Viral fusion proteins. Medical search

Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS that causes encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers and is found in eastern and western Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is transmitted by TICKS and there is an associated milk-borne transmission from viremic cattle, goats, and sheep.

A class I viral fusion protein that forms the characteristic spikes, or peplomers, found on the viral surface that mediate virus attachment, fusion, and entry into the host cell. During virus maturation, it is cleaved into two subunits: S1, which binds to receptors in the host cell, and S2, which mediates membrane fusion.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A species of CORONAVIRUS causing atypical respiratory disease (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME) in humans. The organism is believed to have first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002. The natural host is the Chinese horseshoe bat, RHINOLOPHUS sinicus.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING.

A subfamily of PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Genera include RUBULAVIRUS; RESPIROVIRUS; MORBILLIVIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS; and AVULAVIRUS.

The GENETIC TRANSLATION products of the fusion between an ONCOGENE and another gene. The latter may be of viral or cellular origin.

The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES resulting in a gene with different or additional regulatory regions, or a new chimeric gene product. ONCOGENE FUSION includes an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners and such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS. ARTIFICIAL GENE FUSION is carried out in vitro by RECOMBINANT DNA technology.

Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)

Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.

Glycoprotein from Sendai, para-influenza, Newcastle Disease, and other viruses that participates in binding the virus to cell-surface receptors. The HN protein possesses both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity.

Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.

A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where all the virions have both HEMAGGLUTININ and NEURAMINIDASE activities and encode a non-structural C protein. SENDAI VIRUS is the type species.

Inhibitors of the fusion of HIV to host cells, preventing viral entry. This includes compounds that block attachment of HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 to CD4 RECEPTORS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Proteins that catalyze MEMBRANE FUSION.

A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

A sequential pattern of amino acids occurring more than once in the same protein sequence.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.

Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

Periplasmic proteins that bind MALTOSE and maltodextrin. They take part in the maltose transport system of BACTERIA.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES, including an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners. Such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Definition of a major p53 binding site on Ad2E1B58K protein and a possible nuclear localization signal on the Ad12E1B54K protein. (1/1579)

Previous studies have established that adenovirus 2/5 early region 1B (Ad E1B) 58K protein binds p53 strongly and co-localizes with it to cytoplasmic dense bodies whilst the homologous Ad12E1B54K protein binds only weakly and co-localizes primarily to the nucleus in Ad12E1 transformed cells. We have used these properties of the E1B proteins from different viral serotypes to map the p53 binding site on the Ad2/5 protein. A set of chimaeric genes was constructed containing different proportions of the Ad12 and Ad2E1B DNA. These, together with Ad12E1A and E1B19K DNA, were transfected into baby rat kidney cells and transformed lines isolated. From an examination of the properties of these Ad12/Ad2E1B fusion proteins in co-immunoprecipitation and subcellular localization experiments it has been concluded that the p53 binding site on Ad2E1B58K protein lies between amino acids 216 and 235 and that the homologous region on Ad12E1B54K protein also binds p53. In addition, a unique nuclear localization signal is located on Ad12E1B54K between residues 228 and 239. We suggest that primary structure differences in these regions of the Ad2 and Ad12E1B proteins are responsible for the different subcellular localizations in AdE1 transformants. (+info)

The cytoplasmic tail of the influenza C virus glycoprotein HEF negatively affects transport to the cell surface. (2/1579)

The surface glycoprotein, HEF, of influenza C virus (C/Johannesburg/1/66) has been shown to undergo a post-translation conformational change that is evident in a dramatic change of electrophoretic mobility. If the corresponding gene is expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, this folding process does not occur at all or only very inefficiently. A chimaeric protein, HEF-HA(Tail), in which the short cytoplasmic tail (Arg-Thr-Lys) of HEF was replaced by the cytoplasmic tail of the haemagglutinin of an influenza A virus (fowl plague virus) was constructed. In contrast to the wild-type protein, the chimaeric protein was detected on the cell surface. No further improvement of the surface expression was observed when both the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail were replaced by the corresponding domains of either the influenza A haemagglutinin or gp40, an endogenous protein of MDCK cells. For the HEF-HA(Tail) construct this study shows that a substantial amount of the protein is converted to the 100 kDa mature form that is observed in virus-infected cells. The HEF-HA expressed on the cell surface reacted positively in esterase and haemadsorption assays, indicating that it was present in a biologically active form. The results show that the short cytoplasmic tail of HEF has a negative effect on the folding and surface transport of this protein. How this effect may be prevented during a virus infection is discussed. (+info)

Glycoprotein gL-independent infectivity of pseudorabies virus is mediated by a gD-gH fusion protein. (3/1579)

Envelope glycoproteins gH and gL, which form a complex, are conserved throughout the family Herpesviridae. The gH-gL complex is essential for the fusion between the virion envelope and the cellular cytoplasmic membrane during penetration and is also required for direct viral cell-to-cell spread from infected to adjacent noninfected cells. It has been proposed for several herpesviruses that gL is required for proper folding, intracellular transport, and virion localization of gH. In pseudorabies virus (PrV), glycoprotein gL is necessary for infectivity but is dispensable for virion localization of gH. A virus mutant lacking gL, PrV-DeltagLbeta, is defective in entry into target cells, and direct cell-to-cell spread is drastically reduced, resulting in only single or small foci of infected cells (B. G. Klupp, W. Fuchs, E. Weiland, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 71:7687-7695, 1997). We used this limited cell-to-cell spreading ability of PrV-DeltagLbeta for serial passaging of cells infected with transcomplemented virus by coseeding with noninfected cells. After repeated passaging, plaque formation was restored and infectivity in the supernatant was observed. One single-plaque isolate, designated PrV-DeltagLPass, was further characterized. To identify the mutation leading to this gL-independent infectious phenotype, Southern and Western blot analyses, radioimmunoprecipitations, and DNA sequencing were performed. The results showed that rearrangement of a genomic region comprising part of the gH gene into a duplicated copy of part of the unique short region resulted in a fusion fragment predicted to encode a protein consisting of the N-terminal 271 amino acids of gD fused to the C-terminal 590 residues of gH. Western blotting and radioimmunoprecipitation with gD- and gH-specific antibodies verified the presence of a gDH fusion protein. To prove that this fusion protein mediates infectivity of PrV-DeltagLPass, cotransfection of PrV-DeltagLbeta DNA with the cloned fusion fragment was performed, and a cell line, Nde-67, carrying the fusion gene was established. After cotransfection, infectious gL-negative PrV was recovered, and propagation of PrV-DeltagLbeta on Nde-67 cells produced infectious virions. Thus, a gDH fusion polypeptide can compensate for function of the essential gL in entry and cell-to-cell spread of PrV. (+info)

Gene transfer to mammalian cells using genetically targeted filamentous bacteriophage. (4/1579)

We have genetically modified filamentous bacteriophage to deliver genes to mammalian cells. In previous studies we showed that noncovalently attached fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) can target bacteriophage to COS-1 cells, resulting in receptor-mediated transduction with a reporter gene. Thus, bacteriophage, which normally lack tropism for mammalian cells, can be adapted for mammalian cell gene transfer. To determine the potential of using phage-mediated gene transfer as a novel display phage screening strategy, we transfected COS-1 cells with phage that were engineered to display FGF2 on their surface coat as a fusion to the minor coat protein, pIII. Immunoblot and ELISA analysis confirmed the presence of FGF2 on the phage coat. Significant transduction was obtained in COS-1 cells with the targeted FGF2-phage compared with the nontargeted parent phage. Specificity was demonstrated by successful inhibition of transduction in the presence of excess free FGF2. Having demonstrated mammalian cell transduction by phage displaying a known gene targeting ligand, it is now feasible to apply phage-mediated transduction as a screen for discovering novel ligands. (+info)

Identification of a coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase with a substrate specificity different from those of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus. (5/1579)

We have characterized the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) of puffinosis virus (PV), a coronavirus closely related to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Analysis of the cloned gene revealed approximately 85% sequence identity to HE proteins of MHV and approximately 60% identity to the corresponding esterase of bovine coronavirus. The HE protein exhibited acetylesterase activity with synthetic substrates p-nitrophenyl acetate, alpha-naphthyl acetate, and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate. In contrast to other viral esterases, no activity was detectable with natural substrates containing 9-O-acetylated sialic acids. Furthermore, PV esterase was unable to remove influenza C virus receptors from human erythrocytes, indicating a substrate specificity different from HEs of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus. Solid-phase binding assays revealed that purified PV was unable to bind to sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates like bovine submaxillary mucin, mouse alpha1 macroglobulin or bovine brain extract. Because of the close relationship to MHV, possible implications on the substrate specificity of MHV esterases are suggested. (+info)

Highly diverse intergenic regions of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 cooperate with the gene end U tract in viral transcription termination and can influence reinitiation at a downstream gene. (6/1579)

A dicistronic minigenome containing the M-F gene junction was used to determine the role of the simian virus 5 (SV5) intergenic regions in transcription. The M-F junction differs from the other SV5 junctions by having a short M gene end U tract of only four residues (U4 tract) and a 22-base M-F intergenic sequence between the M gene end and F gene start site. Replacing the 22-base M-F intergenic region with nonviral sequences resulted in a minigenome template (Rep 22) that was defective in termination at the end of the M gene. Efficient M gene termination could be restored to the mutant Rep 22 template in either of two ways: by increasing the U tract length from four to six residues or by restoring a G residue immediately downstream of the wild-type (WT) U4 tract. In a dicistronic SH-HN minigenome, a U4-G combination was functionally equivalent to the naturally occurring SH U6-A gene end in directing SH transcription termination. In addition to affecting termination, the M-F intergenic region also influenced polymerase reinitiation. In the context of the WT U4-G M gene end, substituting nonviral sequences into the M-F intergenic region had a differential effect on F gene reinitiation, where some but not all nonviral sequences inhibited reinitiation. The inhibition of F gene reinitiation correlated with foreign sequences having a high C content. Deleting 6 bases or inserting 18 additional nucleotides into the middle of the 22-base M-F intergenic segment did not influence M gene termination or F gene reinitiation, indicating that M-F intergenic length per se is not a important factor modulating the SV5 polymerase activity. Our results suggest that the sequence diversity at an SV5 gene junction reflects specific combinations which may differentially affect SV5 gene expression and provide an additional level of transcriptional control beyond that which results from the distance of a gene from the 3' end promoter. (+info)

Structural basis for paramyxovirus-mediated membrane fusion. (7/1579)

Paramyxoviruses are responsible for significant human mortality and disease worldwide, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their entry into host cells remain poorly understood. We have solved the crystal structure of a fragment of the simian parainfluenza virus 5 fusion protein (SV5 F), revealing a 96 A long coiled coil surrounded by three antiparallel helices. This structure places the fusion and transmembrane anchor of SV5 F in close proximity with a large intervening domain at the opposite end of the coiled coil. Six amino acids, potentially part of the fusion peptide, form a segment of the central coiled coil, suggesting that this structure extends into the membrane. Deletion mutants of SV5 F indicate that putative flexible tethers between the coiled coil and the viral membrane are dispensable for fusion. The lack of flexible tethers may couple a final conformational change in the F protein directly to the fusion of two bilayers. (+info)

The hemagglutinin-esterase of mouse hepatitis virus strain S is a sialate-4-O-acetylesterase. (8/1579)

By comparative analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein of mouse hepatitis virus strain S (MHV-S) and the HE protein of influenza C virus, we found major differences in substrate specificities. In striking contrast to the influenza C virus enzyme, the MHV-S esterase was unable to release acetate from bovine submandibulary gland mucin. Furthermore, MHV-S could not remove influenza C virus receptors from erythrocytes. Analysis with free sialic acid derivatives revealed that the MHV-S HE protein specifically de-O-acetylates 5-N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl sialic acid (Neu4, 5Ac2) but not 5-N-acetyl-9-O-acetyl sialic acid (Neu5,9Ac2), which is the major substrate for esterases of influenza C virus and bovine coronaviruses. In addition, the MHV-S esterase converted glycosidically bound Neu4,5Ac2 of guinea pig serum glycoproteins to Neu5Ac. By expression of the MHV esterase with recombinant vaccinia virus and incubation with guinea pig serum, we demonstrated that the viral HE possesses sialate-4-O-acetylesterase activity. In addition to observed enzymatic activity, MHV-S exhibited affinity to guinea pig and horse serum glycoproteins. Binding required sialate-4-O-acetyl groups and was abolished by chemical de-O-acetylation. Since Neu4,5Ac2 has not been identified in mice, the nature of potential substrates and/or secondary receptors for MHV-S in the natural host remains to be determined. The esterase of MHV-S is the first example of a viral enzyme with high specificity and affinity toward 4-O-acetylated sialic acids. (+info)

Fusogens involved in virus-to-cell fusion mechanisms were the first of these proteins to be discovered. Viral fusion proteins ... Cell fusion also occurs in a multitude of mammalian cells including gametes and myoblasts. Proteins that allow viral or cell ... It also must construct necessary proteins to mediate fusion. Finally, it must eliminate hindrances to fusion. For example, a ... A fusion mechanism is any mechanism by which cell fusion or virus-cell fusion takes place, as well as the machinery that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_mechanism

It is a domesticated instance of a viral class II fusion protein. Fédry J, Liu Y, Péhau-Arnaudet G, Pei J, Li W, Tortorici MA, ... HAP2 (hapless 2), also known as GCS1 (generative cell-specific protein 1), is a family of membrane fusion proteins found in the ... February 2017). "The Ancient Gamete Fusogen HAP2 Is a Eukaryotic Class II Fusion Protein". Cell. 168 (5): 904-915.e10. doi: ... This protein is essential for gamete fusion, and therefore fertilization, in these organisms. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAP2

... either of the fusion protein or of a companion protein, is necessary for the majority of viral fusion proteins. The priming ... The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have ... So far, structural studies have revealed two kinds of viral fusion proteins. These proteins are believed to catalyze the same ... There are three main types of viral glycoproteins: Envelope proteins, membrane proteins, and spike proteins (E, M, and S). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_envelope

HIV infects Helper CD4+ T cells and makes them produce viral proteins, including fusion proteins. Then, the cells begin to ... the fusion protein allows it to bind with the host cell. The HN and fusion proteins are then left on the host cell walls, ... During infection, viral fusion proteins used by the virus to enter the cell are transported to the cell surface, where they can ... Typically, the viral families that can cause syncytia are enveloped, because viral envelope proteins on the surface of the host ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytium

This protein is a fusion product of a viral nucleocapsid protein and a bacterial MBP protein. A phase three clinical trial to ... namely a gene encoding a viral nucleocapsid protein and a gene encoding a bacterial maltose-binding protein (MBP). The fusion ... In all of these patents, the carrier protein is referred to as a chimeric fusion protein with an amino acid sequence derived ... viral nucleocapsid protein and bacterial maltose-binding protein). In addition, the polyhistidine-tag - a short peptide that is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona

The E1 gene is a membrane fusion protein that is important in viral entry and release. Together, E1 and E2 are the ... Cholesterol is also necessary for the Alphavirus to undergo fusion. This fusion of the endosomal membrane to the viral envelope ... The sgRNA codes for the structural proteins that will form the new virus. The assembly of the new viral capsid occurs in the ... After being taken in through endocytosis, a low pH triggers a membrane fusion, which delivers the viral RNA genomes into the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg_virus

The fusion of the cells is apparently caused by viral fusion proteins from endosymbiotic endogenous retrovirus. An ... immunoevasive action was the initial normal behavior of the viral protein, in order to avail for the virus to spread to other ... Feb 2000). "Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis". Nature. 403 (6771): ... also known as placental protein 14). Regulatory T cells also likely play a role. Also, a shift from cell-mediated immunity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_tolerance_in_pregnancy

She showed that the transmembrane domain of viral fusion proteins can be conformationally plastic, and the β-sheet conformation ... Yao, Hongwei; Lee, Michelle W.; Waring, Alan J.; Wong, Gerard C. L.; Hong, Mei (2015-08-17). "Viral fusion protein ... and viral fusion proteins. She determined the structure of the membrane toroidal pores formed by the antimicrobial peptide ... In 2020 she determined both the influenza B M2 protein structure and the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein structure, the latter in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei_Hong_(chemist)

The H protein mediates receptor attachment and the F protein causes fusion of viral envelope and cellular membrane. ... The RNA genome of the virus codes 6 main proteins Nucleoprotein (N), Phosphoprotein (P), Matrix protein (M), Fusion protein (F ... The measles virus has two envelope glycoproteins on the viral surface - hemagglutinin (H) and membrane fusion protein (F). ... producing all viral proteins. The viruses are then assembled from their proteins and negative sense ssRNA, and the cell will ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_morbillivirus

TMPRSS2 is needed to cleave the spike protein for viral fusion to cell membrane. However, a recent study has demonstrated that ... Furthermore, within the viral genome, there are not only instructions to synthesize viral proteins but also other virulence ... These ligands not only consist of endogenous proteins but also bacterial and viral products. Once the virus is anchored to the ... Ebola is one viral hemorrhagic fever virus that causes Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). Analysis of human samples of nonsurvivors of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cell_tropism

... computational analyses suggest that the carboxyl terminal glycoproteins of Bunyaviruses are class II viral fusion protein (beta ... Viral proteins begin undergoing translation before the transcription of mRNA has finished. The Gn and Gc phlebovirus proteins ... The small segment (S) codes for the viral N protein and a non structural protein, NSs via an ambisense coding strategy. The ... The configuration of Gn and Gc proteins in the viral envelope imposes the order of the particle. The viral envelope forms an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebovirus

Interestingly, a 40 kDa X-Core fusion protein is encoded by a long viral 3.9-kb transcript, whose function remains unclear. ... viral DNA polymerase is used for a later stage) and removal of the viral polymerase protein (P) from the (−) sense strand and a ... Viral infection by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes many hepatocyte changes due to the direct action of a protein encoded by the ... The core proteins dissociate from the partially double stranded viral DNA, which is then made fully double stranded (by host ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus

Fusion of these membranes allows the viral proteins and genome to be released into the host cell, which then causes the ... hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF). These glycoproteins allow for attachment and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. ... In each of these techniques, the antibodies for the protein of interest are added and the presence of the specific protein is ... Type D has 7 RNA segments and encodes 9 proteins, while Types A and B have 8 RNA segments and encode at least 10 proteins.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_D_virus

"Roles of the Putative Integrin-Binding Motif of the Human Metapneumovirus Fusion (F) Protein in Cell-Cell Fusion, Viral ... The HMPV fusion (F) protein encodes an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) motif that engages RGD-binding integrins as cellular receptors, then ... Cox, R. G.; Livesay, S. B.; Johnson, M.; Ohi, M. D.; Williams, J. V. (2012). "The Human Metapneumovirus Fusion Protein Mediates ... on the Basis of a Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Utilizing hMPV Fusion Protein Expressed in Recombinant Vesicular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_metapneumovirus

Fusion of these membranes allows the viral proteins and genome to be released into the host cell, which then causes the ... hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF). These glycoproteins allow for attachment and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. ... Type C has 7 RNA segments and encodes 9 proteins, while Types A and B have 8 RNA segments and encode at least 10 proteins.[ ... In each of these techniques, the antibodies for the protein of interest are added and the presence of the specific protein is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_C_virus

... there are two classes of viral fusion proteins: acidic and pH-independent. pH independent fusion proteins can function under ... The first of these proteins to be studied were the viral fusion proteins, which allow an enveloped virus to insert its genetic ... White, J M (1990). "Viral and Cellular Membrane Fusion Proteins". Annual Review of Physiology. 52: 675-97. doi:10.1146/annurev. ... Even the entry of pathogens can be governed by fusion, as many bilayer-coated viruses have dedicated fusion proteins to gain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_fusion

For example, neutralizing antibodies can prevent conformational changes of viral proteins that mediate the membrane fusion ... thereby improving recognition of viral particles. Conserved parts of viral proteins that play a central role in viral function ... Viruses with a low density of surface structural proteins are more difficult for antibodies to bind to. Some viral ... Viral genomes mutate at a high rate. Mutations that allow viruses to evade a neutralizing antibody will be selected for, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralizing_antibody

In some cases, expression of viral fusion proteins on the surface of the host cells can cause host cell fusion to form ... A viral infection does not always cause disease. A viral infection simply involves viral replication in the host, but disease ... Viral genetics encoding viral factors will determine the degree of viral pathogenesis. This can be measured as virulence, which ... proteins, DNA and/or RNA. Namely, viral proteins of herpes simplex virus can degrade host DNA and inhibit host cell DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_pathogenesis

The fusion protein (F) is an integral membrane protein, sharing many features similar to other viral fusion proteins and is ... a matrix protein (M), a fusion protein (F), a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (Hn) protein and a large polymerase protein (L). A ... The structure of the envelope is characterized by the spike-like projections of two viral proteins, the fusion protein (F) and ... The M protein interacts with the Hn and F proteins, helping to incorporate these proteins into viral particles for release. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_metaavulavirus_2

The viral genome and associated viral proteins is released into the cytoplasm following fusion of the viral envelope and the ... Several of the proteins encoded by the BoDV-1 genome have been characterised. The G glycoprotein is important for viral entry ... It has been suggested that the p10, or X, protein plays a role in viral RNA synthesis or ribonucleoprotein transport. The P40 ... "A short leucine-rich sequence in the Borna disease virus p10 protein mediates association with the viral phospho- and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borna_disease_virus

... also known as the S protein, on their surfaces; S is a class I fusion protein and is responsible for mediating viral entry as ... They may also form protein-protein interactions with other viral proteins, such as those forming the nucleocapsid.: 51-2 They ... 33 Many spike proteins are membrane fusion proteins. Being exposed on the surface of the virion, spike proteins can be antigens ... In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_protein

Interbilayer forces in membrane fusion Viral membrane fusion proteins Classification of viral fusion proteins in TCDB database ... Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause fusion of biological ... There are four groups of fusion proteins categorized by their structure and mechanism of fusion. Class I fusion proteins ... VAMP These proteins originate from the env gene of endogenous retroviruses. They are domesticated viral class I fusion proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_fusion_protein

The alphaviral glycoprotein E1 is a class II viral fusion protein, which is structurally different from the class I fusion ... The second encodes three structural proteins: the core nucleocapsid protein C, and the envelope proteins P62 and E1, which ... Most alphaviruses lose the peripheral protein E3, but in Semliki viruses it remains associated with the viral surface. Four ... The first is non-structural and encodes proteins (nsP1-nsP4) necessary for transcription and replication of viral RNA. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphavirus

An example of a Class III viral fusion protein is the rabies virus glycoprotein, G. Class IV: Class IV viral fusion proteins ... The fusion of the viral envelope with the cellular membrane requires high energy to occur. Viral membrane fusion proteins act ... and groups of viral proteins include structural proteins, nonstructural proteins, regulatory proteins, and accessory proteins. ... Examples of class II viral fusion proteins include the dengue virus E protein, and the west nile virus E protein. Class III: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_protein

This fusion involves conformational changes of viral fusion proteins and protein docking, but the exact molecular mechanisms ... [email protected] has also been used to study membrane fusion, an essential event for viral infection and a wide range of biological ... Protein folding is driven by the search to find the most energetically favorable conformation of the protein, i.e., its native ... Thus, understanding protein folding is critical to understanding what a protein does and how it works, and is considered a holy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]

F-protein, as other paramyxoviral fusion proteins, is a trimeric class I viral membrane fusion protein. It is produced in the ... which promotes by cooperation of NH with the viral fusion protein (F). To perform the fusion function F protein must be ... matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), neuraminidase (NA) and large protein (L). All these proteins have variable functions ... sites of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in Sendai virus fusion protein leads to enhanced cell-cell fusion and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus

... as the critical roles of the membrane regions in immune receptor clustering and activation and in viral membrane fusion protein ... of cell surface proteins, particularly those of immune receptors and viral membrane proteins. James J. Chou was born in ... proteins to fill the knowledge gap in the transmembrane and membrane-proximal regions of several immune receptors and viral ... He then received Ph.D. in Biophysics from the Harvard University, where he studied protein NMR spectroscopy under the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Chou

Also, viral fusion proteins cause the formation of the placental syncytium to limit exchange of migratory cells between the ... The fusion proteins were a way to spread the infection to other cells by simply merging them with the infected one (HIV does ... Most viral vaccines are based on live attenuated viruses, whereas many bacterial vaccines are based on acellular components of ... One of the pathways is siRNA in which long double stranded RNA is cut into pieces that serve as templates for protein complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

Sendai virus is known to have resulted in the development of reconstituted viral envelopes containing only the fusion protein ... "Dilation of the influenza hemagglutinin fusion pore revealed by the kinetics of individual cell-cell fusion events". Journal of ... Membrane Fusion Technique. Gulf Professional Publishing. July 1993. pp. 42-. ISBN 978-0-12-182122-7. Robert Blumenthal; Debi P ... He is renowned for his researches on Sendai virus and developing reconstituted viral envelopes. He is an elected fellow of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debi_Prasad_Sarkar

... as well as its structural homology to other viral fusion proteins. PDB: 3NW8; Stampfer SD, Lou H, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ, ... Protein pages needing a picture, Viral structural proteins, Herpes, Protein domains, Protein families, Membrane proteins, All ... Other viral glycoproteins involved in the process of viral cell entry include gC, gB, gD, gH, and gL, but only gC, gB, gD, and ... The herpesvirus glycoprotein B is the most highly conserved of all surface glycoproteins and acts primarily as a fusion protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesvirus_glycoprotein_B

Many genetic sequences are expressed in a bacteriophage library in the form of fusions with the bacteriophage coat protein, so ... that they are displayed on the surface of the viral particle. The protein displayed corresponds to the genetic sequence within ... Phage display is a laboratory technique for the study of protein-protein, protein-peptide, and protein-DNA interactions that ... a gene encoding a protein of interest is inserted into a phage coat protein gene, causing the phage to "display" the protein on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

Unlike the embryo, the endosperm is often formed from the fusion of two maternal cells with a male gamete. This results in a ... such as genes of viral origin, mistakenly silenced genes whose silencing turned out to be beneficial for the organism. There ... of breast and ovarian cancers the protein encoded by DIRAS3 is not expressed, suggesting that it functions as a tumor ... "DNA sequence polymorphisms within the bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gs subunit alpha (Gsα)-encoding (GNAS) genomic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_imprinting

Saglio G, Cilloni D (2004). "Abl: the prototype of oncogenic fusion proteins". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (23): 2897-911. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: ABL1 v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1". Shah NP, Tran C, Lee FY, Chen P, Norris D, Sawyers ... Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene (previous symbol ABL ... The t(9;22) translocation results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes, leading to a fusion gene present in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABL_(gene)

The S-protein, otherwise known as the spike protein, is the viral component that attaches to the host receptor via the ACE2 ... S2 mediates the membrane fusion of the virus to its potential cell host via the H1 and HR2, which are heptad repeat regions. ... nucleocapsid protein (N), and the spike protein (S). The M protein of SARS-CoV-2 is about 98% similar to the M protein of bat ... The M protein is the viral protein responsible for the transmembrane transport of nutrients. It is the cause of the bud release ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

Fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane releases the viral core into the host cytoplasm. Expression of early- ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host ... producing all viral structural proteins. Assembly of progeny virions begins in cytoplasmic viral factories, producing a ... The viral core is completely uncoated as early expression ends, releasing the viral genome into the cytoplasm. At this point, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopoxvirus

The early viral mRNA is translated into early proteins. These early proteins are transported into the nucleus, where they are ... Whether the virus enters specifically through endocytosis or membrane fusion is still not known in all cases; it is believed to ... Viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase synthesizes multiple copies of viral DNA. The late viral genes are then transcribed by host ... The newly formed late viral mRNA is translated into late proteins, which are involved in the formation and structure of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_1

v-Crk, a transforming oncoprotein from avian sarcoma viruses, is a fusion of viral "gag" protein with the SH2 and SH3 domains ... Adapter molecule crk also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRK gene. The CRK protein ... 1994). "CRK protein binds to two guanine nucleotide-releasing proteins for the Ras family and modulates nerve growth factor- ... Adapter molecule crk is a member of an adapter protein family that binds to several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_molecule_crk

Like most giant viruses, Pandoraviruses have a viral life cycle. They lack the ability to make their own proteins, rely on the ... Under the microscope, scientists observed the virus enter the amoeba through fusion with membrane vacuoles, and integrate their ... In other words, viral DNA is replicated within the cytoplasm of the host cell and assembled into new viral particles followed ... The host cell replicates the viral particles and eventually splits open, releasing the viral particles. The process of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoravirus

... viral envelope protein - viral oncogene protein - viral protein - virology - virus (biology) - vitamin - vitamin D-dependent ... fusion oncogene protein G protein - G protein-coupled receptor - G3P - GABA - GABA receptor - GABA-A receptor - gag-onc fusion ... protein - protein biosynthesis - Protein Data Bank - protein design - protein expression - protein folding - protein isoform - ... protein P16 - protein P34cdc2 - protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

2,263,857 base pairs with 1,980 protein coding genes) and preputial strain 129Pt (2,007,700 base pairs with 1,792 protein ... Viral infections are another predisposing factor for all cattle. With predisposing factors in mind, there are still many ... "Histophilus somni Survives in Bovine Macrophages by Interfering with Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion but Requires IbpA for Optimal ... H. somni surface proteins have been studied in association to virulence and pathogenesis. In serum resistant virulent strains, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histophilus_somni

"Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein". Nature. 531 (7592): 118-121. doi:10.1038/nature17200. ISSN 1476- ... In October 2014, Corbett became a research fellow working as a viral immunologist at the NIH. Her research aims to uncover ... transplanted stabilizing mutations from SARS-CoV S protein into SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. She was part of the NIH team who ... Corbett's team utilized previous knowledge of optimal coronavirus proteins to tackle COVID-19. S proteins form a "crown" on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett

... phase separation is preferentially induced on the specific genomic region which is recognized by fusion protein. Because ... such as viral capsids or the proteasome - although both are examples of spontaneous molecular self-assembly or self- ... In addition to protein recruitment, condensates can also be designed which release proteins in response to certain stimuli. In ... Membrane protein, or membrane-associated protein, clustering at neurological synapses, cell-cell tight junctions, or other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate

... viral RNA replicases and bacteriophage B-family DNA polymerases. TERT proteins from many eukaryotes have been sequenced. By ... Telomeres protect the end of the chromosome from DNA damage or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes. The fruit fly ... the time to senescence can be extended by inactivating the tumor suppressor proteins - p53 and Retinoblastoma protein (pRb). ... The protein consists of four conserved domains (RNA-Binding Domain (TRBD), fingers, palm and thumb), organized into a "right ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase

The lipid bilayer of the viral envelope is about 5 nm thick and is embedded with viral surface proteins to which sugar residues ... Viral particles are then transported to late endosomes. Gc-mediated membrane fusion with the endosomal membrane, triggered by ... These factories then facilitate transcription and subsequent translation of the viral proteins. Transcription of viral genes ... These are composed of many copies of the nucleocapsid protein N, which interact with the three segments of the viral genome to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus

This region gets its name from a viral protein called Myb derived from the avian myeloblastosis virus. Specifically, the ... TERF2 as part of the shelterin complex, has been known to block the ATM signaling pathways and prevent chromosome end fusion. ... There are 4 domain categories on the TERF2 protein that allow it to bind to both other proteins in the shelterin protein ... TERF2 is also known to recruit certain client proteins, also known as accessory factors. These client proteins are often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomeric_repeat-binding_factor_2

Further viral tracing studies have provided evidence that macroscale rewiring occurs in adult animals during associative ... and fusion of barcodes to represent a synaptic pair. This approach has the potential to be cheap, fast, and extremely high- ... a combinatorial color labeling method based on the stochastic expression of several fluorescent proteins, Jeff W. Lichtman and ... Direct evidence for this level of rewiring comes from primate studies, using viral tracing to map the formation of connections ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectome

... which occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia and results in production of the BCR-abl fusion protein, an oncogenic tyrosine ... leading to the expression of viral oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants. Replication of the data contained within ... miRNAs do not code for proteins, but can "target" protein-coding genes and reduce their expression. Cancers usually arise from ... "Negative regulation of BRCA1 gene expression by HMGA1 proteins accounts for the reduced BRCA1 protein levels in sporadic breast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer

Mechanistically, research has shown that TIGIT-Fc fusion protein could interact with PVR on dendritic cells and increase its IL ... Elevated TIGIT levels remained sustained even among those with undetectable viral loads. A large fraction of HIV-specific CD8+ ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 3, Human proteins). ... "The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIGIT

This chimeric RNA can then be translated into a fusion protein. Fusion proteins are very tissue-specific and they are ... end of the breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) gene and the 3′ end of the Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 ... Creating a protein consists of two main steps: transcription of DNA into RNA and translation of RNA into protein. After DNA is ... This has allowed researchers to detect many more chimeric RNAs and fusion proteins and has facilitated understanding their role ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_RNA

... for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach the world that politicians can have a more immediate effect on life and death ... eggshells is created by a process of cold fusion. Psychology - Presented jointly to John E. Mack of Harvard Medical School and ... "Shear-Stress-Mediated Refolding of Proteins from Aggregates and Inclusion Bodies". ChemBioChem. 16 (3): 393-396. doi:10.1002/ ... for his achievements in cold fusion, in the transmutation of base elements into gold, and in the electrochemical incineration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners

... potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion". ... 168 in 2014 convened in January 2020 to address the growing viral outbreak in Wuhan, China. They made a resolution to manage ... Bigtas, Jannielyn (March 25, 2020). "Photos of rare clear view of Sierra Madre from Metro Manila go viral". GMA News. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon

... the proteins rotate to form trimers, and the fusion peptide is directed toward the cell membrane The viral envelope protein E ... The mechanism by which the contacts between the viral nucleocapsid and M protein, which forms a shell beneath the lipid bilayer ... These are products of viral transcription. The NS3 protein encodes a RNA triphosphatase within its helicase domain. It uses the ... "Mutational Evidence for an Internal Fusion Peptide in Flavivirus Envelope Protein E." Journal of Virology 75.9 (2001): 4268-275 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe_bat_virus

Viral structural proteins, Protein families, Single-pass transmembrane proteins, Transmembrane transporters, Transport proteins ... Subsequent membrane fusion releases the uncoated RNPs into the cytoplasm which is imported to the nucleus to start viral ... The M2 protein is encoded on the seventh RNA segment together with the M1 protein. Proton conductance by the M2 protein in ... The M2 channel protein is an essential component of the viral envelope because of its ability to form a highly selective, pH- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_proton_channel

The first of these proteins to be studied were the viral fusion proteins, which allow an enveloped virus to insert its genetic ... Even the entry of pathogens can be governed by fusion, as many bilayer-coated viruses have dedicated fusion proteins to gain ... Eukaryotic cells also use fusion proteins, the best-studied of which are the SNAREs. SNARE proteins are used to direct all ... Certain kinds of membrane proteins are involved in the process of fusing two bilayers together. This fusion allows the joining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer

The viral life cycle begins by binding to a target cell. Binding is mediated by the viral HA proteins on the surface of the ... Furthermore, cleavage of the HA protein into HA1, the binding subunit, and HA2, the fusion subunit, is performed by different ... M2 proteins form proton ion channels through the viral envelope that are required for viral entry and exit. IBVs contain a ... Newly synthesized viral polymerase subunits and NP proteins are imported to the nucleus to further increase the rate of viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

... it is not yet known which protein causes membrane fusion. The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is what causes bovine viral ... of the viral genome recruits viral and cellular translation factors to initiate viral protein translation. Viral proteins are ... is the first protein generated from the N-terminus of the viral polyprotein. BVDV Npro is a hydrophilic outer membrane protein ... "Bovine viral diarrhea virus NS4B protein is an integral membrane protein associated with Golgi markers and rearranged host ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestivirus

Shen, Liang; Hong-Fang, Ji (2011). "Small Cofactors May Assist Protein Emergence from RNA World: Clues from RNA-Protein ... The periodic fusions permit mutual reactivation of otherwise lethally damaged protocells. If at least one damage-free copy of ... Through the process of viral infection into hosts the three domains of life evolved. Another interesting proposal is the idea ... like protein-based enzymes. Because it can carry out the types of tasks now performed by proteins and DNA, RNA is believed to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world

Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) that appear to be derived from filovirus-like viruses have been identified in the genomes of ... The most abundant protein produced is the nucleoprotein, whose concentration in the cell determines when the RdRp switches from ... The filovirus life cycle begins with virion attachment to specific cell-surface receptors, followed by fusion of the virion ... The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp, or RNA replicase) partially uncoats the nucleocapsid and transcribes the genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoviridae

"Viral Fusion Proteins" by people in this website by year, and whether "Viral Fusion Proteins" was a major or minor topic of ... Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and ... "Viral Fusion Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Viral Fusion Proteins" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.jefferson.edu/display/19932

Their ectodomains drive fusion by undergoing large-scale refolding, but little is known about the functionally important ... Viral fusogens merge viral and cell membranes during cell penetration. ... Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics * Viral Envelope Proteins / metabolism* * Viral Fusion Proteins / metabolism* ... Viral fusogens merge viral and cell membranes during cell penetration. Their ectodomains drive fusion by undergoing large-scale ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29728654/

Measurement of membrane fusion activity from viral membrane fusion proteins based on a fusion-dependent promoter induction ...

https://btiscience.org/publication/measurement-of-membrane-fusion-activity-from-viral-membrane-fusion-proteins-based-on-a-fusion-dependent-promoter-induction-system-in-insect-cells/

... that inserts in to the mobile membrane to start the fusion procedure [4]. Specific structural classes of viral fusion protein ... Intro Membrane fusion procedures are firmly regulated-spatially and temporally-by particular control proteins in both viral and ... A common home of viral fusion proteins can be their existence at the top of mature virions inside a Ticagrelor metastable ... Viral membrane fusion proceeds through a series of steps that are driven by triggered conformational adjustments of viral ...

http://careersfromscience.org/2017/07/19/viral-membrane-fusion-proceeds-through-a-series-of-steps-that-are/

Categories: Viral Fusion Proteins Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Viral+Fusion+Proteins&parentid=27071&catid=27072

... fusion). The F-protein is responsible for fusion of the virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis. The H- ... The spherical viral particles, colorized blue, contain cross-section through the viral genome, seen as black dots. ... The spherical extracellular viral particles contain cross-sections through the viral genome, seen as black dots. ... In this view, the protein particles E, S, and M, also located on the outer surface of the particle, have all been labeled as ...

https://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/images.htm

Influenza viral peptides and fusion protein for immunization, methods and uses thereof ... C12N2760/14122-New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes ... C12N2770/24122-New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes ... 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 45 * 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US10322171B2/en

Class h: Coiled coil proteins [57942] (5 folds) *Fold h.3: Stalk segment of viral fusion proteins [58063] (3 superfamilies) * ... HRSV fusion protein core [58080] (1 species) *Species Human respiratory syncytial virus [TaxId:11250] [58081] (1 PDB entry) *. ... Paramyxovirus sv5 fusion protein core [58078] (1 species). *Species Simian virus 5, strain w3 [TaxId:11207] [58079] (1 PDB ... Family h.3.2.1: Virus ectodomain [58070] (5 proteins) Proteins:. *Core structure of Ebo gp2 [58076] (1 species) *Species Ebola ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=58070&ver=1.55

Product candidates in current biologics pipelines include: mAbs, fusion proteins, viral vectors, nucleic acids, and cell ...

https://eas.org/?p=8107

The anticoagulant nafamostat potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated fusion in a cell fusion assay system and viral ... We observed that the S protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 required both hACE2 and TMPRSS2 for fusion activity (Appendix Figure ... We next analyzed the membrane fusion step of Rc-o319 S. A previous study showed that human sarbecovirus S protein was ... that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/12/20-3386

... glycoprotein gB promotes virus entry in trans acting as the viral fusion protein rather than as a receptor-binding protein.. ... Human Cytomegalovirus gH/gL Forms a Stable Complex with the Fusion Protein gB in Virions.. Vanarsdall AL, Howard PW, Wisner TW ... Kinesin-1 Proteins KIF5A, -5B, and -5C Promote Anterograde Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Enveloped Virions in Axons.. ... Characterization of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tegument Proteins That Bind to gE/gI and US9, Which Promote Assembly of HSV ...

https://www.ohsu.edu/school-of-medicine/johnson-lab/publications

Processing of certain viral proteins and bacterial toxins by host serine proteases is a frequent and critical step in virulence ... site to unmask the internal fusion peptide in the S2 viral fusion protein. ... This outer protein contains domains and structural motifs that are essential for binding to host cells and for viral fusion. ... The common mechanisms of cell trafficking mediated by furin cleavage by both viral fusion proteins and bacterial toxins is ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-22208/v1

Viral Envelope Fusion Protein (Env-FP) Superfamily. KeyNey. 1.G.2 - The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-2 (VMFP2) ... fusion proteins, and fusion glycoproteins. 1.G.1 - The Viral Pore-forming Membrane Fusion Protein-1 (VMFP1) Family. 1.G.14 - ... Protein Kinase (PK) Superfamily. Protein kinase domains are sometimes found in transport proteins. These include TC#s 1.A.87.2. ... GTP-Binding Protein/GTPase (GTP-BP) Superfamily. The GTP-Binding Protein/GTPase Superfamily includes proteins from many multi- ...

https://tcdb.org/superfamily.php

The atomic level structure of the viral surface fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus provided key insights that ... The M72 vaccine is a recombinant fusion protein that consists of two M. tuberculosis antigens, Mtb32A and Mtb39A, that are ... RSV F is metastable, existing in a pre-fusion (pre-F) conformation that mediates viral entry; however, it can be prematurely ... A tuberculosis (TB) subunit recombinant fusion protein (M72) formulated with a potent adjuvant (ASO1E) was effective at ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-019-0243-3?error=cookies_not_supported&code=9f5a3517-b0aa-4d6d-8794-cf0d0f865596

Those studies defined a superfamily of viral entry proteins subsequently named by others as Class I fusion/entry glycoproteins ... He was also the first to identify and model the entry peptide loop and entry protein of Ebola virus in 1996. He has remained ... The fragment was found within a grouping of amino acids that is made in parallel with the protein involved in attachment of the ... However, Gallaher and his colleagues have determined how to deactivate the toxic properties of the Ebola protein fragment in ...

https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/lsu-health-new-orleans-scientist-identifies-toxic-ebola-protein-fragment

Class I and class II viral fusion protein structures reveal similar principles in membrane fusion. Mol. Membr. Biol. 21, 361- ... 2. R. W. H. Ruigrok, F. Baudin, I. Petit, and W. Weissenhorn (2001) Role of influenza virus M1 protein in the viral budding ... 2. W. Weissenhorn (2004) Structure of viral proteins. In : Ebola and Marburg Viruses : Molecular and Cellular Biology. Editors ... 1. W. Weissenhorn (2002) Structure and function of viral glycoproteins in membrane fusion. In Structure-Function Relationships ...

https://www.ibs.fr/recherche/groupes-de-recherche/ebev/publications/?lang=fr

region of the H1N1pdm influenza virus HA protein affects viral fusion,. stability and infectivity. PLoS Pathog. 2014 Jan;10(1): ... Flublok Quadrivalent [Package Insert]. Meriden, CT: Protein. Sciences; 2017.. *Flublok [Pachage insert]. Meriden, CT: Protein ... Role of viral RNA and lipid in the adverse events associated with. the 2010 Southern Hemisphere trivalent influenza vaccine. ... An observational study of febrile seizures: the importance of viral. infection and immunization. BMC Pediatr. 2016 Dec 03;16(1 ...

https://espanol.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/background/references.htm

This protein is essential for gamete fusion in these organisms.[5] Pathogenic viral fusion[edit]. Enveloped viruses readily ... Class of proteins. Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause ... These proteins originate from the env gene of endogenous retroviruses. They are domesticated viral class I fusion proteins. ... Class IV fusion proteins, better known as fusion-associated small transmembrane proteins (FAST), are the smallest type of ...

https://wikizero.com/en/Membrane_fusion_protein

Crystal structure of prefusion F is a key form of the viral fusion protein (F) that RSV uses to enter human cells; antibodies ...

https://reference.medscape.com/drug/abrysvo-respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-vaccine-4000347

... viral fusion peptide. This fusion peptide is essentially universal among coronaviruses; in fact, it has not changed or ... The vaccine created by Zeichner and Meng takes an unusual approach, in that it targets a part of the virus spike protein ... which share several of the amino acids that constitute the fusion peptide. ...

https://weather.com/en-IN/india/coronavirus/news/2021-04-21-scientists-invent-new-vaccine-that-can-fight-all-coronaviruses

Despite the rich diversity of existent fusion proteins, all characterized viral fusion proteins convert from a fusion-competent ... Viral Fusion Pores. Function:. Three distinct classes of viral membrane fusion proteins have been identified based on ... Viral fusion proteins also contain different types of fusion peptides and vary in their reliance on accessory proteins. ... 2008) Structures and Mechanisms of Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins. Multiple Variations on a Common Theme. Crit Rev Biochem Mol ...

https://www.nanion.de/en/application-database/database-sorted-by-targets/cov-e.html

Specifically, they identified a structural element in the viral fusion protein (the 150 loop) that acts as a pH-dependent snap ... This fusion step is induced by the acidic pH of the endosomes, following uptake of the particle by the target cell. Yet ... this snap lock opens again and the exposed fusion loop can initiate membrane fusion. ... Evolution and activation mechanism of the flavivirus class II membrane-fusion machinery, M.-C. Vaney (a), M. Dellarole (a), S. ...

https://esrf.fr/fr/home/news/spotlight/content-news/spotlight/spotlight413.html

Significance Infection by HIV-1 requires fusion of viral and host cell membranes, a process mediated by viral protein gp41. ... The native structure of the protein α-synuclein, which is implicated in Parkinsons disease, is controversial. In-cell nuclear ... The highly conserved first 23 residues of the influenza hemagglutinin HA2 subunit constitute the fusion domain, which plays a ... Cadherins are an ancient class of transmembrane proteins that mediate intercellular adhesion. Previous work from our laboratory ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adriaan-Bax

Relevance: Glycoprotein G2: class I viral fusion protein that directs fusion of viral and host endosomal membranes, leading to ... Recombinant Lassa virus Nucleoprotein (N) , CSB-YP318401LNP , CusabioAlternative Name(s): Nucleocapsid protein Protein NGene ... Recombinant Lassa virus Nucleoprotein (N) , CSB-EP318401LNPe1 , CusabioAlternative Name(s): Nucleocapsid protein Protein NGene ... Recombinant Lassa virus Nucleoprotein (N) , CSB-EP318401LNP , CusabioAlternative Name(s): Nucleocapsid protein Protein NGene ...

https://joplink.net/recombinant-lassa-virus-pre-glycoprotein-polyprotein-gp-complex-gpc-partial-csb-cf322925lcp/

viral properties, tissue-tropism and organ-specific pathogenesis, involvement of physiological systems, and the human immune ... viral properties, tissue tropism and organ-specific pathogenesis, involvement of physiological systems, and the human immune ... protein. Furthermore, to enter into the host cell, the priming of the viral spike protein (S) for its fusion to host cell ... Furthermore, to enter into the host cell, the priming of the viral spike protein (S) is considered essential for its fusion to ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.693938/full

... which detailed the crystal structure of a key form of the viral fusion protein (F) that RSV uses to attack human cells, ... Pfizer tested numerous versions of the viral protein, and identified those that elicited a strong anti-viral immune response in ... The vaccine candidate is composed of two preF proteins selected to optimize protection against RSV A and B and is currently ...

https://www.gurufocus.com/news/1655859/pfizer-granted-fda-breakthrough-therapy-designation-for-respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-vaccine-candidate-for-the-prevention-of-rsv-in-infants-from-birth-up-to-six-months-of-age-by-active-immunization-of-pregnant-women-

CYCLE Is a Second bHLH-PAS Clock Protein Essential for Circadian Rhythmicity and Transcription of Drosophila period and ... The effects of a CYC-viral protein 16 (VP16) fusion protein in the Drosophila system are analyzed to address the role of ... Regulation of the Drosophila Protein Timeless Suggests a Mechanism for Resetting the Circadian Clock by Light. *M. Hunter-Ensor ... It is shown that the PER PAS functions in vitro as a novel protein dimerization motif and that it can mediate associations ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/CYCLE-Is-a-Second-bHLH-PAS-Clock-Protein-Essential-Rutila-Suri/2c21ca7795208820621ddd8b70bec5d687e6ed55

A clumping of fused neighboring cells (syncytia) caused by viral infection when viral fusion proteins are transported to the ... Source TR 14: Validation: Protein Purification Chromatography TR 42: Validation: Protein Manufacturing TR 60-3: Process ... Source TR 13: Environmental Monitoring TR 14: Validation: Protein Purification Chromatography TR 43: Glass Defects TR 45: Depth ... Source TR 14: Validation: Protein Purification Chromatography TR 38: Manufacturing Chromatography Systems Postapproval Changes ...

https://www.pda.org/pda-technical-glossary/-in-glossarytermcategory/glossarytermcategory/s

... viral vectors and tumor-targeted fusion proteins. Other biotechnology strategies such as IL-12-engineered local adoptive cell ... Libro: Fusion protein technologies for biopharmaceuticals: applications and challenges. Lugar de Edición: Chichester, West ... Conclusion: The fusion protein of insulin and apolipoprotein A-I could be a promising insulin derivative for the treatment of ... Fusion proteins have been engineered to provide IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha) mediated trans-presentation to lymphocytes ...

https://www.unav.edu/web/investigacion/nuestros-investigadores/detalle-investigadores-cv?investigadorId=63058&investigador=Berraondo%20L%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDpez,%20Pedro

Viral fusogens merge viral and cell membranes during cell penetration. (nih.gov)
Writer Overview The fusion of mobile lipid membranes can be an important procedure in all types of existence. (careersfromscience.org)
The F-protein is responsible for fusion of the virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis. (cdc.gov)
Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins ) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes . (wikizero.com)
Enveloped viruses readily overcome the thermodynamic barrier of merging two plasma membranes by storing kinetic energy in fusion (F) proteins. (wikizero.com)
Despite the rich diversity of existent fusion proteins, all characterized viral fusion proteins convert from a fusion-competent state (dimers or trimers) to a membrane-embedded homotrimeric prehairpin, to a trimer-of-hairpins that brings the fusion peptide, attached to the target membrane, and the transmembrane domain, attached to the viral membrane, into close proximity, thereby facilitating the union of viral and target membranes. (nanion.de)
During these conformational conversions, the fusion proteins induce membranes to progress through stages of close apposition, hemifusion, and then the formation of small, and finally large, fusion pores. (nanion.de)
Acts as a viroporin and self-assembles in host membranes forming pentameric protein-lipid pores that allow ion transport. (nanion.de)
Glycoprotein G2: class I viral fusion protein that directs fusion of viral and host endosomal membranes, leading to delivery of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm. (joplink.net)
Compared with many well-studied enveloped viruses, herpesviruses use a more sophisticated molecular machinery to induce fusion of viral and cellular membranes during cell invasion. (pasteur.fr)
The only confirmed mechanism for protein-mediated membrane fusion involves the formation of helix bundles, in which helices attached to two membranes pack against one another to draw together the membranes. (rupress.org)
They suggest that packing of the leash into the grooves of the helices condenses HA, thus bringing together viral and host membranes. (rupress.org)
SNARE proteins are sufficient to fuse artificial membranes together. (embl.de)
During fusion of viral and target intracellular membranes, the coiled coil regions (heptad repeats) assume a trimer-of-hairpins structure, positioning the fusion peptide in close proximity to the C-terminal region of the ectodomain. (cansar.ai)
The formation of this structure appears to drive apposition and subsequent fusion of viral and target cell membranes. (cansar.ai)
Membranes fusion leads to delivery of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm. (cansar.ai)
A long-standing mystery in developmental biology and reproductive medicine involves the fusion of sperm and egg membranes. (lbl.gov)
The fusion of viral and cell membranes is one of the basic processes in the life cycles of viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Their conformational rearrangements lead to the unification of lipid bilayers of cell membranes and viral envelopes and the formation of fusion pores through which the viral genome enters the cytoplasm of the cell. (bvsalud.org)
A deep understanding of all the stages of conformational transitions preceding the fusion of viral and cell membranes is necessary for the development of specific inhibitors of viral reproduction. (bvsalud.org)
Protein P22 may play a role in targeting replication complex to intracellular membranes. (icr.ac.uk)
Proteolysis by cathepsin CTSL may unmask the fusion peptide of S2 and activate membranes fusion within endosomes. (bioss.com.cn)
Research in structural virology aims to provide a molecular description of the dynamics of viral structures at various essential stages of the infectious cycle: assembly of the viral particle, fusion of viral and cell membranes, packaging and ejection of the viral genome. (paris-saclay.fr)
Analysis of this HA gene shows that it is closely related to avian A(H5) viruses in HA clade 2.3.4.4b and lacked amino acid changes that improve recognition of mammalian receptors or fusion of the viral membrane with the host endosomal membranes. (cdc.gov)

Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. (jefferson.edu)
Viral membrane fusion proceeds through a series of steps that are driven by triggered conformational adjustments of viral envelope glycoproteins so-called fusion proteins. (careersfromscience.org)
Herpes simplex virus membrane proteins gE/gI and US9 act cooperatively to promote transport of capsids and glycoproteins from neuron cell bodies into initial axon segments. (ohsu.edu)
Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gB and gH function in fusion between the virion envelope and the outer nuclear membrane. (ohsu.edu)
Those studies defined a superfamily of viral entry proteins subsequently named by others as 'Class I fusion/entry glycoproteins. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
This essential function is carried out by glycoprotein B (gB), a class III viral fusion protein, together with the heterodimer of glycoproteins H and L (gH/gL). (pasteur.fr)
few liposomes fused per virion, and glycoproteins were not distributed evenly across fusion complexes. (bris.ac.uk)
The hemagglutinin (HA) gene codes for one of the two surface glycoproteins and is central to species specificity because it is responsible for virus attachment and fusion with host cells. (cdc.gov)

The spherical viral particles, colorized blue, contain cross-section through the viral genome, seen as black dots. (cdc.gov)
The spherical extracellular viral particles contain cross-sections through the viral genome, seen as black dots. (cdc.gov)
Fusion proteins can originate from genes encoded by infectious enveloped viruses , ancient retroviruses integrated into the host genome, [1] or solely by the host genome. (wikizero.com)
Of the four structural proteins encoded in the viral genome, the RNA winds around the highly basic nucleocapsid (N) protein. (nanion.de)
We hypothesize that this lack of detectable signs of disease during infection with BA.4 was due to a small (nine nucleotide) deletion (∆686-694) in the viral genome (ORF1ab) responsible for production of non-structural protein 1 which resulted in the loss of three amino acids (aa 141-143). (bvsalud.org)
The mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 varies at both the dominant viral genome sequence and minor genomic variant population. (bvsalud.org)
This rapid substitution was from minor genomic variants to become part of the dominant viral genome sequence. (bvsalud.org)
The 5' methylated cap and 3' polyadenylated tail allows the positive-sense RNA genome to be directly translated by the host cell's ribosome on viral entry . (wikizero.com)
Viral genome-linked protein is covalently linked to the 5'-end of the positive-strand, negative-strand genomic RNAs and subgenomic RNA. (icr.ac.uk)
The viral genome is a single positive-stranded, infectious RNA molecule, about 11 kb in length. (cusabio.com)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein gB promotes virus entry in trans acting as the viral fusion protein rather than as a receptor-binding protein. (ohsu.edu)
The outer surface of coronaviruses contains a critical transmembrane spike glycoprotein which is essential for entry of viral particles into host cells. (researchsquare.com)
This viral glycoprotein possesses a trimeric structure, which gives the virus its typical crown-like halo ( Figure 1A). . (researchsquare.com)
The SSP is required for efficient glycoprotein expression, post-translational maturation cleavage of GP1 and GP2, glycoprotein transport to the cell surface plasma membrane, formation of infectious virus particles, and acid pH-dependent glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion. (joplink.net)
In order to delineate the synthesis and processing pathway of ILTV glycoprotein B (gB), rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against a Cro-gB- β -galactosidase fusion protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In pseudorabies virus (PrV), a porcine herpesvirus, it was shown that gH/gL can be substituted by a chimeric fusion protein gDgH, containing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of glycoprotein D fused to a truncated version of gH lacking its N-terminal domain. (pasteur.fr)
Mouse anti respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein antibody, clone RSV3216 recognizes an epitope within the RSV fusion protein (46 kDa and 22 kDa s-s linked glycoprotein). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
Like other flaviviruses, YFV contains a small glycoprotein-containing lipid envelope surrounding a nucleocapsid which encloses one viral RNA. (cusabio.com)
The E glycoprotein is the major component of the virion surface and is responsible for the receptor-mediated endocytic fusion and subsequent cell entry, as well as direct viral assembly ＆ budding, and immunogenicity. (cusabio.com)
Serologic assays for detection of antibodies against EBOV glycoprotein (EBOV-GP), matrix protein (VP40), and nucleoprotein (NP) included novel microneutralization and luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assays, as well as a commercially available ELISA. (cdc.gov)

The three other structural proteins, envelope (E), membrane (M) and spike (S), are transmembrane proteins. (nanion.de)
Coronavirus envelope (CoV E) proteins are ~100-residue polypeptides with at least one channel-forming α-helical transmembrane (TM) domain. (nanion.de)
These processes include oligomeric reorganisations of the two envelope proteins E and prM as well as a proteolytic activation cleavage of prM into pr and M ( Figure 1 , top panels). (esrf.fr)
Maturation process of flavivirus envelope proteins. (esrf.fr)
Characterization of the envelope proteins of pseudorabies virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The mature envelope protein (Env) consists of a homotrimer of non-covalently associated gp120-gp41 heterodimers. (cansar.ai)
The virus envelope has a unique structure consisting of viral proteins and a virus-specific lipid composition, whereas the host membrane has its own structure with host membrane proteins. (bris.ac.uk)
Compound 136 was previously found to bind in close proximity to the viral envelope and inhibit influenza virus entry. (bris.ac.uk)
Presently only seven viral proteins have been found to be specific to the enveloped form, and of these seven only six have been shown to be required for efficient envelope virus production. (rochester.edu)
They found a unique structure in the virus' spike protein that apparently triggered the fusion of a viral envelope and cell membrane when they came into contact. (occidentaldissent.com)
A number of enveloped viruses confer fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane using surface viral fusion proteins. (bvsalud.org)
The biochemical processes commonly inhibited include cell wall synthesis in bacteria and fungi, cell membrane synthesis, synthesis of 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits, nucleic acid metabolism, function of topoisomerases, viral proteases, viral integrases, viral envelope entry/fusion proteins, folate synthesis in parasites, and parasitic chemical detoxification processes. (mhmedical.com)
The envelope of virus is inlaid with two virally encoded proteins: envelope (E) protein and membrane (M) protein. (cusabio.com)
The molecular mechanisms that enable the virus to invade and spread in the nervous systems of so many different animals are not known, but it is well known that the virion envelope proteins gE and gI are required in almost every case studied for efficient cell-to-cell spread both in non-neuronal and neuronal cells. (vetres.org)

An disturbance with this technique could be a effective opportinity for inhibiting pathogen replication and fusion inhibitors possess recently turn into a beneficial addition to the armamentarium of anti-HIV remedies. (careersfromscience.org)
Viral replication occurs entirely in the cytoplasm in discrete areas know as viral factories and results in the first infectious form termed intracellular mature virions (IMV). (rochester.edu)
The laboratory has shown that the nucleolar protein Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) inhibits HSV replication. (inrs.ca)
Present work is aimed at understanding the mechanisms involved and at identifying the viral protein(s) that counter UBFs inhibitory activity to allow viral replication in the presence of UBF. (inrs.ca)
Rel -Dependent Immune and Central Nervous System Mechanisms Control Viral Replication and Inflammation during Mouse Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. (inrs.ca)
Our findings indicate that TUT4/7 uridylation marks the MHV subgenomic RNAs for decay and delays viral replication. (bvsalud.org)
Protein p48 may play a role in viral replication by interacting with host VAPA, a vesicle-associated membrane protein that plays a role in SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion. (icr.ac.uk)
Quick suppression of the viral load with highly active ART (HAART) substantially slows viral replication and prevents resistant mutations. (medscape.com)

William Gallaher, PhD, professor of microbiology, immunology and parasitology at LSU Health New Orleans School of Medicine, has discovered a fragment of an Ebola virus protein that is toxic to cells and may contribute to infection and illness. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
viral properties, tissue tropism and organ-specific pathogenesis, involvement of physiological systems, and the human immune response against the infection. (frontiersin.org)
But only according to these not specific symptoms, it is still very difficult to distinguish HCV infection from any other acute viral hepatitis [3] (Tyagi et al. (scirp.org)
Virus transmission to permissive T-cells occurs either in trans (without DCs infection, through viral capture and transmission), or in cis (following DCs productive infection, through the usual CD4-gp120 interaction), thereby inducing a robust infection. (cansar.ai)
In trans infection, bound virions remain infectious over days and it is proposed that they are not degraded, but protected in non-lysosomal acidic organelles within the DCs close to the cell membrane thus contributing to the viral infectious potential during DCs' migration from the periphery to the lymphoid tissues. (cansar.ai)
If you do not want your loved ones to die of a viral infection the first thing you need to know is that the minute you or your kids get the sniffles you have to treat aggressively with natural not pharmaceutical drugs. (dreddymd.com)
Since previous work had flagged protein X as anti-apoptotic, the authors next applied a recombinant version to fresh cultures, and found that the protein alone protected axons from rotenone as well as did BDV infection. (alzforum.org)
After human immunodeficiency virus infection, JE may be the leading cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. (cdc.gov)
to understand the the role of nucleolar proteins during HSV infection. (inrs.ca)
The lengths of the viral poly(A) tails change during infection by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
Upon infection of 17-CL1 cells with MHV, a member of the Betacoronavirus genus, we observe two populations of terminally uridylated viral transcripts, one with poly(A) tails ~44 nucleotides long and the other with poly(A) tails shorter than ~22 nucleotides. (bvsalud.org)
At late stages of infection, the population of uridylated subgenomic RNAs with tails shorter than ~22 nucleotides is reduced in the absence of TUT4/7 while the viral RNA load increases. (bvsalud.org)
Animals infected with BA.4 had similar viral shedding profiles to that seen with BA.5.2.1 (up to day 6 post infection) but they all failed to lose weight or present with any other significant clinical signs. (bvsalud.org)
A DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein protected guinea pigs from infection by two lineages of influenza D virus. (cdc.gov)
Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease caused by yellow fever virus infection and is identical to other viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) in characteristics, such as Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. (cusabio.com)
Us9 is a novel type II membrane protein expressed as a highly phosphorylated protein late in ADV infection. (vetres.org)
genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)
The Department of Virology at I2BC studies the molecular and cellular mechanisms of viral infection . (paris-saclay.fr)
They characterize the functions of the host hijacked by the virus, viral remodeling of the cellular organization and the cellular response to infection, including anti-viral immunity. (paris-saclay.fr)

Throughout these conformational adjustments the fusion proteins expose a section from the polypeptide string ("fusion peptide" [FP]) that inserts in to the mobile membrane to start the fusion procedure [4]. (careersfromscience.org)
87. J. Radzimanowski, G. Effantin and W. Weissenhorn (2014) Conformational plasticity of the Ebola virus matrix protein VP40. (ibs.fr)
Membrane fusion is mediated by irreversible conformational changes induced upon acidification in the endosome. (joplink.net)
The structure indicates the possible unmasking of an extended hydrophobic patch by movement of the flap during a receptor-triggered conformational change of gH, exposing a hydrophobic surface to interact with the viral membrane during the fusion process. (pasteur.fr)
Under the current model, the protein has at least 3 conformational states: pre-fusion native state, pre-hairpin intermediate state, and post-fusion hairpin state. (cansar.ai)

In the petition, the two acknowledge that there is no indication "whether antibodies against spike proteins of SARS viruses would also act like anti-Syncytin-1 antibodies. (ap.org)
Rebecca Dutch, chair of University of Kentucky's department of molecular and cellular biochemistry, said in an email that while syncytin-1 and the spike protein broadly share some features, they are quite different in the details that antibodies recognize. (ap.org)
In contrast, animals that received a sham DNA vaccine (n = 12) had no detectable neutralizing antibodies against IDV, and viral RNA was readily detectable in respiratory tract tissues after intranasal challenge [3 x 10(5) TCID50] with IDV D/OK (n = 6) or D/660 (n = 6). (cdc.gov)
We tested 2,430 serum samples for specific antibodies to EBOV proteins to determine the seroprevalence of this virus in the respective populations. (cdc.gov)

Vaccines for more than 30 bacterial and viral pathogens have saved hundreds of millions of lives over the years 1 . (nature.com)
It has been incorrectly suggested that COVID-19 vaccines will cause infertility because of a shared amino acid sequence in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and a placental protein," she said in an email. (ap.org)
After proofs of concept through successes of the above mentioned two vaccines, our long-term goals are to apply these principles and technologies to other viral and/or non-viral pathogens to develop more vaccines to fight many more infectious diseases to meet the wide and urgent needs of global public health. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
However, the current protein-based vaccines made up of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are ineffective in chronic HBV carriers and a significant number of the vaccinees do not mount the protective immune response. (who.int)
Currently, there are no appropriate these compounds can prevent the completion of the viral vaccines or antiviral agents available that can effectively cycle6. (bvsalud.org)

The fusion of the viral with a Ticagrelor cellular membrane is a key step in Ticagrelor the life cycle of these viruses and allows the delivery of their genetic information into cells. (careersfromscience.org)
88. M.V. Hamann, E. Müllers, J. Reh, N. Stanke, G. Effantin, W. Weissenhorn and D. Lindemann (2014) The cooperative function of arginine residues in the Prototype Foamy Virus Gag C-terminus mediates viral and cellular RNA encapsidation. (ibs.fr)
Decades of intense studies have provided crucial insight into the structural reorganisation of the flavivirus particle required for fusing the viral membrane with a cellular membrane for entry [3] . (esrf.fr)
During cell entry of an enveloped virus, the viral membrane must be fused with the cellular membrane. (bris.ac.uk)
This probably results from fusion of mitochondria, and represents a response to cellular stress, Gonzalez-Dunia told Alzforum. (alzforum.org)
Furthermore, our research should provide insight into such cellular processes as protein trafficking, membrane and vesicle formation and intracellular trafficking. (rochester.edu)
The SAXS, crystallographic, and comparative DXMS studies revealed that the boomerang-shaped Izumo1 has an architecture that is completely different from other viral and cellular fusion proteins. (lbl.gov)
May cleave polyadenylate-binding protein thereby inhibiting cellular translation. (icr.ac.uk)
The precurssor is processed into S1 and S2 by host cell furin or another cellular protease to yield the mature S1 and S2 proteins (PubMed:32155444). (bioss.com.cn)
The steady-state residence of the Us9 protein is in a cellular compartment in or near the trans -Golgi network (TGN). (vetres.org)
Teams working on host-virus interactions aim to dissect the cellular factors targeted by viral proteins and to study their interactions. (paris-saclay.fr)

This entry step is controlled by specific proteins at the viral surface that are primed to undergo dramatic structural changes and thus travel membrane fusion. (careersfromscience.org)
Specific structural classes of viral fusion protein have been determined showing radically different architectures and agencies for the virion [4-6]. (careersfromscience.org)
SCOP: Structural Classification of Proteins and ASTRAL. (berkeley.edu)
HCMV gB shares structural and functional properties with gB proteins from other herpesviruses. (ohsu.edu)
This outer protein contains domains and structural motifs that are essential for binding to host cells and for viral fusion. (researchsquare.com)
The papers that we review highlight a new era of vaccinology, using atomic level structural information for vaccine design, gene-based vaccine platforms, modern protein engineering and potent adjuvants. (nature.com)
Three distinct classes of viral membrane fusion proteins have been identified based on structural criteria. (nanion.de)
Specifically, they identified a structural element in the viral fusion protein (the 150 loop) that acts as a pH-dependent snap lock and controls the structural and oligomeric rearrangements during the pathways of viral assembly and maturation ( Figure 2 ). (esrf.fr)
Conserved structural features of the synaptic fusion complex: SNARE proteins reclassified as Q- and R-SNAREs. (embl.de)
It locks into an upright conformation upon binding to Juno, possibly one of the structural changes necessary for fusion. (lbl.gov)
The first section of this review describes types of viral fusion proteins and is followed by a comparison of the structural features of class I fusion proteins, namely influenza virus hemagglutinin and the S-protein of the human coronavirus. (bvsalud.org)
This sgRNA codes for structural proteins. (icr.ac.uk)

Human Cytomegalovirus Entry into Epithelial and Endothelial Cells Depends on Genes UL128 to UL150 and Occurs by Endocytosis and Low-pH Fusion. (ohsu.edu)
In Drosophila, feedback loop function is initiated when hypophosphorylated CLOCK forms a heterodimer with CYCLE (CYC) and binds E-boxes to activate transcription of clock genes including period (per), timeless (tim), vrille (vri), PAR domain protein 1ε (Pdp1ε), and clockwork orange (cwo). (semanticscholar.org)
To determine other viral genes involved in pathogenesis, we have been testing selected ADV mutants for defects in neuroinvasion in a rodent model. (vetres.org)
Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)

The common property of vector-transmission of flaviviruses makes them prone to becoming an increasing threat because of global warming and the spread of viral vectors, especially by mosquitoes, to new and yet more temperate regions. (esrf.fr)
Localized delivery of IL-12 dramatically improves the therapeutic index and this approach is being applied in the clinic based on in-vivo electroporation of naked plasmid DNA encoding IL-12, mRNA formulations, viral vectors and tumor-targeted fusion proteins. (unav.edu)
Generate viral vectors expressing scFv or CAR variants, site directed mutants, and fusion proteins using fusion PCR and Gibson or other fragment assembly methods. (biospace.com)
The WHO Monitoring Group on Gene transfer Medicinal Products was established to monitor devel- opments and draw up appropriate guidance for assuring the quality of gene transfer medicinal prod- ucts, including nucleic acids, viral and non-viral vectors, and genetically modified cells. (who.int)

The binding domain is rich in α-helices and hydrophobic fusion peptides located near the N-terminus. (wikizero.com)
Viral fusion proteins also contain different types of fusion peptides and vary in their reliance on accessory proteins. (nanion.de)

He was the first to identify and publish the entry peptide sequence of HIV-1 in 1987, and he and his colleagues, including Dr. Garry, were first to model the structure of the HIV-1 entry protein in 1989. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
He was also the first to identify and model the entry peptide loop and entry protein of Ebola virus in 1996. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The peptide regions required to drive fusion are formed from the turns between the β-sheets. (wikizero.com)
Both these diseases are caused by distantly related coronaviruses, which share several of the amino acids that constitute the fusion peptide. (weather.com)
The approach taken by the researchers targets a part of the spike protein of the virus, the 'viral fusion peptide,' which is essentially universal among coronaviruses and has not been observed to differ at all in the many genetic sequences of SARS-CoV-2. (pharmacytimes.com)
Protein X, as well as a peptide derived from it, bolstered mitochondrial function in the stressed cells. (alzforum.org)
They found that the C-terminal third, with a mitochondrial localization tag added, provided as much protection as full protein X. This small peptide, which they called PX3, could be administered intranasally, achieving high levels in the striatum and distributing throughout the brain and spinal cord, as well as in some peripheral organs. (alzforum.org)
Additionally, a second cleavage leads to the release of a fusion peptide after viral attachment to host cell receptor (By similarity). (bioss.com.cn)

In the final fused state, six-helix bundles are formed by HIV Env and paramyxovirus F proteins, members of the class I group of viral fusion proteins. (rupress.org)
Paramyxovirus receptor-binding molecules: engagement of one site on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein modulates activity at the second site. (cornell.edu)

2008) Structures and Mechanisms of Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins. (nanion.de)
The structures provide much-needed basic information on the mechanisms of sperm-egg recognition and fusion machinery and provide crucial leads for the development of non-hormonal contraceptives and fertility treatments for humans and other mammals. (lbl.gov)
Viruses use a number of advanced and fewer understood mechanisms and pathways to ship their cargo (nucleocapsid and accent proteins) to the cytoplasm and or nucleus. (achengula.com)
The common origin of several anti-viral defense mechanisms and of viral families of prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses adds to the strength of studying both types of viral systems in the Department. (paris-saclay.fr)

In the absence of this negative regulatory domain, the half-time for fusion of an entire population of lipid vesicles by isolated SNARE cores ( approximately 10 min) is compatible with the kinetics of fusion in many cell types. (embl.de)
Complete fusion occurs in host cell endosomes and is dynamin-dependent, however some lipid transfer might occur at the plasma membrane. (cansar.ai)
Based on previous results and hemolysis, fusion inhibition by 136 occurs post-scission but prior to lipid mixing. (bris.ac.uk)
The modifications from early endosomes to late matured endosomes includes development of dimension because of acquired cargo on transit and newly synthesized elements and alter in pH, lipid and protein composition. (achengula.com)

Processing of certain viral proteins and bacterial toxins by host serine proteases is a frequent and critical step in virulence. (researchsquare.com)

The sarbecovirus' spike protein specifically recognizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 of R. cornutus , but not humans, as an entry receptor. (cdc.gov)
All alpha-helical motifs that form twisted and parallel four-helix bundles in target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (SNAP) receptor proteins. (embl.de)
SNARE [soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein) attachment protein receptor] proteins are essential for membrane fusion and are conserved from yeast to humans. (embl.de)
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-kinase protein 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3-dependent necrosis is called necroptosis or programmed necrosis. (wikipathways.org)
Using this patented technology, we have created two unique PVNPs that display a) the receptor binding VP8* antigens of rotavirus (RV) spike proteins, named S60-VP8* PVNP, and b) the receptor binding HA1 proteins of influenza virus (IV) hemagglutinins, known as S60-HA1 PVNP, respectively. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
These two PVNPs have been shown to be easily produced using a recombinant protein expression system, highly stable at a wide range of temperatures, and immunogenic towards the displayed antigens, eliciting high antibody titers that block viral receptor binding functions, and thus inhibit infections of corresponding viral pathogens. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
2015). This endosomal luminal low pH is vital for intracellular membrane site visitors, cytosolic pH upkeep, protein degradation and receptor-mediated endocytosis (Cotter et al. (achengula.com)
The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of paramyxoviruses carries out three different activities: receptor binding, receptor cleaving (neuraminidase), and triggering of the fusion protein. (cornell.edu)
For human parainfluenza type 3, one bifunctional site on HN can carry out both binding and neuraminidase, and the receptor mimic, zanamivir, impairs viral entry by blocking receptor binding. (cornell.edu)
The finding that site II, once activated, shows higher avidity for receptor than site I, suggests paradigms for further elucidating the regulation of HN's multiple functions in the viral life cycle. (cornell.edu)
This cilia in the life of the serine by receptor fusion kinases of the Src neddylation( 1). (erik-mill.de)
Tumor Necrosis Receptor Superfamily Interact with Fusion and Fission of Mitochondria of Adipose Tissue in. (tbdb.org)

Many enveloped infections use only an individual proteins to mediate the fusion of their membrane having a mobile membrane during pathogen admittance [3 4 making them an especially interesting program for understanding the membrane fusion procedure in mechanistic conditions. (careersfromscience.org)
CVV has recently emerged as a potential viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. (cdc.gov)

They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells. (jefferson.edu)
The H-protein is responsible for the binding of virions to cells. (cdc.gov)
The fragment was found within a grouping of amino acids that is made in parallel with the protein involved in attachment of the virus to cells. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
A. Côt, N. Aschman, J. Mercier, W. Weissenhorn and E. A. Cohen (2015) Human Immunodeficiency Virus Accessory Protein Vpu Inhibits the Antiviral Response of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells for Innate Immune Evasion. (ibs.fr)
While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion under normal conditions, gametes and embryonic cells follow developmental pathways to non-spontaneously drive membrane fusion, such as in placental formation , syncytiotrophoblast formation, and neurodevelopment . (wikizero.com)
F proteins can be independently expressed on host cell surfaces which can either (1) drive the infected cell to fuse with neighboring cells, forming a syncytium , or (2) be incorporated into a budding virion from the infected cell which leads to the full emancipation of plasma membrane from the host cell. (wikizero.com)
At neutral pH (upon release of virus particles from infected cells) pr is ejected from the E dimer by the 150-loop, which closes as a hinged-lid to protect the fusion loop (FL) of E. During virus entry, when encountering the acidic pH of endosomes, this snap lock opens again and the exposed fusion loop can initiate membrane fusion. (esrf.fr)
Through immunoprecipitation analysis of ILTV-infected chicken embryo liver cells it was determined that ILTV gB is initially synthesized as a 110 kDa monomeric precursor protein which rapidly assembles into homodimers composed of 100 kDa subunits. (microbiologyresearch.org)
These interactions allow capture of viral particles at mucosal surfaces by these cells and subsequent transmission to permissive cells. (cansar.ai)
Viral proteins deposited into the plasma membrane, by the fusion of IEV at the plasma membrane, direct the polymerization of actin on the cytosolic side forming what are called actin tails, which serve to propel CEV away from the cell and towards adjacent cells. (rochester.edu)
Uses also human TMPRSS2 for priming in human lung cells which is an essential step for viral entry (PubMed:32142651). (bioss.com.cn)
The CHS protein is expressed in the cytoplasm of cells of a variety of tissues and may represent an abnormality of organellar protein trafficking. (medscape.com)
Here, we describe the generation of 39 flaviviral virus-like particle (VLP)- and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)-secreting stable cell lines in HEK-293 cells representing 13 medically important flaviviruses. (cdc.gov)

The endocytic pathway contain the virus binding to the host cell receptors, activation of signaling pathways, formation of endocytic vesicles, supply of viral cargo to endosomal compartments, sorting, and eventually escaping into the cytosol (Cossart and Helenius, 2014). (achengula.com)
Antimicrobial molecules should be viewed as ligands whose receptors are microbial proteins. (mhmedical.com)
Exosomes also have specific receptors that internalize viral components, suggesting that exosomes are vaccine candidates that induce antiviral immunity. (creative-proteomics.com)

Here we show that hamsters inoculated via the intranasal route with the same infectious virus dose of prototypical SARS-CoV-2 administered in a different volume present with different clinical signs, weight loss and viral shedding, with a reduced volume resulting in reduced severity of disease similar to that obtained by a 500-fold reduction in challenge dose. (bvsalud.org)
By fusing the jellyfish enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter molecule (EGFP) to the carboxy-terminus of Us9, we demonstrated that Us9 not only is capable of targeting a Us9-EGFP fusion protein to the Golgi compartment, it also is able to direct efficient incorporation of such chimeric molecules into infectious viral particles. (vetres.org)
Reducing viral risks through nents and products originated from several expansion of donor history screening, im- hundred donors, she did not contract any provements in testing for infectious disease transfusion-transmitted disease. (who.int)
Members of the Department are very actively involved in teaching virology, cell biology, molecular biology, anti-viral immunity, infectious diseases, vaccination and computer certification (PIX). (paris-saclay.fr)

Hence, our studies should encourage further efforts in developing either pan-serine protease inhibitors or inhibitor cocktails to target SARS-CoV2 and potentially ward off future pandemics that could develop because of the additional mutations in the S-protein priming sequence in coronaviruses. (researchsquare.com)
The virus undergoes clathrin-dependent internalization long before endosomal fusion, thus minimizing the surface exposure of conserved viral epitopes during fusion and reducing the efficacy of inhibitors targeting these epitopes. (cansar.ai)
Attachment inhibitors bind to a specific protein on the outer surface of HIV. (medlineplus.gov)

Wesolowski J, Paumet F. SNARE motif: a common motif used by pathogens to manipulate membrane fusion. (jefferson.edu)
This work offers generated additional insights in to the system of flavivirus membrane fusion and may thus provide fresh leads for the introduction of antiviral real estate agents against these essential human pathogens. (careersfromscience.org)
The viruses studied at the Department are either major pathogens ( rabies virus, herpesvirus, rotavirus and human immunodeficiency virus ) or excellent models for the precise dissection of the different stages of the viral cycle ( bacteriophages SPP1 and T5, virus of vesicular stomatitis ). (paris-saclay.fr)
Classified as "sub-viral pathogens", viroids have almost none of the fiddly biological bits even most tiny organisms hold dear. (secondhand-science.com)

Cálculo aproximado de casos de influenza, consultas al médico, hospitalizaciones y muertes que previno la vacunación en los Estados Unidos. (cdc.gov)
Although the class I founding member, influenza HA, also forms a six-helix bundle, Heather Park, Jennifer Gruenke, and Judith White (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA) now show that this bundle is not sufficient for fusion. (rupress.org)
Viral RNA obtained from a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen from the patient has been sequenced and genetically analyzed by the National Influenza Centre in Chile (Instituto de Salud Pública) and by the Influenza Division/CDC. (cdc.gov)

In this view, the protein particles E, S, and M, also located on the outer surface of the particle, have all been labeled as well. (cdc.gov)
Work on viral detection, presentation of antigens and bioengineering of viral-type particles aim at the development of approaches for vaccinology, for vectorization and for nanoreactors. (paris-saclay.fr)

The endocytic pathway is the most typical amongst enveloped and non-enveloped viruses for entry and launch of their nucleocapsid and accent proteins into the cytosol. (achengula.com)

Acts as a class I viral fusion protein. (cansar.ai)

The World Health Organization declared a global emergency fusion step by coronavirus spikes requires two cleavages by and pandemic due to the new disease called Coronavirus host proteases, including lysosomal proteases5. (bvsalud.org)

Kinesin-1 Proteins KIF5A, -5B, and -5C Promote Anterograde Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Enveloped Virions in Axons. (ohsu.edu)
Human Cytomegalovirus gH/gL Forms a Stable Complex with the Fusion Protein gB in Virions. (ohsu.edu)
We employ molecular virological techniques along with state of the art live video microscopy and cell biology to study viral egress with the goal of understanding the molecular mechanism employed by poxviruses to produce intracellular enveloped virions. (rochester.edu)
Likewise, 1A4B-6 inhibited virus growth in vitro at a pre-attachment step after virions were incubated at 37C and inhibited virus-mediated cell fusion. (cdc.gov)

When a viral antigen is fused to the S domain C-terminus, the fusion proteins self-assemble into chimeric pseudovirus nanoparticles (PVNPs) that consists of a S60 nanoparticle inner shell and 60 surface-displayed viral antigens (Figure 1B). (cincinnatichildrens.org)

The atomic level structure of the viral surface fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus provided key insights that enabled the production of a stabilized subunit vaccine candidate that elicited robust immunogenicity in a phase I study. (nature.com)
The vaccine candidate is composed of two preF proteins selected to optimize protection against RSV A and B and is currently being evaluated in ongoing late-stage human trials. (gurufocus.com)
CLAIM: The head of research at Pfizer says the COVID-19 vaccine causes female sterilization because it contains a spike protein known as syncytin-1. (ap.org)
THE FACTS: The Pfizer and BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine does not contain the protein syncytin-1, which is important for the creation of placenta. (ap.org)
The article says "the vaccine contains a spike protein called syncytin-1, vital for the formation of human placenta in women. (ap.org)
It goes on to say "the vaccine works so that we form an immune response AGAINST the spike protein, we are also training the female body to attack syncytin-1, which could lead to infertility in women of an unspecified duration. (ap.org)
Additionally, the vaccine being developed by Moderna, like the one being developed by Pfizer and BioNTech, relies on messenger mRNA, which tells the body how to make the spike protein and trains the immune system to identify the real virus. (ap.org)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Cloning, protein expression and immunogenicity of HBs-murine IL-18 fusion DNA vaccine. (who.int)
In this study, we designed a DNA vaccine expressing consensus hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) protein (FluD-Vax) and tested its protective efficacy against two lineages of IDV (D/OK and D/660) in guinea pigs. (cdc.gov)
Evaluation of on-line high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, differential refractometry, and multi-angle laser light scattering analysis for the monitoring of the oligomeric state of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine protein antigen. (nchu.edu.tw)
The Long-haul and vaccine adverse event knowledge-base is updated daily and provides the latest science-based research findings concerning the chronic conditions that long-haul sufferers experience and the research findings of basic and clinical researchers who are working to understand the causes of the damage that appear throughout the body from the virus and the spike proteins that are responsible for them. (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)

Membrane fusion is blocked by mutations in the HA leash region (right). (rupress.org)

After this important discovery, Pfizer tested numerous versions of the viral protein, and identified those that elicited a strong anti-viral immune response in pre-clinical evaluation. (gurufocus.com)
Antibiotics, anti-viral and cancer treatments will still limit those effects as medical knowledge and ability progresses. (thescienceforum.com)

Using mutational analyses, the group shows that fusion requires contacts between a long chain, which they call the leash, near the viral membrane with the helices near the target membrane (usually a host endosome as the virus escapes into the cytoplasm). (rupress.org)

Characterization of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Tegument Proteins That Bind to gE/gI and US9, Which Promote Assembly of HSV and Transport into Neuronal Axons. (ohsu.edu)
They are found in reoviruses , which are non-enveloped viruses and are specialized for cell-cell rather than virus-cell fusion, forming syncytia . (wikizero.com)
The E protein is a small (9-12 kDa) single transmembrane domain protein, which enables virus assembly with the M protein, a larger (23-35 kDa) 3TM protein. (nanion.de)
Yet understanding at the molecular level how this essential viral function is controlled and activated during virus assembly and particle release has remained elusive. (esrf.fr)
Mouse anti respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein antibody, clone RSV3216 can be used in immunofluorescence assays in conjunction with MCA491G (clone RSV3132). (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
Proteínas, generalmente glicoproteínas, que se encuentran en los envoltorios virales de diversos virus. (bvsalud.org)
Tales proteínas promueven la fusión de las membranas celulares y por ello pueden funcionar en la captación de los virus por las células. (bvsalud.org)
Researchers led by Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia at INSERM in Toulouse, France, reported that the anonymous-sounding protein X from the Borna disease virus protected axons and neurons from degeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. (alzforum.org)
The mosquito-borne mode of JE transmission was elucidated with the isolation of JE virus from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in 1938 and in field studies that established the role of aquatic birds and pigs in the viral enzootic cycle. (cdc.gov)
A Mutation in the UL24 Gene Abolishes Expression of the Newly Identified UL24.5 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Leads to an Increase in Pathogenicity in Mice. (inrs.ca)
The term 'peplomer' is typically used to refer to a grouping of heterologous proteins on the virus surface that function together. (bioss.com.cn)
The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa has changed our understanding of viral hemorrhagic fever epidemiology. (cdc.gov)
The neuraminidase (NA) gene encodes the other surface protein of the virus. (cdc.gov)
Most viral exosomes carry viral components that can conceal the presence of the virus from the immune system and viral fragments carried by exosomes can also regulate host immune dynamics. (creative-proteomics.com)

Right panel, B) Fusion of an antigen (left, cyan) to the S domain C-terminus leads to 60 antigens being displayed on the S60 nanoparticle, forming the S60-antigen PVNP (right). (cincinnatichildrens.org)
The latter can be co-injected with the antigen coding DNA or used as a fusion partner to the DNA for priming the immune response. (who.int)
The use of previously developed COS-1 cell lines secreting noninfectious recombinant viral antigen is limited due to diminished antigen secretion over time. (cdc.gov)

Class IV fusion proteins, better known as fusion-associated small transmembrane proteins (FAST), are the smallest type of fusion protein. (wikizero.com)
The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. (bioss.com.cn)

The spike is essential for both host specificity and viral infectivity. (bioss.com.cn)

The apparent reduction in mass (from 110 to 100 kDa) of the mature form of gB during processing in the Golgi apparatus appears to be a common feature of avian herpesvirus gB proteins. (microbiologyresearch.org)

S2 contains basic elements needed for the membrane fusion.The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity. (bioss.com.cn)
Renowned as the #1 antibody event in the industry, this year's agenda boasts 15 dedicated topic streams, 3 unmissable training course add-on options and will bring together more than 700 of the antibody and protein community. (cshlpress.org)

The ABC2 uptake Superfamily includes proteins in TC families 2.A.87 (P-RFT) and 2.A.88 (VUT or ECF). (tcdb.org)
The A-OMP superfamily consists of Actinobacterial proteins of about 500 aas with ~8 alpha helical TMSs. (tcdb.org)

Catalyzes the covalent attachment VPg with viral RNAs (By similarity). (icr.ac.uk)

2018). RIPK3 in turn interacts with mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) (Sun L et al. (wikipathways.org)
Interacts with the accessory proteins 3a and 7a. (bioss.com.cn)
ADP interacts P2Y1 and P2Y12, which have via both the download Финансовый анализ and stress: immune characteristics of the inactive G-protein( Hirsch et al. (erik-mill.de)

Fusion conformation change can often be controlled by pH. (wikizero.com)

The association of the four alpha-helices in the synaptic fusion complex structure produces highly conserved layers of interacting amino acid side chains in the center of the four-helix bundle. (embl.de)
Viral mutants lacking the highly conserved Us9 acidic motif required for endocytosis and trans -Golgi network targeting are defective for directional spread in the rat visual system. (vetres.org)

It structurally resembles the inner shell of NoV capsid with 60 S domain C-termini extending flexibly on the surface, providing excellent fusion sites to display viral neutralizing antigens for strengthened immune responses. (cincinnatichildrens.org)

When syntaxin-4 is modeled into the synaptic fusion complex as a replacement of syntaxin-1A, no major steric clashes arise and the most variable amino acids localize to the outer surface of the complex. (embl.de)
Amino acid residue N100 in the fusion loop of E1 protein was identified as critical for binding. (cdc.gov)
Low protein stores can be countered by increasing the intake of amino acids, specifically threonine and methionine. (medscape.com)

There are four groups of fusion proteins categorized by their structure and mechanism of fusion. (wikizero.com)
Investigation of the Drug Resistance Mechanism of M2-S31N Channel Blockers through Biomolecular Simulations and Viral Passage Experiments ( Musharrafieh Rami, Lagarias Panagiotis, Ma Chunlong, Hau Raymond, Romano Alex, Lambrinidis George, Kolocouris Antonios. (grnet.gr)

The research developed within the department is key for identifying new targets and implementing new therapeutic strategies against viral diseases. (paris-saclay.fr)

Those tubercular studs colorized maroon, are known as H-proteins (hemagglutinin), while those colorized gray, represented what are referred to as F-proteins (fusion). (cdc.gov)
Class I fusion proteins resemble influenzavirus hemagglutinin in their structure. (wikizero.com)

A gene is a strand of chemical code, a sort of blueprint for proteins and other substances necessary for life. (engineeringchallenges.org)

The acidic motif, however, does not contain signals needed to direct the incorporation of Us9 into viral envelopes. (vetres.org)

They are the only known membrane fusion proteins found in non-enveloped viruses. (wikizero.com)
2018). The low pH for fusion varies between viruses making some viruses to fuse both throughout early endosomes (comparatively excessive pH ∼ 6.0) or late endosomes (low pH ∼ 5) to launch its content material to the cytosol (White and Whittaker, 2016). (achengula.com)

A tuberculosis (TB) subunit recombinant fusion protein (M72) formulated with a potent adjuvant (ASO1E) was effective at preventing activation of pulmonary TB in latently infected adults. (nature.com)

Through internalization assays with an EGFP epitope-tagged Us9 protein, we demonstrate that the maintenance of Us9 to the TGN region is a dynamic process involving retrieval of molecules from the cell surface. (vetres.org)

This observation suggests that furin may be essential for the viral entry and/or egress in highly pathogenic strains 2, 3 . (researchsquare.com)
Membrane fusion is critical for many biological processes, especially in eukaryotic development and viral entry . (wikizero.com)
These three discrete properties each affect the ability of HN to promote viral fusion and entry. (cornell.edu)

Phylogenetic characterization of transport protein superfamilies: superiority of SuperfamilyTree programs over those based on multiple alignments. (tcdb.org)
90. Bittame A, Effantin G, Pètre G, Ruffiot P, Travier L, Schoehn G, Weissenhorn W, Cesbron-Delauw MF, Gagnon J, Mercier C. (2015) Toxoplasma gondii : Biochemical and biophysical characterization of recombinant soluble dense granule proteins GRA2 and GRA6. (ibs.fr)
Overall, the results build a foundation for further characterization of the interactions of sperm and egg and provide an updated model to understand the fundamental principles of the mammalian fertilization and fusion process. (lbl.gov)

Anatomy8

Organisms14

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs34

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes25

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Definition of a major p53 binding site on Ad2E1B58K protein and a possible nuclear localization signal on the Ad12E1B54K protein. (1/1579)

The cytoplasmic tail of the influenza C virus glycoprotein HEF negatively affects transport to the cell surface. (2/1579)

Glycoprotein gL-independent infectivity of pseudorabies virus is mediated by a gD-gH fusion protein. (3/1579)

Gene transfer to mammalian cells using genetically targeted filamentous bacteriophage. (4/1579)

Identification of a coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase with a substrate specificity different from those of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus. (5/1579)

Highly diverse intergenic regions of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 cooperate with the gene end U tract in viral transcription termination and can influence reinitiation at a downstream gene. (6/1579)

Structural basis for paramyxovirus-mediated membrane fusion. (7/1579)

The hemagglutinin-esterase of mouse hepatitis virus strain S is a sialate-4-O-acetylesterase. (8/1579)

Viral Fusion Proteins

Membrane Fusion

Virus Internalization

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Cell Fusion

Viral Envelope Proteins

Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne

Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Giant Cells

Liposomes

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Vero Cells

Cercopithecus aethiops

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Cell Line

SARS Virus

Models, Molecular

Peptides

Protein Structure, Secondary

Membrane Glycoproteins

Protein Conformation

Cell Membrane

HIV Envelope Protein gp41

Paramyxovirinae

Oncogene Proteins, Fusion

Gene Fusion

Spinal Fusion

Hemagglutinins, Viral

HN Protein

Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus

Respirovirus

HIV Fusion Inhibitors

Base Sequence

Receptors, Virus

Membrane Fusion Proteins

Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human

Cricetinae

Protein Binding

Cloning, Molecular

Mutation

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Lipid Bilayers

Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid

Virion

Luminescent Proteins

Orthomyxoviridae

Escherichia coli

Semliki forest virus

Viruses

HIV-1

Membrane Lipids

Viral Proteins

Sequence Alignment

Influenza A virus

HeLa Cells

Peptide Fragments

Kinetics

Endosomes

Antiviral Agents

Maltose-Binding Proteins

Circular Dichroism

Virus Replication

Plasmids

Oncogene Fusion

Glycoproteins

Glutathione Transferase

Structure-Activity Relationship

Membrane Proteins

Recombinant Proteins

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Transfection

Binding Sites

Amino Acid Substitution

beta-Galactosidase

Temperature

Chick Embryo

Bacterial Proteins

Genetic Vectors