Chagas disease

Vector (epidemiology)

Rhodnius prolixus

Triatoma virus

Chagas disease

Vector (epidemiology)

Infection

Parasite18

• Despite the presence of the sylvatic cycle of T cruzi transmission in the southern and southwestern United States, only 23 cases of autochthonous transmission of the parasite have been reported. (medscape.com)
• Other triatomine insects were positive for T. cruzi parasite infection, which indicates that the potential exists for vector transmission of Chagas disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)
• Although vector transmission of T. cruzi trypanosomes is a minimal risk, 9 of the 11 triatomine species in the United States are potential vectors ( 1 , 7 ), and parasite transmission could increase because of climate change ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
• We analyzed T. cruzi vectors collected in California and Arizona by using a novel technique- cloning following PCR amplification using universal vertebrate primers-to determine the source of blood meals and indicate the likelihood of parasite transmission to humans. (cdc.gov)
• We examined blood meals ( 9 ) and T. cruzi parasite infection ( 10 ) of 13 insects from 2 species of kissing bugs, Triatoma rubida and T. protracta . (cdc.gov)
• However, the prevalence of T . cruzi in dogs and the role of these reservoir animals in parasite transmission in the State of Mexico have not been determined. (cdc.gov)
• Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite vectors have been observed in cities ( 13 , 14 ). (cdc.gov)
• To tailor vector control carried in the gut of bloodsucking triatomine insects strategies for the urban setting, we conducted a study to (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), and the parasite is usually trans- identify determinants of triatomine infestation and popula- mitted to humans when the vector's feces enter the host tion density in a periurban community of Arequipa. (cdc.gov)
• Over half of them have been shown to be naturally or experimentally infected with T. cruzi , but all are suspected to be able to transmit the parasite (or "serve as vectors") (Bargues et al. (fiocruz.br)
• We explored a central Texas NHP facility as a nidus of transmission by characterizing parasite discrete typing units (DTU) in seropositive rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ), identifying the wildlife reservoirs, and characterizing vector infection. (springer.com)
• The complexity of sylvatic transmission cycles, which involve multiple genetic strains of the parasite maintained by a diverse community of wildlife hosts, presents one of the major challenges to Chagas disease control and prevention. (springer.com)
• Geographic patterns of vector infection and parasite strain associations, especially in vectors encountered by the public, may be useful in assessing entomological risk, but are largely unknown across the US. (cdc.gov)
• How do they perform this has not been analysed in detail in any species, despite the relevance of vessel localisation for successful haematophagy and even for parasite transmission. (plos.org)
• This parasite can infect both humans and animals and is transmitted by insect vectors called triatomine bugs or "kissing bugs. (vetvine.com)
• In this presentation Dr. Sarah Hamer discusses the transmission cycle of the Chagas disease parasite, clinical abnormalities that can be seen in infected dogs, and the triatomine "kissing bug" insects that serve as vectors. (vetvine.com)
• The infection rates of this insect with the parasite are very high. (ebrary.net)
• Recent studies suggest that bedbugs may also be a vector for the Chagas parasite. (diversalertnetwork.org)
• Furthermore, we underscore the importance of investigating the distribution of introduced/potential vectors, parasite susceptibility, and improvements in diagnostic techniques and drug stocks. (biomedcentral.com)

Chagas Disease28

• The impact of Chagas disease is not limited to only rural areas of Latin America in which vectorborne transmission (diseases transmitted by insects) occurs. (cdc.gov)
• In the United States and in other regions where Chagas disease is now found but is not endemic, control strategies should focus on preventing transmission from blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and mother-to-baby (congenital transmission). (cdc.gov)
• In areas where Chagas disease is common, the main way is through vectorborne transmission. (cdc.gov)
• Much of the clinical information about Chagas disease comes from experience with people who became infected as children through contact with triatomines. (cdc.gov)
• The first systematic study of surveillance techniques for the insect vector of Chagas disease in Amazonia, conducted by researchers from the Fiocruz Instituto Leà ´nidas e Maria Deane, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and colleagues, concludes that tall palm trees with large amounts of debris on their crowns and stems should be targets for disease surveillance and control. (redorbit.com)
• The insect vectors of Chagas disease, triatomine bugs, usually infest low quality housing in rural and peri-urban areas. (redorbit.com)
• Most of the inhabitants of the infested houses recognized triatomines and had basic knowledge about Chagas disease. (scielo.br)
• Although T. vitticeps is not clearly associated with Chagas disease transmission, these results highlight the importance of maintaining CDCP in endemic areas and the need for greater emphasis on epidemiological surveillance, especially in areas with important vectorial changes or that have been modified by human intervention. (scielo.br)
• The Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP) is mainly focused on the interruption of vectorial transmission due to the large number of wild triatomine species with domiciliation potential 4 , 5 . (scielo.br)
• The description of sugar and plant meals in triatomines opens new perspectives for the study and control of Chagas Disease. (biomedcentral.com)
• Our findings suggest that the common bed bug may be a competent vector of T. cruzi and could pose a risk for vector-borne transmission of Chagas disease. (ajtmh.org)
• In this work, we analysed the occurrence of anti-TrV antibodies in human sera from Chagas disease endemic and non-endemic countries, and developed a mathematical model to estimate the transmission probability of TrV from insects to man, which ranged between 0.00053 and 0.0015. (biomedcentral.com)
• In November 2008, the Intergovernmental Commission of the Central American Initiative for Chagas Disease Control confirmed that Guatemala had become the first country in Central America to be certified for interruption of Chagas disease transmission by Rhodnius prolixus, one of the disease's two most important vectors. (idrc.ca)
• Blood Feeding Insect Series: American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease 2 Top: Female Triatoma gerstaeckeri. (ufl.edu)
• Chagas disease spread and transmission. (bioportfolio.com)
• Thermal Tolerance Plasticity in Chagas Disease Vectors Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Triatoma infestans. (bioportfolio.com)
• Phylogeography and demographic history of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius nasutus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Brazilian Caatinga biome. (bioportfolio.com)
• Guinea pig eliminated transmission of Chagas disease by spraying pens were more likely than other animal enclosures to be households with pyrethroid insecticides ( 6 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
• Arequipa Regional Ministry of Health began a spray-based brick and adobe enclosures were more likely to have tri- vector control program after an infant in a periurban com- atomines, while wire mesh enclosures were protected munity died from acute Chagas disease. (cdc.gov)
• Triatoma infestans is the principal vector of T. cruzi in the understanding of the spatial distribution of potential southern cone of South America and the sole vector in Chagas disease transmission in the community. (cdc.gov)
• Despite efforts to eliminate American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) through vector control, the disease continues to be a public health problem in Latin America. (scielosp.org)
• Abstract: The aim of this article was to confirm and describe an outbreak of acute Chagas disease involving oral transmission in the western region of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
• Chagas disease prevention remains mostly based on triatomine vector control to reduce or eliminate house infestation with these bugs. (fiocruz.br)
• Control of Chagas disease relies on the treatment of infected patients and prevention of transmission is based mainly on vector control. (fiocruz.br)
• Rhodnius prolixus , in addition of being a classical model for insect physiology studies, is a major vector of Chagas' disease, one of the main public health problems in Latin America - . (plos.org)
• Although triatomines and T. cruzi have long-occurred in the southern United States, there is currently unprecedented recognition for locally-acquired Chagas disease in humans and animals in the US. (vetvine.com)
• Given the limited antiparasitic treatment options and lack of a Chagas disease vaccine, disease risk reduction must focus on controlling the vectors in the environment. (vetvine.com)
• Eggs have epidemiological and taxonomic importance in the subfamily Triatominae, which contains Chagas disease vectors. (springer.com)

Hemiptera3

• The triatomine vectors are hematophagous insects of the order Hemiptera, family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae 3 . (scielo.br)
• Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is only found in Mexico and is one of the most important vectors for transmission there. (bioportfolio.com)
• The monoxenous trypanosomatids infect a broad range of insects, including those of the orders Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Siphonaptera [ 5 ]. (clinmedjournals.org)

Blood-feeding1

• Part of a series of EDIS Fact Sheets on diseases transmitted by blood-feeding insects. (ufl.edu)

Important vectors2

• 2010). Nevertheless, not all the triatomine species are considered important vectors of T. cruzi . (fiocruz.br)
• Ticks are considered the most important vectors in veterinary medicine with a profound impact on animal health worldwide, as well as being key vectors of diseases affecting household pets. (bvsalud.org)

Species19

• 130 species of blood-feeding insect vectors (subfamily Triatominae). (cdc.gov)
• Of the 31 triatomine species identified in Mexico, Triatoma barberi , Triatoma dimidiata , and Triatoma pallidipennis have the highest vectorial activity in central and southern Mexico ( 4 , 10 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)
• Credits: S. A. Kjos, Texas A & M University There are 105 known species of triatomine bugs in the Western hemisphere. (ufl.edu)
• A clear assessment of species boundaries is particularly relevant in disease vector organisms in order to understand epidemiological and evolutionary processes that affect transmission capacity. (bioportfolio.com)
• Temperature is recognized as the most influential abiotic factor on the distribution and dispersion of most insect species including Rhodnius prolixus (Stål, 1859) and Triatoma infestans (Klug, 1834). (bioportfolio.com)
• In this review, we examine how the domiciliation/intrusion level of different triatomine species/populations has been defined and measured and discuss how these concepts may be improved for a better understanding of their ecology and evolution, as well as for the design of more effective control strategies against a large variety of triatomine species. (fiocruz.br)
• We suggest that a major limitation of current criteria for classifying triatomines into sylvatic, intrusive, domiciliary and domestic species is that these are essentially qualitative and do not rely on quantitative variables measuring population sustainability and fitness in their different habitats. (fiocruz.br)
• Currently, more than 140 species of triatomines are recognised. (fiocruz.br)
• Vector competence varies considerably between the different species/populations of triatomines and depends on multiple criterions. (fiocruz.br)
• 2002). Indeed, species highly adapted to and able to colonise human dwellings are more likely to actively contribute to the transmission of T. cruzi to humans than species that are only found in sylvatic environment. (fiocruz.br)
• While the domiciliation of triatomine species/populations is clearly a gradual evolutionary process (Schofield et al. (fiocruz.br)
• To date, vector control is mainly achieved through indoor residual insecticide spraying, initially designed to target triatomine species living inside human dwellings and highly adapted to the domestic environment (i.e. domiciliated or domesticated). (fiocruz.br)
• However, it is becoming increasingly clear that triatomine species presenting lower levels of domiciliation are also playing an important role in T. cruzi transmission to humans and thus need to be taken into account by vector control programs in many regions. (fiocruz.br)
• The efficacy of conventional insecticide spraying may indeed be directly affected by the level of domiciliation of triatomines and alternative control strategies thus need to be considered against nondomiciliated species/populations. (fiocruz.br)
• The level of domiciliation/intrusion of triatomine species thus needs to be clearly defined in operative terms to allow for its precise evaluation and the design of effective vector control interventions. (fiocruz.br)
• Active and passive vector surveillance yielded three species of triatomines from the facility and in proximity to the NHP enclosures, with 17% T. cruzi infection prevalence. (springer.com)
• This form of transmission has been documented for R. pallescens in Panama and Colombia where the natural ecotopes of this species are several types of palm trees which are planted around the rural dwellings. (ebrary.net)
• Until 2001, monoxenous trypanosomatids had been identified from roughly 350 insect species only, while more than 900 vertebrate hosts had been identified for the dixenous genera [ 4 ]. (clinmedjournals.org)
• Invertebrate hosts of monoxenous trypanosomatids may become infected via multiple routes including ingestion of cyst-like amastigotes from the faeces of other infected hosts [ 6 ], food sharing, predating other infected insect species, or cannibalism [ 7 ]. (clinmedjournals.org)

Triatoma5

• Triatoma virus (TrV) is the sole viral pathogen of triatomines, and is transmitted among insects through the fecal-oral route and, as it happens with T. cruzi, the infected insects release the virus when defecating during or after blood uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
• This virus was first isolated from Triatoma infestans [ 7 , 8 ], the main vector of Chagas in Argentina and neighbouring countries. (biomedcentral.com)
• We are looking for new ways of attacking a native vector of Chagas ( Triatoma dimidiata ) without using insecticides, by removing the factors that encourage these insects to live in houses. (idrc.ca)
• This difference was not due to triatomine density, since more than 1,000 Triatoma infestans were captured in both zones, but was possibly secondary to the vector infection rate (79% in SZ and 37% in NZ). (fiocruz.br)
• Rhodnius ecuadoriensi s (Lent & León, 1958) and Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) are considered the main vectors in this country. (springer.com)

Populations4

• However, in the past decade there have been a series of re-infestation events of insecticide-treated houses by sylvatic triatomine populations in Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela. (biomedcentral.com)
• vector populations or their life expectancy so can call on tools nineteenth century, that they are unable to transmit disease. (who.int)
• These populations are a potential source of continuous house infestation and post-spraying re-infestation, making the control by insecticide spraying unsustainable, even in areas where transmission is primarily due to highly domiciliated vectors. (fiocruz.br)
• This review summarizes the social impacts caused by A. aegypti-transmitted diseases, mainly from a biotechnological perspective in vector control aimed at protecting Latin American populations against arboviruses. (bvsalud.org)

Humans6

• Vector-borne zoonotic diseases are those that naturally infect wildlife and are then transmitted to humans through carriers, or vectors, such as mosquitoes or ticks. (wikipedia.org)
• The rarity of vector‑borne transmission of T cruzi to humans in the United States is likely due to the overall sparsity of vectors and the generally higher housing standards, which help prevent the vectors from becoming domiciliary. (medscape.com)
• hence, the epidemiologic importance of identifying animal sources of the vectors' blood meals, the likelihood of these vectors also feeding on humans, and their incidence of T. cruzi infection. (cdc.gov)
• Circulation of T . cruzi is maintained by the interaction of bloodsucking triatomines with humans and reservoir animal hosts ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
• T. cruzi is transmitted to humans and animals by triatomine bugs, commonly referred to as "kissing bugs" (Fig. 1). (ufl.edu)
• This protozoan is typically transmitted to animals (including humans) by insect vectors found only in rural areas of the Americas, from the southern states of the U.S. to the northern provinces of Argentina. (diversalertnetwork.org)

Ticks2

• Some insects, ticks and mites need blood in favour the proliferation order to reproduce. (who.int)
• Most of them are transmitted by bloodsucking insects such as mosquitoes, sandflies, ticks, flies and tria-tomine bugs. (ebookdig.biz)

Rhodnius1

• We offered artificial sugar meals to the laboratory model-insect Rhodnius prolixus , which is considered a strict haematophagous insect. (biomedcentral.com)

Feces1

• They came up with three possible explanations: that the insects were getting infected by ingesting the feces of other insects, that other animals besides guinea pigs were involved, and the most likely possibility, a bottleneck occurred that caused smaller more dense concentrations of infected insects leading to a higher likelihood of infections in people in the same areas. (embassyofperu.org)

Malaria2

• The Anopheles mosquito, a vector for malaria, filariasis, and various arthropod-borne-viruses (arboviruses), inserts its delicate mouthpart under the skin and feeds on its host's blood. (wikipedia.org)
• Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. (lshtm.ac.uk)

Pathogen3

• When the insects blood feed, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host. (wikipedia.org)
• The control of tick infestations and pathogen transmission could be obtained through immunization programs aimed at reducing the tick population and interfering in the pathogenic transmission that affects human and animal health on a global scale. (bvsalud.org)
• We posit that seasonal rains, leading to a fluctuation in the price of guinea pig food (alfalfa), leading to annual guinea pig roasts, leading to a concentration of vectors on a small subpopulation of animals maintained for reproduction, can propel T. cruzi through vector colonies and create a considerable force of infection for a pathogen whose transmission might otherwise fizzle out. (embassyofperu.org)

Endemic5

• In the case of T vivax , Tabanus spp and other biting flies seem to be the primary mechanical vectors outside tsetse-endemic areas, as in Central and South America. (merckvetmanual.com)
• Prior to initiation of a national vector and transfusion control program in 2000, infection rates in Bolivia varied from 26 to 71% in children between one to six years old, and from 32 to 93.5% in adults, depending on the endemic area (Noireau 1999). (fiocruz.br)
• 1994). In endemic areas, children are exposed to T. cruzi vectors at an early age, and high prevalence rates are reported in individuals less than 10 years old. (fiocruz.br)
• Endemic to 21 countries, the disease affects approximately 16-18 million people, while other 120 million are exposed to risk of transmission . (plos.org)
• Mechanical barriers, such as mosquito nets and screens, can be effective, but avoiding sleeping outdoors, at hostels, and in mud houses in endemic areas is the best way to prevent contact with Chagas vectors. (diversalertnetwork.org)

Insecticides4

• 1. Insecticides play an essential role in vector control. (who.int)
• The means: spraying homes with insecticides and replastering walls and floors to bar the insect from houses. (idrc.ca)
• Insect resistance to chemical insecticides is attributed to a combination of different mechanisms, such as metabolic resistance, knockdown resistance, and the cuticular resistance or penetration factor. (bvsalud.org)
• The reasons are associated to the complex peridomiciles of the rural houses, the emergence of resistance of the vector to the pyrethroid insecticides in the Provinces of La Rioja and Salta in Argentina and the Departments of Tarija and Cochabamba in Bolivia, and the presence of sylvan foci of T. infestans in Bolivia. (ebrary.net)

Mosquitoes3

• More recently, biotechnical approaches, such as the release of transgenics or sterile mosquitoes and the, development of transmission blocking vaccines, are being applied to try to control the A. aegypti population and/or arbovirus transmission. (bvsalud.org)
• Solenophagous insects such as mosquitoes, sucking lice and kissing bugs need to pierce the skin of their hosts in order to reach the interior of blood-vessels with their mouthparts . (plos.org)
• Mosquitoes are known to be an important vector of virus transmission. (ebookdig.biz)

Sylvatic1

• Interventions to protect NHP and human health must focus on interrupting spillover from the robust sylvatic transmission in the surrounding environment. (springer.com)

Harbor1

• The authors asked whether all palms are equally likely to harbor triatomine bug colonies "" while explicitly acknowledging that no detection technique works perfectly. (redorbit.com)

Central America3

• These insects are known by a number of local names, including: vinchuca in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Paraguay, barbeiro (the barber) in Brazil, pito in Colombia, chinche in Central America, and chipo in Venezuela. (wikipedia.org)
• Huge insecticide-spraying campaigns have halted T. cruzi transmission in vast areas of South and Central America. (redorbit.com)
• In Venezuela, Colombia and some parts of Central America, R. prolixus Stål (1859) is the main vector of the disease . (plos.org)

Hosts4

• We suggest that local plants might be not merely shelters for insects and vertebrate hosts as previously described, but may have a nutritional role for the maintenance of the triatomine vectors. (biomedcentral.com)
• Here, we show efficient and bidirectional transmission of T. cruzi between hosts and bed bugs in a laboratory environment. (ajtmh.org)
• Less than 5% of the skin is occupied by blood vessels and thus, it is not likely that insects rely on a "random search strategy", since it would increase the probability of being killed by their hosts. (plos.org)
• However, we argue that the presence of these persistently infectious hosts is insufficient to explain the observed prevalence of T. cruzi in vector colonies. (embassyofperu.org)

Infest1

• Insects infest or reinfest homes. (cdc.gov)

Americas1

• However, transmission of the disease by kissing bugs (vectorborne transmission), only occurs in the Americas. (cdc.gov)

Domiciliation2

• Such approaches can shed new light on the domiciliation process of triatomines and may represent a key tool for decision-making and the design of vector control interventions. (fiocruz.br)
• Among these, the level of domiciliation, which is understood as the level of adaptation to human and its domestic environment, is one of the most important, as it defines the level of human-vector contacts (Dujardin et al. (fiocruz.br)

Pathogens4

• Pool feeders such as the sand fly and black fly, vectors for pathogens causing leishmaniasis and onchocerciasis respectively, will chew a well in the host's skin, forming a small pool of blood from which they feed. (wikipedia.org)
• Some plants and fungi act as vectors for various pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
• The deer tick , a vector for Lyme disease pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
• However, they are also of medical importance as they can be infected by pathogens such as bacteria, protists or viruses that take advantage of the blood-feeding nutritional strategy for own transmission. (cambridge.org)

Ingest1

• Triatomine nymphs ingest modified bacteria. (cdc.gov)

Occurs2

• Most transmission occurs when triatomine bugs emerge from their natural habitats--usually palm trees--and fly into houses, attack rural workers or contaminate food or food-processing equipment. (redorbit.com)
• In these areas the transmission occurs because of the "visit" of the vector to the houses from the natural ecotopes to feed on the inhabitants after which the insect comes out. (ebrary.net)

Latin American1

• Often times, Latin American triatomines will feed near the eyes and lips, earning them the common name kissing bugs. (ufl.edu)

Dwellings1

• Dogs are considered important in the dynamics of T . cruzi infection of triatomines and transmission within human dwellings ( 1 , 13 , 14 ). (cdc.gov)

Found6

• iii) at least 10 cases of horizontal transfers were found, supporting the idea that host/vector relationships played a pivotal role in the transmission and subsequent persistence of transposable elements in this genome. (biomedcentral.com)
• It is a highly synanthropic insect found most often in poor, rural households ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
• The insects were found in the peridomicile, in stacks of firewood and close to the sugar cane mill. (bvsalud.org)
• 2017 ), and natural infection is described in captive New and Old World NHPs in areas where vectors are found (Williams et al. (springer.com)
• These results show that RpACBP-5 is a functional ACBP but indicate that the lack of a detectable phenotype in the knockdown insects may be a consequence of functional overlap of the proteins of the ACBP family found in the insect. (bvsalud.org)
• Insect-specific families were also found. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Infections1

• a genotype linked to human infections and a domestic cycle of transmission have recently been identified, hence, this strain was named TcIDom. (bvsalud.org)

Transmit1

• What is a vector, and how does it transmit disease? (who.int)

Borne2

• WHO issued reports indicating that vector-borne illnesses affect poor people, especially people living in areas that do not have adequate levels of sanitation, drinking water and housing. (wikipedia.org)
• Repellent technologies represent another fundamental aspect of preventing mosquito-borne disease transmission. (ebookdig.biz)

Flies4

• a In non-tsetse areas, transmission is by biting flies. (merckvetmanual.com)
• Mechanical transmission can occur through tsetse or other biting flies. (merckvetmanual.com)
• Little is known about the composition and function of the saliva in black flies such as Simulium guianense , the main vector of river blindness disease in Brazil. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
• Our results contribute to understanding the role of Simulium saliva in transmission of Onchocerca volvulus and evolution of salivary proteins in black flies. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Symbionts2

• CRUZIGARD) containing genetically modified symbionts, resulting in diminished Chagas transmission (Paratransgenic vector). (cdc.gov)
• Genetically modified symbionts are amplified and dispersed by newly- infected insects. (cdc.gov)

Main vector1

• Simulium guianense appears to be the main vector in this focus [ 3 , 4 ], but its biology is not well studied. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

Human-vector contact1

• As a result, focal points of human-vector contact are likely idiosyncratic. (ebookdig.biz)