A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.
A condition in which the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).
Imaging of a ventricle of the heart after the injection of a radioactive contrast medium. The technique is less invasive than cardiac catheterization and is used to assess ventricular function.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
The geometric and structural changes that the HEART VENTRICLES undergo, usually following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle.
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.
Prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of contractile activity.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.
Agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. They may be CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES; SYMPATHOMIMETICS; or other drugs. They are used after MYOCARDIAL INFARCT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; in SHOCK; or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).
Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Unstable isotopes of thallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Tl atoms with atomic weights 198-202, 204, and 206-210 are thallium radioisotopes.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the right HEART VENTRICLE.
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.
A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.
The restoration of blood supply to the myocardium. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The span of viability of a tissue or an organ.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
Implantable devices which continuously monitor the electrical activity of the heart and automatically detect and terminate ventricular tachycardia (TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR) and VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. They consist of an impulse generator, batteries, and electrodes.
A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Examinations used to diagnose and treat heart conditions.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
Insurance coverage of a physical or mental health condition, disability, or illness existing before health insurance is applied for or enrolled in.
The blood pressure as recorded after wedging a CATHETER in a small PULMONARY ARTERY; believed to reflect the PRESSURE in the pulmonary CAPILLARIES.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
The volume of the HEART, usually relating to the volume of BLOOD contained within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat is STROKE VOLUME.
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
The pressure within the CARDIAC ATRIUM. It can be measured directly by using a pressure catheter (see HEART CATHETERIZATION). It can be also estimated using various imaging techniques or other pressure readings such as PULMONARY CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE (an estimate of left atrial pressure) and CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE (an estimate of right atrial pressure).
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.
One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the TROPONIN complex. It inhibits F-actin-myosin interactions.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.
Diseases of the parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; which has components located in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Autonomic dysfunction may be associated with HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; BRAIN STEM disorders; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. Manifestations include impairments of vegetative functions including the maintenance of BLOOD PRESSURE; HEART RATE; pupil function; SWEATING; REPRODUCTIVE AND URINARY PHYSIOLOGY; and DIGESTION.
The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).
Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.
Counterpulsation in which a pumping unit synchronized with the patient's electrocardiogram rapidly fills a balloon in the aorta with helium or carbon dioxide in early diastole and evacuates the balloon at the onset of systole. As the balloon inflates, it raises aortic diastolic pressure, and as it deflates, it lowers aortic systolic pressure. The result is a decrease in left ventricular work and increased myocardial and peripheral perfusion.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
A method of recording heart motion and internal structures by combining ultrasonic imaging with exercise testing (EXERCISE TEST) or pharmacologic stress.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs.
Radionuclide ventriculography where scintigraphic data is acquired during repeated cardiac cycles at specific times in the cycle, using an electrocardiographic synchronizer or gating device. Analysis of right ventricular function is difficult with this technique; that is best evaluated by first-pass ventriculography (VENTRICULOGRAPHY, FIRST-PASS).
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.
A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.
A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase type 3 activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the inotropic potency of amrinone.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).
Surgery performed on the heart.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.
A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.
Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.
The measurement of visualization by radiation of any organ after a radionuclide has been injected into its blood supply. It is used to diagnose heart, liver, lung, and other diseases and to measure the function of those organs, except renography, for which RADIOISOTOPE RENOGRAPHY is available.
The period following a surgical operation.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.
Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.
Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.
The blood pressure in the ARTERIES. It is commonly measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER on the upper arm which represents the arterial pressure in the BRACHIAL ARTERY.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART VENTRICLES.
Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Small pumps, often implantable, designed for temporarily assisting the heart, usually the LEFT VENTRICLE, to pump blood. They consist of a pumping chamber and a power source, which may be partially or totally external to the body and activated by electromagnetic motors.
Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.
The restoration of the sequential order of contraction and relaxation of the HEART ATRIA and HEART VENTRICLES by atrio-biventricular pacing.
A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.
The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Irreversible cessation of all bodily functions, manifested by absence of spontaneous breathing and total loss of cardiovascular and cerebral functions.
Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.
The blood pressure in the central large VEINS of the body. It is distinguished from peripheral venous pressure which occurs in an extremity.
An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Diseases that do not exhibit symptoms.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with velocity detection combined with range discrimination. Short bursts of ultrasound are transmitted at regular intervals and the echoes are demodulated as they return.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
One of the three polypeptide chains that make up the TROPONIN complex. It is a cardiac-specific protein that binds to TROPOMYOSIN. It is released from damaged or injured heart muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Defects in the gene encoding troponin T result in FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY.
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
An electrical current applied to the HEART to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm, ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.
A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.
Backflow of blood from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the RIGHT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the TRICUSPID VALVE.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.
Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.
Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE.
The period of care beginning when the patient is removed from surgery and aimed at meeting the patient's psychological and physical needs directly after surgery. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.
Peptides that regulate the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in the body, also known as natriuretic peptide hormones. Several have been sequenced (ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; C-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE).
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of measurement include direct measure of lactate concentration, direct measurement of bicarbonate concentration, and gas exchange measurements.
A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.
Agents that inhibit the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS.
A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)
Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.

Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease may be caused by myocarditis. (1/312)

BACKGROUND: The causal role of asymptomatic critical coronary artery obstruction in patients presenting with severe global biventricular dysfunction but no evidence of myocardial infarction is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 291 patients aged >40 years undergoing a noninvasive (2-dimensional echocardiography) and invasive (catheterization, coronary angiography, and biventricular endomyocardial biopsy, 6 to 8 samples/patient) cardiac study because of progressive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV) with global biventricular dysfunction and no history of myocardial ischemic events, 7 patients (2.4%; 7 men; mean age, 49+/-6.9 years) had severe coronary artery disease (3 vessels in 4 patients; 2 vessels in 1 patient, proximal occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery in 2 patients). Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction by 2-dimensional echocardiography were 73+/-10.5 mm and 23+/-6.5%, respectively, and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter and ejection fraction were 39+/-7 mm and 29+/-7.2%, respectively. Biopsy specimens showed extensive lymphocytic infiltrates with focal myocytolysis meeting the Dallas criteria for myocarditis in all patients (in 5 patients with and 2 patients without fibrosis). Cardiac autoantibodies were detected with indirect immunofluorescence in the serum of 2 patients with active myocarditis. The 2 patients with active inflammation received prednisone (1 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 4 weeks followed by 0.33 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) and azathioprine (2 mg. kg-1. d-1 for 5 months) in addition to conventional drug therapy for heart failure. At 8-month overall follow-up, cardiac volume and function improved considerably in immunosuppressed patients but remained unchanged in conventionally treated patients, of whom 1 died. CONCLUSIONS: Global biventricular dysfunction in patients with severe asymptomatic coronary artery disease and no evidence of previous myocardial infarction may be caused by myocarditis. Histologic findings may influence the treatment.  (+info)

Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in predicting cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. (2/312)

OBJECTIVES: The study sought to determine the utility of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in predicting cardiac events in the year after testing. BACKGROUND: Increasingly, DSE has been applied to risk stratification of patients. METHODS: Medical records of 1,183 consecutive patients who underwent DSE were reviewed. The cardiac events that occurred during the 12 months after DSE were tabulated: myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Patient exclusions included organ transplant receipt or evaluation, recent PTCA, noncardiac death, and lack of follow-up. A positive stress echocardiogram (SE) was defined as new or worsened wall-motion abnormalities (WMAs) consistent with ischemia during DSE. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis identified variables that best predicted future cardiac events. RESULTS: The average age was 68+/-12 years, with 338 women and 220 men. The overall cardiac event rate was 34% if SE was positive, and 10% if it was negative. The event rates for MI and death were 10% and 8%, respectively, if SE was positive, and 3% and 3%, respectively, if SE was negative. If an ischemic electrocardiogram (ECG) and a positive SE were present, the overall event rate was 42%, versus a 7% rate when ECG and SE were negative for ischemia. Rest WMA was the most useful variable in predicting future cardiac events using CART: 25% of patients with and 6% without a rest WMA had an event. Other important variables were a dobutamine EF <52.5%, a positive SE, an ischemic ECG response, history of hypertension and age. CONCLUSIONS: A positive SE provides useful prognostic information that is enhanced by also considering rest-wall motion, stress ECG response, and dobutamine EF.  (+info)

Design and results of the antiarrhythmics vs implantable defibrillators (AVID) registry. The AVID Investigators. (3/312)

BACKGROUND: The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Study compared treatment with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators versus antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). AVID maintained a Registry on all patients, randomized or not, with any VA or unexplained syncope who could be considered for either of the treatment strategies. Trial-eligible arrhythmias were the categories of VF cardiac arrest, Syncopal VT, and Symptomatic VT, below. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 5989 patients screened, 4595 were registered and 1016 were randomized. Mortality follow-up through 1996 was obtained on the 4219 Registry patients enrolled before 1997 through the National Death Index. Crude mortality rates (mean+/-SD, follow-up, 16.9+/-11.5 months) were: VF cardiac arrest, 17.0% (n=1399, 238 deaths); Syncopal VT, 21.2% (n=598, 127 deaths); Symptomatic VT, 15.8% (n=1065, 168 deaths); Stable (asymptomatic) VT, 19.7% (n=497, 98 deaths); VT/VF with transient/correctable cause, 17.8% (n=270, 48 deaths); and Unexplained syncope, 12.3% (n=390, 48 deaths). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with seemingly lower-risk or unknown-risk VAs (asymptomatic VT, and VT/VF associated with a transient factor) have a (high) mortality similar to that of higher-risk, AVID-eligible VAs. The similar (and poor) prognosis of most patients with VT/VF suggests the need for reevaluation of a priori risk grouping and raises the question of the appropriate arrhythmia therapy for a broad range of patients.  (+info)

Myocardial ischaemia in children with isolated ventricular non-compaction. (4/312)

AIMS: Isolated ventricular non-compaction is a rare congenital cardiomyopathy with a high morbidity and mortality due to malignant arrhythmias and pump failure. Areas affected by non-compaction are characterized by increased trabecularization and deep inter-trabecular spaces. We hypothesized perfusion defects in these areas and performed positron emission tomography to evaluate the myocardial perfusion in non-compacted areas. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five children (age 10-14 years) with isolated ventricular non-compaction underwent positron emission tomography using N-13-ammonia as flow marker and intravenous dipyridamole for stress testing. Myocardial blood flow was quantified using the positron emission tomography time-activity curves in non-compacted areas and normal myocardium, which were diagnosed by echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. Coronary angiography, performed in two children with extensive forms of left ventricular non-compaction, demonstrated normal coronary arteries. Myocardial blood flow measurements at rest and after dipyridamole application demonstrated 16-33% and 32-57% perfusion impairment, respectively, in non-compacted areas compared to normal myocardium. Areas of restricted myocardial perfusion corresponded well to the non-compacted areas, defined echographically and by magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Positron emission tomography demonstrates restricted myocardial perfusion and decreased flow reserve in areas of ventricular non-compaction in children. The myocardial perfusion defects in non-compacted areas may be the cause of myocardial damage and possibly form the basis of arrhythmias and pump failure.  (+info)

Abnormal cardiac repolarization and impulse initiation in German shepherd dogs with inherited ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. (5/312)

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that delayed afterdepolarization (DAD)-associated rhythms in German shepherd dogs with reduced anteroseptal left ventricular (LV) sympathetic innervation derive from abnormal beta-adrenergic receptor effector coupling. METHODS AND RESULTS: In anteroseptal LV midmyocardium of afflicted dogs, beta-receptor density was greater than that in normal dogs (P < .05), with affinity being equal in both groups. Basal and maximum isoproterenol (ISO) stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity of anteroseptal LV of afflicted dogs was greater than that in normal dogs (P < .05). Isolated anteroseptal M cell preparations of afflicted dogs studied with microelectrodes showed abnormal lengthening, rather than shortening of action potential duration in response to ISO, as well as a 61% incidence of 10(-7) mol/l ISO-induced triggered activity as compared to 12% in normals (P < .05). In contrast, there was no difference between afflicted and control dogs in triggered activity, beta-receptors or adenylyl cyclase activity in a normally innervated region of the ventricles. CONCLUSION: In this model there is an increase in beta-receptor density and beta-adrenergic stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and of triggered activity in anteroseptal myocardium but not in a normally innervated region of the heart. Hence, abnormal beta-adrenergic signal transduction appears associated with the neural abnormality identified in dogs with inherited VT.  (+info)

Losartan improves diastolic ventricular filling of hypertensive patients with diastolic dysfunction. (6/312)

To evaluate the role of losartan on left ventricular (LV) function of hypertensive patients. Hypertensive patients (n = 19) underwent evaluation of systolic and diastolic LV function, using radionuclide ventriculography (RVG), before and at 3 mo into the treatment with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan. All patients underwent a baseline 12 lead ECG and an echocardiogram (ECHO), which was also repeated at 3 mo into treatment. Results are expressed as mean +/- SEM and statistics were performed using paired t-test. A p value < or = 0.05 was considered significant. Treatment with losartan for 3 mo had no effect on LV mass measured by echo (141+/-5 vs. 139+/-6 g/m2). The LV ejection fraction, measured by RVG, was unchanged by treatment when compared to the baseline study (58+/-2% vs. 57+/-2%, respectivelly, p = 0.49). Considering all patients involved in the study (n = 19), the LV "Peak Filling Rate" (PFR), a parameter of diastolic function measured by RVG, was also unchanged by treatment when compared to baseline (2.5+/-0.2 EDV/s vs. 2.5+/-0.3 EDV/s, respectively, p = 0.9). However the analysis of those patients with evidence of diastolic dysfunction (n = 12) on the baseline RVG (PFR < 2.5 EVD/s), demonstrated significant improvement of LV filling after therapy with losartan (PFR = 1.8+/-0.1 EDV/s vs. 2.3 +/-0.2 EDV/s, respectively, p = 0.05). This change was associated with improvement of symptoms. Our results demonstrated that hypertensive patients with diastolic dysfunction on radionuclide ventriculography have significant improvement of ventricular filling at 3 mo into treatment with losartan.  (+info)

Antiarrhythmic efficacy of selective blockade of the cardiac slowly activating delayed rectifier current, I(Ks), in canine models of malignant ischemic ventricular arrhythmia. (7/312)

BACKGROUND: To date, the lack of potent and selective inhibitors has hampered the physiological assessment of modulation of the cardiac slowly activating delayed rectifier current, I(Ks). The present study, using the I(Ks) blocker L-768,673, represents the first in vivo assessment of the cardiac electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects of selective I(Ks) blockade. METHODS AND RESULTS: In an anesthetized canine model of recent (8.5+/-0.4 days) anterior myocardial infarction, 0.003 to 0.03 mg/kg L-768,673 IV significantly suppressed electrically induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias and reduced the incidence of lethal arrhythmias precipitated by acute, thrombotically induced posterolateral myocardial ischemia. Antiarrhythmic protection afforded by L-768,673 was accompanied by modest 7% to 10% increases in noninfarct zone ventricular effective refractory period, 3% to 5% increases in infarct zone ventricular effective refractory period, and 4% to 6% increases in QTc interval. In a conscious canine model of healed (3 to 4 weeks) anterior myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation was provoked by transient occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery during submaximal exercise. Pretreatment with 0.03 mg/kg L-768,673 IV elicited a modest 7% increase in QTc, prevented ventricular fibrillation in 5 of 6 animals, and suppressed arrhythmias in 2 additional animals. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that selective blockade of I(Ks) may be a potentially useful intervention for the prevention of malignant ischemic ventricular arrhythmias.  (+info)

Baroreflex sensitivity predicts the induction of ventricular arrhythmias by cesium chloride in rabbits. (8/312)

Previous studies have shown that the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the genesis of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with long QT syndrome, and in cesium chloride (Cs)-induced VT in animals. The present study investigated whether baroreflex sensitivity predicts the induction of VT by Cs in the rabbit in vivo. Monophasic action potentials (MAPs) of the left ventricular endocardium were recorded simultaneously with the surface ECG in 27 rabbits. Rabbits were divided into 4 groups based on the Cs-induced ventricular arrhythmias: (1) no ventricular premature contractions (No-VPC group), (2) single or paired VPC (VPC group), (3) monomorphic VT (MVT group), and (4) polymorphic VT (PVT group). Baroreflex sensitivity was significantly lower in the MVT and PVT groups than in the No-VPC and VPC groups. The plasma norepinephrine concentration before Cs injection was significantly higher in the MVT group than in the other 3 groups, and the norepinephrine concentration after Cs injection was significantly higher in the MVT and PVT groups than in the No-VPC and VPC groups. Baroreflex sensitivity was negatively correlated with the norepinephrine concentration before Cs injection. These results suggest that autonomic nervous system dysfunction, as defined by reduced baroreflex sensitivity, and elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict increased susceptibility to Cs-induced VT.  (+info)

There are several potential causes of LVD, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack, which can damage the left ventricle and impair its ability to function properly.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, it can lead to LVD.
3. Cardiomyopathy: This is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened or enlarged, leading to impaired function of the left ventricle.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves can disrupt the normal flow of blood and cause LVD.
5. Hypertension: High blood pressure can cause damage to the heart muscle and lead to LVD.
6. Genetic factors: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that predispose them to developing LVD.
7. Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as myocarditis, can inflame and damage the heart muscle, leading to LVD.
8. Alcohol or drug abuse: Substance abuse can damage the heart muscle and lead to LVD.
9. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking essential nutrients can lead to damage to the heart muscle and increase the risk of LVD.

Diagnosis of LVD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, and stress tests. Treatment options for LVD depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve cardiac function, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, surgery or other procedures.

Preventing LVD involves taking steps to maintain a healthy heart and reducing risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and obesity. This can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding substance abuse. Early detection and treatment of underlying conditions that increase the risk of LVD can also help prevent the condition from developing.

There are several types of ventricular dysfunction, including:

1. Left ventricular dysfunction: This occurs when the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart, becomes weakened or impaired. This can lead to reduced cardiac output and can increase the risk of heart failure.
2. Right ventricular dysfunction: This occurs when the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the lungs, becomes weakened or impaired. This can lead to pulmonary hypertension and other complications.
3. Biventricular dysfunction: This occurs when both the left and right ventricles become weakened or impaired. This can lead to severe cardiac impairment and increased risk of heart failure.

Ventricular dysfunction can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including echocardiography, stress testing, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the dysfunction and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions. In some cases, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators may be recommended to help regulate the heart rhythm and improve function.

Synonyms: RV dysfunction

See also: Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Cardiac Dysfunction, Heart Failure

Note: This term is not a formal medical diagnosis but rather a descriptive term used to indicate the specific location of cardiac dysfunction. A more comprehensive diagnosis would require further evaluation and testing by a healthcare provider.

There are two main types of heart failure:

1. Left-sided heart failure: This occurs when the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the lungs and other organs.
2. Right-sided heart failure: This occurs when the right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs, becomes weakened and is unable to pump blood effectively. This can lead to congestion in the body's tissues and organs.

Symptoms of heart failure may include:

* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
* Swelling in the abdomen
* Weight gain
* Coughing up pink, frothy fluid
* Rapid or irregular heartbeat
* Dizziness or lightheadedness

Treatment for heart failure typically involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. Medications may include diuretics to remove excess fluid from the body, ACE inhibitors or beta blockers to reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow, and aldosterone antagonists to reduce the amount of fluid in the body. Lifestyle changes may include a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction techniques. In severe cases, heart failure may require hospitalization or implantation of a device such as an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) or a left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

It is important to note that heart failure is a chronic condition, and it requires ongoing management and monitoring to prevent complications and improve quality of life. With proper treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with heart failure are able to manage their symptoms and lead active lives.

There are several types of cardiomyopathies, each with distinct characteristics and symptoms. Some of the most common forms of cardiomyopathy include:

1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): This is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and is characterized by an abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, particularly in the left ventricle. HCM can lead to obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract and can increase the risk of sudden death.
2. Dilated cardiomyopathy: This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a decrease in the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, leading to enlargement of the heart and potentially life-threatening complications such as congestive heart failure.
3. Restrictive cardiomyopathy: This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by stiffness of the heart muscle, which makes it difficult for the heart to fill with blood. This can lead to shortness of breath and fatigue.
4. Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC): This is a rare type of cardiomyopathy that occurs when the left ventricle does not properly compact, leading to reduced cardiac function and potentially life-threatening complications.
5. Cardiac amyloidosis: This is a condition in which abnormal proteins accumulate in the heart tissue, leading to stiffness and impaired cardiac function.
6. Right ventricular cardiomyopathy (RVCM): This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by impaired function of the right ventricle, which can lead to complications such as pulmonary hypertension and heart failure.
7. Endocardial fibroelastoma: This is a rare type of cardiomyopathy that occurs when abnormal tissue grows on the inner lining of the heart, leading to reduced cardiac function and potentially life-threatening complications.
8. Cardiac sarcoidosis: This is a condition in which inflammatory cells accumulate in the heart, leading to impaired cardiac function and potentially life-threatening complications.
9. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): This is a condition in which the heart muscle thickens, leading to reduced cardiac function and potentially life-threatening complications such as arrhythmias and sudden death.
10. Hypokinetic left ventricular cardiomyopathy: This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by decreased contraction of the left ventricle, leading to reduced cardiac function and potentially life-threatening complications such as heart failure.

It's important to note that some of these types of cardiomyopathy are more common in certain populations, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy being more common in young athletes. Additionally, some types of cardiomyopathy may have overlapping symptoms or co-occurring conditions, so it's important to work with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are different types of myocardial infarctions, including:

1. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): This is the most severe type of heart attack, where a large area of the heart muscle is damaged. It is characterized by a specific pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG) called the ST segment.
2. Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): This type of heart attack is less severe than STEMI, and the damage to the heart muscle may not be as extensive. It is characterized by a smaller area of damage or a different pattern on an ECG.
3. Incomplete myocardial infarction: This type of heart attack is when there is some damage to the heart muscle but not a complete blockage of blood flow.
4. Collateral circulation myocardial infarction: This type of heart attack occurs when there are existing collateral vessels that bypass the blocked coronary artery, which reduces the amount of damage to the heart muscle.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and fatigue. These symptoms may be accompanied by anxiety, fear, and a sense of impending doom. In some cases, there may be no noticeable symptoms at all.

Diagnosis of myocardial infarction is typically made based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac enzyme tests, and imaging studies like echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Treatment of myocardial infarction usually involves medications to relieve pain, reduce the amount of work the heart has to do, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. These may include aspirin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins. In some cases, a procedure such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area.

Prevention of myocardial infarction involves managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and obesity. This can include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress reduction, as well as medications to control these conditions. Early detection and treatment of heart disease can help prevent myocardial infarction from occurring in the first place.

During ventricular remodeling, the heart muscle becomes thicker and less flexible, leading to a decrease in the heart's ability to fill with blood and pump it out to the body. This can lead to shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and feet.

Ventricular remodeling is a natural response to injury, but it can also be exacerbated by factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. Treatment for ventricular remodeling typically involves medications and lifestyle changes, such as exercise and a healthy diet, to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue.

The process of ventricular remodeling is complex and involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. It is thought to be driven by a variety of factors, including changes in gene expression, inflammation, and the activity of various signaling pathways.

Overall, ventricular remodeling is an important condition that can have significant consequences for patients with heart disease. Understanding its causes and mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving outcomes for those affected by this condition.

There are several potential causes of ED, including:

1. Aging: As men age, the blood vessels that supply the penis with blood can become less responsive, leading to ED.
2. Heart disease: Men with heart disease are at a higher risk for developing ED.
3. Diabetes: Men with diabetes are also at a higher risk for developing ED.
4. Prostate surgery or treatment: Surgery or treatment for prostate cancer can sometimes cause ED.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and blood pressure drugs, can cause ED as a side effect.
6. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a lack of exercise can contribute to ED.
7. Psychological factors: Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and relationship issues can also contribute to ED.
8. Neurological disorders: Certain neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease, can cause ED.
9. Peyronie's disease: A condition in which scar tissue inside the penis causes it to curve and become less responsive to stimulation.
10. Trauma: Injury to the penis or nerves that control erections can cause ED.
11. Venous leak: A condition in which the veins that empty blood from the penis are damaged, leading to a weak or inconsistent erection.

There are several treatment options available for ED, including:

1. Medications: Drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra) can help improve blood flow to the penis and achieve an erection.
2. Vacuum constriction devices: These devices are placed over the penis and use vacuum pressure to increase blood flow and create an erection.
3. Penile injections: Alprostadil (Caverject) is a medication that can be injected into the penis to increase blood flow and achieve an erection.
4. Penile implants: A surgically implanted device that can be inflated with saline solution to create an erection.
5. Lifestyle changes: Improving physical activity, losing weight, quitting smoking, and reducing stress can help improve blood flow and reduce the risk of ED.
6. Counseling and therapy: Addressing relationship issues or psychological factors that may be contributing to ED can also be helpful.

It's important to note that ED is a common condition and can affect men of all ages and backgrounds. If you are experiencing erectile dysfunction, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

During myocardial stunning, the heart muscle cells experience a temporary reduction in contractility and an increase in the amount of lactic acid produced. This can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, myocardial stunning can progress to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or cardiac arrest.

Myocardial stunning is often seen in athletes who engage in intense exercise, such as marathon runners or professional football players. It can also occur in people with pre-existing heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease or hypertension.

Treatment of myocardial stunning typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as reducing stress on the heart or improving blood flow to the myocardium. In severe cases, medications such as nitrates or beta blockers may be used to reduce the workload on the heart and improve contractility. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor the condition and provide appropriate treatment.

Prevention of myocardial stunning involves taking steps to reduce the risk factors for heart disease, such as maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress. It is also important to seek medical attention if symptoms of myocardial stunning are present, as prompt treatment can help prevent more severe complications.

There are several possible causes of dilated cardiomyopathy, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: This is the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, and it occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle.
2. High blood pressure: Prolonged high blood pressure can cause the heart muscle to become weakened and enlarged.
3. Heart valve disease: Dysfunctional heart valves can lead to an increased workload on the heart, which can cause dilated cardiomyopathy.
4. Congenital heart defects: Some congenital heart defects can lead to an enlarged heart and dilated cardiomyopathy.
5. Alcohol abuse: Chronic alcohol abuse can damage the heart muscle and lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections, such as myocarditis, can cause inflammation of the heart muscle and lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.
7. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic disorders, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, can cause dilated cardiomyopathy.
8. Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for developing dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly in younger people.
9. Diabetes: Diabetes can increase the risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy, especially if left untreated or poorly controlled.
10. Age: Dilated cardiomyopathy is more common in older adults, with the majority of cases occurring in people over the age of 65.

It's important to note that many people with these risk factors will not develop dilated cardiomyopathy, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop the condition. If you suspect you or someone you know may have dilated cardiomyopathy, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Myocardial ischemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. It can also be triggered by physical exertion or stress.

There are several types of myocardial ischemia, including:

1. Stable angina: This is the most common type of myocardial ischemia, and it is characterized by a predictable pattern of chest pain that occurs during physical activity or emotional stress.
2. Unstable angina: This is a more severe type of myocardial ischemia that can occur without any identifiable trigger, and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath or vomiting.
3. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): This is a condition that includes both stable angina and unstable angina, and it is characterized by a sudden reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle.
4. Heart attack (myocardial infarction): This is a type of myocardial ischemia that occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is completely blocked, resulting in damage or death of the cardiac tissue.

Myocardial ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options for myocardial ischemia include medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, losing weight, and exercising regularly. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty may be necessary.

The symptoms of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy are similar to those of a heart attack and can include chest pain, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeat. However, unlike a heart attack, there is no evidence of blockage in the coronary arteries. Instead, the heart muscle becomes stunned and weakened, leading to a decrease in cardiac function.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is often brought on by a surge of stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, which can cause changes in the heart's electrical activity and reduce blood flow to the muscle. The condition is more common in women than men and typically affects individuals between the ages of 58 and 75.

While Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a serious condition, it is usually reversible with treatment and most patients recover completely within a few weeks. Treatment may include medications to manage symptoms such as high blood pressure and heart failure, as well as therapy to address the underlying stress or emotional trauma that triggered the condition.

In summary, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that is caused by extreme physical or emotional stress and can mimic the symptoms of a heart attack. It is important to be aware of this condition and seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, and it is responsible for regulating blood flow between these two chambers. When the mitral valve does not close properly, blood can leak back into the left atrium, causing a range of symptoms and complications.

There are several causes of mitral valve insufficiency, including:

* Degenerative changes: The mitral valve can wear out over time due to degenerative changes, such as calcium buildup or tearing of the valve flaps.
* Heart muscle disease: Diseases such as cardiomyopathy can cause the heart muscle to weaken and stretch, leading to mitral valve insufficiency.
* Endocarditis: Infections of the inner lining of the heart can damage the mitral valve and lead to insufficiency.
* Heart defects: Congenital heart defects, such as a bicuspid valve or a narrow valve opening, can lead to mitral valve insufficiency.

Treatment for mitral valve insufficiency depends on the severity of the condition and may include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, or surgery to repair or replace the damaged valve. In some cases, catheter-based procedures may be used to repair the valve without open-heart surgery.

Overall, mitral valve insufficiency is a common condition that can have a significant impact on quality of life if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of pulmonary embolism can vary, but may include shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood, rapid heart rate, and fever. In some cases, the clot may be large enough to cause a pulmonary infarction (a " lung injury" caused by lack of oxygen), which can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Pulmonary embolism can be diagnosed with imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound. Treatment typically involves medications to dissolve the clot or prevent new ones from forming, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the clot.

Preventive measures include:

* Avoiding prolonged periods of immobility, such as during long-distance travel
* Exercising regularly to improve circulation
* Managing chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and cancer
* Taking blood-thinning medications to prevent clot formation

Early recognition and treatment of pulmonary embolism are critical to reduce the risk of complications and death.

Coronary disease is often caused by a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a lack of physical activity. It can also be triggered by other medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney disease.

The symptoms of coronary disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Swelling of the legs and feet
* Pain in the arms and back

Coronary disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and cardiac imaging. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications to control symptoms, and surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Preventative measures for coronary disease include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption
* Managing high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and other underlying medical conditions
* Reducing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy.

Measurement:

Cardiac output is typically measured using invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive methods involve inserting a catheter into the heart to directly measure cardiac output. Non-invasive methods include echocardiography, MRI, and CT scans. These tests can provide an estimate of cardiac output based on the volume of blood being pumped out of the heart and the rate at which it is being pumped.

Causes:

There are several factors that can contribute to low cardiac output. These include:

1. Heart failure: This occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue and shortness of breath.
2. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can reduce the amount of oxygen being delivered to the body's tissues, leading to fatigue and weakness.
3. Medication side effects: Certain medications, such as beta blockers, can slow down the heart rate and reduce cardiac output.
4. Sepsis: A severe infection can lead to inflammation throughout the body, which can affect the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.
5. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): This occurs when the heart muscle is damaged due to a lack of oxygen, leading to reduced cardiac output.

Symptoms:

Low cardiac output can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. Fatigue and weakness
2. Dizziness and lightheadedness
3. Shortness of breath
4. Pale skin
5. Decreased urine output
6. Confusion and disorientation

Treatment:

The treatment of low cardiac output depends on the underlying cause. Treatment may include:

1. Medications to increase heart rate and contractility
2. Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup in the body
3. Oxygen therapy to increase oxygenation of tissues
4. Mechanical support devices, such as intra-aortic balloon pumps or ventricular assist devices
5. Surgery to repair or replace damaged heart tissue
6. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, to improve cardiovascular health.

Prevention:

Preventing low cardiac output involves managing any underlying medical conditions, taking medications as directed, and making lifestyle changes to improve cardiovascular health. This may include:

1. Monitoring and controlling blood pressure
2. Managing diabetes and other chronic conditions
3. Avoiding substances that can damage the heart, such as tobacco and excessive alcohol
4. Exercising regularly
5. Eating a healthy diet that is low in saturated fats and cholesterol
6. Maintaining a healthy weight.

In a normal heart, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle. In TGV, the positions of these vessels are reversed, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arising from the left ventricle. This can lead to a variety of complications, including cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and difficulty breathing.

TGV is often diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, and treatment typically involves surgery to repair the defect. In some cases, a procedure called an arterial switch may be performed, in which the aorta and pulmonary artery are surgically reversed to their normal positions. In other cases, a heart transplant may be necessary. With proper treatment, many individuals with TGV can lead active and healthy lives. However, they may require ongoing monitoring and care throughout their lives to manage any potential complications.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are many different types of heart diseases, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, which can cause palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves, which can lead to blood leaking back into the chambers or not being pumped effectively.
5. Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to weakened heart function and heart failure.
6. Heart murmurs: Abnormal sounds heard during a heartbeat, which can be caused by defects in the heart valves or abnormal blood flow.
7. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects present at birth, such as holes in the heart or abnormal blood vessels.
8. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Damage to the heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen, often caused by a blockage in a coronary artery.
9. Cardiac tamponade: Fluid accumulation around the heart, which can cause compression of the heart and lead to cardiac arrest.
10. Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can cause fever, fatigue, and heart valve damage.

Heart diseases can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, stress test, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and may include lifestyle changes, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

There are many different types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:

1. Tachycardias: These are fast heart rhythms that can be too fast for the body's needs. Examples include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
2. Bradycardias: These are slow heart rhythms that can cause symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Examples include sinus bradycardia and heart block.
3. Premature beats: These are extra beats that occur before the next regular beat should come in. They can be benign but can also indicate an underlying arrhythmia.
4. Supraventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles, such as atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
5. Ventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate in the ventricles, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Cardiac arrhythmias can be diagnosed through a variety of tests including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and holter monitors. Treatment options for cardiac arrhythmias vary depending on the type and severity of the condition and may include medications, cardioversion, catheter ablation, or implantable devices like pacemakers or defibrillators.

LVH can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Heart failure: The enlarged left ventricle can become less efficient at pumping blood throughout the body, leading to heart failure.
2. Arrhythmias: The abnormal electrical activity in the heart can lead to irregular heart rhythms.
3. Sudden cardiac death: In some cases, LVH can increase the risk of sudden cardiac death.
4. Atrial fibrillation: The enlarged left atrium can lead to atrial fibrillation, a common type of arrhythmia.
5. Mitral regurgitation: The enlargement of the left ventricle can cause the mitral valve to become incompetent, leading to mitral regurgitation.
6. Heart valve problems: The enlarged left ventricle can lead to heart valve problems, such as mitral regurgitation or aortic stenosis.
7. Coronary artery disease: LVH can increase the risk of coronary artery disease, which can lead to a heart attack.
8. Pulmonary hypertension: The enlarged left ventricle can lead to pulmonary hypertension, which can further strain the heart and increase the risk of complications.

Evaluation of LVH typically involves a physical examination, medical history, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, and other diagnostic tests such as stress test or cardiac MRI. Treatment options for LVH depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery or other interventions.

Aortic valve stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, calcium buildup, or congenital heart defects. It is typically diagnosed through echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options for aortic valve stenosis include medications to manage symptoms, aortic valve replacement surgery, or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), which is a minimally invasive procedure.

In TAVR, a thin tube is inserted through a blood vessel in the leg and guided to the heart, where it delivers a new aortic valve. This can be performed through a small incision in the chest or through a catheter inserted into the femoral artery.

While TAVR has become increasingly popular for treating aortic valve stenosis, it is not suitable for all patients and requires careful evaluation to determine the best course of treatment. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of TAVR with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate treatment plan for each individual patient.

Tachycardia, ventricular can be classified into several types based on its duration and the presence of other symptoms. These include:

1. Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia (PVT): This is a rapid heart rate that occurs in episodes lasting less than 30 seconds and may be accompanied by palpitations, shortness of breath, or dizziness.
2. Sustained ventricular tachycardia: This is a rapid heart rate that persists for more than 30 seconds and may require medical intervention to return the heart to normal rhythm.
3. Ventricular fibrillation (VF): This is a life-threatening condition in which the ventricles are unable to pump blood effectively due to rapid, disorganized electrical activity.

Symptoms of tachycardia, ventricular may include:

* Palpitations or rapid heartbeat
* Shortness of breath
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or discomfort
* Fatigue or weakness

Diagnosis of tachycardia, ventricular is typically made based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, or stress test. Treatment options may include medications to regulate heart rhythm, cardioversion to restore normal heart rhythm, and in some cases, implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to prevent sudden death.

In summary, tachycardia, ventricular is a rapid heart rate that originates in the ventricles and can be caused by a variety of conditions. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper diagnosis and treatment, it is possible to manage the condition and improve quality of life.

Medical Term: Cardiomegaly

Definition: An abnormal enlargement of the heart.

Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling of legs and feet, chest pain, and palpitations.

Causes: Hypertension, cardiac valve disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), congenital heart defects, and other conditions that affect the heart muscle or cardiovascular system.

Diagnosis: Physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest x-ray, echocardiography, and other diagnostic tests as necessary.

Treatment: Medications such as diuretics, vasodilators, and beta blockers, lifestyle changes such as exercise and diet modifications, surgery or other interventions in severe cases.

Note: Cardiomegaly is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications such as heart failure and death. If you suspect you or someone else may have cardiomegaly, seek medical attention immediately.

Example Sentence: The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and began treatment with medication to lower her blood pressure and improve her symptoms.

Word class: Noun phrase / medical condition

Some examples of the use of 'Death, Sudden, Cardiac' in medical contexts include:

1. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major public health concern, affecting thousands of people each year in the United States alone. It is often caused by inherited heart conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or long QT syndrome.
2. The risk of sudden cardiac death is higher for individuals with a family history of heart disease or other pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.
3. Sudden cardiac death can be prevented by prompt recognition and treatment of underlying heart conditions, as well as by avoiding certain risk factors such as smoking, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet.
4. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs) can be effective in restoring a normal heart rhythm during sudden cardiac death, especially when used promptly after the onset of symptoms.

Fibrosis can occur in response to a variety of stimuli, including inflammation, infection, injury, or chronic stress. It is a natural healing process that helps to restore tissue function and structure after damage or trauma. However, excessive fibrosis can lead to the loss of tissue function and organ dysfunction.

There are many different types of fibrosis, including:

* Cardiac fibrosis: the accumulation of scar tissue in the heart muscle or walls, leading to decreased heart function and potentially life-threatening complications.
* Pulmonary fibrosis: the accumulation of scar tissue in the lungs, leading to decreased lung function and difficulty breathing.
* Hepatic fibrosis: the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver, leading to decreased liver function and potentially life-threatening complications.
* Neurofibromatosis: a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of benign tumors (neurofibromas) made up of fibrous connective tissue.
* Desmoid tumors: rare, slow-growing tumors that are made up of fibrous connective tissue and can occur in various parts of the body.

Fibrosis can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including:

* Biopsy: the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.
* Imaging tests: such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the accumulation of scar tissue.
* Blood tests: to assess liver function or detect specific proteins or enzymes that are elevated in response to fibrosis.

There is currently no cure for fibrosis, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. These may include:

* Medications: such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or chemotherapy to reduce inflammation and slow down the growth of scar tissue.
* Lifestyle modifications: such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy diet to improve overall health and reduce the progression of fibrosis.
* Surgery: in some cases, surgical removal of the affected tissue or organ may be necessary.

It is important to note that fibrosis can progress over time, leading to further scarring and potentially life-threatening complications. Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare professional are crucial to managing the condition and detecting any changes or progression early on.

The exact cause of endocardial fibroelastosis is not known, but it is believed to be due to genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development. The condition may be associated with other congenital heart defects, such as ventricular septal defect or atrial septal defect.

Symptoms of endocardial fibroelastosis can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but they may include:

* Difficulty breathing
* Fatigue
* Shortness of breath during exercise
* Swelling in the legs and feet
* Pale or blue-tinged skin
* Poor feeding or growth in infants

If endocardial fibroelastosis is suspected, a doctor may perform various diagnostic tests, such as:

* Echocardiogram (echo): This test uses sound waves to create images of the heart and can help identify thickening or scarring of the endocardium.
* Cardiac catheterization: This test involves inserting a thin tube into the heart through a blood vessel to measure pressure and oxygen levels within the heart.
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This test uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.

Treatment for endocardial fibroelastosis may include:

* Medications: To manage symptoms such as high blood pressure or irregular heart rhythms.
* Catheter ablation: A procedure that uses heat or cold to destroy abnormal electrical pathways in the heart.
* Surgery: To repair or replace damaged heart valves or to correct other congenital heart defects.

The prognosis for endocardial fibroelastosis is generally good if the condition is detected and treated early. However, if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or sepsis. Regular follow-up with a cardiologist is important to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed. With appropriate treatment, many people with endocardial fibroelastosis can lead active, fulfilling lives.

There are many different types of ANS diseases, including:

1. Dysautonomia: a general term that refers to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.
2. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS): a condition characterized by rapid heart rate and other symptoms that occur upon standing.
3. Neurocardiogenic syncope: a form of fainting caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure.
4. Multiple system atrophy (MSA): a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the autonomic nervous system and other parts of the brain.
5. Parkinson's disease: a neurodegenerative disorder that can cause autonomic dysfunction, including constipation, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction.
6. Dopamine deficiency: a condition characterized by low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which can affect the ANS and other body systems.
7. Autonomic nervous system disorders associated with autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and lupus.
8. Trauma: physical or emotional trauma can sometimes cause dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.
9. Infections: certain infections, such as Lyme disease, can affect the autonomic nervous system.
10. Genetic mutations: some genetic mutations can affect the functioning of the autonomic nervous system.

Treatment for ANS diseases depends on the specific condition and its underlying cause. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, or other bodily functions. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and stress management techniques, can also be helpful in managing symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct anatomical abnormalities or repair damaged nerves.

The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries is often caused by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease. The plaque can also rupture, causing a blood clot to form, which can completely block the flow of blood to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack.

CAD is the most common type of heart disease and is often asymptomatic until a serious event occurs. Risk factors for CAD include:

* Age (men over 45 and women over 55)
* Gender (men are at greater risk than women, but women are more likely to die from CAD)
* Family history of heart disease
* High blood pressure
* High cholesterol
* Diabetes
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise

Diagnosis of CAD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as:

* Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
* Stress test
* Echocardiogram
* Coronary angiography

Treatment for CAD may include lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and quitting smoking. Medications such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgical intervention such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be necessary.

Prevention of CAD includes managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes, quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting regular exercise. Early detection and treatment of CAD can help to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life for those affected by the disease.

1. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as testosterone and estrogen can affect libido and sexual function.
2. Chronic illness: Conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders can impact sexual function.
3. Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and blood pressure medications, can affect sexual function.
4. Injury or trauma: Injuries or traumas, such as nerve damage or pelvic inflammatory disease, can lead to sexual dysfunction.
5. Aging: As people age, physical changes can impact sexual function, such as decreased lubrication and erectile dysfunction in men.
6. Menopause: Hormonal changes during menopause can lead to vaginal dryness, pain during sex, and decreased libido.
7. Pregnancy and childbirth: Hormonal changes and physical changes after pregnancy and childbirth can impact sexual function.
8. Cancer treatment: Some cancer treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy, can cause sexual dysfunction.
9. Surgery: Certain surgeries, such as hysterectomy or prostate surgery, can impact sexual function.

Treatment for physiological sexual dysfunction depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, hormone therapy, or other interventions to address the underlying condition. It is important to discuss any sexual concerns with a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of myocarditis can vary depending on the severity of the inflammation and the location of the affected areas of the heart muscle. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and feet.

Myocarditis can be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions such as coronary artery disease or heart failure. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and blood tests.

Treatment of myocarditis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Mild cases may require only rest and over-the-counter pain medication, while more severe cases may require hospitalization and intravenous medications to manage inflammation and cardiac function. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue.

Prevention of myocarditis is important, as it can lead to serious complications such as heart failure and arrhythmias if left untreated. Prevention strategies include avoiding exposure to viruses and other infections, managing underlying medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, and getting regular check-ups with a healthcare provider to monitor cardiac function.

In summary, myocarditis is an inflammatory condition that affects the heart muscle, causing symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Diagnosis can be challenging, but treatment options range from rest and medication to hospitalization and surgery. Prevention is key to avoiding serious complications and maintaining good cardiac health.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Note: This term is not used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), which replaced it with the term "sexual disorders not otherwise specified" (F52.9).

Types of Diabetic Cardiomyopathies:

1. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: This is the most common type of diabetic cardiomyopathy and is characterized by fibrosis, hypertrophy, and left ventricular dysfunction.
2. Diabetic cardiac syndrome: This condition is characterized by a combination of myocardial stunning, fibrosis, and systolic dysfunction.
3. Diabetic myocarditis: This is an inflammatory condition that affects the heart muscle and can lead to scarring and dysfunction.
4. Diabetic cardiac arrest: This is a rare but life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the heart stops functioning due to severe coronary artery disease or other factors.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Hyperglycemia: Elevated blood sugar levels can damage the cardiovascular system, including the heart muscle.
2. Hypertension: High blood pressure can increase the risk of cardiac complications in individuals with diabetes.
3. Dyslipidemia: Abnormal lipid levels, such as high triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol, can contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.
4. Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes.
5. Obesity: Excess weight can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and worsen glycemic control.
6. Family history: A family history of cardiovascular disease increases the risk of developing diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Symptoms:

1. Chest pain or angina
2. Shortness of breath
3. Fatigue
4. Swelling of the legs and feet
5. Palpitations
6. Dizziness and lightheadedness

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination
2. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
3. Echocardiography
4. Stress test
5. Blood tests to assess lipid levels, blood sugar, and kidney function

Treatment and Management:

1. Medications: ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers may be prescribed to manage hypertension and angina. Statins may be used to lower cholesterol levels.
2. Lifestyle modifications: Smoking cessation, weight loss, and regular exercise can help improve glycemic control and cardiovascular health.
3. Dietary changes: A healthy, balanced diet low in saturated fats, added sugars, and refined carbohydrates can help manage blood sugar levels and improve overall health.
4. Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and lipid profiles is essential to prevent complications and manage the condition effectively.
5. Surgical intervention: In severe cases, bariatric surgery may be considered to help achieve significant weight loss and improve glycemic control.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for patients with metabolic syndrome is generally good if the condition is identified early and managed effectively. However, untreated or poorly managed metabolic syndrome can increase the risk of developing serious health complications such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

Complications:

1. Heart disease: The increased risk of heart disease is due to high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and obesity, which can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and coronary artery disease.
2. Stroke: The risk of stroke is increased due to high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity, which can damage the blood vessels in the brain and cause a stroke.
3. Type 2 diabetes: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance.
4. Other health complications: Other potential complications of metabolic syndrome include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis.

Preventive Measures:

1. Healthy diet: Eating a healthy, balanced diet that is low in saturated fats, added sugars, and refined carbohydrates can help prevent or manage metabolic syndrome.
2. Regular exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and promote weight loss.
3. Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help prevent or manage metabolic syndrome.
4. Stress management: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome by promoting inflammation and decreasing insulin sensitivity. Engaging in stress-reducing activities such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises may be helpful.
5. Sleep hygiene: Getting adequate sleep is essential for maintaining metabolic health. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night and practice good sleep hygiene by avoiding caffeine and electronic screens before bedtime.
6. Limit alcohol intake: Drinking too much alcohol can contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome by promoting inflammation, increasing triglycerides, and decreasing HDL cholesterol.
7. Quit smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome, as it promotes inflammation, decreases insulin sensitivity, and increases cardiovascular disease risk.
8. Monitoring and treatment of underlying conditions: If you have underlying conditions such as hypertension, high cholesterol, or diabetes, it is essential to monitor and manage them effectively to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome.

In conclusion, metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is essential to be aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and complications of metabolic syndrome and take preventive measures to manage and prevent it. By making healthy lifestyle choices, such as following a balanced diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing underlying conditions, you can reduce your risk of developing metabolic syndrome and improve your overall health.

Chagas cardiomyopathy is a type of heart disease that is caused by the parasitic infection Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted through the feces of infected triatomine bugs. It is also known as American trypanosomiasis or Latin American trypanosomiasis.

The infection can cause inflammation and damage to the heart muscle, leading to cardiomyopathy, which is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened and cannot pump blood effectively. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, and irregular heartbeat.

Chagas cardiomyopathy is most commonly found in countries in Central and South America, where the disease is transmitted by triatomine bugs that are found in rural areas. It is estimated that around 8 million people are infected with Chagas disease worldwide, with the majority of cases occurring in Latin America.

There is no cure for Chagas cardiomyopathy, but medications and other treatments can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention is key to avoiding Chagas cardiomyopathy, and this includes avoiding triatomine bug bites, using insecticides to kill bugs in homes, and screening blood donors for the disease.

Overall, Chagas cardiomyopathy is a serious and debilitating condition that can have significant implications for quality of life and survival. It is important to be aware of the risk of infection and take steps to prevent it, particularly if you live in or travel to areas where the disease is common.

There are several causes of aortic valve insufficiency, including:

1. Congenital heart defects
2. Rheumatic fever
3. Endocarditis (infection of the inner lining of the heart)
4. Aging and wear and tear on the valve
5. Trauma to the chest
6. Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Symptoms of aortic valve insufficiency can include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling in the legs and feet, and chest pain. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), and chest X-ray.

Treatment options for aortic valve insufficiency depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Medications to manage symptoms such as heart failure, high blood pressure, and arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms)
2. Lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet and regular exercise
3. Repair or replacement of the aortic valve through surgery. This may involve replacing the valve with an artificial one, or repairing the existing valve through a procedure called valvuloplasty.
4. In some cases, catheter-based procedures such as balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement may be used.

It is important to note that aortic valve insufficiency can lead to complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and endocarditis, which can be life-threatening if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The exact cause of endomyocardial fibrosis is not known, but it is believed to be related to inflammation and scarring within the heart. The condition is more common in men than women, and typically affects people between the ages of 20 and 50. Symptoms of endomyocardial fibrosis can include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and feet, and chest pain.

There is no cure for endomyocardial fibrosis, but treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, surgery to repair or replace damaged heart tissue, and lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise. In severe cases, heart transplantation may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of the condition and improve quality of life for those affected.

There are several types of tachycardia, including:

1. Sinus tachycardia: This is the most common type and is caused by an increase in the rate of the normal sinus node. It is often seen in response to physical activity or stress.
2. Atrial fibrillation: This is a type of arrhythmia where the heart's upper chambers (atria) contract irregularly and rapidly, leading to a rapid heart rate.
3. Ventricular tachycardia: This is a type of arrhythmia where the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) contract rapidly, often with a rate above 100 bpm.
4. Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs): These are early or extra beats that originate in the ventricles, causing a rapid heart rate.

Tachycardia can cause a range of symptoms, including palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, and dizziness. In severe cases, it can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and even death.

Diagnosis of tachycardia typically involves a physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and other tests such as stress tests or echocardiography. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include medications to regulate the heart rate, cardioversion to restore a normal heart rhythm, or in severe cases, implantation of a pacemaker or defibrillator.

There are three types of AV block:

1. First-degree AV block: This is the mildest form of AV block, where the electrical signals are delayed but still allow for a normal heartbeat.
2. Second-degree AV block: This type of block is more severe and can cause irregular heartbeats. The electrical signals may be blocked or delayed, which can lead to a slow or irregular heart rate.
3. Third-degree AV block (complete heart block): This is the most severe form of AV block, where the electrical signals are completely blocked, resulting in a halted heartbeat. This is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of AV block may include:

* Palpitations or irregular heartbeat
* Slow or fast heart rate
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Fatigue or shortness of breath

Diagnosis of AV block is typically made through an electrocardiogram (ECG) test, which measures the electrical activity of the heart. Treatment options for AV block depend on the severity of the condition and may include medications, pacemakers, or cardiac ablation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue.

In summary, atrioventricular block is a condition where there is a delay or interruption in the electrical signals that regulate the heartbeat, which can lead to irregular heartbeats and potentially life-threatening complications. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of AV block are present to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

There are several risk factors for developing AF, including:

1. Age: The risk of developing AF increases with age, with the majority of cases occurring in people over the age of 65.
2. Hypertension (high blood pressure): High blood pressure can damage the heart and increase the risk of developing AF.
3. Heart disease: People with heart disease, such as coronary artery disease or heart failure, are at higher risk of developing AF.
4. Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes can increase the risk of developing AF.
5. Sleep apnea: Sleep apnea can increase the risk of developing AF.
6. Certain medications: Certain medications, such as thyroid medications and asthma medications, can increase the risk of developing AF.
7. Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to an increased risk of developing AF.
8. Smoking: Smoking is a risk factor for many cardiovascular conditions, including AF.
9. Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for many cardiovascular conditions, including AF.

Symptoms of AF can include:

1. Palpitations (rapid or irregular heartbeat)
2. Shortness of breath
3. Fatigue
4. Dizziness or lightheadedness
5. Chest pain or discomfort

AF can be diagnosed with the help of several tests, including:

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG): This is a non-invasive test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.
2. Holter monitor: This is a portable device that records the heart's rhythm over a 24-hour period.
3. Event monitor: This is a portable device that records the heart's rhythm over a longer period of time, usually 1-2 weeks.
4. Echocardiogram: This is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart.
5. Cardiac MRI: This is an imaging test that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the heart.

Treatment for AF depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, such as:

1. Beta blockers: These medications slow the heart rate and reduce the force of the heart's contractions.
2. Antiarrhythmics: These medications help regulate the heart's rhythm.
3. Blood thinners: These medications prevent blood clots from forming and can help reduce the risk of stroke.
4. Calcium channel blockers: These medications slow the entry of calcium into the heart muscle cells, which can help slow the heart rate and reduce the force of the heart's contractions.

In some cases, catheter ablation may be recommended to destroy the abnormal electrical pathway causing AF. This is a minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a catheter through a vein in the leg and guiding it to the heart using x-ray imaging. Once the catheter is in place, energy is applied to the abnormal electrical pathway to destroy it and restore a normal heart rhythm.

It's important to note that AF can increase the risk of stroke, so anticoagulation therapy may be recommended to reduce this risk. This can include medications such as warfarin or aspirin, or in some cases, implantable devices such as a left atrial appendage closure device.

In conclusion, atrial fibrillation is a common heart rhythm disorder that can increase the risk of stroke and heart failure. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, cardioversion, catheter ablation, or anticoagulation therapy. It's important to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for AF.

In medical terms, death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all bodily functions that are necessary for life. This includes the loss of consciousness, the absence of breathing, heartbeat, and other vital signs. Brain death, which occurs when the brain no longer functions, is considered a definitive sign of death.

The medical professionals use various criteria to determine death, such as:

1. Cessation of breathing: When an individual stops breathing for more than 20 minutes, it is considered a sign of death.
2. Cessation of heartbeat: The loss of heartbeat for more than 20 minutes is another indicator of death.
3. Loss of consciousness: If an individual is unresponsive and does not react to any stimuli, it can be assumed that they have died.
4. Brain death: When the brain no longer functions, it is considered a definitive sign of death.
5. Decay of body temperature: After death, the body's temperature begins to decrease, which is another indicator of death.

In some cases, medical professionals may use advanced technologies such as electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to confirm brain death. These tests can help determine whether the brain has indeed ceased functioning and if there is no hope of reviving the individual.

It's important to note that while death is a natural part of life, it can be a difficult and emotional experience for those who are left behind. It's essential to provide support and care to the family members and loved ones of the deceased during this challenging time.

The term "asymptomatic" means "not showing symptoms."

In medical terminology, the word asymptomatic is used to describe a person who has a disease or condition but does not show any symptoms. Symptoms are changes in the body or mind that indicate the presence of a disease or condition. For example, fever, pain, and fatigue are all symptoms of an infection.

Asymptomatic diseases can be difficult to diagnose because they do not cause any noticeable symptoms. In many cases, these diseases are only discovered through routine medical testing or exams. For example, a person may have high blood pressure without knowing it, as there are usually no noticeable symptoms until the condition is advanced.

The importance of screening tests and early diagnosis

Screening tests are medical tests that are performed on people who do not have any symptoms of a disease or condition. These tests are designed to detect diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms. Examples of screening tests include blood pressure checks, cholesterol tests, mammograms, and colonoscopies.

Early diagnosis is critical for successfully treating many asymptomatic diseases. When a disease or condition is detected early, it can be treated more effectively before it causes any significant damage. In some cases, early diagnosis may even prevent the development of complications.

The importance of screening tests and early diagnosis cannot be overstated. By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause symptoms, individuals can receive treatment before any long-term damage occurs. This can help to improve their quality of life, increase their lifespan, and reduce the risk of complications.

The importance of screening tests and early diagnosis is particularly important for certain populations, such as older adults or those with a family history of certain diseases or conditions. These individuals may be at a higher risk for developing certain asymptomatic diseases, and screening tests can help to detect these conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms.

The benefits of early diagnosis include:

1. Improved treatment outcomes: When a disease or condition is detected early, it can be treated more effectively before it causes any significant damage. This can improve the chances of successful treatment and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Prevention of long-term damage: By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms, individuals can receive treatment before any long-term damage occurs. This can help to preserve their quality of life and increase their lifespan.
3. Reduced healthcare costs: Early diagnosis can reduce healthcare costs by preventing the need for more expensive treatments or hospitalizations that may be required if a condition is allowed to progress untreated.
4. Increased awareness: Screening tests and early diagnosis can increase awareness of certain diseases or conditions, which can lead to increased education and advocacy efforts aimed at prevention and treatment.
5. Improved patient outcomes: Early diagnosis can lead to improved patient outcomes by allowing for earlier intervention and treatment, which can improve the chances of successful treatment and reduce the risk of complications.
6. Reduced suffering: By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms, individuals can receive treatment before they experience any unnecessary suffering.
7. Increased survival rates: Early diagnosis can lead to increased survival rates for certain diseases or conditions, particularly those that are more treatable when detected early.
8. Better management of chronic conditions: Screening tests and early diagnosis can help individuals with chronic conditions to manage their condition more effectively, which can improve their quality of life and increase their lifespan.
9. Improved patient satisfaction: Early diagnosis can lead to improved patient satisfaction by providing individuals with a sense of control over their health and well-being.
10. Reduced anxiety: By detecting diseases or conditions before they cause any noticeable symptoms, individuals may experience reduced anxiety about their health and well-being.

Overall, early diagnosis has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life for individuals with a wide range of medical conditions. It is important for healthcare providers to prioritize early diagnosis and screening tests in order to provide the best possible care for their patients.

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

There are several causes of tricuspid valve insufficiency, including:

1. Congenital heart defects: Tricuspid valve insufficiency can be present at birth due to abnormal development of the tricuspid valve.
2. Rheumatic fever: This is an inflammatory condition that can damage the tricuspid valve and lead to insufficiency.
3. Endocarditis: Bacterial infection of the inner lining of the heart, including the tricuspid valve, can cause damage and lead to insufficiency.
4. Heart failure: As the heart fails, the tricuspid valve may become less effective, leading to insufficiency.
5. Cardiac tumors: Tumors in the heart can put pressure on the tricuspid valve and cause insufficiency.
6. Congenital heart disease: Tricuspid valve insufficiency can be present at birth due to abnormal development of the tricuspid valve.
7. Chronic pulmonary disease: This can lead to increased pressure in the right side of the heart, causing tricuspid valve insufficiency.

Symptoms of tricuspid valve insufficiency may include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling in the legs and feet, and chest pain. Diagnosis is typically made through echocardiography, electrocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.

Treatment options for tricuspid valve insufficiency depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Medications: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers may be used to manage symptoms and slow progression of the disease.
2. Surgery: In severe cases, surgical repair or replacement of the tricuspid valve may be necessary.
3. Transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a new tricuspid valve is inserted through a catheter in the femoral vein and placed in the heart.
4. Watchful waiting: In mild cases, doctors may choose to monitor the condition closely without immediate treatment.

1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): an opening in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, which allows oxygen-poor blood to mix with oxygen-rich blood.
2. Pulmonary stenosis: a narrowing of the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery, which restricts blood flow to the lungs.
3. Overriding aorta: an aorta that grows over the ventricular septal defect, blocking the flow of oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
4. Right ventricular hypertrophy: enlargement of the right ventricle due to increased pressure caused by the backflow of blood through the VSD.

These abnormalities combine to reduce the amount of oxygen that reaches the body's tissues, leading to cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin) and fatigue. Tetralogy of Fallot is usually diagnosed at birth or soon after, and treatment typically involves a combination of medications, surgery, and other interventions to repair the defects and improve blood flow to the body.

Some common puerperal disorders include:

1. Puerperal fever: This is a bacterial infection that can occur during the postpartum period, usually caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria. Symptoms include fever, chills, and abdominal pain.
2. Postpartum endometritis: This is an inflammation of the lining of the uterus that can occur after childbirth, often caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge.
3. Postpartum bleeding: This is excessive bleeding that can occur during the postpartum period, often caused by tears or lacerations to the uterus or cervix during childbirth.
4. Breast engorgement: This is a common condition that occurs when the breasts become full and painful due to milk production.
5. Mastitis: This is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during breastfeeding, often caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms include redness, swelling, and warmth in the breast.
6. Postpartum depression: This is a mood disorder that can occur after childbirth, characterized by feelings of sadness, anxiety, and hopelessness.
7. Postpartum anxiety: This is an anxiety disorder that can occur after childbirth, characterized by excessive worry, fear, and anxiety.
8. Urinary incontinence: This is the loss of bladder control during the postpartum period, often caused by weakened pelvic muscles.
9. Constipation: This is a common condition that can occur after childbirth, often caused by hormonal changes and decreased bowel motility.
10. Breastfeeding difficulties: These can include difficulty latching, painful feeding, and low milk supply.

It's important to note that not all women will experience these complications, and some may have different symptoms or none at all. Additionally, some complications may require medical attention, while others may be managed with self-care measures or support from a healthcare provider. It's important for new mothers to seek medical advice if they have any concerns about their physical or emotional well-being during the postpartum period.

There are many different causes of pathological dilatation, including:

1. Infection: Infections like tuberculosis or abscesses can cause inflammation and swelling in affected tissues, leading to dilatation.
2. Inflammation: Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease can cause dilatation of blood vessels and organs.
3. Heart disease: Conditions like heart failure or coronary artery disease can lead to dilatation of the heart chambers or vessels.
4. Liver or spleen disease: Dilatation of the liver or spleen can occur due to conditions like cirrhosis or splenomegaly.
5. Neoplasms: Tumors can cause dilatation of affected structures, such as blood vessels or organs.

Pathological dilatation can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the condition. These may include:

1. Swelling or distension of the affected structure
2. Pain or discomfort in the affected area
3. Difficulty breathing or swallowing (in the case of dilatation in the throat or airways)
4. Fatigue or weakness
5. Pale or clammy skin
6. Rapid heart rate or palpitations
7. Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Diagnosis of pathological dilatation typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying cause and relieve symptoms.

The primary cause of systolic heart failure is typically related to damage or disease affecting the left ventricle, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or cardiomyopathy. Other contributing factors may include valvular heart disease, anemia, and thyroid disorders.

Diagnosis of systolic heart failure often involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and blood tests. Treatment options for systolic heart failure may include lifestyle modifications, medications to manage symptoms and slow progression of the disease, and in severe cases, implantable devices or surgical interventions such as left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) or heart transplantation.

Systolic heart failure is a serious medical condition that can significantly impact quality of life and longevity if left untreated or undertreated. Therefore, early diagnosis and aggressive management are essential to improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

MRI can occur in various cardiovascular conditions, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrest, and cardiac surgery. The severity of MRI can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent and duration of the ischemic event.

The pathophysiology of MRI involves a complex interplay of various cellular and molecular mechanisms. During ischemia, the heart muscle cells undergo changes in energy metabolism, electrolyte balance, and cell membrane function. When blood flow is restored, these changes can lead to an influx of calcium ions into the cells, activation of enzymes, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage the cells and their membranes.

The clinical presentation of MRI can vary depending on the severity of the injury. Some patients may experience chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Others may have more severe symptoms, such as cardiogenic shock or ventricular arrhythmias. The diagnosis of MRI is based on a combination of clinical findings, electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and cardiac biomarkers.

The treatment of MRI is focused on addressing the underlying cause of the injury and managing its symptoms. For example, in patients with myocardial infarction, thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention may be used to restore blood flow to the affected area. In patients with cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other life-saving interventions may be necessary.

Prevention of MRI is crucial in reducing its incidence and severity. This involves aggressive risk factor management, such as controlling hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, as well as smoking cessation and stress reduction. Additionally, patients with a history of MI should adhere to their medication regimen, which may include beta blockers, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, statins, and aspirin.

In conclusion, myocardial injury with ST-segment elevation (MRI) is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment. While the clinical presentation can vary depending on the severity of the injury, early diagnosis and management are crucial in reducing morbidity and mortality. Prevention through aggressive risk factor management and adherence to medication regimens is also essential in preventing MRI.

Signs and symptoms of cardiogenic shock may include:

* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain or discomfort
* Confusion or altered mental status
* Cool, clammy skin
* Weak or absent pulse in the arms and legs
* Rapid or irregular heartbeat
* Low blood pressure

Treatment of cardiogenic shock typically involves supportive care to help the heart pump more effectively, as well as medications to help improve blood flow and reduce inflammation. In some cases, a procedure called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be used to take over the work of the heart and lungs.

Cardiogenic shock can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Heart attack or myocardial infarction
* Heart failure or ventricular dysfunction
* Cardiac tamponade or fluid accumulation in the space around the heart
* Myocarditis or inflammation of the heart muscle
* Coronary artery disease or blockages in the blood vessels that supply the heart
* Other conditions that can cause damage to the heart, such as aortic dissection or endocarditis.

There are several types of heart block, including:

1. First-degree heart block: This is the mildest form of heart block, where the electrical signals are delayed slightly but still reach the ventricles.
2. Second-degree heart block: In this type, some of the electrical signals may be blocked or delayed, causing the heart to beat irregularly.
3. Third-degree heart block: This is the most severe form of heart block, where all electrical signals are completely blocked, resulting in a complete halt of the heart's normal rhythm.

Heart block can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: A buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries can lead to a blockage that affects the electrical signals to the heart.
2. Heart attack: Damage to the heart muscle can cause scarring and disrupt the electrical signals.
3. Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle can lead to heart block.
4. Heart valve problems: Dysfunctional heart valves can interfere with the electrical signals to the heart.
5. Electrolyte imbalances: Abnormal levels of potassium, magnesium, or other electrolytes can affect the heart's electrical activity.
6. Medications: Certain drugs, such as beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, can slow down the heart's electrical signals.
7. Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can damage the heart and disrupt its electrical signals.
8. Genetic conditions: Certain inherited conditions, such as long QT syndrome, can affect the heart's electrical activity.
9. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can damage the heart and disrupt its electrical signals.

Symptoms of heart block may include:

1. Slow or irregular heartbeat
2. Palpitations
3. Fatigue
4. Shortness of breath
5. Dizziness or lightheadedness
6. Chest pain or discomfort
7. Pain or discomfort in the arms, back, or jaw

Diagnosis of heart block is typically made with an electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity of the heart. Other tests that may be used to diagnose heart block include:

1. Echocardiography: An ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart.
2. Stress test: A test that measures the heart's activity during exercise or other forms of physical stress.
3. Holter monitor: A portable device that records the heart's activity over a 24-hour period.
4. Event monitor: A portable device that records the heart's activity over a longer period of time, typically 1-2 weeks.

Treatment for heart block depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Medications: Drugs such as beta blockers or pacemakers may be used to regulate the heart's rhythm and rate.
2. Pacemaker: A small device that is implanted in the chest to help regulate the heart's rhythm.
3. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): A procedure that involves implanting a device that helps both ventricles of the heart beat together, improving the heart's pumping function.
4. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD): A device that is implanted in the chest to monitor the heart's rhythm and deliver an electric shock if it detects a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia.

In conclusion, heart block is a serious condition that can disrupt the normal functioning of the heart. It is important to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of heart block, and to seek medical attention immediately if they occur. With proper diagnosis and treatment, it is possible to manage heart block and improve the quality of life for those affected by the condition.

There are several types of heart valve diseases, including:

1. Mitral regurgitation: This occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium.
2. Aortic stenosis: This occurs when the aortic valve becomes narrowed or blocked, restricting blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
3. Pulmonary stenosis: This occurs when the pulmonary valve becomes narrowed or blocked, restricting blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
4. Tricuspid regurgitation: This occurs when the tricuspid valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the right atrium.
5. Heart valve thickening or calcification: This can occur due to aging, rheumatic fever, or other conditions that cause inflammation in the heart.
6. Endocarditis: This is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can damage the heart valves.
7. Rheumatic heart disease: This is a condition caused by rheumatic fever, which can damage the heart valves and cause scarring.
8. Congenital heart defects: These are heart defects that are present at birth, and can affect the heart valves as well as other structures of the heart.

Symptoms of heart valve disease can include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs or feet, and chest pain. Treatment options for heart valve disease depend on the specific condition and can range from medication to surgery or other procedures.

VPCs can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. In some cases, they can lead to more serious arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death. To diagnose VPCs, a healthcare provider may perform an electrocardiogram (ECG) or other tests to measure the heart's electrical activity. Treatment options for VPCs include medications to regulate the heart rhythm, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators, and in some cases, surgery to repair or replace a damaged heart valve.

Prevention of VPCs includes maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing high blood pressure and other risk factors, and avoiding certain medications that can trigger these abnormal heartbeats. Early detection and treatment of underlying heart conditions can also help prevent VPCs from occurring. In summary, Ventricular Premature Complexes are abnormal heartbeats that can disrupt the normal heart rhythm and may be a sign of an underlying heart condition. Diagnosis and treatment options are available to manage this condition and prevent complications.

There are several types of diabetic angiopathies, including:

1. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): This occurs when the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the limbs.
2. Peripheral neuropathy: This is damage to the nerves in the hands and feet, which can cause pain, numbness, and weakness.
3. Retinopathy: This is damage to the blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to vision loss and blindness.
4. Nephropathy: This is damage to the kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis.
5. Cardiovascular disease: This includes heart attack, stroke, and other conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels.

The risk of developing diabetic angiopathies increases with the duration of diabetes and the level of blood sugar control. Other factors that can increase the risk include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and a family history of diabetes-related complications.

Symptoms of diabetic angiopathies can vary depending on the specific type of complication and the location of the affected blood vessels or nerves. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or discomfort in the arms, legs, hands, or feet
* Numbness or tingling sensations in the hands and feet
* Weakness or fatigue in the limbs
* Difficulty healing wounds or cuts
* Vision changes or blindness
* Kidney problems or failure
* Heart attack or stroke

Diagnosis of diabetic angiopathies typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of complication and may include:

* Medications to control blood sugar levels, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol
* Lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise
* Surgery to repair or bypass affected blood vessels or nerves
* Dialysis for kidney failure
* In some cases, amputation of the affected limb

Preventing diabetic angiopathies involves managing diabetes effectively through a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and regular medical check-ups. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or delay the progression of complications.

There are two main types of Renal Insufficiency:

1. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): This is a sudden and reversible decrease in kidney function, often caused by injury, sepsis, or medication toxicity. AKI can resolve with appropriate treatment and supportive care.
2. Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI): This is a long-standing and irreversible decline in kidney function, often caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, or chronic kidney disease. CRI can lead to ESRD if left untreated.

Signs and symptoms of Renal Insufficiency may include:

* Decreased urine output
* Swelling in the legs and ankles (edema)
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
* Pain in the back, flank, or abdomen

Diagnosis of Renal Insufficiency is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include urinalysis, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, and a 24-hour urine protein collection. Imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scans, may be used to evaluate the kidneys and rule out other possible causes of the patient's symptoms.

Treatment of Renal Insufficiency depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Treatment may include medications to control blood pressure, manage fluid balance, and reduce proteinuria (excess protein in the urine). In some cases, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.

Prevention of Renal Insufficiency includes managing underlying conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, avoiding nephrotoxic medications and substances, and maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle. Early detection and treatment of acute kidney injury can also help prevent the development of chronic renal insufficiency.

In conclusion, Renal Insufficiency is a common condition that can have significant consequences if left untreated. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of Renal Insufficiency, as well as the treatment and prevention strategies available. With appropriate management, many patients with Renal Insufficiency can recover and maintain their kidney function over time.

The primary graft dysfunction syndrome is a complex clinical entity characterized by severe respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunction, which develops within the first week after transplantation. PGD is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and it is one of the leading causes of graft failure after solid organ transplantation.

There are several risk factors for primary graft dysfunction, including:

1. Recipient age and comorbidities
2. Donor age and comorbidities
3. Cold ischemic time (CIT)
4. Hypoxic injury during procurement
5. Delayed recipient surgery
6. Inadequate immunosuppression
7. Sepsis
8. Pulmonary infection
9. Hemodynamic instability
10. Pulmonary edema

The diagnosis of primary graft dysfunction is based on a combination of clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings. The condition can be classified into three categories:

1. Mild PGD: characterized by mild respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunction, with no evidence of severe inflammation or fibrosis.
2. Moderate PGD: characterized by moderate respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunction, with evidence of severe inflammation and/or fibrosis.
3. Severe PGD: characterized by severe respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunction, with extensive inflammation and/or fibrosis.

The treatment of primary graft dysfunction is aimed at addressing the underlying cause of the condition. This may include administration of immunosuppressive drugs, management of infections, and correction of any anatomical or functional abnormalities. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of primary graft dysfunction is crucial to minimize the risk of complications after lung transplantation. This can be achieved by careful donor selection, optimization of recipient condition before transplantation, and meticulous surgical technique during the procedure. Additionally, prompt recognition and management of early signs of PGD are essential to prevent progression to more severe forms of the condition.

In conclusion, primary graft dysfunction is a complex and multifactorial complication after lung transplantation that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding the causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of PGD is essential for optimal management of patients undergoing lung transplantation.

Types of congenital heart defects include:

1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, allowing abnormal blood flow.
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, also allowing abnormal blood flow.
3. Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects, including VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), and abnormal development of the infundibulum (a part of the heart that connects the ventricles to the pulmonary artery).
4. Transposition of the great vessels: A condition in which the aorta and/or pulmonary artery are placed in the wrong position, disrupting blood flow.
5. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): A severe defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the body.
6. Pulmonary atresia: A condition in which the pulmonary valve does not form properly, blocking blood flow to the lungs.
7. Truncus arteriosus: A rare defect in which a single artery instead of two (aorta and pulmonary artery) arises from the heart.
8. Double-outlet right ventricle: A condition in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle.

Causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and viral infections during pregnancy may play a role. Diagnosis is typically made through fetal echocardiography or cardiac ultrasound during pregnancy or after birth. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect and may include medication, surgery, or heart transplantation. With advances in medical technology and treatment, many children with congenital heart disease can lead active, healthy lives into adulthood.


The committee defined "brain death" as follows:

* The absence of any clinical or electrophysiological signs of consciousness, including the lack of response to pain, light, sound, or other stimuli.
* The absence of brainstem reflexes, such as pupillary reactivity, oculocephalic reflex, and gag reflex.
* The failure of all brain waves, including alpha, beta, theta, delta, and epsilon waves, as detected by electroencephalography (EEG).
* The absence of any other clinical or laboratory signs of life, such as heartbeat, breathing, or blood circulation.

The definition of brain death is important because it provides a clear and consistent criteria for determining death in medical settings. It helps to ensure that patients who are clinically dead are not inappropriately kept on life support, and that organ donation can be performed in a timely and ethical manner.

In the medical field, dyspnea is often evaluated using a numerical rating scale called the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale. This scale rates dyspnea on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 indicating no shortness of breath and 5 indicating extreme shortness of breath.

Dyspnea can be a symptom of many different conditions, including:

1. Respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia.
2. Heart conditions such as heart failure and coronary artery disease.
3. Other underlying medical conditions such as anemia, lung disease, and liver failure.
4. Neurological conditions such as stroke and multiple sclerosis.
5. Psychological conditions such as anxiety and depression.

Assessment of dyspnea involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, including listening to the patient's lung sounds and assessing their oxygen saturation levels. Diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and blood tests may also be ordered to determine the underlying cause of dyspnea.

Treatment of dyspnea depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, and other interventions such as pulmonary rehabilitation. In some cases, dyspnea may be a symptom of a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.

In Vfib, the electrical activity of the heart becomes disorganized, leading to a fibrillatory pattern of contraction. This means that the ventricles are contracting in a rapid, unsynchronized manner, rather than the coordinated, synchronized contractions that occur in normal heart function.

Vfib can be caused by a variety of factors, including coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, and electrolyte imbalances. It can also be triggered by certain medications, such as digoxin, or by electrical shocks to the heart.

Symptoms of Vfib include palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, and loss of consciousness. If not treated promptly, Vfib can lead to cardiac arrest and death.

Treatment of Vfib typically involves electrical cardioversion, which involves delivering an electric shock to the heart to restore a normal heart rhythm. In some cases, medications may also be used to help regulate the heart rhythm. In more severe cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address any underlying causes of Vfib.

Overall, ventricular fibrillation is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent complications and ensure effective cardiac function.

The symptoms of RVH can include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and feet, and chest pain. If left untreated, RVH can lead to heart failure and other complications.

RVH is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and right heart catheterization. Treatment options for RVH depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to reduce blood pressure, oxygen therapy, and in severe cases, heart transplantation.

Preventing RVH involves managing underlying conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, managing high blood pressure, and avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco and alcohol. Early detection and treatment of RVH can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Pericardial effusion can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, inflammation, tumors, or trauma. It can also be a complication of other medical conditions such as heart failure or kidney disease.

Symptoms of pericardial effusion may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and fever. If the effusion is severe, it can lead to cardiac tamponade, which is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis of pericardial effusion typically involves physical examination, imaging tests such as chest X-rays or echocardiography, and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the effusion. Treatment may involve drainage of the fluid, antibiotics for infection, or other medications to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the fluid and repair any damage to the heart or pericardial sac.

There are several types of shock, including:

1. Hypovolemic shock: This type of shock occurs when there is a significant loss of blood or fluid from the body, leading to a decrease in blood volume and pressure. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or internal bleeding.
2. Septic shock: This type of shock occurs when an infection causes inflammation throughout the body, leading to a drop in blood pressure and organ dysfunction.
3. Anaphylactic shock: This type of shock is caused by an allergic reaction and can be life-threatening. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure.
4. Neurogenic shock: This type of shock occurs when there is damage to the nervous system, leading to a drop in blood pressure and loss of autonomic functions.
5. Adrenal insufficiency: This type of shock occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone hormones, leading to a decrease in blood pressure and metabolism.

Symptoms of shock include:

* Pale, cool, or clammy skin
* Fast or weak pulse
* Shallow breathing
* Confusion or loss of consciousness
* Low blood pressure

Treatment of shock depends on the underlying cause and may include fluids, medications, oxygen therapy, and other supportive measures to maintain blood pressure and organ function. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit may be necessary.

* Heart block: A condition where the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm are blocked or delayed, leading to a slow heart rate.
* Sinus node dysfunction: A condition where the sinus node, which is responsible for setting the heart's rhythm, is not functioning properly, leading to a slow heart rate.
* Medications: Certain medications, such as beta blockers, can slow down the heart rate.
* Heart failure: In severe cases of heart failure, the heart may become so weak that it cannot pump blood effectively, leading to a slow heart rate.
* Electrolyte imbalance: An imbalance of electrolytes, such as potassium or magnesium, can affect the heart's ability to function properly and cause a slow heart rate.
* Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) or anemia, can cause bradycardia.

Bradycardia can cause symptoms such as:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain or discomfort

In some cases, bradycardia may not cause any noticeable symptoms at all.

If you suspect you have bradycardia, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. They may perform tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) or stress test to determine the cause of your slow heart rate and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options for bradycardia may include:

* Medications: Such as atropine or digoxin, to increase the heart rate.
* Pacemakers: A small device that is implanted in the chest to help regulate the heart's rhythm and increase the heart rate.
* Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): A procedure that involves implanting a device that helps both ventricles of the heart beat together, improving the heart's pumping function.

It is important to note that bradycardia can be a symptom of an underlying condition, so it is important to address the underlying cause in order to effectively treat the bradycardia.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

Symptoms of pulmonary edema may include:

* Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
* Coughing up frothy sputum
* Chest pain or tightness
* Fatigue
* Confusion or disorientation

Pulmonary edema can be diagnosed through physical examination, chest x-rays, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood tests. Treatment options include oxygen therapy, diuretics, and medications to manage underlying conditions such as heart failure or sepsis. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide mechanical ventilation.

Prevention measures for pulmonary edema include managing underlying medical conditions, avoiding exposure to pollutants and allergens, and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

In summary, pulmonary edema is a serious condition that can impair lung function and lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and other respiratory symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

There are several possible causes of chest pain, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The most common cause of chest pain is coronary artery disease, which occurs when the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked. This can lead to a heart attack if the blood flow to the heart muscle is severely reduced.
2. Heart attack: A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle becomes damaged or dies due to a lack of oxygen and nutrients. This can cause severe chest pain, as well as other symptoms such as shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and fatigue.
3. Acute coronary syndrome: This is a group of conditions that occur when the blood flow to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked or reduced, leading to chest pain or discomfort. In addition to heart attack, acute coronary syndrome can include unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).
4. Pulmonary embolism: A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms in the lungs and blocks the flow of blood to the heart, causing chest pain and shortness of breath.
5. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
6. Costochondritis: This is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone (sternum), which can cause chest pain and tenderness.
7. Tietze's syndrome: This is a condition that occurs when the cartilage and muscles in the chest are injured, leading to chest pain and swelling.
8. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, it can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
9. Pericarditis: An inflammation of the membrane that surrounds the heart (pericardium) can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Precordial catch syndrome: This is a condition that occurs when the muscles and tendons between the ribs become inflamed, causing chest pain and tenderness.

These are just a few of the many possible causes of chest pain. If you are experiencing chest pain, it is important to seek medical attention right away to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.

Types of Experimental Diabetes Mellitus include:

1. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes: This type of EDM is caused by administration of streptozotocin, a chemical that damages the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to high blood sugar levels.
2. Alloxan-induced diabetes: This type of EDM is caused by administration of alloxan, a chemical that also damages the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
3. Pancreatectomy-induced diabetes: In this type of EDM, the pancreas is surgically removed or damaged, leading to loss of insulin production and high blood sugar levels.

Experimental Diabetes Mellitus has several applications in research, including:

1. Testing new drugs and therapies for diabetes treatment: EDM allows researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of new treatments on blood sugar control and other physiological processes.
2. Studying the pathophysiology of diabetes: By inducing EDM in animals, researchers can study the progression of diabetes and its effects on various organs and tissues.
3. Investigating the role of genetics in diabetes: Researchers can use EDM to study the effects of genetic mutations on diabetes development and progression.
4. Evaluating the efficacy of new diagnostic techniques: EDM allows researchers to test new methods for diagnosing diabetes and monitoring blood sugar levels.
5. Investigating the complications of diabetes: By inducing EDM in animals, researchers can study the development of complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease.

In conclusion, Experimental Diabetes Mellitus is a valuable tool for researchers studying diabetes and its complications. The technique allows for precise control over blood sugar levels and has numerous applications in testing new treatments, studying the pathophysiology of diabetes, investigating the role of genetics, evaluating new diagnostic techniques, and investigating complications.

Type 2 diabetes can be managed through a combination of diet, exercise, and medication. In some cases, lifestyle changes may be enough to control blood sugar levels, while in other cases, medication or insulin therapy may be necessary. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and follow-up with a healthcare provider are important for managing the condition and preventing complications.

Common symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:

* Increased thirst and urination
* Fatigue
* Blurred vision
* Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
* Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
* Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections

If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to a range of complications, including:

* Heart disease and stroke
* Kidney damage and failure
* Nerve damage and pain
* Eye damage and blindness
* Foot damage and amputation

The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is not known, but it is believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as:

* Obesity and excess body weight
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet and nutrition
* Age and family history
* Certain ethnicities (e.g., African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American)
* History of gestational diabetes or delivering a baby over 9 lbs.

There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but it can be managed and controlled through a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. With proper treatment and self-care, people with type 2 diabetes can lead long, healthy lives.

The definition of MOF varies depending on the context and the specific criteria used to define it. However, in general, MOF is characterized by:

1. The involvement of multiple organs: MOF affects multiple organs in the body, such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, and brain. Each organ failure can have a significant impact on the individual's overall health and survival.
2. Severe dysfunction: The dysfunction of multiple organs is severe enough to cause significant impairment in the individual's physiological functions, such as breathing, circulation, and mental status.
3. Lack of specific etiology: MOF often occurs without a specific identifiable cause, although it can be triggered by various factors such as infections, injuries, or medical conditions.
4. High mortality rate: MOF is associated with a high mortality rate, especially if left untreated or if the underlying causes are not addressed promptly.

The diagnosis of MOF requires a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying causes, supporting the failing organs, and managing symptoms. The prognosis for MOF depends on the severity of the condition, the underlying cause, and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment.

Source:

"Vasculogenic Impotence." Healthline, .

Mitochondrial diseases can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender, and they can be caused by mutations in either the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the nuclear DNA (nDNA). These mutations can be inherited from one's parents or acquired during embryonic development.

Some of the most common symptoms of mitochondrial diseases include:

1. Muscle weakness and wasting
2. Seizures
3. Cognitive impairment
4. Vision loss
5. Hearing loss
6. Heart problems
7. Neurological disorders
8. Gastrointestinal issues
9. Liver and kidney dysfunction

Some examples of mitochondrial diseases include:

1. MELAS syndrome (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes)
2. Kearns-Sayre syndrome (a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs)
3. Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), which is characterized by weakness of the extraocular muscles and vision loss
4. Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
5. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
6. Leigh syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord.
7. LHON (Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy), which is a rare form of vision loss that can lead to blindness in one or both eyes.
8. Mitochondrial DNA mutation, which can cause a wide range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and muscle weakness.
9. Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
10. Kearns-Sayre syndrome, which is a rare progressive disorder that affects the nervous system and other organs.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there are many more mitochondrial diseases and disorders that can affect individuals. Additionally, while these diseases are rare, they can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected and their families.

1. Heart Disease: High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease, which includes conditions like heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease.
2. Kidney Damage: Uncontrolled diabetes can damage the kidneys over time, leading to chronic kidney disease and potentially even kidney failure.
3. Nerve Damage: High blood sugar levels can damage the nerves in the body, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet. This is known as diabetic neuropathy.
4. Eye Problems: Diabetes can cause changes in the blood vessels of the eyes, leading to vision problems and even blindness. This is known as diabetic retinopathy.
5. Infections: People with diabetes are more prone to developing skin infections, urinary tract infections, and other types of infections due to their weakened immune system.
6. Amputations: Poor blood flow and nerve damage can lead to amputations of the feet or legs if left untreated.
7. Cognitive Decline: Diabetes has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
8. Sexual Dysfunction: Men with diabetes may experience erectile dysfunction, while women with diabetes may experience decreased sexual desire and vaginal dryness.
9. Gum Disease: People with diabetes are more prone to developing gum disease and other oral health problems due to their increased risk of infection.
10. Flu and Pneumonia: Diabetes can weaken the immune system, making it easier to catch the flu and pneumonia.

It is important for people with diabetes to manage their condition properly to prevent or delay these complications from occurring. This includes monitoring blood sugar levels regularly, taking medication as prescribed by a doctor, and following a healthy diet and exercise plan. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can also help identify any potential complications early on and prevent them from becoming more serious.

Angina pectoris is a medical condition that is characterized by recurring chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle, specifically the myocardium. It is also known as stable angina or effort angina. The symptoms of angina pectoris typically occur during physical activity or emotional stress and are relieved by rest.

The term "angina" comes from the Latin word for "strangulation," which refers to the feeling of tightness or constriction in the chest that is associated with the condition. Angina pectoris can be caused by atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This buildup can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques that can narrow the coronary arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart muscle, causing chest pain.

There are several types of angina pectoris, including:

1. Stable angina: This is the most common type of angina and is characterized by predictable and reproducible symptoms that occur during specific situations or activities, such as exercise or emotional stress.
2. Unstable angina: This type of angina is characterized by unpredictable and changing symptoms that can occur at rest or with minimal exertion. It is often a sign of a more severe underlying condition, such as a heart attack.
3. Variant angina: This type of angina occurs during physical activity, but the symptoms are not relieved by rest.
4. Prinzmetal's angina: This is a rare type of angina that occurs at rest and is characterized by a feeling of tightness or constriction in the chest.

The diagnosis of angina pectoris is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), stress test, and imaging studies. Treatment for angina pectoris usually involves lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management, as well as medications to relieve symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to treat the underlying condition causing the angina.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

Types of Cognition Disorders: There are several types of cognitive disorders that affect different aspects of cognitive functioning. Some common types include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts brain function, resulting in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes.
3. Alzheimer's Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cognitive impairment and other symptoms.
5. Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and cognition.
6. Huntington's Disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.
7. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): A group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and language.
8. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A condition that develops after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
9. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A condition characterized by memory loss and other cognitive symptoms that are more severe than normal age-related changes but not severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Causes and Risk Factors: The causes of cognition disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder, but some common risk factors include:

1. Genetics: Many cognitive disorders have a genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Age: As people age, their risk of developing cognitive disorders increases, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
4. Traumatic brain injury: A severe blow to the head or a traumatic brain injury can increase the risk of developing cognitive disorders, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can cause cognitive disorders if they damage the brain tissue.
6. Stroke or other cardiovascular conditions: A stroke or other cardiovascular conditions can cause cognitive disorders by damaging the blood vessels in the brain.
7. Chronic substance abuse: Long-term use of drugs or alcohol can damage the brain and increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
8. Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, can increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
9. Depression and anxiety: Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
10. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive disorders.

It's important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop a cognitive disorder, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop a cognitive disorder. If you have concerns about your cognitive health, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

There are several types of SVT, including:

1. Paroxysmal SVT: This type of SVT comes and goes on its own and may be triggered by certain activities or stimuli.
2. Persistent SVT: This type of SVT lasts for more than 24 hours and may require treatment to return the heart to a normal rhythm.
3. Permanent SVT: This type of SVT is ongoing and may require long-term treatment.

Symptoms of SVT may include:

* Rapid or fluttering heartbeat
* Palpitations
* Shortness of breath
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or discomfort

SVT is caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Abnormal electrical pathways in the heart
* Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
* Certain medications
* Caffeine and other stimulants
* Thyroid problems

Treatment for SVT may include:

* Medications to slow the heart rate or regulate the heart rhythm
* Cardioversion, which is a procedure that uses electrical shock to return the heart to a normal rhythm
* Catheter ablation, which is a procedure that destroys the abnormal electrical pathways in the heart
* Implantable devices such as pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of SVT, as it can lead to more serious complications such as atrial fibrillation or stroke if left untreated.

The exact cause of HCM is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some people with HCM have a family history of the condition, and it is also more common in certain populations such as athletes and individuals with a history of hypertension or diabetes.

Symptoms of HCM can vary from person to person and may include shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and chest pain. In some cases, HCM may not cause any symptoms at all and may be detected only through a physical examination or diagnostic tests such as an echocardiogram or electrocardiogram (ECG).

Treatment for HCM typically focuses on managing symptoms and reducing the risk of complications. This may include medications to reduce blood pressure, control arrhythmias, or improve heart function, as well as lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a healthy diet. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to treat HCM.

Prognosis for individuals with HCM varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of any complications. With appropriate treatment and management, many people with HCM can lead active and fulfilling lives, but it is important to receive regular monitoring and care from a healthcare provider to manage the condition effectively.

There are two main types of beta-thalassemia:

1. Beta-thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia): This is the most severe form of the condition, and it can cause serious health problems and a shortened lifespan if left untreated. Children with this condition are typically diagnosed at birth or in early childhood, and they may require regular blood transfusions and other medical interventions to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.
2. Beta-thalassemia minor (also known as thalassemia trait): This is a milder form of the condition, and it may not cause any noticeable symptoms. People with beta-thalassemia minor have one mutated copy of the HBB gene and one healthy copy, which allows them to produce some normal hemoglobin. However, they may still be at risk for complications such as anemia, fatigue, and a higher risk of infections.

The symptoms of beta-thalassemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the age of onset. Common symptoms include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Pale skin
* Shortness of breath
* Frequent infections
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Enlarged spleen

Beta-thalassemia is most commonly found in people of Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asian ancestry. It is caused by mutations in the HBB gene, which is inherited from one's parents. There is no cure for beta-thalassemia, but it can be managed with blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and other medical interventions. Bone marrow transplantation may also be a viable option for some patients.

In conclusion, beta-thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia, fatigue, and other complications. While there is no cure for the condition, it can be managed with medical interventions and bone marrow transplantation may be a viable option for some patients. Early diagnosis and management are crucial in preventing or minimizing the complications of beta-thalassemia.

A type of heart failure that occurs when the heart muscle is weakened and cannot properly relax between beats, leading to a decrease in blood flow and an increase in pressure in the veins. In diastolic heart failure, the heart's ability to fill with blood during the relaxation phase (diastole) is impaired, but the heart's contraction strength remains relatively normal.

Symptoms of diastolic heart failure may include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling in the legs and feet, and difficulty exercising. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and results from tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, or blood tests.

Treatment for diastolic heart failure often includes lifestyle modifications, such as a low-sodium diet, regular exercise, and weight loss, as well as medications to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, implantable devices such as pacemakers or cardioverter-defibrillators may be recommended.

Prognosis for diastolic heart failure is generally better than for systolic heart failure, as the heart's contraction strength remains relatively normal. However, if left untreated, diastolic heart failure can lead to complications such as heart valve problems, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure.

There are two types of heart arrest:

1. Asystole - This is when the heart stops functioning completely and there is no electrical activity in the heart.
2. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation - This is when the heart is still functioning but there is no pulse and the rhythm is abnormal.

Heart arrest can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood tests, and echocardiography. Treatment options for heart arrest include cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and medications to restore a normal heart rhythm.

In severe cases of heart arrest, the patient may require advanced life support measures such as mechanical ventilation and cardiac support devices. The prognosis for heart arrest is generally poor, especially if it is not treated promptly and effectively. However, with proper treatment and support, some patients can recover and regain normal heart function.

Types of Kidney Diseases:

1. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): A sudden and reversible loss of kidney function that can be caused by a variety of factors, such as injury, infection, or medication.
2. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A gradual and irreversible loss of kidney function that can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
3. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD): A severe and irreversible form of CKD that requires dialysis or a kidney transplant.
4. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste products.
5. Interstitial Nephritis: An inflammation of the tissue between the tubules and blood vessels in the kidneys.
6. Kidney Stone Disease: A condition where small, hard mineral deposits form in the kidneys and can cause pain, bleeding, and other complications.
7. Pyelonephritis: An infection of the kidneys that can cause inflammation, damage to the tissues, and scarring.
8. Renal Cell Carcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the cells of the kidney.
9. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): A condition where the immune system attacks the platelets and red blood cells, leading to anemia, low platelet count, and damage to the kidneys.

Symptoms of Kidney Diseases:

1. Blood in urine or hematuria
2. Proteinuria (excess protein in urine)
3. Reduced kidney function or renal insufficiency
4. Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet (edema)
5. Fatigue and weakness
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Abdominal pain
8. Frequent urination or polyuria
9. Increased thirst and drinking (polydipsia)
10. Weight loss

Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases:

1. Physical examination
2. Medical history
3. Urinalysis (test of urine)
4. Blood tests (e.g., creatinine, urea, electrolytes)
5. Imaging studies (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, ultrasound)
6. Kidney biopsy
7. Other specialized tests (e.g., 24-hour urinary protein collection, kidney function tests)

Treatment of Kidney Diseases:

1. Medications (e.g., diuretics, blood pressure medication, antibiotics)
2. Diet and lifestyle changes (e.g., low salt intake, increased water intake, physical activity)
3. Dialysis (filtering waste products from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly)
4. Kidney transplantation ( replacing a diseased kidney with a healthy one)
5. Other specialized treatments (e.g., plasmapheresis, hemodialysis)

Prevention of Kidney Diseases:

1. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
2. Monitoring blood pressure and blood sugar levels
3. Avoiding harmful substances (e.g., tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption)
4. Managing underlying medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, high blood pressure)
5. Getting regular check-ups and screenings

Early detection and treatment of kidney diseases can help prevent or slow the progression of the disease, reducing the risk of complications and improving quality of life. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of kidney diseases and seek medical attention if they are present.

There are different types of anoxia, including:

1. Cerebral anoxia: This occurs when the brain does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cognitive impairment, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
2. Pulmonary anoxia: This occurs when the lungs do not receive enough oxygen, leading to shortness of breath, coughing, and chest pain.
3. Cardiac anoxia: This occurs when the heart does not receive enough oxygen, leading to cardiac arrest and potentially death.
4. Global anoxia: This is a complete lack of oxygen to the entire body, leading to widespread tissue damage and death.

Treatment for anoxia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, pain management, and other supportive care. In severe cases, anoxia can lead to long-term disability or death.

Prevention of anoxia is important, and this includes managing underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory problems. It also involves avoiding activities that can lead to oxygen deprivation, such as scuba diving or high-altitude climbing, without proper training and equipment.

In summary, anoxia is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the body or specific tissues or organs. It can cause cell death and tissue damage, leading to serious health complications and even death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term disability or death.

There are three main types of bundle branch blocks:

1. Right bundle branch block (RBBB): This occurs when the electrical conduction bundle that carries the heart's rhythm from the right atrium to the right ventricle is damaged or diseased.
2. Left bundle branch block (LBBB): This occurs when the electrical conduction bundle that carries the heart's rhythm from the left atrium to the left ventricle is damaged or diseased.
3. Bifascicular bundle branch block: This occurs when two of the electrical conduction bundles are damaged or diseased.

Symptoms of bundle branch block may include:

* Heart palpitations
* Slow or irregular heartbeat
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or discomfort

Diagnosis of bundle branch block is typically made using an electrocardiogram (ECG) test, which measures the electrical activity of the heart. Treatment options for BBB may include medications to regulate the heartbeat, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) to help both ventricles beat together, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue.

It is important to note that bundle branch block can increase the risk of developing other cardiac conditions such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. Therefore, it is essential for individuals with BBB to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.

Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.

There are several ways to measure body weight, including:

1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.

It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.

1. Atherosclerosis: A condition in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden. This can lead to heart disease, heart attack, or stroke.
2. Hypertension: High blood pressure that can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other conditions.
3. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): A condition in which the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain, cramping, and weakness in the affected limbs.
4. Raynaud's phenomenon: A condition that causes blood vessels in the hands and feet to constrict in response to cold temperatures or stress, leading to discoloration, numbness, and tissue damage.
5. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A condition in which a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the legs, often caused by immobility or injury.
6. Varicose veins: Enlarged, twisted veins that can cause pain, swelling, and cosmetic concerns.
7. Angioplasty: A medical procedure in which a balloon is used to open up narrowed blood vessels, often performed to treat peripheral artery disease or blockages in the legs.
8. Stenting: A medical procedure in which a small mesh tube is placed inside a blood vessel to keep it open and improve blood flow.
9. Carotid endarterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove plaque from the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, to reduce the risk of stroke.
10. Bypass surgery: A surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel is used to bypass a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, often performed to treat coronary artery disease or peripheral artery disease.

Overall, vascular diseases can have a significant impact on quality of life and can increase the risk of serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, and amputation. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

A condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their function over time, leading to the accumulation of waste products in the body. Also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Prevalence:

Chronic kidney failure affects approximately 20 million people worldwide and is a major public health concern. In the United States, it is estimated that 1 in 5 adults has CKD, with African Americans being disproportionately affected.

Causes:

The causes of chronic kidney failure are numerous and include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time.
2. Hypertension: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys.
3. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
4. Interstitial nephritis: Inflammation of the tissue between the kidney tubules.
5. Pyelonephritis: Infection of the kidneys, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
6. Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder that causes cysts to grow on the kidneys.
7. Obesity: Excess weight can increase blood pressure and strain on the kidneys.
8. Family history: A family history of kidney disease increases the risk of developing chronic kidney failure.

Symptoms:

Early stages of chronic kidney failure may not cause any symptoms, but as the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

1. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak.
2. Swelling: In the legs, ankles, and feet.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Due to the buildup of waste products in the body.
4. Poor appetite: Loss of interest in food.
5. Difficulty concentrating: Cognitive impairment due to the buildup of waste products in the brain.
6. Shortness of breath: Due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
7. Pain: In the back, flank, or abdomen.
8. Urination changes: Decreased urine production, dark-colored urine, or blood in the urine.
9. Heart problems: Chronic kidney failure can increase the risk of heart disease and heart attack.

Diagnosis:

Chronic kidney failure is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include:

1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine: Waste products in the blood that increase with decreased kidney function.
2. Electrolyte levels: Imbalances in electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus can indicate kidney dysfunction.
3. Kidney function tests: Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to determine the level of kidney function.
4. Urinalysis: Examination of urine for protein, blood, or white blood cells.

Imaging studies may include:

1. Ultrasound: To assess the size and shape of the kidneys, detect any blockages, and identify any other abnormalities.
2. Computed tomography (CT) scan: To provide detailed images of the kidneys and detect any obstructions or abscesses.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To evaluate the kidneys and detect any damage or scarring.

Treatment:

Treatment for chronic kidney failure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease. The goals of treatment are to slow progression of the disease, manage symptoms, and improve quality of life. Treatment may include:

1. Medications: To control high blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, reduce proteinuria, and manage anemia.
2. Diet: A healthy diet that limits protein intake, controls salt and water intake, and emphasizes low-fat dairy products, fruits, and vegetables.
3. Fluid management: Monitoring and control of fluid intake to prevent fluid buildup in the body.
4. Dialysis: A machine that filters waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to do so.
5. Transplantation: A kidney transplant may be considered for some patients with advanced chronic kidney failure.

Complications:

Chronic kidney failure can lead to several complications, including:

1. Heart disease: High blood pressure and anemia can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Anemia: A decrease in red blood cells can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
3. Bone disease: A disorder that can lead to bone pain, weakness, and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Electrolyte imbalance: Imbalances of electrolytes such as potassium, phosphorus, and sodium can cause muscle weakness, heart arrhythmias, and other complications.
5. Infections: A decrease in immune function can increase the risk of infections.
6. Nutritional deficiencies: Poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting can lead to malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies.
7. Cardiovascular disease: High blood pressure, anemia, and other complications can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
8. Pain: Chronic kidney failure can cause pain, particularly in the back, flank, and abdomen.
9. Sleep disorders: Insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome are common complications.
10. Depression and anxiety: The emotional burden of chronic kidney failure can lead to depression and anxiety.

Word origin: Greek "anginos" meaning "pain in the neck".

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

1. Aneurysms: A bulge or ballooning in the wall of the aorta that can lead to rupture and life-threatening bleeding.
2. Atherosclerosis: The buildup of plaque in the inner lining of the aorta, which can narrow the artery and restrict blood flow.
3. Dissections: A tear in the inner layer of the aortic wall that can cause bleeding and lead to an aneurysm.
4. Thoracic aortic disease: Conditions that affect the thoracic portion of the aorta, such as atherosclerosis or dissections.
5. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: Enlargement of the abdominal aorta that can lead to rupture and life-threatening bleeding.
6. Aortic stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve, which can impede blood flow from the heart into the aorta.
7. Aortic regurgitation: Backflow of blood from the aorta into the heart due to a faulty aortic valve.
8. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the body's connective tissue, including the aorta.
9. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A group of genetic disorders that affect the body's connective tissue, including the aorta.
10. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects females and can cause aortic diseases.

Aortic diseases can be diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include medication, surgery, or endovascular procedures.

There are several types of thrombosis, including:

1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A clot forms in the deep veins of the legs, which can cause swelling, pain, and skin discoloration.
2. Pulmonary embolism (PE): A clot breaks loose from another location in the body and travels to the lungs, where it can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing up blood.
3. Cerebral thrombosis: A clot forms in the brain, which can cause stroke or mini-stroke symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking.
4. Coronary thrombosis: A clot forms in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack.
5. Renal thrombosis: A clot forms in the kidneys, which can cause kidney damage or failure.

The symptoms of thrombosis can vary depending on the location and size of the clot. Some common symptoms include:

1. Swelling or redness in the affected limb
2. Pain or tenderness in the affected area
3. Warmth or discoloration of the skin
4. Shortness of breath or chest pain if the clot has traveled to the lungs
5. Weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking if the clot has formed in the brain
6. Rapid heart rate or irregular heartbeat
7. Feeling of anxiety or panic

Treatment for thrombosis usually involves medications to dissolve the clot and prevent new ones from forming. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the clot or repair the damaged blood vessel. Prevention measures include maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, avoiding long periods of immobility, and managing chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

"Pathophysiology of Chronic Left Ventricular Dysfunction , Circulation". Circulation. 93 (4): 737-744. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.93.4. ... surgery for patients with poor left ventricular function and the effects of social deprivation on cardiac surgical outcomes. He ...
Braunwald E (1982). "The stunned myocardium: prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 66 (6): 1146-1149. ... Myocardial stunning or transient post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction is a state of mechanical cardiac dysfunction that can ... The area of dysfunction should also maintain normal perfusion, detected via Positron Emission Tomography, echocardiography with ... Some evidence supports the use of inotropic drugs in the case of severe myocardial dysfunction. Results from canine ...
Dyke D, Koelling T (2008). "Heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction". In Eagle KA, Baliga RR (eds.). ... It is being studied for a potential role in the treatment of left ventricular systolic heart failure. Systolic heart failure ... Thus, the overall clinical result of omecamtiv mecarbil is an increase in left ventricular systolic ejection time and ejection ... leading to left ventricular hypertrophy, another characteristic of chronic heart failure. Current inotropic therapies work by ...
Dimensions Left ventricular systolic dysfunction; see Heart failure#Systolic dysfunction Ligonier Valley School District in ... LVSD may refer to: Left Ventricular end-systolic Dimension; see Ventricle (heart)# ...
Nyui N, Yamanaka O, Nakayama R, Sawano M, Kawai S (2000). "'Tako-Tsubo' transient ventricular dysfunction: a case report". ... 2002). "Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction with ST-segment elevation: a novel cardiac syndrome mimicking acute ... Mid-ventricular obstruction, apical stunning: It has been suggested that a mid-ventricular wall thickening with outflow ... The theory of vasospasm is not easily separated from that of microvascular dysfunction and in fact, microvascular dysfunction ...
Priori SG, Chen SR (April 2011). "Inherited dysfunction of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling and arrhythmogenesis". ... The ventricular tachycardia may take a characteristic form known as bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. This form of ... and classically take the form of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Those affected may be ... abnormal heart rhythms such as bidirectional ventricular tachycardia or frequent polymorphic ventricular ectopic beats may be ...
August 1993). "Activation of neurohumoral systems in postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction". Journal of the American ...
... progressive right ventricular dysfunction, progressive tricuspid valve regurgitation, right ventricular systolic pressure above ... PPVI can be used to repair congenital defects in the pulmonary valve or right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction, such as ... "Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation for right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction". NICE. NICE. Retrieved 25 March 2019 ... Ventricular function and size are assessed with an echocardiogram. The right ventricle and the anatomy of the outflow tract, ...
"Left ventricular systolic dysfunction precipitated by verapamil in cardiac amyloidosis". Chest. 104 (2): 618-620. doi:10.1378/ ... Patients will demonstrate normal systolic function, diastolic dysfunction, and a restrictive filling pattern. 2-dimensional and ... In time, restrictive cardiomyopathy patients develop diastolic dysfunction and eventually heart failure. Diagnosis is typically ... from restrictive cardiomyopathy will usually eventually have to be treated by cardiac transplantation or left ventricular ...
Echocardiography can look for ventricular dysfunction, effusions, or valve dysfunction. Measurement of the vena cava during the ... This is due to the right ventricular stress and ischemia that can occur in PE. Other symptoms are syncope and hemoptysis. DVT ... A submassive PE causes right heart dysfunction without hypotension. A pericardial effusion is fluid in the pericardial sac. ...
Ventricular arrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Bradyarrhythmias are due to sinus node ... dysfunction or atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Arrhythmias are due to problems with the electrical conduction system ... Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Ventricular ... Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia is the most common type of ventricular tachycardia in otherwise healthy individuals ...
There is also activation of cAMP and an increase in intracellular Ca2+ which leads to contractile dysfunction and fibrosis. ... which is termed right ventricular failure. This right ventricular failure is the main complication of right ventricular ... Right ventricular hypertrophy is the intermediate stage between increased right ventricular pressure (in the early stages) and ... Right ventricular hypertrophy in itself has no (pharmacological) treatment. Since the main causes of right ventricular ...
... left ventricular dysfunction is associated with increased mortality". European Journal of Endocrinology. 154 (4): 533-536. doi: ... 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines for the Management of Amiodarone-Associated Thyroid Dysfunction, Eur Thyroid ...
In diastolic dysfunction, the end-diastolic ventricular pressure will be high. This increase in volume or pressure backs up to ... Diastolic dysfunction can be caused by processes similar to those that cause systolic dysfunction, particularly causes that ... early-to-atrial left ventricular filling ratio), the E (early left ventricular filling) deceleration time, and the isovolumic ... The failure of ventricular relaxation also results in elevated end-diastolic pressures, and the end result is identical to the ...
Knorr, Andreas M. (1995). "Why is nisoldipine a specific agent in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction?". The American Journal ...
"A noninvasive scintiphotographic method for detecting regional ventricular dysfunction in man."". New England Journal of ... "A scintiphotographic method for measuring left ventricular ejection fraction in man without cardiac catheterization". The ...
McConnell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, Come PC, Goldhaber SZ, Lee RT (August 1996). "Regional right ventricular dysfunction ... specificity for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in the setting of right ventricular dysfunction. Ultrasound of the ... In massive and submassive PE, dysfunction of the right side of the heart may be seen on echocardiography, an indication that ... These include hypotension, cardiogenic shock, syncope, evidence of right heart dysfunction, and elevated cardiac enzymes. Some ...
... (also right ventricular strain or RV strain) is a medical finding of right ventricular dysfunction where the ... Right Ventricular Strain ECG Library Right Ventricular Strain & Failure Video by Vanderbilt Emergency Medicine McConnell sign ... "Transthoracic echocardiography in the evaluation of pediatric pulmonary hypertension and ventricular dysfunction". Pulmonary ...
Gatasko, Gavin I; Senior, Roxy; Lahiri, Avijit (2002). "A simple model to predict left ventricular systolic dysfunction in a ... "What is the most cost-effective strategy to screen for left ventricular systolic dysfunction: Natriuretic peptides, the ...
Cardiac involvement usually presents with evidence of left ventricular dysfunction and ECG changes; it occurs more often in ... Dysfunction of the kidney and liver are also suggested to promote this disorder in response to other drugs due to the ... or other organ dysfunctions. DRESS syndrome is one of several terms that have been used to describe a severe idiosyncratic ... and motor dysfunction due to meningitis or encephalitis. Rare manifestations of the disorder include inflammation of the ...
Co-occurring tricuspid regurgitation or right ventricular dysfunction can cause hepatomegaly to develop. The majority of HLHS ... Outflow tract obstruction leads to left ventricular hypertrophy and reduction in the left ventricular lumen. One example of ... On EKG, right axis deviation and right ventricular hypertrophy are common, but not indicative of HLHS. Chest x-ray may show a ... These primary defects can be divided into those that lead to outflow tract obstruction or reduced left ventricular filling. ...
"Rapid cooling preserves the ischaemic myocardium against mitochondrial damage and left ventricular dysfunction". Cardiovasc. ...
Van der Wall EE, Bax JJ (August 2000). "Different imaging approaches in the assessment of left ventricular dysfunction: all ... Folse R, Braunwald E (April 1962). "Determination of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular ... "Left ventricular ejection fraction: are the revised cut-off points for defining systolic dysfunction sufficiently evidence ... The EF of the right heart, or right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), is a measure of the efficiency of pumping into the ...
The bronchoconstriction is also caused by left ventricular dysfunction, caused by the SRTXs. Left ventricular relaxation is ... This peribronchial edema is likely caused by impairment of left ventricular relaxation, elevating microvascular hydrostatic ...
Myocardial imaging usually demonstrates left ventricular dilation, severe ventricular dysfunction, and multiple infarctions. ... A 2004 study showed the patients in that study who underwent ventricular restoration as well as a coronary artery bypass ... "Results of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting by a Single Surgeon Patients With Left Ventricular Ejection Fractions ≤30%". The ... "Coronary artery bypass with ventricular restoration is superior to coronary artery bypass alone in people with ischemic ...
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of ventricular shunt dysfunction: radiology reports and ventricular size. Pediatrics, 1998. 101: p. ... Emergency department evaluation of ventricular shunt malfunction: is the shunt series really necessary? Pediatr. Emerg. Care 23 ...
"Pirfenidone mitigates left ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction after myocardial infarction and reduces arrhythmias". Heart ...
"Desmosomal dysfunction due to mutations in desmoplakin causes arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy". ... Awad MM, Calkins H, Judge DP (May 2008). "Mechanisms of disease: molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular ... Mutations in desmoplakin have been shown to play a role in dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular ... GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant OMIM entries on ...
... in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction". New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (14): 1309-21 ... Ventricular remodeling may include ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular dilation, cardiomegaly, and other changes. It is an ... contributing to ventricular dilatation or ventricular hypertrophy, depending on the loading stress on the ventricular wall. ... Ventricular+remodeling at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Yu, Cheuk-Man; Bleeker, Gabe B.; ...
... is used to treat hypertension, symptomatic heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. ACE- ...
... ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in ... "Ubiquitin proteasome dysfunction in human hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 121 (8): 997-1004. doi: ...
These lesions are concentrated around the basal ganglia, peri-ventricular white matter, and the pons, and are similar to those ... Peters, N (August 2008). "Enhanced L-arginine-induced vasoreactivity suggests endothelial dysfunction in CADASIL". Journal of ...
Point-Counterpoint: Left ventricular volume during diastasis IS/IS NOT the physiologic in-vivo equilibrium volume and IS/IS NOT ... model-based derivation with in-vivo validation in control and diastolic dysfunction subjects. J. Appl. Physiology, 2006;101: 92 ... Point:Left ventricular volume during diastasis is the physiological in vivo equilibrium volume and is related to diastolic ... The Effects of Caloric Restriction- and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function. American Journal ...
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathic lentiginosis Cardiomyopathy cataract hip spine disease ... bronchitis Chronic demyelinizing neuropathy with IgM monoclonal Chronic erosive gastritis Chronic fatigue immune dysfunction ...
Congenital defects such as a thinned atrial septum, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, dysplastic kidney and ... Metabolic screening confirmed mitochondrial dysfunction and O-glycosylation defects in individuals with ZTTK syndrome. ...
In 10-15% of people, Lyme causes myocardial complications such as cardiomegaly, left ventricular dysfunction, or congestive ... while echocardiography may show myocardial dysfunction. Biopsy and confirmation of Borrelia cells in myocardial tissue may be ...
... and ventricular hypertrophy. Kyphoscoliosis may worsen over time and contribute to these pathologies. The prevalence of CLS is ... progression of reduced cardiac functioning over time may necessitate surgical procedures to counteract mitral valve dysfunction ...
... ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in ... "Ubiquitin proteasome dysfunction in human hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 121 (8): 997-1004. doi: ...
... characterized by concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (50% of patients) and a high rate of LV dysfunction (20%). This ...
Those with diuretic resistance, cardiorenal syndrome, and severe right ventricular dysfunction may have better response to ...
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS): Caused by an elevated inflammatory response, multiple organ dysfunction is a severe ... Buchbinder NA, Yu R, Rosenbloom BE, Sherman CT, Silberman AW (December 2009). "Left ventricular thrombus and embolic stroke ... Marshall JC (2001). "The multiple organ dysfunction syndrome". In Holzheimer RG, Mannick JA (eds.). Surgical Treatment: ...
The mechanism is of functional importance because it serves to adapt left ventricular output to right ventricular output. If ... Diastolic dysfunction is associated with a reduced compliance, or increased stiffness, of the ventricle wall. This reduced ... Premature ventricular contraction causes early emptying of the left ventricle (LV) into the aorta. Since the next ventricular ... Due to the Frank-Starling mechanism, the next ventricular contraction is more forceful, leading to the ejection of the larger ...
Left ventricular hypertrophy and endothelial dysfunction in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis, 41(3), 616-23, 2003 ... Serum Fetuin-A Concentration and Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephron Clin Pract, 2008 Fouque, D, ...
This reference is cited in a 2006 work, in giving a history of minimal brain dysfunction saying: "It was also noted that ... Silverton, Leigh; Finello; Schulsinger; Mednick (1984). "Low birth weight and ventricular enlargement in a high-risk sample". ... Although most studies have interpreted hypoxia as causing some form of neuronal dysfunction or even subtle damage, it has been ... 2000). "Childhood neuromotor dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: a prospective cohort study". ...
This hemorrhage rarely extends into the ventricular system. Nontraumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage most commonly results from ... leading to neurological dysfunction. Substantial displacement of brain parenchyma may cause elevation of intracranial pressure ... but it also may be due to autoregulatory dysfunction with excessive cerebral blood flow e.g.: - reperfusion injury - ...
Carpentier on structural dysfunction of the valve which carries his name would have been useful, but a search through the ... 3. For the manufacturing of cardiac ventricular chambers in an experimental artificial heart under testing in a French ... its shape was anatomically contoured into two different configurations to better fit in the aortic and the atrio-ventricular ...
Schulze-Bahr E, Neu A, Friederich P, Kaupp UB, Breithardt G, Pongs O, Isbrandt D (May 2003). "Pacemaker channel dysfunction in ... "Functional comparison of HCN isoforms expressed in ventricular and HEK 293 cells". Pflügers Archiv. 444 (5): 597-601. doi: ... Schulze-Bahr E, Neu A, Friederich P, Kaupp UB, Breithardt G, Pongs O, Isbrandt D (May 2003). "Pacemaker channel dysfunction in ...
On an ECG, the QRS complex will be abnormally shaped when looking at ventricular ectopic activity, often it occurs earlier with ... such as sinus venosus and atrial defects SA node dysfunction (1st degree block) which can cause the rate of impulse to slow SA ... The pacemaker that is operating in the ventricles is known as the ventricular. Other such ectopic pacemakers can even lie ... bradycardia or ventricular fibrillation. In a normal heart beat rhythm, the SA node usually suppresses the ectopic pacemaker ...
The ICD is the first-line treatment and prophylactic therapy for patients at risk for sudden cardiac death due to ventricular ... who are at least 40 days post-MI and are in NYHA Functional Class II or III With LV dysfunction due to prior MI who are at ... Similarly, ICD use in primary prevention is to prevent cardiac death in patients who are at risk for sustained ventricular ... refers to survivors of cardiac arrest secondary to ventricular fibrillation or hemodynamically unstable sustained ventricular ...
... ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure. Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in ... "Ubiquitin proteasome dysfunction in human hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 121 (8): 997-1004. doi: ...
These are typically a form of ventricular tachycardia known as Torsades de pointes which can cause faints, seizures, or even ... March 2018). "Mechanisms of KCNQ1 channel dysfunction in long QT syndrome involving voltage sensor domain mutations". Science ... Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European ... The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the ...
A number of bleeding disorders have been associated with Noonan syndrome, these include platelet dysfunction, Blood clotting ... This includes pulmonary valvular stenosis (50-60%), atrial septal defects (10-25%), ventricular septal defects (5-20%) and ...
Arthrogryposis-renal dysfunction-cholestasis syndrome Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis-Bar syndrome) Atrichia with papular lesions ... diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy of Naxos, Naxos disease) ... Immune dysfunction-polyendocrinopathy-enteropathy-X-linked syndrome Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome Johanson-Blizzard syndrome ... Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused by T-cell or B-cell dysfunction. Bare lymphocyte ...
IL-6 and transforming growth factor-alpha levels are elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in juvenile parkinsonism and ... These diseases are characterized by chronic and progressive neuronal dysfunction, sometimes leading to behavioral abnormalities ...
Ventricular system a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain which bathes and cushions the brain ... Research suggests that confabulation is associated with dysfunction of cognitive processes that control the retrieval from long ... The brain roughly floats on top of the ventricular system, a shock absorbing area filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which ... Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment - (also known as chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction, chemo brain, or chemo fog) ...
The atrial and ventricular muscle tissue do not have this capability. Originally, it was believed that the atria had different ... For elderly individuals, the rhythm may be caused by sinus node dysfunction. This is where the heart's pacemaker, the SA node, ... In the setting of suspected sinus node dysfunction manifesting as wandering atrial pacemaker, evaluation for pacemaker ...
The re-entry phenomenon may cause rapid heart rates (ventricular tachycardia and even ventricular fibrillation), and ischemia ... If one of the heart valves is affected, this may cause dysfunction, such as mitral regurgitation in the case of left-sided ... However, these cells are directly involved in the weakening of the tissue, leading to complications such as a ventricular free ... Collagen is not as strong or compliant as the myocardium that it replaced, this instability could lead to a ventricular ...
... implication for detecting subclinical myocardial dysfunction using exercise tissue Doppler echocardiography ... Abnormal left ventricular longitudinal functional reserve in patients with diabetes mellitus: implication for detecting ... Abnormal left ventricular longitudinal functional reserve in patients with diabetes mellitus: ...
LMCA disease could be associated with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, which is subsequently related with increased mortality ... left ventricular dysfunction. There was a significant interaction between the severity of LV dysfunction and the relative ... Comparing Revascularization Outcomes by Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients With Left Main Coronary Artery Disease. Oct 26 ... LMCA disease could be associated with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, which is subsequently related with increased mortality ...
Hypertension, obesity, and old age are major risk factors for left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), but easily ... observations guiding clinical application of a urinary peptidomic marker of diastolic left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of ... observations guiding clinical application of a urinary peptidomic marker of diastolic left ventricular dysfunction ...
Inclusion Criteria: Includes only relevant concepts associated with a diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. ... This value set contains concepts that represent a diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Data Element Scope: This ... Clinical Focus: This value set contains concepts that represent a diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction.. Data ... Constrained to codes in the Diagnosis: Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction value set (2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1091). ...
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is a recognized complication of diabetes mellitus which precedes and is a risk ... Ratnaparkhe, V. and A.J.T.J.o.t.A.o.P.o.I. Bhangale, Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Primary Hypertension and its ... Dodiyi-Manuel, S.T., M.R. Akpa, and O.J. Odia, Left ventricular dysfunction in normotensive type II diabetic patients in Port ... Background: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is a recognized complication of diabetes mellitus which precedes and ...
Detection of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction From Electrocardiographic Images. Detection of Left Ventricular Systolic ... Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is associated with a >8-fold increased risk of heart failure and a 2-fold risk of ... artificial intelligence; biomedical technology; electrocardiography; heart failure; machine learning; ventricular dysfunction, ... An ECG suggestive of LV systolic dysfunction portended a >27-fold higher odds of LV systolic dysfunction on transthoracic ...
Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. In clinically stable asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction ( ... Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction. In the trial that demonstrated efficacy, patients were started on 2.5 mg twice daily ... Urogenital: Renal failure, oliguria, renal dysfunction (see PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION), flank pain, ... SOLVD-Prevention patients, who had left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% and no history of symptomatic heart failure, were ...
Three dimensional echocardiograhy navigation of mitral valve in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and functional ... Active acromegaly is associated with enhanced left ventricular contractility - A three-dimensional speckle-tracking ...
Right ventricular dysfunction in human fetal compromise. In: American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1989 ; Vol. 161, No ... Right ventricular dysfunction in human fetal compromise. / Räsänen, Juha; Kirkinen, Pertti; Jouppila, Pentti. In: American ... title = "Right ventricular dysfunction in human fetal compromise",. abstract = "Fetal M-mode echocardiography was performed in ... Räsänen J, Kirkinen P, Jouppila P. Right ventricular dysfunction in human fetal compromise. American journal of obstetrics and ...
Very low calorie diets are associated with transient ventricular impairment before reversal of diastolic dysfunction in obesity ... Very low calorie diets are associated with transient ventricular impairment before reversal of diastolic dysfunction in obesity ...
ACEI or ARB Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction-HF Patients INACTIVE REVIEW: This measure review is older than ... Heart Failure: Beta-Blocker Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older ... for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD) Prescribed at Discharge INACTIVE REVIEW: This measure review is older than ... Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Percentage of patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of heart ...
Asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. No new safety issues were identified.. No regulatory actions required at this time. ...
Left ventricular global longitudinal strain imaging in identifying subclinical myocardial dysfunction among covid-19 survivors ... Left ventricular global longitudinal strain imaging in identifying subclinical myocardial dysfunction among covid-19 survivors ... We observed LV dysfunction in 7(19.5%) patients who had severe Covid-19 while mild to moderate LV dysfunction observed in 29( ... we analysed the severity of Left ventricular(LV) dysfunction in Covid-19 survivors. A total of 100 consecutive patients of ...
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left* ...
by serious but transient local still left ventricular systolic dysfunction.. Introduction. by serious but transient local still ... left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Fast evaluation from the coronary status is certainly obligatory therefore. The ... can be an acute cardiac symptoms of unidentified etiology seen as a serious but transient systolic dysfunction from the apical ... 9 10 Several studies showed that left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) might be present in up to 25% of patients ...
LVD, left ventricular dysfunction; PE, pericardial effusion; unk, unknown.. Main Article. Page created: November 16, 2017 ...
Among patients who present with more advanced left ventricular dysfunction; 50% of patients develop chronic ventricular ... The prognosis in patients with new onset heart failure depends on the degree of ventricular dysfunction.[1][14] ... Patients presenting with mild ventricular dysfunction secondary to viral myocarditis typically improve within weeks to months ... However, approximately 25% of patients develop chronic ventricular dysfunction and 25% of patients will continue to deteriorate ...
In this article entitled, "Association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in type ... Letter: Association between Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes ... Letter: Association between Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes ... Association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ...
Ventricular Arrhythmia. *Sinus Node Dysfunction. *not applicable. *Arrhythmias. *Preexcitation Syndrome. *Tachyarrhythmia. * ...
Both left and right ventricular dysfunction were detected. Left ventricular dysfunction was significantly associated with ...
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2007; 297 ... The SOLVE CRT (Stimulation of the Left Ventricular Endocardium for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) clinical study is a ...
Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al: Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction ... Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Visentin P, et al: Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary ... Iwashima Y, Horio T, Kuroda S, Takishita S, Kawano Y : Influence of plasma aldosterone on left ventricular geometry and ... reduces oxidant stress-mediated renal dysfunction and injury in the rat. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 658-673. ...
Ventricular Dysfunction (1029) * Ventricular Outflow Obstruction (11) * Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular (1) * Vascular ...
3. Left ventricular dysfunction 4. Acute corpulmonale 5. Cardiomyopathy (dilated, hypertrophic, or non-idiopathic) 6. ... Significant renal or hepatic dysfunction 7. Disabling stroke 8. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus with a history of diabetic ...
Goldbergers Triad in Dilated Cardiomyopathy-Can it Predict the Severity of Left Ventricular Dysfunction?. R S Tan, K W Lau, Z ... Non-compaction of ventricular myocardium is a rare morphogenic arrest of compaction of the ventricular myocardial fibres during ... Two Case Reports on Incessant Left Ventricular Tachycardia: Curative Therapy with Radiofrequency Ablation. C S Tan, L F Hsu, R ... Left ventricular tachycardia is a recognisable condition in patients with otherwise structurally normal heart. It may arise ...
Cardiac troponin I elevation in acute pulmonary embolism is associated with right ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. ... Pulmonary embolism: CT signs and cardiac biomarkers for predicting right ventricular dysfunction. Eur Respir J. 2012 Apr. 39(4 ... increases the right ventricular afterload. If the afterload is increased severely, right ventricular failure may ensue. In ... Right Ventricular Dilatation on Bedside Echocardiography Performed by Emergency Physicians Aids in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary ...
Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Early Sepsis and Septic Shock.. Chest. 2020 Oct 14. pii: S0012-3692(20)34900-X. doi: 10.1016/j ...
Diabetes mellitus, a predictor of morbidity and mortality in the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) trials and ... Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. ... A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction ... Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669-77. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209033271001. ...
  • This value set contains concepts that represent a diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. (healthit.gov)
  • Includes only relevant concepts associated with a diagnosis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. (healthit.gov)
  • Detection of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction From Electrocardiographic Images. (bvsalud.org)
  • Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is associated with a >8-fold increased risk of heart failure and a 2-fold risk of premature death . (bvsalud.org)
  • The use of ECG signals in screening for LV systolic dysfunction is limited by their availability to clinicians. (bvsalud.org)
  • We developed a novel deep learning -based approach that can use ECG images for the screening of LV systolic dysfunction . (bvsalud.org)
  • An ECG suggestive of LV systolic dysfunction portended a >27-fold higher odds of LV systolic dysfunction on transthoracic echocardiogram ( odds ratio , 27.5 [95% CI, 22.3-33.9] in the held-out set). (bvsalud.org)
  • by serious but transient local still left ventricular systolic dysfunction. (academicediting.org)
  • Antimyosin autoantibodies are associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and diastolic stiffness in patients with chronic myocarditis . (wikidoc.org)
  • No improvements in risk stratification were seen with patients with left or right ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD or RVSD) alone, according to an article published in the journal Chest . (medscape.com)
  • Ventricular systolic dysfunction is commonly seen in patients who have suffered cardiac shock, most often on the left side. (medscape.com)
  • They defined LVSD as a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40%, and RVSD as at least moderate systolic dysfunction determined by semi-quantitative measurement. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical interest in HF has traditionally focused on left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction [ 5 ]. (e-dmj.org)
  • Diastolic dysfunction may represent an early stage in the development of heart failure (HF). (lu.se)
  • Here we evaluated the hemodynamic effects of impaired diastolic function in subjects with and without HF, testing the hypothesis that left ventricular KE differs between controls, subjects with subclinical diastolic dysfunction (SDD), and HF patients. (lu.se)
  • Here we evaluated the hemodynamic effects of impaired diastolic function in subjects with and without HF, testing the hypothesis that left ventricular KE differs between controls, subjects with subclinical diastolic dysfunction (SDD), and HF patients.METHODS: We studied 77 subjects (16 controls, 20 subjects with SDD, 16 HFpEF, 9 HFmrEF, and 16 HFrEF patients, age- and sex-matched at the group level). (lu.se)
  • Hypertension, obesity, and old age are major risk factors for left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), but easily applicable screening tools for people at risk are lacking. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Association of Body Mass Index with Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Among Ambulatory Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study. (researchsquare.com)
  • Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is a recognized complication of diabetes mellitus which precedes and is a risk factor for heart failure. (researchsquare.com)
  • LVDD was prevalent at 86% and majority, 127(65.13%) had grade-1 diastolic dysfunction. (researchsquare.com)
  • The right ventricular fractional shortening of these fetuses was decreased and the ratio of the right/left ventricular end-diastolic diameters was increased. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In this article entitled, "Association between non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus," Lee et al. (e-dmj.org)
  • 6 ] investigated the association between liver fibrosis and LV diastolic dysfunction in T2DM. (e-dmj.org)
  • They showed that LV diastolic dysfunction was significantly more prevalent in the NAFLD compared to the non-NAFLD group, and liver fibrosis was associated with LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with T2DM. (e-dmj.org)
  • These findings are consistent with previous reports that have shown an association between diastolic dysfunction and NAFLD characterized by impaired ventricular relaxation, increased myocardial thickness, and epicardial fat content [ 7 8 9 ]. (e-dmj.org)
  • First, liver fibrosis was associated with diastolic dysfunction only in patients without insulin resistance. (e-dmj.org)
  • Because NAFLD and diastolic dysfunction share multiple metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases [ 11 ], several studies have suggested that NAFLD is associated with LV diastolic dysfunction [ 7 12 ]. (e-dmj.org)
  • Further studies are also needed to better understand the mechanisms by which diastolic dysfunction progresses with progression of NASH. (e-dmj.org)
  • Sato A, Hayashi M, Saruta T : Relative long-term effects of spironolactone in conjunction with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. (nature.com)
  • Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • We studied 1518 patients with symptomatic congestive heart failure and severe left ventricular dysfunction at 34 Danish hospitals. (nih.gov)
  • Lastly, a registry of 6,336 patients with congestive heart failure of LV dysfunction was designed to describe the clinical course of an unselected group of patients. (nih.gov)
  • Complications of myocarditis include chronic dilated cardiomyopathy , heart block , congestive heart failure , pericarditis , ventricular dysfunction , arrythmias , and sudden cardiac death . (wikidoc.org)
  • In addition, patients at selected sites were entered into substudies to evaluate the effect of enalapril on a number of intermediate outcomes such as right and left ventricular function and hemodynamics, LV mass and wall stress, hormones, arrhythmias, exercise capacity, and quality of life in subsets of patients. (nih.gov)
  • When ventricular pacing is less than 40%, for each 10% increase in ventricular pacing there is a 54% relative increase in risk for heart failure hospitalization. (medtronic.com)
  • There is no integrative approach to evaluate the risk of progression from MVP to DMR and myocardial dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • Conclusion: In conclusion our study demonstrates that myocardial dysfunction is common in covid-19 regardless of disease severity. (who.int)
  • However, if often causes disease of the myocardium, such as heart failure, linked to the severity of DMR, and ventricular or atrial dysfunction or arrhythmia. (nih.gov)
  • Importantly, current management guidelines do not recommend routine monitoring for ventricular arrhythmia, define criteria for clinical and imaging follow-up, or provide indications for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention in MVP. (nih.gov)
  • Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. (medtronic.com)
  • The prognosis in patients with new onset heart failure depends on the degree of ventricular dysfunction . (wikidoc.org)
  • Addition of echocardiogram measurement of biventricular dysfunction improved the accuracy of prognosis among patients with cardiac shock (CS) in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). (medscape.com)
  • For patients with moderate or severe LV dysfunction, CABG should be considered as the first choice of revascularization strategy, if the surgical risk is acceptable. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • With the study subject to potential biases due to inherent methodologic limitations of a nonrandomized, observational study and the small proportion of patients with moderate or severe LV dysfunction potentially limiting the precision of the treatment effect in these groups, Dr. Park suggests that the findings-especially those of patients with severe LV dysfunction-be confirmed through further larger, clinical trials. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Additionally, the selective or routine use and its protective role of mechanical circulatory support for high-risk PCI in patients with LMCA disease and severe LV dysfunction should be addressed through further clinical research. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • These findings reveal that relative right ventricular heart dysfunction is associated with severe intrauterine distress. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We observed LV dysfunction in 7(19.5%) patients who had severe Covid-19 while mild to moderate LV dysfunction observed in 29(80.5%) non critical patients. (who.int)
  • Patients presenting with mild ventricular dysfunction secondary to viral myocarditis typically improve within weeks to months and rarely progress to severe ventricular dysfunction , heart block , arrhythmias , or even sudden cardiac death . (wikidoc.org)
  • In patients in the CICU with cardiac shock, biventricular dysfunction (BVD) as assessed using transthoracic echocardiography improves clinical risk stratification when combined with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) shock stage. (medscape.com)
  • Still, "the authors make a convincing case that biventricular dysfunction is a powerful negative marker across the spectrum of SCAI stages," said Baran. (medscape.com)
  • For a study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology , Dr. Park and colleagues sought to evaluate the relative treatment effect of revascularization strategy (CABG vs PCI) according to the severity of LV dysfunction in patients with LMCA disease. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Minimizing ventricular pacing to reduce atrial fibrillation in sinus-node disease. (medtronic.com)
  • Gillis AM et al, Reduction of unnecessary right ventricular pacing due to the managed ventricular pacing (MVP) mode in patients with symptomatic bradycardia: benefit for both sinus node disease and AV block indications. (medtronic.com)
  • The left ventricular size and myocardial contractility did not differ from normal pregnancy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Since lower LVEF appeared to be an independent predictor for hard clinical endpoints and a significant interaction was present between the severity of LV dysfunction and relative treatment effect of revascularization strategy (CABG vs PCI), the severity of LV dysfunction should be essentially considered in the decision making related to the optimal revascularization strategy for LMCA disease," explains Dr. Park. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Cardiac dysfunction and myocarditis are well established complications of Covid-19 as evident in multiple studies after the Covid-19 pandemic. (who.int)
  • Fas and Fas ligand ( cell death receptors ) are associated with apoptotic death of myocytes and are a marker of cardiac dysfunction . (wikidoc.org)
  • The SOLVE CRT (Stimulation of the Left Ventricular Endocardium for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) clinical study is a prospective randomized, double blinded pivotal trial intended to assess safety and efficacy of the WiSE (Wireless Stimulation Endocardially) pacing technology in support of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. (prnewswire.com)
  • The SOLVD Registry is a hospital-based observational study, conducted at selected SOLVD hospitals, of patients with at least moderate left-ventricular dysfunction (EF ≤ 45%) and/or radiologically confirmed heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • Based on the 1989 U.S. National Health Inter- ter 7, adults with diabetes are more likely than those view Survey (NHIS), 3% of men and women without diabetes to have hypert en sion and age 18-44 years who reported having diabetes dyslipidemia (low levels of high-density lipoprotein, also reported having ischemic heart disease. (nih.gov)
  • Persistence of the viral genome in the myocardium is associated with worsening of left ventricular ejection fraction . (wikidoc.org)
  • DSP gene mutations can also cause a potentially life-threatening form of heart disease called arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) without abnormalities of the skin and hair. (medlineplus.gov)
  • CABG was once thought to be too risky for patients with the long-term effects of coronary artery disease: left ventricular dysfunction (when the left side of the heart is unable to pump normally) and heart failure (when the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs). (nih.gov)
  • A team led by Dr. Eric J. Velazquez of Duke University Medical Center conducted a 5-year randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of CABG on patients with coronary artery disease that shows sign of left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • These results show that CABG improves survival for people with coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • Mechanistically, KE reflects the acceleration imparted on the blood and is driven by variations in ventricular emptying and filling rates, volumes, and heart rate, regardless of underlying pathology. (lu.se)
  • When ventricular pacing is greater than 40%, a patient's relative risk for heart failure hospitalization remains constant. (medtronic.com)
  • We recently identified a role for the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase MuRF1 in right-sided heart failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia (CH). MuRF1-/- mice exposed to CH are resistant to right ventricular (RV) dysfunction whereas MuRF1 Tg + mice exhibit impaired function indicative of heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • and a potentially life-threatening form of heart disease called dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • They may also include basic investigations of ventricular dysfunction, inflammation, and fibrosis, and correlation of small- and large-animal models with clinical data. (nih.gov)
  • There was a significant interaction between the severity of LV dysfunction and the relative treatment effect of the revascularization strategy. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Methodology: In this study, we analysed the severity of Left ventricular(LV) dysfunction in Covid-19 survivors. (who.int)
  • Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall. (nih.gov)
  • Although echocardiography is often performed on these patients during diagnosis, previous studies looking at ventricular dysfunction used invasive hemodynamic parameters, which made it challenging to incorporate their findings into general CICU practice. (medscape.com)
  • The impact of complete revascularization and myocardial viability on clinical outcomes of patients with LMCA disease and LV dysfunction, which could not be evaluated in our study, is also needed to be adequately addressed by further studies," he adds. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Sweeney MO, Ruetz LL, Belk P, Mullen TJ, Johnson JW, Sheldon T. Bradycardia pacing-induced short-long-short sequences at the onset of ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a possible mechanism of proarrhythmia? (medtronic.com)
  • This study was initiated in 1986 primarily to evaluate the effects of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor, on long-term mortality and major morbidity in a group of patients with left ventricular dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • A patient's risk of AF doubles with ventricular pacing (DDD-L or DDD-S) vs. atrial pacing (AAIR). (medtronic.com)
  • A subset of individuals with MVP will exhibit SCA or SCD, even in the absence of significant MR, and more will exhibit other frequent ventricular arrhythmias. (nih.gov)
  • Managed Ventricular Pacing (MVP ® ) is an atrial-based pacing mode that significantly reduces unnecessary right ventricular pacing 2,3 by primarily operating in an AAI(R) pacing mode while providing the safety of a dual chamber backup mode if necessary. (medtronic.com)
  • Reducing unnecessary right ventricular pacing with the managed ventricular pacing mode in patients with sinus node disease and AV Block. (medtronic.com)
  • 50% of patients develop chronic ventricular dysfunction and 25% have spontaneous improvement in ventricular function while the remaining 25% progress to transplantation or death. (wikidoc.org)
  • However, approximately 25% of patients develop chronic ventricular dysfunction and 25% of patients will continue to deteriorate. (wikidoc.org)
  • Muscle-specific regulation of right ventricular transcriptional responses to chronic hypoxia-induced hypertrophy by the muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1) ubiquitin ligase in mice. (nih.gov)