Venoms. Medical search

Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.

Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.

Venoms produced by the wasp (Vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms.

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.

A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.

Venoms produced by FISHES, including SHARKS and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. They contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the HEART specifically and all MUSCLES generally.

Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.

A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)

A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)

Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.

Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)

A genus of cone-shaped marine snails in the family Conidae, class GASTROPODA. It comprises more than 600 species, many containing unique venoms (CONUS VENOMS) with which they immobilize their prey.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)

Venoms from jellyfish; CORALS; SEA ANEMONES; etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neuro-toxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)

A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.

Bites and stings inflicted by insects.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)

Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of SPIDERS.

Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings.

Proteases which use a metal, normally ZINC, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal CHELATORS.

A small aquatic oviparous mammal of the order Monotremata found in Australia and Tasmania.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to KETO ACIDS with the generation of AMMONIA and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. L-amino acid oxidase is widely distributed in and is thought to contribute to the toxicity of SNAKE VENOMS.

Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.

An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants.

Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.

Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.

A venomous New World spider with an hourglass-shaped red mark on the abdomen.

Immunosuppression by the administration of increasing doses of antigen. Though the exact mechanism is not clear, the therapy results in an increase in serum levels of allergen-specific IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, suppression of specific IgE, and an increase in suppressor T-cell activity.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of a PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 enzyme.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.

A class of Arthropoda that includes SPIDERS; TICKS; MITES; and SCORPIONS.

Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.

The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bite of SCORPIONS.

Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.

An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from a variety of sources. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a negatively charged carboxy-terminal segment.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

A spider of the genus Loxosceles, found in the midwestern and other parts of the United States, which carries a hemolytic venom that produces local necrosis or ulceration.

Toxins isolated from the venom of Laticauda semifasciata, a sea snake (Hydrophid); immunogenic, basic polypeptides of 62 amino acids, folded by four disulfide bonds, block neuromuscular end-plates irreversibly, thus causing paralysis and severe muscle damage; they are similar to Elapid neurotoxins.

Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man.

An in vitro test used in the diagnosis of allergies including drug hypersensitivity. The allergen is added to the patient's white blood cells and the subsequent histamine release is measured.

Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A double-walled capsule found in jellyfish and other CNIDARIA whose functions include prey capture, defense, locomotion, and attachment. Nematocysts contain toxic CNIDARIAN VENOMS which are injected into the victim via a barbed tubule.

Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Peptide hydrolases that contain at the active site a SERINE residue involved in catalysis.

A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that are secreted from cells. They are 14 kDa proteins containing multiple disulfide-bonds and access their substrate via an interfacial binding site that interacts with phospholipid membranes. In addition specific PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS can bind to and internalize the enzymes.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The class of true jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA. They are mostly free-swimming marine organisms that go through five stages in their life cycle and exhibit two body forms: polyp and medusa.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A phospholipase that hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Agents that cause clotting.

The order Actiniaria, in the class ANTHOZOA, comprised of large, solitary polyps. All species are carnivorous.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A phosphoric diester hydrolase that removes 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. It has low activity towards POLYNUCLEOTIDES and the presence of 3'-phosphate terminus on the substrate may inhibit hydrolysis.

Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.

Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A class of polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of spiders such as Agelenopsis aperta.

The process of the interaction of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS that results in an insoluble FIBRIN clot.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain wedelolactone.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.

An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.

Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.

Storage-stable glycoprotein blood coagulation factor that can be activated to factor Xa by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. A deficiency of factor X, sometimes called Stuart-Prower factor deficiency, may lead to a systemic coagulation disorder.

Laboratory tests for evaluating the individual's clotting mechanism.

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The family of true toads belonging to the order Anura. The genera include Bufo, Ansonia, Nectophrynoides, and Atelopus.

A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase.

The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

Benzoate derivatives that contain one or more alkyl or aryl groups linked to the benzene ring structure by OXYGEN.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Clotting time of PLASMA recalcified in the presence of excess TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN. Factors measured are FIBRINOGEN; PROTHROMBIN; FACTOR V; FACTOR VII; and FACTOR X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with COUMARINS.

Cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASES A2. Although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. Soluble forms of phospholipase A2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity.

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including CHYMOTRYPSIN; KALLIKREIN; PLASMIN; and TRYPSIN. It is used in the treatment of HEMORRHAGE associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. They are found in BUFONIDAE and often possess cardiotonic properties.

A family of structurally related neurotoxic peptides from mollusk venom that inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane. They selectively inhibit N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

The Borage plant family is in the class Magnoliopsida, subclass Asteridae, order Lamiales. It is characterized by hairy foliage, usually alternate and simple; flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular. Some of the species contain PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Ubiquitously-expressed tetraspanin proteins that are found in late ENDOSOMES and LYSOSOMES and have been implicated in intracellular transport of proteins.

Serine proteinase inhibitors which inhibit trypsin. They may be endogenous or exogenous compounds.

A plant genus of the family ANACARDIACEAE best known for the edible fruit.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Exogenous or endogenous compounds which inhibit SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.

A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is the source of mucuna gum.

Phenolic benzoic acid esters.

The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Members of the phylum Arthropoda, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs. It includes the class INSECTS and the subclass ARACHNIDA, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man.

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

An enzyme formed from PROTHROMBIN that converts FIBRINOGEN to FIBRIN.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Agents that have a damaging effect on the HEART. Such damage can occur from ALKYLATING AGENTS; FREE RADICALS; or metabolites from OXIDATIVE STRESS and in some cases is countered by CARDIOTONIC AGENTS. Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain COUMARINS.

Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.

The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 with specificity for PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE. It occurs as a component of VENOMS and as a mammalian secretory phospholipase A2. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a long amino-terminal domain, a conserved group III-specific domain, and a long carboxyl-terminal domain.

Purification from black widow spider venom of a protein factor causing the depletion of synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions. (1/704)

The aqueous extract of the venom glands of black widow spiders was fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-200 and then on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 pH 8.2. A protein fraction was obtained that caused a great increase in the frequency of occurrence of miniature end plate potentials at the frog neuromuscular junction, and caused swelling of the nerve terminals and depleted them of their vesicles. The fraction consists of a least four protein components that are similar in their molecular weights (about 130,000) and isoelectric points (ranging from pH 5.2 to 5.5) and are immunologically indistinguishable. It contains no sugar residues and has little or no lipolytic or proteolytic activity. The fraction is toxic to mice and is different from the fractions that act on houseflies, the crayfish stretch receptor and the cockroach heart. It seems pure enough to warrant a detailed study of its site and mode of action. (+info)

Glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions of exendin-4: studies in obese diabetic (ob/ob, db/db) mice, diabetic fatty Zucker rats, and diabetic rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). (2/704)

Exendin-4 is a 39 amino acid peptide isolated from the salivary secretions of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). It shows 53% sequence similarity to glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. Unlike GLP-1, exendin-4 has a prolonged glucose-lowering action in vivo. We compared the potency and duration of glucose-lowering effects of exendin-4 and GLP-1 in hyperglycemic db/db and ob/ob mice. Whereas reductions in plasma glucose of up to 35% vanished within 1 h with most doses of GLP-1, the same doses of exendin-4 resulted in a similar glucose-lowering effect that persisted for >4 h. Exendin-4 was 5,530-fold more potent than GLP-1 in db/db mice (effective doses, 50% [ED50s] of 0.059 microg/kg +/-0.15 log and 329 microg/kg+/-0.22 log, respectively) and was 5,480-fold more potent in ob/ob mice (ED50s of 0.136 microg/kg+/-0.10 log and 744 microg/kg+/-0.21 log, respectively) when the percentage fall in plasma glucose at 1 h was used as the indicator response. Exendin-4 dose-dependently accelerated glucose lowering in diabetic rhesus monkeys by up to 37% with an ED50 of 0.25 microg/kg +/-0.09 log. In two experiments in which diabetic fatty Zucker rats were injected subcutaneously twice daily for 5-6 weeks with doses of exendin-4 up to 100 microg x rat(-1) x day(-1) (approximately 250 microg/kg), HbA1c was reduced relative to saline-injected control rats. Exendin-4 treatment was also associated in each of these experiments with weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity, as demonstrated by increases of up to 32 and 49%, respectively, in the glucose infusion rate (GIR) in the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. ED50s for weight loss and the increase in clamp GIR were 1.0 microg/kg+/-0.15 log and 2.4 microg/kg+/-0.41 log, respectively. In conclusion, acute and chronic administration of exendin-4 has demonstrated an antidiabetic effect in several animal models of type 2 diabetes. (+info)

Characterization of a C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP-39)-formed cation-selective channel from platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom. (3/704)

1. The lipid bilayer technique is used to characterize the biophysical and pharmacological properties of a novel, fast, cation-selective channel formed by incorporating platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom (OaV) into lipid membranes. 2. A synthetic C-type natriuretic peptide OaCNP-39, which is identical to that present in platypus venom, mimics the conductance, kinetics, selectivity and pharmacological properties of the OaV-formed fast cation-selective channel. The N-terminal fragment containing residues 1-17, i.e. OaCNP-39(1-17), induces the channel activity. 3. The current amplitude of the TEACl-insensitive fast cation-selective channel is dependent on cytoplasmic K+, [K+]cis. The increase in the current amplitude, as a function of increasing [K+]cis, is non-linear and can be described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. At +140 mV, the values of gammamax and KS are 63.1 pS and 169 mM, respectively, whereas at 0 mV the values of gammamax and KS are 21.1 pS and 307 mM, respectively. gammamax and KS are maximal single channel conductance and concentration for half-maximal gamma, respectively. The calculated permeability ratios, PK:PRb:PNa:PCs:PLi, were 1:0.76:0.21:0.09:0.03, respectively. 4. The probability of the fast channel being open, Po, increases from 0.15 at 0 mV to 0.75 at +140 mV. In contrast, the channel frequency, Fo, decreases from 400 to 180 events per second for voltages between 0 mV and +140. The mean open time, To, increases as the bilayer is made more positive, between 0 and +140 mV. The mean values of the voltage-dependent kinetic parameters, Po, Fo, To and mean closed time (Tc), are independent of [KCl]cis between 50 and 750 mM (P > 0. 05). 5. It is proposed that some of the symptoms of envenomation by platypus venom may be caused partly by changes in cellular functions mediated via the OaCNP-39-formed fast cation-selective channel, which affects signal transduction. (+info)

Effects of size, motility and paralysation time of prey on the quantity of venom injected by the hunting spider Cupiennius salei. (4/704)

Previous experimental studies have shown that neotropical wandering spiders (Cupiennius salei) inject more venom when attacking larger crickets. It has been postulated that this is a consequence of predator-prey interactions during envenomation, which increase in intensity with the size of a given prey species. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis using anaesthetized crickets of different sizes that were moved artificially. Cupiennius salei was found (1) to inject more venom the greater the intensity of the struggling movement of the crickets (prey size kept constant); (2) to inject more venom the longer the duration of the struggling movement of the crickets (prey size and intensity of movement kept constant); and (3) to inject equal amounts into crickets of different size (duration and intensity of movement kept constant). These results indicate that C. salei alters the amount of venom it releases according to the size and motility of its prey. Venom expenditure depends mainly on the extent of the interactions with the prey during the envenomation process, whereas prey size is of minor significance. The regulation of venom injection in concert with behavioural adaptations in response to various types of prey minimizes the energetic cost of venom production, thus increasing the profitability of a given prey item. (+info)

Solution structure of a defensin-like peptide from platypus venom. (5/704)

Three defensin-like peptides (DLPs) were isolated from platypus venom and sequenced. One of these peptides, DLP-1, was synthesized chemically and its three-dimensional structure was determined using NMR spectroscopy. The main structural elements of this 42-residue peptide were an anti-parallel beta-sheet comprising residues 15-18 and 37-40 and a small 3(10) helix spanning residues 10-12. The overall three-dimensional fold is similar to that of beta-defensin-12, and similar to the sodium-channel neurotoxin ShI (Stichodactyla helianthus neurotoxin I). However, the side chains known to be functionally important in beta-defensin-12 and ShI are not conserved in DLP-1, suggesting that it has a different biological function. Consistent with this contention, we showed that DLP-1 possesses no anti-microbial properties and has no observable activity on rat dorsal-root-ganglion sodium-channel currents. (+info)

Functional studies of a glucagon receptor isolated from frog Rana tigrina rugulosa: implications on the molecular evolution of glucagon receptors in vertebrates. (6/704)

In this report, the first amphibian glucagon receptor (GluR) cDNA was characterized from the liver of the frog Rana tigrina rugulosa. Functional expression of the frog GluR in CHO and COS-7 cells showed a high specificity of the receptor towards human glucagon with an EC(50) value of 0.8+/-0.5 nM. The binding of radioiodinated human glucagon to GluR was displaced in a dose-dependent manner only with human glucagon and its antagonist (des-His(1)-[Nle(9)-Ala(11)-Ala(16)]) with IC(50) values of 12.0+/-3. 0 and 7.8+/-1.0 nM, respectively. The frog GluR did not display any affinity towards fish and human GLP-1s, and towards glucagon peptides derived from two species of teleost fishes (goldfish, zebrafish). These fish glucagons contain substitutions in several key residues that were previously shown to be critical for the binding of human glucagon to its receptor. By RT-PCR, mRNA transcripts of frog GluR were located in the liver, brain, small intestine and colon. These results demonstrate a conservation of the functional characteristics of the GluRs in frog and mammalian species and provide a framework for a better understanding of the molecular evolution of the GluR and its physiological function in vertebrates. (+info)

Secreted phospholipases A(2), a new class of HIV inhibitors that block virus entry into host cells. (7/704)

Mammalian and venom secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) have been associated with a variety of biological effects. Here we show that several sPLA(2)s protect human primary blood leukocytes from the replication of various macrophage and T cell-tropic HIV-1 strains. Inhibition by sPLA(2)s results neither from a virucidal effect nor from a cytotoxic effect on host cells, but it involves a more specific mechanism. sPLA(2)s have no effect on virus binding to cells nor on syncytia formation, but they prevent the intracellular release of the viral capsid protein, suggesting that sPLA(2)s block viral entry into cells before virion uncoating and independently of the coreceptor usage. Various inhibitors and catalytic products of sPLA(2) have no effect on HIV-1 infection, suggesting that sPLA(2) catalytic activity is not involved in the antiviral effect. Instead, the antiviral activity appears to involve a specific interaction of sPLA(2)s to host cells. Indeed, of 11 sPLA(2)s from venom and mammalian tissues assayed, 4 venom sPLA(2)s were found to be very potent HIV-1 inhibitors (ID(50) < 1 nM) and also to bind specifically to host cells with high affinities (K(0.5) < 1 nM). Although mammalian pancreatic group IB and inflammatory-type group IIA sPLA(2)s were inactive against HIV-1 replication, our results could be of physiological interest, as novel sPLA(2)s are being characterized in humans. (+info)

Cooperative activation of action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins. (8/704)

Four neurotoxins that activate the action potential Na+ ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells interact with two distinct classes of sites, one specific for the alkaloids veratridine, batrachotoxin, and aconitine, and the second specific for scorpion toxin. Positive heterotropic cooperativity is observed between toxins bound at these two classes of sites. Tetrodotoxin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of activation by each of these toxins (KI = 4-8 nM). These results suggest the existence of three functionally separable components of the action potential Na+ ionophore: two regulatroy components, which bind activating neurotoxins and interact allosterically in controlling the activity of a third ion-transport component, which binds tetrodotoxin. (+info)

The venom from snake bites contains a variety of toxins that can affect different parts of the body, including the cardiovascular, nervous, and muscular systems. Some common symptoms of snake bites include:

* Pain and swelling at the bite site
* Blurred vision or difficulty seeing
* Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
* Seizures or convulsions
* Difficulty breathing or swallowing
* Rapid heartbeat or slow heart rate
* Low blood pressure or high blood pressure
* Nausea and vomiting

In severe cases, snake bites can cause respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and other life-threatening complications.

The diagnosis of a snake bite is typically made based on the symptoms and medical history of the patient. In some cases, imaging tests like X-rays or CT scans may be ordered to confirm the presence of venom in the body.

Treatment for snake bites usually involves administering antivenin (also known as antivenom) to neutralize the venom and manage symptoms. Antivenin is a type of medicine that contains antibodies specifically designed to counteract the effects of snake venom. In severe cases, patients may require hospitalization and intensive care to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention is key in avoiding snake bites, and this includes avoiding areas where snakes are known to live, wearing protective clothing and footwear when in these areas, and using repellents or other deterrents to discourage snakes from approaching. Education and awareness about snake behavior and safety measures can also help reduce the risk of snake bites.

Insects such as mosquitoes, wasps, bees, and hornets are common culprits of bites and stings that cause minor to severe reactions in humans. These reactions may cause pain, redness, swelling, itching, and burning sensations at the site of the bite or sting.

Most insect bites and stings can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, hydrocortisone creams, or calamine lotion. Severe allergic reactions may require medical attention and epinephrine injections to prevent anaphylaxis.

Some common types of spiders that are known to bite humans include black widows, brown recluses, and hobos. Black widow spider bites are characterized by a red, burning sensation at the site of the bite, while brown recluse spider bites can cause necrotic lesions and severe systemic reactions. Hobo spider bites are similar to brown recluse spider bites and can also cause necrotic lesions and systemic reactions.

Treatment for spider bites typically involves supportive care, such as wound cleaning and dressing, antibiotics, and pain management. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.

Prevention is key when it comes to spider bites, and this includes avoiding areas where spiders are known to live, wearing protective clothing and insect repellent, and seeking medical attention promptly if a bite occurs. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to minimize the risk of complications and improve outcomes for patients with spider bites.

Medical Definition of Scorpion Stings:

Scorpion stings are defined as the injury caused by the venomous sting of a scorpion. The venom contains a variety of compounds, including peptides, proteins, and enzymes, which can cause necrosis, inflammation, and pain. Scorpion stings can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, and organs.

Causes of Scorpion Stings:

Scorpion stings are caused by the venomous spines on the scorpion's tail. When the scorpion stings, it uses its tail to pierce the skin and inject the venom into the body. The venom can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of scorpion and the severity of the sting. Some common causes of scorpion stings include:

1. Scorpion bites: When a scorpion bites, it injects its venom into the body through its fangs.
2. Accidental contact: Scorpions may sting when they are disturbed or threatened, such as when someone accidentally steps on them or touches them.
3. Medical procedures: In some cases, scorpion stings may be intentionally administered as part of medical procedures, such as in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions.

Symptoms of Scorpion Stings:

The symptoms of scorpion stings can vary depending on the type of scorpion and the severity of the sting. Some common symptoms include:

1. Pain: Scorpion stings can cause severe pain, which may be felt locally at the site of the sting or more generally throughout the body.
2. Swelling: The area around the sting may become swollen and inflamed.
3. Redness: The skin around the sting may turn red and warm to the touch.
4. Itching: Some people may experience itching or a burning sensation at the site of the sting.
5. Blisters: Scorpion venom can cause blisters to form on the skin.
6. Numbness: In some cases, scorpion venom may cause numbness or tingling sensations in the face, arms, or legs.
7. Breathing difficulties: Scorpion venom can cause breathing difficulties, especially in children and people with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
8. Cardiac problems: In severe cases, scorpion venom can cause cardiac problems, such as abnormal heart rhythms or even heart failure.
9. Neurological symptoms: Some scorpion venoms can cause neurological symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, and confusion.
10. Seizures: In rare cases, scorpion stings may cause seizures.

Treatment of Scorpion Sting
---------------------------

If you suspect that you or someone else has been stung by a scorpion, seek medical attention immediately. Here are some general treatment guidelines:

1. Remain calm: Try to remain as calm as possible and do not panic.
2. Remove the stinger: Gently remove the stinger from the skin using tweezers or a credit card. Avoid squeezing the stinger, as this can release more venom.
3. Clean the wound: Wash the wound with soap and water to prevent infection.
4. Apply ice: Apply an ice pack or cold compress to reduce swelling and pain.
5. Elevate the affected area: Elevate the limb or area where the sting occurred to reduce swelling.
6. Take antihistamines: Antihistamines, such as Benadryl, can help reduce itching and inflammation.
7. Use pain relief medication: Over-the-counter pain relief medication, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help relieve pain and discomfort.
8. Monitor for signs of infection: Monitor the wound for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, increased pain, or pus. If you notice any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.
9. Seek medical attention: If you experience any of the following symptoms, seek medical attention immediately:
* Difficulty breathing
* Rapid heartbeat
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Confusion or disorientation

It is important to note that some scorpion stings can cause severe reactions, and in rare cases, can be fatal. If you suspect that you or someone else has been stung by a dangerous scorpion, do not hesitate to seek medical attention immediately.

There are several types of edema, including:

1. Pitting edema: This type of edema occurs when the fluid accumulates in the tissues and leaves a pit or depression when it is pressed. It is commonly seen in the skin of the lower legs and feet.
2. Non-pitting edema: This type of edema does not leave a pit or depression when pressed. It is often seen in the face, hands, and arms.
3. Cytedema: This type of edema is caused by an accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the limbs, particularly in the hands and feet.
4. Edema nervorum: This type of edema affects the nerves and can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the affected area.
5. Lymphedema: This is a condition where the lymphatic system is unable to properly drain fluid from the body, leading to swelling in the arms or legs.

Edema can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as imaging studies and blood tests. Treatment options for edema depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, lifestyle changes, and compression garments. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to remove excess fluid or tissue.

Symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

1. Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat
2. Difficulty breathing or swallowing
3. Abdominal cramps
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Rapid heartbeat
6. Feeling of impending doom or loss of consciousness

Anaphylaxis is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, medical history, and physical examination. Treatment for anaphylaxis typically involves administering epinephrine (adrenaline) via an auto-injector, such as an EpiPen or Auvi-Q. Additional treatments may include antihistamines, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy.

Prevention of anaphylaxis involves avoiding known allergens and being prepared to treat a reaction if it occurs. If you have a history of anaphylaxis, it is important to carry an EpiPen or other emergency medication with you at all times. Wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace can also help to notify others of your allergy and the need for emergency treatment.

In severe cases, anaphylaxis can lead to unconsciousness, seizures, and even death. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

Here are some common types of bites and stings and their symptoms:

1. Insect bites: These can cause redness, swelling, itching, and pain at the site of the bite. Some people may experience an allergic reaction to insect venom, which can be severe and potentially life-threatening. Common insect bites include mosquito bites, bee stings, wasp stings, hornet stings, and fire ant bites.
2. Spider bites: Spiders can also cause a range of symptoms, including redness, swelling, pain, and itching. Some spider bites can be serious and require medical attention, such as the black widow spider bite or the brown recluse spider bite. These bites can cause necrotic lesions, muscle cramps, and breathing difficulties.
3. Animal bites: Animal bites can be serious and can cause infection, swelling, pain, and scarring. Rabies is a potential risk with animal bites, especially if the animal is not up to date on its vaccinations. Common animal bites include dog bites, cat bites, and bat bites.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may experience an allergic reaction to insect or animal bites or stings, which can be severe and potentially life-threatening. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include hives, itching, difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, tongue, or throat, and a rapid heartbeat.
5. Infections: Bites and stings can also cause infections, especially if the wound becomes infected or is not properly cleaned and cared for. Symptoms of an infection include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and pus.

It's important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms after a bite or sting, as they can be serious and potentially life-threatening. A healthcare professional can assess the severity of the injury and provide appropriate treatment.

Example sentence: The patient had a hemorrhage after the car accident and needed immediate medical attention.

There are several types of hypersensitivity reactions, including:

1. Type I hypersensitivity: This is also known as immediate hypersensitivity and occurs within minutes to hours after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the release of histamine and other chemical mediators from immune cells, leading to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions include allergies to pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.
2. Type II hypersensitivity: This is also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity and occurs within days to weeks after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the immune system producing antibodies against specific proteins on the surface of cells, leading to their destruction. Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions include blood transfusion reactions and serum sickness.
3. Type III hypersensitivity: This is also known as immune complex hypersensitivity and occurs when antigens bind to immune complexes, leading to the formation of deposits in tissues. Examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
4. Type IV hypersensitivity: This is also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity and occurs within weeks to months after exposure to the allergen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

The diagnosis of hypersensitivity often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and elimination diets or challenges. Treatment depends on the specific type of hypersensitivity reaction and may include avoidance of the allergen, medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroids, and immunomodulatory therapy.

Some of the key features of immediate hypersensitivity include:

1. Rapid onset of symptoms: Symptoms typically occur within minutes to hours of exposure to the allergen.
2. IgE antibodies: Immediate hypersensitivity is caused by the binding of IgE antibodies to surface receptors on mast cells and basophils.
3. Mast cell and basophil activation: The activation of mast cells and basophils leads to the release of histamine and other chemical mediators that cause symptoms.
4. Anaphylaxis: Immediate hypersensitivity can progress to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention.
5. Specificity: Immediate hypersensitivity is specific to a particular allergen and does not occur with other allergens.
6. Cross-reactivity: There may be cross-reactivity between different allergens, leading to similar symptoms.
7. Prevention: Avoidance of the allergen is the primary prevention strategy for immediate hypersensitivity. Medications such as antihistamines and epinephrine can also be used to treat symptoms.

Here are some possible causes of myoglobinuria:

1. Muscle injury or trauma: This can cause myoglobin to leak into the bloodstream and then into the urine.
2. Muscle disease: Certain muscle diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, can cause myoglobinuria.
3. Kidney damage: Myoglobin can accumulate in the kidneys and cause damage if the kidneys are not functioning properly.
4. Sepsis: Sepsis is a systemic infection that can cause muscle breakdown and myoglobinuria.
5. Burns: Severe burns can cause muscle damage and lead to myoglobinuria.
6. Heart attack: A heart attack can cause muscle damage and myoglobinuria.
7. Rhabdomyolysis: This is a condition where the muscles break down and release myoglobin into the bloodstream. It can be caused by various factors such as medication, infection, or injury.

Symptoms of myoglobinuria may include dark urine, proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), and kidney damage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve supportive care, medication, or dialysis to remove waste products from the blood.

Necrosis is a type of cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to excessive stress, injury, or inflammation, leading to damage to the cell membrane and the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to the formation of gangrene, which is the death of body tissue due to lack of blood supply.

There are several types of necrosis, including:

1. Coagulative necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a lack of blood supply to the tissues, leading to the formation of a firm, white plaque on the surface of the affected area.
2. Liquefactive necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is an infection or inflammation that causes the death of cells and the formation of pus.
3. Caseous necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is a chronic infection, such as tuberculosis, and the affected tissue becomes soft and cheese-like.
4. Fat necrosis: This type of necrosis occurs when there is trauma to fatty tissue, leading to the formation of firm, yellowish nodules.
5. Necrotizing fasciitis: This is a severe and life-threatening form of necrosis that affects the skin and underlying tissues, often as a result of bacterial infection.

The diagnosis of necrosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the necrosis and may include antibiotics, surgical debridement, or amputation in severe cases.

... - Marima (Floyd 2) Shaq ft. Deadly Venoms & K-Raw - The Bomb, Baby "Deadly Venoms Emerge From The Wu-Tang Family ... Deadly Venoms - It's Time Shaka Amazulu The 7th ft. Deadly Venoms - Ardipithecus Ramidus Shaka Amazulu The 7th ft. ... Party Chedda/Venom Interlude (featuring Ill Knob) 03. Venom Everywhere 04. You Do The Things 05. Worldwide 06. Sunrise 07. ... Deadly Venoms is an American Wu-Tang Clan-affiliated all-female hip hop group formed in 1997 consisting of N-Tyce, J-Boo, Champ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Venoms

... ('五毒' - Cantonese: Ng5 Duk6), also known as Five Venoms, is a cult 1978 Hong Kong martial arts film directed ... Five Deadly Venoms at IMDb Venom Lo Mang's first visit to U.S. / Philadelphia, August 2007 HK Cinemagic entry (EngvarB from ... Wang Lung-wei as Justice Wang Ku Feng as Bookkeeper Yuan Dick Wei as the dying Head of the Venom House Each of the Poison Clan ... Meng eventually joins forces with Yang and thus is the only student of the Venom House to survive. Lo Mang as Liang Shen, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Deadly_Venoms

... is the debut album by British music producer Jonathan Saul Kane, released in 1994 under his stage name Depth ... "Nine Deadly Venoms - Depth Charge". AllMusic. Retrieved 28 February 2018. Higginbotham, Adam (February 1995). "Depth Charge: ... Nine Deadly Venoms". Select. No. 56. p. 82. "J. Saul Kane". Discogs.com. Retrieved 30 December 2021. "Depth Charge". Phinnweb. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Deadly_Venoms

Venom in medicine is the medicinal use of venoms for therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. Venom is any poisonous compound ... This use of venom continued into the Middle Ages and well into the 19th century. The first modern study of venom in a medical ... 2015). Venoms to Drugs: Venom as a Source for the Development of Human Therapeutics. RCS Drug Discovery Series. Vol. 42. ... Aristotle's "Historia Animalium", describes how venom can be used in the production of antidotes for the venom. During the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venoms_in_medicine

Five Deadly Venoms may also refer to: 5 Deadly Venoms of Brooklyn, a hip hop mixtape by various artists "5 Deadly Venoms", a ... Five Deadly Venoms is a 1978 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Chang Cheh. ... North Meets South This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Five Deadly Venoms. If an internal link led ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Deadly_Venoms_(disambiguation)

Venoms are often complex mixtures of toxins of differing types. Toxins from venom are used to treat a wide range of medical ... Snake venom may have originated with duplication of genes that had been expressed in the salivary glands of ancestors. Venom is ... Venoms cause their biological effects via the many toxins that they contain; some venoms are complex mixtures of toxins of ... Gila monster venom contains exenatide, used to treat type 2 diabetes. Solenopsins extracted from fire ant venom has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom

... is a mixtape created by five New York City DJs, P.F. Cuttin', Mister Cee, Tony Touch, DJ Premier ... 5 Deadly Venoms of Brooklyn is considered one of the greatest hip-hop mixtapes ever created. In the book Ego Trip's Big Books ... The name of the album is a reference to a well-known kung-fu movie Five Deadly Venoms. The album consists of mixed tracks of Dr ... Mixed By The Lizard a.k.a. P.F. Cuttin': P.F. Cuttin' - "5 Deadly Venoms Of Brooklyn - Intro" Verbal Hoods - "I'll Be Damned" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Deadly_Venoms_of_Brooklyn

But if dragon venom is given to a pregnant woman, then her child will become a god - the one kind of being who can defeat and ... Dragon Venom (2003) is the third fantasy novel of The Obsidian Chronicles, a trilogy by Lawrence Watt-Evans. Arlian has ... Now, Arlian has given dragon venom to his steward's wife who is carrying a child - and her baby becomes a god, bringing back ... In this final struggle with these dragons Arlian becomes badly injured by dragon venom (the only substance that can harm a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Venom

"1994 Dodge Venom: Concept We Forgot". Motor1.com. Retrieved 2018-11-29. "1994 Dodge Venom Concept - The Official Blog of Dodge ... 1995 Dodge Venom Concept". testdrivejunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-12-03. "DODGE VENOM INTRODUCES A NEW PROPORTION OF THE MUSCLE ... www.motor1.com/news/261642/dodge-venom-concept-we-forgot/ "1994 Dodge Venom History, Pictures, Value, Auction Sales, Research ... The Dodge Venom was a concept car that was produced in 1994 by the American automaker Dodge. The car was built on a modified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Venom

... is any of, or a mixture of, irritants and toxins inflicted by ants. Most ants spray or inject a venom, the main ... the venom consists mainly of alkaloid (>95%) and protein (. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_venom

On February 8, the new Amarillo Venom name and logo was unveiled. In August 2011, the Venom were sold to local couple Stephanie ... "Woman takes over ownership / GM of Venom". Amrillo Globe-News. August 3, 2011. Dave Henry (October 5, 2011). "Venom owner ... The Venom and Warbirds instead launched the Lone Star Series, a series of games between the two CIF Texas teams and a few other ... The Venom began play in 2004 as the Amarillo Dusters, a charter member of the Intense Football League, a small indoor football ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo_Venom

"Venom (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ludwig Göransson on Amazon Music - Amazon.com". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2018-12 ... The soundtrack for the 2018 American superhero film Venom, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and produced ... Göransson's score was released as Venom (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Sony Classical Records on October 5. Ludwig ... N'Duka, Amanda (March 29, 2018). "'Black Panther' Composer Ludwig Goransson Tapped To Score Sony's 'Venom'". Deadline Hollywood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(soundtrack)

... at IMDb v t e (CS1 Czech-language sources (cs), Articles with short description, Short description is different ... Snake's Venom (Czech: Hadí jed) is a 1982 Czechoslovak drama film directed by František Vláčil. It stars Josef Vinklář. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake's_Venom

... including Venom Games. On 2 July 2008, employees of Venom Games were informed that the company was due to close at the end of ... Venom Games still shut down that year. MCV Staff (2 July 2008). "Venom Games to close?". MCV/Develop. GamesIndustry ... Venom Games was established in 2003 as successor to the previously closed Rage Newcastle, a studio of Rage Games, and headed by ... Venom Games Limited was a British video game developer based in Gateshead, England. The studio was established by Peter Johnson ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_Games

"Throwdown: Venom & Tears (2007)". Punknews.org. August 17, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2012. Maki, Jeff. "THROWDOWN 'Venom and Tears ... "Throwdown - Venom & Tears". lordsofmetal.nl. Retrieved May 1, 2012. fist2face.com.au. "Venom and Tears Australian release". ... Venom & Tears is the fifth studio album by American metal band Throwdown, released on August 7, 2007. The album was featured in ... "Venom & Tears" - 5:03 "I'll Never Die a Poisoned Death" - 4:29 "I, Suicide" - 3:37 "Godspeed" - 5:58 "Propaganda" - 3:35 Track ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_&_Tears

Films directed by Chang Cheh (or a Venom) that feature at least three Venoms in starring roles. Films directed by Chang Cheh ... Just like the Venoms' Sun Chien, he also uses tae kwon do and was known for his kicking ability. Shirley Yu - One of Shaw's ... The Venom Mob is the colloquial title of a group of actors from the Shaw Brothers Studio, popular creators of martial arts ... This is a list of the main five (though there are six, Chiang Sheng is actually the fifth member of the Venoms, not Wei Pai, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_Mob

"VENOM PRISON ANNOUNCE UK AND EUROPEAN TOUR SUPPORTING FIT FOR AN AUTOPSY". Kerrang!. Retrieved 7 July 2019. "Venom Prison ... "VENOM PRISON REVEAL COLLABORATION WITH THE HUNDREDS". Kerrang!. Retrieved 7 July 2019. "Venom Prison Have Re-Recorded Their ... Morton, Luke (29 March 2018). "Venom Prision". Metal Hammer. De Gallier, Thea. "Venom Prison Combats Death Metal Misogyny with ... Venom Prison are a Welsh death metal band. Stephen Hill of Metal Hammer described their second album as "2019's most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_Prison

... was a nickname coined by Soviet rocket scientists for a liquid rocket fuel composed of a dangerous combination of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil's_venom

... is the tenth studio album by Canadian death metal band Kataklysm. It was released on August 13, 2010 (Europe) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven's_Venom

... is also revealed to be the man killed by Solid Snake at the end of the original 1987 game. Venom Snake and his role ... featuring Sutherland as Venom and Hayter as Solid Snake. PC Gamer's Samuel Roberts called the revelation of Venom Snake's ... Venom Snake (ヴェノム・スネーク, Venomu Sunēku) makes a minor appearance in Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes as an unnamed combat medic ... Within the series, Venom Snake is the leader of a mercenary unit, Diamond Dogs, who returns to the battlefield after waking up ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_Snake

Joseph "Mutt" Summers flew the Venom on its first flight on 17 June 1936. Unlike the Hurricane and Spitfire, the Venom was ... Jeffrey Quill flew the Venom from Eastleigh, mixing it with Spitfires but the Venom's flying was limited by engine problems. ... it was rejected by the Air Ministry and only one Venom was built. The Vickers Venom was designed to meet Air Ministry ... The Venom was powered by a 625 hp (466 kW) Bristol Aquila AE-3S sleeve valve radial engine, hinge-mounted so it could be swung ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Venom

Metallica opened for Venom on an early 1980s tour, Venom opened for Metallica and Slayer on the Ride the Lightning tour, and ... We did covers of Venom, Maiden, Priest ... Venom was a big influence on Kerry as far as the imagery, and how we did the song- ... At this point, the three brought together the Venom line-up of 1988-1992 under the name of Venom Inc. for the sake of the fans ... "VENOM To Release '100 Miles To Hell' EP Next Week". Blabbermouth.net. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017. "VENOM To ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(band)

"BLACKPINK、MVが記録更新「Pink Venom」ダンプラ公開振付の全貌明らかに" [BLACKPINK, MV set new record "Pink Venom" Danpla released, full choreography ... "Blackpink - Pink Venom". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved August 26, 2022. "Blackpink - Pink Venom" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top ... "BLACKPINK's 'Pink Venom' Just Set a New YouTube Record". Billboard. August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022. "Pink Venom: ... Cumulative worldwide sales of "Pink Venom": Trust, Gary (August 29, 2022). "BLACKPINK's 'Pink Venom' Blasts in at No. 1 on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Venom

The boomslang's venom is the most potent of all rear-fanged snakes in the world based on LD50. Although its venom may be more ... Snake venom is injected by unique fangs during a bite, whereas some species are also able to spit venom. The glands that ... Cytotoxic venom has a localized action at the site of the bite. The effect of the venom of proteroglyphous snakes (sea snakes, ... Venom serves to immobilize prey. Enzymes in venom play an important role in the digestion of prey, and various other substances ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_venom

"Venom" (Eminem song), 2018 "Venom" (The Shermans song), 2009 "Venom", by Bvndit, 2022 "Venom", by Jesswar, 2021 "Venom", by ... Look up venom in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Venom is a class of animal toxins. Venom may also refer to: Venom (character ... the third Venom host and the second to use the name Venom Flash Thompson, the fourth Venom host Venom (comic book), several ... "Venom" Bell UH-1Y Venom, a utility helicopter Dodge Venom, a 1994 concept car de Havilland Venom, a jet fighter-bomber aircraft ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(disambiguation)

... nearly kills Agent Venom, only to be stopped by Spider-Man and Iron Patriot, leaving Anti-Venom inactive and Harry ... Venom in Marvel: Future Fight. Several variations of the Anti-Venom costume appear in Marvel vs Capcom Infinite. The Anti-Venom ... The Anti-Venom symbiote appears in the Spider-Man episode "Vengeance of Venom". This version is created when Groot is hit with ... Anti-Venom Symbiote on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki Anti-Venom II Symbiote on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Venom

The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow ... Unlike snake venom, there appears to be no necrotising component in the platypus's venom. While some muscle wastage has been ... Only males produce this venom. Since production rises during the breeding season, it is theorised that the venom is used as an ... and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. The venom is produced in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypus_venom

... (EC 3.1.15.1, venom phosphodiesterase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction ... Venom+exonuclease at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 3.1.15). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_exonuclease

"Spitting Venom Spitting Venom was released on 1 October 2007 by SMR Productions to generally positive reviews. Due to the ... Spitting Venom is the debut, self-released EP from English heavy metal band Savage Messiah. It was released on 1 October 2007 ... "Spitting Venom review". Metalcrypt.com. Retrieved 6 May 2009. (Use dmy dates from April 2022, Articles with short description, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Venom

Venom became one of the most popular characters of the late 80s and early 90s, returning on many occasions to plague Spider-Man ... Flashback Friday: Venom. We throw a party for Eddie Brock to celebrate his symbiotic reunion!. by TJ Dietsch ... Together theyve menaced the Web-Head, played hero, and split up only to get back together in the pages of this weeks VENOM # ... For a time, Eddie and Venom played hero together, but eventually fell off the wagon, so to speak. After selling the symbiote, ...

https://www.marvel.com/articles/comics/flashback-friday-venom

SEARCH RESULTS for: Venom Neutralization [Drug Class] (3 results) *Share : JavaScript needed for Sharing tools. Bookmark & ... CROFAB (ovine crotalidae venoms immune fab) injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution. NDC Code(s): 50633-110-11, 50633-110- ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Venom%20Neutralization&searchdb=class

Venom Spider-Man Desktop Wallpaper Image 4K resolution High-definition video High-definition television 1080p Ultra-high- ... Venom Spider-Man Desktop Wallpaper Image 4K resolution High-definition video High-definition television 1080p Ultra-high- ... Venom Spider-Man Desktop Wallpaper Image 4K resolution High-definition video High-definition television 1080p Ultra-high- ...

https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/venom-spider-man/ponopflnfpgjhoomafgmjebdmgdcfghg

Forget the drooling monster with the big teeth because the Marvel Universe has a new Venom these days after the symbiote bonded ... and now the alien symbiote has transformed into these cool-looking Venom Leggings. ... Venom is one of Spider-Mans archenemies, and also the subject of this really cool Venom Big Grin T-Shirt. The Venom Symbiote ... It shows Venom through all of his incarnations. With this Previews-exclusive 4-pack, you get: Classic Venom, She-Venom, ...

https://www.geekalerts.com/venom-leggings/

The marine cone snail releases a venom cocktail to stun its prey. The venom includes insulin, which acts within minutes to ... Cone snail venom reveals insulin insights At a Glance. *Researchers found that a fast-acting insulin from the cone snail can ... "You can get new ideas from venoms," Safavi says. "To have something that has already been evolved - thats a huge advantage." ... "We found that cone snail venom insulins work faster than human insulins by avoiding the structural changes that human insulins ...

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/cone-snail-venom-reveals-insulin-insights

Home , Global Health Matters Sep/Oct 2022 , Engineering a new molecule to neutralize venoms Print ... Engineering a new molecule to neutralize venoms September / October 2022 , Volume 21 Number 5 Photographed by Shantanu Kuveskar ... Her rejiggered molecule works to neutralize venom "for almost all the Nigerian snakes and one Indian snake, the saw-scaled ... Komives "rejiggered" molecule neutralizes venom from the saw-scaled viper (pictured). The snake is found north of the Equator ...

https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/september-october-2022/Pages/engineering-molecule-neutralize-snake-venom.aspx

... for Venom might be waiting just around the corner to jump over you. ... Be careful next time youre going out for a walk in Belgium, for Venom might be waiting just around the corner to jump over you ...

https://walyou.com/venom-graffiti/

... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/136791/browse?authority=Snake+Venoms&type=mesh

This article explains the uses, benefits, and side effects of bee venom. ... While bee venom has been used as a natural treatment for a variety of ailments for thousands of years, it has recently ... What is bee venom?. Bee venom is a colorless, acidic liquid. Bees excrete it through their stingers into a target when they ... Bee venom can cause side effects, ranging from mild to life threatening. Bee-venom therapy should only be administered by ...

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/bee-venom%23benefits

The internet really liked the last Venom trailer, at least partly because of just how damn fiiiine that slimy bastard is, and ... The internet really liked the last Venom trailer, at least partly because of just how damn fiiiine that slimy bastard is, and ... In addition to Hardy, Venom stars Michelle Williams, Jenny Slate, Riz Ahmed, and Woody Harrelson. Itll be in theaters on ...

https://www.avclub.com/venom-takes-control-in-a-new-trailer-1827766393

DeLand, Florida: Reptile Discovery Center - Venom Collecting. Watch poisonous snakes give their venom to science at the coaxing ... Reptile Discovery Center - Venom Collecting Carl Barden gave up his job as an airline pilot to pursue his real passion in life ... Venom production Laboratory in Deland is family-owned and operated. We got to touch snakes, lizards and even a baby alligator. ... Opened in 2009, it features indoor and outdoor reptiles and twice-a-day venom collection shows, which take place inside a room ...

https://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/23819

heart level if bitten by a coral snake, cobra, or exotic snake, to reduce the flow of venom. 2. Remove any rings or ...

http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v:project=medlineplus&query=NAJA+NAJA+VENOM

Are the likes of Facebook friends with democracy? In its short existence, the social network has become so ubiquitous that Donald Trumps campaign spent more money there than on TV advertising. Now Facebook…

https://www.france24.com/en/20161123-debate-facebook-america-china-election-part-one

Wasp venom found in very young wine can cause severe allergic reactions and may have the potential to kill, say doctors in ... Wasp venom found in very young wine can cause severe allergic reactions, say doctors in Spain. ... Dr Alicia Armentias full report, entitled Wine-Induced Anaphylaxis and Sensitization to Hymenoptera Venom appears in the The ... Subsequent tests showed that trace amounts of wasp venom in the drinks had provoked the reactions. ...

https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/venom-in-wine-triggers-severe-allergic-reactions-88138/

... activity-based hybrid approach for screening venom peptides that is amenable to large-venom peptide libraries with minimal ... There is a pressing need for a systematic, cost effective, and scalable approach to identify physiological effects of venom ... These findings describe the first functional bioactivity of terebrid venom peptides in relation to pain and diet and indicate ... Using this approach, we characterized the physiological and behavioral phenotypes of two peptides from the venom of predatory ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-33215-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bbf8cff5-2b61-48bb-8517-b88cecf132b5

Products on this website are not for sale to persons under the age of 18. Products should be used as directed on the label or by your health professional. Not recommended for pregnant or nursing women. Consult with a physician before use if you have a serious medical condition or use prescription medications. All trademarks and copyrights are property of their respective owners and are not affiliated with nor do they endorse a specific product. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. Products sold here are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Individual results will vary. By using this site you agree to follow the Privacy Policy and all Terms & Conditions published on this site. Void Where Prohibited By Law.. ...

https://www.life-enthusiast.com/product-tag/venom/

Ruben Fleischers Venom is a train wreck of a movie, mixing and matching wildly dissonant tones, bizarre plot contrivances, and ... Venom is a bizarre and baffling mess. Venom is a bizarre and baffling mess. / Everything seems to misfire in the characters ... "The world has enough superheroes," the posters for Venom proclaim. It feels more like the world has enough Venom movies. ... And because Venom is presented as more or less indestructible, there are no stakes to the action, for either the creature or ...

https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/2/17929154/venom-movie-review-tom-hardy-marvel

Thats the case with many compounds in wasp venom, but a team from MIT has managed to tweak one of these molecules to be safe ... Its venom contains a cocktail of peptides (amino acid complexes) that can affect cells inside the victim. In fact, one Polybia ... Thats the case with many compounds in wasp venom, but a team from MIT has managed to tweak one of these molecules(Opens in a ... Thats the case with many compounds in wasp venom, but a team from MIT has managed to tweak one of these molecules to be safe ...

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/281978-scientists-turn-wasp-venom-into-potentially-groundbreaking-antibiotic

We learn lots of fun false mamba facts from the venom expert at the zoo who says the Black Mamba is the fastest snake in the ...

https://californiaherps.com/films/snakefilms/Venom.html

***Third full length album by CIRCA TAPES (solo project of ADAM KILLING of KILL MEMORY CRASH).?! Following excellent previous releases on Romance Moderne and DKA, this third album displays the evolution of Killings spot on ability to masterfully blend dark early 80s synth, industrial and cold wave into a completely new entity.?! Much heavier and wonderfully darker, this LP will appeal to fans of classics like Cabaret Voltaire and Skinny Puppy, as well as cutting edge EBM contemporaries such as Broken English Club, Boy Harsher and other cold wave / industrial hybrids..?!

https://midheaven.com/item/circa-tapes/love-and-venom-by-circa-tapes

Really, really cool and powerful artwork of these two, but I am personally not a big fan of the background. I think there is a bit too much going on. But this is just my personal opinion. It still looks awesome though ...

https://www.deviantart.com/pandaxninja/art/Venom-vs-Carnage-128325156

In work that has not yet been peer-reviewed, researchers present evidence that microbes can and do live inside the venom glands ... The Sakishima habu (pitviper; Protobothrops elegans) can compensate for inept traits in the chemical composition of its venom ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/tag/snake-venom

Venom: Gypsy woman calls me, Caution leads the way, Reads from a book of night and day, Words or endless stories, Crystals in ... Gypsy LETRA - Venom: Gypsy woman calls me, Caution leads the way, Reads from a book of night and day, Words or endless stories ... Al final de la letra de Gypsy podrás comentar sobre ella o acceder a más canciones de Venom y a música relacionada. ...

https://www.musica.com/letras.asp?letra=946746

Snake venom poisoning: diagnosis and treatment. Boyden TW. Boyden TW. Ariz Med. 1980 Sep;37(9):639-41. Ariz Med. 1980. PMID: ... Snake venom as therapeutic agents: from toxin to drug development. Pal SK, Gomes A, Dasgupta SC, Gomes A. Pal SK, et al. Indian ... Snake venom poisoning: experience with 633 cases. Kulkarni ML, Anees S. Kulkarni ML, et al. Indian Pediatr. 1994 Oct;31(10): ... Renal dysfunction caused by animal poisons (snake venoms, bite and punctured poisoning)]. Suda M, Sato M, Yoshikawa Y. Suda M, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1808837/

Latest Venom: Let There Be Carnage news and updates from SYFY WIRE. Read more at SYFY WIRE now. ... Venom: Let There Be Carnage beats out MCUs Shang-Chi, Black Widow for biggest box office opening of pandemic era By Josh ... Did Venom: Let There Be Carnage introduce Mutants to the MCU? Probably not By James Grebey 1 year ago. ... How Spider-Man: No Way Home pays off Venom 2s mid-credits scene & what it could mean for the MCU Spider-Man: No Way Home is ...

https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/topic/venom-let-there-be-carnage

Sounds like Venom 2 might be going big on Carnage! ... Venom 2 has been a certainty since the first movie released ... Venom 2 doesnt have an official release date yet, but all signs point to October 2, 2020 as the next time we can get our fill ... Overall, Robert Richardson seems pretty pumped to be a part of the Venom 2 family, explore something new in his career and work ... Michelle Williams has also confirmed that shell be back as Eddies former fiancée (and one time She-Venom) Anne, so a lot of ...

https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2478685/looks-like-woody-harrelson-is-returning-for-venom-2

this website brought to you by The Tiki Web Group Unless specifically mentioned, we have no clue where this content came from. Know where it came from? Post the link in the comments, and reap the glory! All comments are the sole possesion of the commenters and do not reflect the opinions or values of MCS. ...

https://www.myconfinedspace.com/2018/07/24/venom-laugh/

Venom Is Still Unaware Of Spider-Man in Venom 2. Venom Is Still Unaware Of Spider-Man in Venom 2 ... The Avengers Fought Thanos and Venom In a Wrestling Match Last Weekend. The Avengers Fought Thanos and Venom In a Wrestling ... Just last week, Sony set an October 5, 2018 release date for the Venom standalone movie, and hired Thor: Ragnarok scribe Chris ... Venom will be the first film in Sonys extended Spidey universe, and its being developed as a modestly-budgeted R-rated ...

https://comicsalliance.com/rumor-r-rated-venom-will-kickstart-sonys-new-marvel-universe/

Hardy even played the role briefly in the MCU when he was transported there at the end of Venom: Let There Be Carnage and was ... Chiwetel Ejiofor has moved from the MCU proper to Sonys Spider-Man Universe, signing on for a role in Venom 3. Deadline ... Despite negative reviews, Venom and its sequel have been big hits for the studio with a combined $1.357 billion worldwide gross ... Like the rest of the Sony Spider-Man Universe, Venom is connected the MCU but exists in a different universe. ...

https://411mania.com/movies/chiwetel-ejiofor-cast-venom-3/

The snail releases an insulin-containing venom that acts within seconds to stun nearby fish, so theyre easier to capture and ... Cone Snail Venom Reveals Insulin Insights. En españolSend us your comments ... A minimized human insulin-receptor-binding motif revealed in a Conus geographus venom insulin. Menting JG, Gajewiak J, MacRaild ... We found that cone snail venom insulins work faster than human insulins by avoiding the structural changes that human insulins ...

http://newsinhealth.nih.gov/issue/Nov2016/Capsule1

Did 'Venom: Let There Be Carnage' introduce Mutants to the MCU? (syfy.com)
After getting this hint at Kasady / Carnage in Venom , it was pretty clear that the filmmakers wanted to explore these characters in a sequel. (cinemablend.com)
Now that the movie is being worked on it makes total sense that they would try to fulfill the promise of there being "a lot of Carnage" in Venom 2 . (cinemablend.com)
Hardy even played the role briefly in the MCU when he was transported there at the end of Venom: Let There Be Carnage and was transported back in Spider-Man: No Way Home , leaving a bit of the symbiote behind accidentally. (411mania.com)

A couple of significant things happened in Sony's corner of the Marvel universe last week: The studio set a 2018 release date for a standalone Venom movie and hired a new screenwriter for its long-developing female-centric Spider-Man spinoff - two developments that seem to indicate that Sony is once again preparing to try their hand at building a Spidey cinematic universe. (comicsalliance.com)
Just last week, Sony set an October 5, 2018 release date for the Venom standalone movie, and hired Thor: Ragnarok scribe Chris Yost to draft a new screenplay for a spinoff featuring Black Cat and Silver Sable. (comicsalliance.com)

Bee venom also contains the peptides apamin and adolapin. (healthline.com)
The number of newly discovered peptides from the transcriptomes and proteomes of animal venom arsenals is rapidly increasing, resulting in an abundance of uncharacterized peptides. (nature.com)
There is a pressing need for a systematic, cost effective, and scalable approach to identify physiological effects of venom peptides. (nature.com)
To address this discovery-to-function gap, we developed a sequence driven:activity-based hybrid approach for screening venom peptides that is amenable to large-venom peptide libraries with minimal amounts of peptide. (nature.com)
Using this approach, we characterized the physiological and behavioral phenotypes of two peptides from the venom of predatory terebrid marine snails, teretoxins Tv1 from Terebra variegata and Tsu1.1 from Terebra subulata . (nature.com)
These findings describe the first functional bioactivity of terebrid venom peptides in relation to pain and diet and indicate that Tv1 and Tsu1.1 may, respectively, act as antinociceptive and orexigenic agents. (nature.com)
Tv1 and Tsu1.1 are distinct from previously identified venom peptides, expanding the toolkit of peptides that can potentially be used to investigate the physiological mechanisms of pain and diet. (nature.com)
Its venom contains a cocktail of peptides (amino acid complexes) that can affect cells inside the victim. (extremetech.com)

Snake venom poisoning: diagnosis and treatment. (nih.gov)
Snake venom poisoning: experience with 633 cases. (nih.gov)
Snake venom as therapeutic agents: from toxin to drug development. (nih.gov)
Case of poisoning with snake venom during its sucking off from the victim's wound]. (nih.gov)

The most important thing about Venom is that Tom Hardy does an incredible job . (theverge.com)
Deadline reports that Ejiofor, who played Baron Mordo in Doctor Strange and Doctor Strange In The Multiverse of Madness , has closed a deal to co-star with Tom Hardy in the third Venom film. (411mania.com)
In the upcoming spinoff from the Spider-Ma n franchise (Venom is a famous villain in the comic books), Hardy plays journalist Eddie Brock. (people.com)

Wasp venom found in very young wine can cause severe allergic reactions, say doctors in Spain. (decanter.com)
Subsequent tests showed that trace amounts of wasp venom in the drinks had provoked the reactions. (decanter.com)
That's the case with many compounds in wasp venom, but a team from MIT has managed to tweak one of these molecules to be safe for people and toxic to bacteria. (extremetech.com)

When asked why he decided to work on Venom 2 , Robert Richardson went into a lot of detail, and ended up dropping the information that Woody Harrelson, who made a brief but impactful appearance in the end credits scene of Venom , appears to be coming back for the sequel. (cinemablend.com)
While Robert Richardson's words to Collider aren't exactly the same as official confirmation from Sony, director Andy Serkis or Woody Harrelson himself, it does seem like Richardson would already have an insider's view of what's going on with Venom 2 , so it's unlikely that he's completely off base when he says that Harrelson will "make his own little entrance" in the new film. (cinemablend.com)
Of course, aside from this news not being totally official yet, another thing we don't know right now is just how much we'll see of Woody Harrelson in Venom 2 . (cinemablend.com)

Just for the heck of it, I purchased some synthesized opossum peptide and sent it to the National Natural Toxins Research Center at Texas A&M University in Kingsville, and they tested it and found that it indeed neutralized a lethal dose of rattlesnake venom. (nih.gov)
Editorial: Venoms, animal and microbial toxins, volume II. (bvsalud.org)

The goals for the conference are to define key areas of this emerging field, establish collaborations to advance the unique perspectives to be gained from an interdisciplinary approach to venom research, and evaluate challenges and opportunities for venom biomedical research and drug development. (nih.gov)

The culprit came to the forefront in AMAZING SPIDER-MAN #299 and #300 when Eddie Brock made the scene as the symbiote-clad Venom! (marvel.com)
Many years later, Brock sold off the symbiote for $100 million and eventually suffered from cancer and delusions that Venom still controlled him even though they had separated. (marvel.com)
Though the U.S. Government eventually bonded the symbiote with Flash Thompson, who would go on a series of space adventures that seemingly healed the angry alien, but when the latest VENOM series launched, it saw a new person filling the suit until Eddie Brock came back into its life! (marvel.com)
But, because Kasady has none of Brock's moral code, he and his symbiote end up doing a lot more damage, leading Brock / Venom to have to stop them. (cinemablend.com)

In work that has not yet been peer-reviewed, researchers present evidence that microbes can and do live inside the venom glands of several dangerous species. (the-scientist.com)

The marine cone snail releases a venom cocktail to stun its prey. (nih.gov)
Protobothrops elegans) can compensate for inept traits in the chemical composition of its venom by overdosing its prey. (the-scientist.com)

Venomous animals use their expansive venom arsenal to disrupt the physiology of other animals for both defensive and predatory purposes. (nature.com)
Venomous animals and their venoms / edited by Wolfgang Bücherl, Eleanor E. Buckley, Venancio Deulofeu. (who.int)

It's been a hero, a villain, and a Black Ops agent, and now the alien symbiote has transformed into these cool-looking Venom Leggings . (geekalerts.com)
Forget the drooling monster with the big teeth because the Marvel Universe has a new Venom these days after the symbiote bonded with Flash Thompson and he looks like he's ready to take on the bad guys on these 83% Bright Polyester/17% Spandex leggings. (geekalerts.com)
The Venom Symbiote is an alien life form that bonds with a host, giving it enhanced powers. (geekalerts.com)
Desperate, Eddie investigates and is infected by a symbiote that eventually introduces itself to him as Venom. (theverge.com)
With Drake's henchman Roland Treece (Scott Haze) out to capture the symbiote, Eddie teams up with Anne and her new boyfriend to figure out what's going on, learn whether he can separate himself from Venom, and try to stop Drake from setting off a plan that would permanently alter humanity. (theverge.com)

Marvel's lethal protector is ready to play (and eat brains) as the Venom: Dark Origins Statue. (geekalerts.com)
This Spider-Man Venom Lethal Protector Throw Blanket not only looks cool, it will keep you warm. (geekalerts.com)

So this report from Collider , in which their source(s) confirm those suspicions, isn't exactly revelatory - though it does feature a couple of interesting details: According to their source(s), Venom will be the first film in Sony's extended Spidey universe, and it's being developed as a modestly-budgeted R-rated project. (comicsalliance.com)
Although Tom Holland 's Spider-Man is free to swing over to the MCU (and Marvel has generously loaned Iron Man to Sony for this summer's Homecoming ), the deal between the studios doesn't extend to Sony's other Marvel characters - like Venom or Black Cat. (comicsalliance.com)
Chiwetel Ejiofor has moved from the MCU proper to Sony's Spider-Man Universe, signing on for a role in Venom 3 . (411mania.com)

Marvel fans who love the anti-hero Venom and his symbiotic suit, check out this Marvel Minimates Venom Through the Ages Box Set. (geekalerts.com)

As you can see, the substances in bee venom have been associated with both positive and negative health effects. (healthline.com)
Some substances in bee venom, including melittin and apamin, may have medicinal properties. (healthline.com)

Importantly, while research shows that some compounds in the venom may have beneficial properties, the isolated effects of each component are unknown, as many components have not been well studied ( 5 ). (healthline.com)

The snail releases an insulin-containing venom that acts within seconds to stun nearby fish, so they're easier to capture and eat. (nih.gov)

The article falsely claimed that a particular opossum peptide could neutralize venom from several different snakes. (nih.gov)
Venom-peptide research and drug discovery has increased exponentially with the advance of genomic-transcriptomic sequencing and proteomic mass-spectrometry 10 . (nature.com)

Her rejiggered molecule works to neutralize venom "for almost all the Nigerian snakes and one Indian snake, the saw-scaled viper," said Komives. (nih.gov)
Watch poisonous snakes give their venom to science at the coaxing of a strong-handed snake-wrangler. (roadsideamerica.com)
Starting with small coral snakes, Carl deftly grabbed and extracted venom from these poisonous snakes with his teammate Denisse, three of each specimen, including cobras and rattlers. (roadsideamerica.com)
Carl Barden gave up his job as an airline pilot to pursue his real passion in life: squeezing venom out of poisonous snakes. (roadsideamerica.com)

An 8-week study in 120 people with RA found that bee-venom acupuncture, which employed 5-15 bee stings every other day, provided symptom relief effects that were similar to those of traditional RA medications like Methotrexate and Celecoxib ( 12 ). (healthline.com)

Fans of Marvel Comics and zombies will want to combine their passions with the Marvel Zombies Venom Mini Bust, featuring a detailed look at the animated corpse of the former villain/hero. (geekalerts.com)

Despite negative reviews, Venom and its sequel have been big hits for the studio with a combined $1.357 billion worldwide gross. (411mania.com)

Dry bites: These occur when there is no venom deposition, and therefore there are no signs or symptoms beyond a puncture wound. (medscape.com)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are not recommended because of their potential hematologic effects, which could compound with venom-induced coagulopathies. (medscape.com)

For a time, Eddie and Venom played hero together, but eventually fell off the wagon, so to speak. (marvel.com)
Venom gives Eddie superhuman strength, healing powers, and conveniently takes over Eddie's hands and legs to help him in fights. (theverge.com)
Other times, Venom just takes over completely, turning Eddie into a hulking, black-and-white monster with gnashing teeth and a penchant for eating people's heads. (theverge.com)
Venom is also, unfortunately, eating Eddie from the inside out, like the parasite he is. (theverge.com)

Venom became one of the most popular characters of the late 80s and early 90s, returning on many occasions to plague Spider-Man. (marvel.com)
Venom is one of Spider-Man's archenemies, and also the subject of this really cool Venom Big Grin T-Shirt. (geekalerts.com)
Take this Spider-Man Venom Spinner Ring for a spin and unleash your inner Venom. (geekalerts.com)
Spider-Man's alien suit is bigger and badder than ever with the Marvel Premier Collection Venom Statue. (geekalerts.com)
How did Tom Hardy's Venom know about Spider-Man? (syfy.com)
Like the rest of the Sony Spider-Man Universe, Venom is connected the MCU but exists in a different universe. (411mania.com)

We found that cone snail venom insulins work faster than human insulins by avoiding the structural changes that human insulins undergo in order to function-they are essentially primed and ready to bind to their receptors," Lawrence says. (nih.gov)

Overall, Robert Richardson seems pretty pumped to be a part of the Venom 2 family, explore something new in his career and work with some awesome people . (cinemablend.com)
Some people fear that elevation can accelerate systemic absorption of the venom, but there is no evidence demonstrating this occurs. (medscape.com)

Be careful next time you're going out for a walk in Belgium, for Venom might be waiting just around the corner to jump over you. (walyou.com)
Michelle Williams has also confirmed that she'll be back as Eddie's former fiancée (and one time She-Venom) Anne, so a lot of familiar players are going to populate the new movie, which should make fans happy. (cinemablend.com)
Venom 2 doesn't have an official release date yet, but all signs point to October 2, 2020 as the next time we can get our fill of the symbiote's adventures. (cinemablend.com)

Apitherapy is an alternative medicine practice that uses bee products - including their venom - to treat and prevent illnesses, pain, and more ( 6 ). (healthline.com)

Also set to step behind the camera and lend his considerable talents to Venom 2 is Oscar-winning cinematographer Robert Richardson ( JFK , Hugo , The Aviator ), who'll be working with Serkis again after serving as Serkis' director of photography for his film, Breathe . (cinemablend.com)

This Gordon Research Conference (GRC) on venom research will be held in conjunction with the Venom Evolution, Function, and Biomedical Applications Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (nih.gov)
The program will foster a community of experts focused on complementary and integrative topics in venom research. (nih.gov)

Venom 2 has been a certainty since the first movie released last October to massive box office receipts (though not critical acclaim). (cinemablend.com)

And, this comes as little surprise to the legions of viewers who watched Venom and stuck around for the previously mentioned end credits scene which introduced us to Woody Harrelson's already dasterdly character. (cinemablend.com)

This article reviews the uses, benefits, and side effects of bee venom. (healthline.com)
Melittin - a compound that consists of 26 amino acids - comprises about 50% of the dry weight of the venom and has been shown to have antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer effects in some studies ( 1 , 2 ). (healthline.com)
One of the most well-documented benefits of bee venom is its powerful anti-inflammatory effects. (healthline.com)
The anti-inflammatory effects of bee venom have been shown to especially benefit those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a painful inflammatory condition that affects your joints. (healthline.com)

It shows Venom through all of his incarnations. (geekalerts.com)
Opened in 2009, it features indoor and outdoor reptiles and twice-a-day venom collection shows, which take place inside a room with safety glass windows. (roadsideamerica.com)

Lastly, bee venom is used in live bee acupuncture or bee-sting therapy - a treatment method in which live bees are placed on your skin and a sting is induced ( 7 , 8 , 9 ). (healthline.com)

Dr Alicia Armentia's full report, entitled Wine-Induced Anaphylaxis and Sensitization to Hymenoptera Venom appears in the The New England Medical Journal today. (decanter.com)

Previously, experts recommended keeping the extremity below heart level to minimize the spread of the venom. (medscape.com)

Together they've menaced the Web-Head, played hero, and split up only to get back together in the pages of this week's VENOM #150 . (marvel.com)

The venom includes insulin, which acts within minutes to immobilize nearby fish by inducing hypoglycemic shock-a sedation-like state caused by extremely low blood sugar. (nih.gov)

And that's where Ruben Fleischer's Venom has real problems. (theverge.com)

A minimized human insulin-receptor-binding motif revealed in a Conus geographus venom insulin. (nih.gov)
Does Russell's viper venom interact with human complement system? (who.int)

Anatomy9

Organisms33

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs85

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Purification from black widow spider venom of a protein factor causing the depletion of synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions. (1/704)

Glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions of exendin-4: studies in obese diabetic (ob/ob, db/db) mice, diabetic fatty Zucker rats, and diabetic rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). (2/704)

Characterization of a C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP-39)-formed cation-selective channel from platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) venom. (3/704)

Effects of size, motility and paralysation time of prey on the quantity of venom injected by the hunting spider Cupiennius salei. (4/704)

Solution structure of a defensin-like peptide from platypus venom. (5/704)

Functional studies of a glucagon receptor isolated from frog Rana tigrina rugulosa: implications on the molecular evolution of glucagon receptors in vertebrates. (6/704)

Secreted phospholipases A(2), a new class of HIV inhibitors that block virus entry into host cells. (7/704)

Cooperative activation of action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins. (8/704)

Crotalid Venoms

Bee Venoms

Venoms

Cobra Venoms

Viper Venoms

Wasp Venoms

Elapid Venoms

Spider Venoms

Scorpion Venoms

Arthropod Venoms

Bothrops

Antivenins

Fish Venoms

Ant Venoms

Elapidae

Mollusk Venoms

Snakes

Scorpions

Agkistrodon

Amphibian Venoms

Snake Bites

Conus Snail

Trimeresurus

Cnidarian Venoms

Neurotoxins

Phospholipases A2

Bungarus

Crotoxin

Insect Bites and Stings

Russell's Viper

Phospholipases A

Amino Acid Sequence

Spider Bites

Wasps

Metalloproteases

Platypus

Molecular Sequence Data

Conotoxins

L-Amino Acid Oxidase

Exocrine Glands

Hymenoptera

Toxins, Biological

Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins

Black Widow Spider

Desensitization, Immunologic

Batroxobin

Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors

Peptides

Melitten

Arachnida

Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase

Scorpion Stings

Edema

Anaphylaxis

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Group II Phospholipases A2

Hemolysis

Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases

Metalloendopeptidases

Brown Recluse Spider

Erabutoxins

Snails

Basophil Degranulation Test

Animal Structures

Bees

Sequence Alignment

Nematocyst

Chemical Fractionation

Serine Proteases

Phospholipases A2, Secretory

Lizards

Complement System Proteins

Bites and Stings

Fishes, Poisonous

Bungarotoxins

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Scyphozoa