus that enters a host cell and uses the host DNA replication machinery and the enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from the viral RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The researchers were also able to identify a few unique mutations not identified from other studies in India, in a functionally critical region of the non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) of the virus, which is responsible for replication of the viral genome. (rediff.com)
  • The exact mechanism by which selenium exerts its effects on HIV-1 viral replication is not known, although the literature suggests several possibilities, the authors write. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Modern highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce HIV RNA to a low level, but typically some residual viral replication continues. (hivandhepatitis.com)
  • We are pleased that the cellular immune response observed with HerpV vaccination is associated with a significant reduction in viral replication in the genital tract,' Robert Stein, Agenus' chief scientific officer, said in a statement, noting that the multiple genital herpes antigens HerpV contains may have had something to do with its success. (fiercevaccines.com)
Routine4
  • The use of routine viral load monitoring should be evaluated in resource-constrained settings. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • HIV-1 Viral Load testing is a routine tool for the assessment of the status of HIV patients. (lab21.com)
  • From the start of the ART roll-out, South Africa has invested in laboratory capacity to enable routine viral load monitoring of all patients on ART. (eurekalert.org)
  • Statistics show that, as of 2013, only 23% of routine viral load testing needs were met, with availability expected to increase to a mere 47% by 2019. (iafrica.com)
Test32
  • Laboratory monitoring schedule for patients using ART: Viral load monitoring for HIV complements the CD4 count, which is another sort of test associated with monitoring HIV. (wikipedia.org)
  • A decreased CD4 count, in combination with higher numbers on a viral load test, indicates an increased risk of getting sick from opportunistic diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Are There Limitations With The Viral Load Test? (thebody.com)
  • The viral load test measures the amount of HIV virus in your blood. (thebody.com)
  • This is the most widely used viral load test. (thebody.com)
  • Because the tests are different, you should stick with the same kind of test to measure your viral load over time. (thebody.com)
  • The best viral load test result is 'undetectable. (thebody.com)
  • My last viral load test before that was 12 weeks, same as you just had. (dailystrength.org)
  • In this article, we discuss what viral load means for people living with HIV and their partners, the links between viral load and CD4 levels, and how doctors test and monitor these levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When doctors say a person has detectable levels of HIV in a viral load test, it means there is a significant amount of HIV in their blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When should people get a viral load test? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A doctor will usually test a person's viral levels when they first diagnose HIV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A global diagnostic access initiative was launched in 2014 by UNAIDS, which challenged the global community to work with manufacturers to provide reasonably priced viral load testing, reducing the price of test kits to as low as $10 per test ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A viral load test shows how much HIV there is in a small sample of blood. (aidsmap.com)
  • We provide molecular tests, such as a CMV test, for CMV post transplant testing and viral load monitoring. (qiagen.com)
  • Physicians perform the viral load test by drawing a blood sample from a vein in the arm. (reference.com)
  • Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a sample of a patient's blood, while a CD4 count is a lab test that determines the amount of CD4 cells in a sampl. (reference.com)
  • An HIV viral load is an expensive test and is mostly used when a quick result is needed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You will probably be tested again every three to four months to see if your viral levels have changed since your first test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An HIV viral load test measures the number of HIV particles in a milliliter (mL) of blood. (healthline.com)
  • A single CD4 or viral load test result only represents a snapshot in time. (healthline.com)
  • A recent Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) review of data from 12 low- and middle-income countries found that only 2% of patients had ever received a HIV viral load test result, no less received them every 6-months as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). (mynewsdesk.com)
  • This test detects and/or measures the amount (viral load) of RNA (ribonucleic acid) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV 1) in blood. (labtestsonline.org.uk)
  • The COBAS AmpliPrep / COBAS TaqMan System menu includes an FDA approved HIV viral load test, with continuous loading of samples in addition to parallel processing of HIV and HCV tests. (emaxhealth.com)
  • In September 2008, Roche received FDA approval of the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test to monitor Hepatitis B viral load in patients on therapy. (emaxhealth.com)
  • Viral load measurements are calibrated against a viral particle standard and are approximately 70% of the values of the previous send-out test. (mdanderson.org)
  • The viral load test will permit you and your doctor to measure the quantity of HIV virus present per milliliter of blood. (cliniquelactuel.com)
  • The biocentric generic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load test was used to quantify a ribonucleic acid (RNA) HIV-1. (scirp.org)
  • Chi-squared test was used to analyse viral load according to sex and age. (scirp.org)
  • Viral load measurements can vary in a patient on antiretrovirals from test to test. (americablog.com)
  • SUNNYVALE, Calif. , Sept. 8, 2016 /PRNewswire/ -- Millions of patients, including newborns, in primary health care settings could gain access to a potentially life-changing test for HIV viral load monitoring thanks to a new development effort from Cepheid (Nasdaq: CPHD), which is being partially funded by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (medindia.net)
  • Cepheid's current Xpert test menu includes Xpert HIV-1 Qual, which has been awarded WHO prequalification, and Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load, both available outside the United States. (medindia.net)
Reduction5
  • A reduction in the viral load is an indication that the therapy against HIV is effective. (reference.com)
  • In this retrospective cohort study we evaluated the relation between the dose of valganciclovir and the reduction of CMV viral load, as well as the toxicity. (scirp.org)
  • There was a reduction in the Ct values in samples analysed near the end of June, implying that more recent samples seemed to carry a higher viral load than earlier samples, according to the scientists. (rediff.com)
  • But sometimes it's hard for us to link the immediate benefits, such as improving positive affect, with medium-term and longer-term benefits like viral load reduction. (sfaf.org)
  • In those patients, researchers found a 75% reduction in viral load, which has the potential to reduce the incidence and severity of herpes outbreaks and cut down on transmission of the virus. (fiercevaccines.com)
Assays4
  • Roche has released two FDA-approved ( in vitro diagnostic [IVD]) HBV real-time PCR viral load assays. (asm.org)
  • The demand for accurate, reproducible, and cost-effective viral load assays is therefore a global issue. (nih.gov)
  • This review of current HIV-1 viral load testing is focused on the potential value of a standardized genotype assignment for HIV-1 viral subtypes, regular monitoring of the performance of available commercial HIV viral load assays on emerging non-B HIV subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs), and a discussion of the implications for resource-limited settings. (nih.gov)
  • High CTL activity in the presence of low levels of plasma viral RNA has been reported, but these findings were based on qualitative associations and indirect assays of CTL function that require culture and expansion in vitro ( 12 ). (sciencemag.org)
Human papillomavirus2
  • High loads of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and HPV 18/45 increase the risk of developing invasive cervical carcinoma, revealing higher risk in percentiles of highest viral loads for HPV 16 (odds ratio (OR) 58.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 21.9-151.4) compared to HPV 18/45 (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.2). (nih.gov)
  • Currently, the associations between type-specific high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) viral loads and cervical lesions are still inconsistent. (dovepress.com)
Threshold5
  • However, most of these studies have not demonstrated a well-defined threshold of maternal viral load above which HIV transmission is highly likely or below which it is unlikely. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Koup and his colleagues found an increasing risk of transmission with high virus load but also found no minimum maternal viral threshold for transmission of HIV from mother to child. (nih.gov)
  • The scientists compared the distribution of cases with respect to cycle threshold (Ct) values, which is a proxy for viral load. (rediff.com)
  • Even if the patient returns, this is no guarantee that clinic staff will follow the recommended course of action and switch people with viral load above the failure threshold to a new antiretroviral regimen. (aidsmap.com)
  • The goal of therapy is to achieve 'undetectable' viral load, but this threshold changes as more sensitive tests become available. (hivandhepatitis.com)
Counts and viral1
  • A healthcare provider will likely conduct CD4 counts and viral load tests more often at the beginning of HIV therapy or with any changes in medications. (healthline.com)
Quantification1
  • Branched DNA for quantification of viral load. (nih.gov)
Defined a high viral load1
  • Conversely, the authors defined a high viral load above which transmission was more likely, particularly in women who transmitted the virus to their infants prior to birth. (nih.gov)
Suppress the viral load2
  • The goal of HIV therapy is to reduce or suppress the viral load to an undetectable level. (healthline.com)
  • The goal of ART in HIV positive patients is to suppress the viral load. (eurekalert.org)
Detection4
  • Successful combination ART should give a fall in viral load of 1.5 to 2 logs (30-100 fold) within six weeks, with the viral load falling below the limit of detection within four to six months. (wikipedia.org)
  • Detection of change in viral load is important in determining the efficacy of therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Time interval (days) to reach CMV viral load below detection level was determined. (scirp.org)
  • A viral load below the level of detection indicates an extremely low quantity of HIV virus in your blood. (cliniquelactuel.com)
Outcomes1
  • Studies indicate that lower viral load is associated with less resistance and rebound, but outcomes at very low HIV RNA levels have not been well studied. (hivandhepatitis.com)
Fibrosis2
  • Hepatitis C is a blood-borne viral disease which can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. (dailystrength.org)
  • Low viral load does not predict slower rate of scarring (fibrosis). (healthtap.com)
Predict2
  • The optimal cutoffs of individual HR-HPV viral loads used to predict ≥HSIL were determined from the receiver operating characteristic curve. (dovepress.com)
  • This kind of analysis identifies individual factors that predict an undetectable viral load, regardless of whatever other risk factors a man may have. (thefreelibrary.com)
Infections8
  • When your HIV viral load is undetectable, there is little to no risk of infecting others, but most doctors still advise using condoms to prevent acquiring other strains of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. (webmd.com)
  • For people who have been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B and delta coinfection, a low or undetectable hepatitis B viral load does not usually indicate that they've cleared both infections. (hepb.org)
  • These include reductions in viral load, increases in CD4 cell count, reduced incidence of opportunistic infections, decreased mortality, and improvements in wellbeing and functioning. (bmj.com)
  • The main objective of this study was to measure oral HPV viral load for the subset of oral rinse samples (ORS) that were positive for high-risk or probably high-risk HPV types from the NHANES 2009-2010 study entitled Prevalence of Oral HPV Infections in the United States Population. (cdc.gov)
  • People with uncontrolled viral loads risk severe damage to their immune system, the injury of which leaves the body exposed to an ever-increasing array of opportunistic infections . (verywellhealth.com)
  • In addition, CD8 T cells can use multiple effector functions to control viral infections ( 1 , 3 , 4 ). (jimmunol.org)
  • CD8 T cells can also control viral infections by inducing an anti-viral state through the release of cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α ( 26 , 27 ). (jimmunol.org)
  • Viral infections also induce CD4 T cell responses, and because of their multifaceted roles, these lymphocytes are critical for the successful resolution of many viral infections. (jimmunol.org)
People with low viral loads2
  • Studies have shown that people with low viral loads do better in general, Mayo Clinic reports. (reference.com)
  • The first large study indicating that people with low viral loads are not infectious came from a study of 415 heterosexual couples in the year 2000. (aidsmap.com)
Ribonucleic acid1
  • Main outcome measures Ribonucleic acid (RNA) viral load measured in respiratory, stool, serum, and urine samples. (bmj.com)
Specimens2
  • Virology and Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, swab specimens in a previous study, although the in- Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University fectiousness of the virus is unknown ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In a recent study, mice experiments demonstrated that viral load in respiratory specimens was proportional to viral inocula in patients infected with SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B Viral Load1
  • My Hepatitis B Viral Load is Low (Or Undetectable), Am I Still Infected with Hepatitis Delta? (hepb.org)
Goal of antiretroviral therapy1
  • An undetectable viral load is the first goal of antiretroviral therapy. (aidsmap.com)
Increases5
  • High level and sustained increases in viral load are frequently related to the development of drug resistance and/or viral mutations, and often dictate changes in ART. (wikipedia.org)
  • HIV hijacks the cellular machinery of CD4 cells to reproduce and shed more HIV, which means the viral load increases. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Countries initiating viral load scale-up in 2014 observed increases in coverage after scale-up, and countries initiating in 2015 are anticipating similar trends. (cdc.gov)
  • When HIV remains untreated, the CD4 count decreases and the viral load increases. (healthline.com)
  • These are temporary, oftentimes small increases in viral load. (healthline.com)
High viral load means1
  • As scientists and experts continue to understand the behavior of COVID-19, they are looking into "viral load", which is the amount of virus a person has inside them, and whether a high viral load means worse illness. (bworldonline.com)
Regular viral load tests3
  • If you are being treated for HIV, your health care provider may order regular viral load tests to see how well your medicines are working. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Regular viral load tests, not CD4 counts, are used to determine the effectiveness of a person's HIV therapy. (healthline.com)
  • Another reason for regular viral load tests is to monitor any drug resistance to the prescribed HIV therapy. (healthline.com)
Detect2
  • How often should a viral be checked, once you have been non detect. (dailystrength.org)
  • When your physician tells you that your viral load is undetectable it means that there is so little HIV virus circulatin freely in your blood that currently used machines are unable to detect its presence in the blood. (cliniquelactuel.com)
Access to HIV vira2
  • But if we look beyond the patient, there is an equally compelling public health case to be made for ensuring access to HIV viral load testing in the low- and middle-income countries where the vast majority of HIV patients live. (mynewsdesk.com)
  • Since its inception in 2002, the program has increased access to HIV viral load tests at substantially reduced prices in sub-Saharan Africa and countries where the disease burden is highest. (fiercepharma.com)
Tests10
  • Various viral load tests might be used. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first viral load tests all used frozen blood samples. (thebody.com)
  • They suggest that theuse of the viral load tests, particularly when used as a starting point for beginning anti-HIV therapy, may need to be adjusted for gender to account for this difference. (thebody.com)
  • HIV viral load tests look for RNA, the part of HIV that has the recipe for reproducing itself. (webmd.com)
  • After starting antiretroviral therapy, a person's HIV viral load tests will come back with low numbers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People living with HIV will have repeat viral load tests throughout their lives to monitor the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Doctors also performed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests to analyze the serial viral load of samples taken from the nasopharynx, oropharynx, saliva, sputum, and urine of the two patients with COVID-19, the authors wrote. (drbicuspid.com)
  • In particular, they looked at the proportion of people who received viral load tests according to guidelines. (aidsmap.com)
  • Viral load tests look only at the amount of virus in the blood, which accounts for less than 2% of the virus in the body. (catie.ca)
  • Standard viral load tests look for HIV RNA (genetic material from the virus) in blood, not semen -- and the amount of RNA in these two fluids doesn't always match. (thebodypro.com)
Mutations1
  • The study analysed whole genome sequence data of virus samples from 210 patients in and around Hyderabad, and determined the highly frequent mutations in the viral genome. (rediff.com)
Significantly4
  • A single-center 1214-person study at Bergamo's Ospedali Riuniti found a significantly increased risk of virologic failure in people with a load detectable above the 3-copy mark [2]. (natap.org)
  • The five-session counseling intervention not only improved the mood and reduced substance use behaviors of men who participated-it also significantly reduced viral load. (sfaf.org)
  • Men receiving ARTEMIS also had significantly lower risk of having any unsuppressed viral load over 15 months. (sfaf.org)
  • Insofar as viral hepatitis C is concerned, a high viral load is usually over 800,000 IU/L, while a low viral load is under 800,000 IU/L. This range can vary significantly, however, based on what is considered average in a specific region or population. (verywellhealth.com)
Study21
  • Like the ALIVE study, differences in viral load emerged. (thebody.com)
  • This study found that HIV-1 viral load in the blood is one of the most important factors influencing transmission to the partner in serodiscordant African couples. (medpagetoday.com)
  • A study from China, where the spread of the virus began, suggests that people exposed to a larger viral load could experience worse symptoms when they get the coronavirus. (bworldonline.com)
  • The objective of the study, "Computerized Counseling Reduces HIV-1 Viral Load and Sexual Transmission Risk: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial," was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of a computerized intervention made specifically to support patients towards positive behavioral change. (eurekalert.org)
  • Our study proves CARE+ is highly acceptable and had an efficacious impact on priority behaviors and objective measures of viral load response," states Dr. Kurth. (eurekalert.org)
  • Viral Hepatitis Guidelines Study Group. (hepb.org)
  • Over the course of the four-year study, not a single person with an undetectable viral load passed HIV on to their partner. (aidsmap.com)
  • The main goal of the yet-to-be peer reviewed study, published in the medRxiv pre-print repository, was to identify dominant viral lineages circulating among the population of Telangana, especially in Hyderabad. (rediff.com)
  • Symptomatic cases appeared to be associated with higher Ct values, thus lower viral load, compared to asymptomatic ones, which was unexpected, the study found. (rediff.com)
  • After nine and 18 months, physical examinations and measures of the study outcomesHIV viral load and CD4 countwere performed. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Before this Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study, the largest analysis of how depression affects viral control involved 3359 HIV patients in the Kaiser Permanente healthcare system who started their first antiretrovirals between January 2000 and December 2003 [8]. (natap.org)
  • A new study in JCI Insight demonstrates that a high viral load associates with a dampened inflammatory response in innate immune cells from HIV-infected individuals. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • To compare the potential of the full range of anogenital HPV genotypes to induce cytopathic effects, we examined the influences of HPV type, viral load, and age on cytopathology among 1,222 women having a single HPV type at enrollment into a 10,000-woman population-based study in Costa Rica. (aacrjournals.org)
  • A key finding from this study is the association between having a high viral load in the past and an increased risk for having a hormonal or metabolic abnormality. (thebodypro.com)
  • The E.A.R.L.Y. study is an open-label, randomized, viral kinetics study of 69 antiviral-naive chronic hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) positive patients, comparing the antiviral activity of BARACLUDE and adefovir. (drugs.com)
  • All patients in this study had a high viral load at study entry. (drugs.com)
  • 1) Of the 49 patients who remained in the study at 96 weeks, 79 percent (n=23/29) of BARACLUDE-treated patients and 50 percent (n=10/20) of adefovir-treated patients achieved undetectable viral load. (drugs.com)
  • In a recent study, CSF samples from 12 patients with PML were noted to have wide variations in JCV load (�6 log units), with values of �4.7 log units associated with shorter patient survival time. (psu.edu)
  • Lower rate of undetectable viral load in black than white gay/bisexual men in US study. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Compared with white HIV-positive gay or bisexual men in a large US study, black gay or bisexual men were less likely to take antiretroviral therapy * and less likely to have an undetectable viral load. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • With use of data from the Nutrition For Healthy Living Study, we performed multivariate analyses using longitudinal models to evaluate the relationship of CD4+ cell count, viral load, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or antiretroviral therapy (ART) with changes in trunk and extremity composition for 110 men and 42 women who provided data relating to 194 study intervals (i.e., intervals of time between 2 assessment visits). (unboundmedicine.com)
Virus24
  • Your viral load gives you an idea of how much of the HIV virus is in your body. (webmd.com)
  • HIV treatments aim to reduce the viral load until the virus is no longer detectable, which mean it is also untransmittable. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Shortly after contracting HIV, the viral load will drop as the immune system starts to fight the virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • With a lower viral load, the chances of transmitting the virus to others become lower. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An undetectable viral load means that a person has effectively zero risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A low or undetectable viral load means the virus is not progressing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Unfortunately if you have a viral load you are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus. (medhelp.org)
  • In July, Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and one of the world's leading authorities on HIV, publicly agreed at an international conference that people with undetectable viral loads in their blood cannot transmit the virus. (miamiherald.com)
  • Many questions arise following the information that when a person with HIV has an undetectable viral load, he has effectively no risk of transmitting the virus. (miamiherald.com)
  • The HI virus is very clever and very cunning, once inside your body, it "hijacks" the cells that manage your immune system and slowly builds up a reservoir of inactive viral cells that lie in wait. (health24.com)
  • When a person has very little virus, they are said to have an 'undetectable' viral load. (aidsmap.com)
  • The low level of virus is described as an undetectable viral load. (aidsmap.com)
  • HIV-infected women with large quantities of HIV RNA in their bloodstream are more likely to transmit the virus to their babies than women with a lower viral load, according to several recent studies. (nih.gov)
  • 12] already demonstrated that a high viral load, as a reflection of high virus activity, is associated with neuro sensorineural hearing loss. (scirp.org)
  • Viral load refers to the amount of HIV virus in the blood. (eurekalert.org)
  • The scientist noted that while initial entry of the virus in the state came from 2-3 different viral clades, 20B was able to establish itself as the majority strain starting from May. (rediff.com)
  • Ideally, a person would achieve a so-called 'undetectable' viral load, meaning that the current testing technologies are unable to find any evidence of the virus in blood samples. (verywellhealth.com)
  • However, if you are able to sustain an undetectable viral load for a period of 24 weeks (and now experts think even just 12 weeks) the likelihood of the virus reappearing (rebounding) is consider extremely low. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Even in people with undetectable viral load in the blood, virus can still sometimes be detected in the semen and genital fluids. (catie.ca)
  • A high viral load may indicate that there is not enough drug in the person's system to fight the virus. (catie.ca)
  • This phenomenon, known as viral shedding , can increase the risk of transmission from persons who might otherwise be considered virus-free. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Citation Query JC virus load in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: analysis of the correlation between the viral burden in cerebrospinal fluid, patient survival, and the volume of neurological lesions. (psu.edu)
  • We applied the extraction products to HCV-infected cell lines, specifically Huh7.5 liver cancer cells with J6JFH virus, to determine their effects on viral load and cell toxicity. (umd.edu)
  • High viral loads were not only associated with the ablation of CD8 T cell responses, but also with impaired production of IL-2 by virus-specific CD4 T cells. (jimmunol.org)
Molecular dating and viral load growth rates suggested that the eclipse phase lasted about a week in HIV-1 infected adults in...
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PLOS ONE: Cigarette smoking is associated with high HIV viral load among adults presenting for antiretroviral therapy in Vietnam (journals.plos.org)
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Factors That Increase HIV Risk | HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC (cdc.gov)
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Understanding Care | Living With HIV | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC (cdc.gov)
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Laboratory Capacity Building | Zimbabwe | CDC Global Health (cdc.gov)
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July 1998 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
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