Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Insect Vectors: Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.Disease Vectors: Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.Gene Transfer Techniques: The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.Transduction, Genetic: The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.Adenoviridae: A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.Dependovirus: A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.Lentivirus: A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.Arthropod Vectors: Arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.Support Vector Machines: Learning algorithms which are a set of related supervised computer learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and used for classification and regression analysis.Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Anopheles: A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.Retroviridae: Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.Arachnid Vectors: Members of the class Arachnida, especially SPIDERS; SCORPIONS; MITES; and TICKS; which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.Helper Viruses: Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.Aedes: A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.Mosquito Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Adenovirus E1 Proteins: The very first viral gene products synthesized after cells are infected with adenovirus. The E1 region of the genome has been divided into two major transcriptional units, E1A and E1B, each expressing proteins of the same name (ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS and ADENOVIRUS E1B PROTEINS).beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.Insect Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.Luminescent Proteins: Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.Culicidae: A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Anopheles gambiae: A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.Culex: A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.Recombination, Genetic: Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Adenoviruses, Human: Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.DNA, Recombinant: Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Virus Integration: Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Lac Operon: The genetic unit consisting of three structural genes, an operator and a regulatory gene. The regulatory gene controls the synthesis of the three structural genes: BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and beta-galactoside permease (involved with the metabolism of lactose), and beta-thiogalactoside acetyltransferase.Transformation, Genetic: Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Psychodidae: Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.Phlebotomus: A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS).Triatoma: A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Several species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Mice, Inbred BALB CCeratopogonidae: A family of biting midges, in the order DIPTERA. It includes the genus Culicoides which transmits filarial parasites pathogenic to man and other primates.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Vaccines, Synthetic: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Insecticide Resistance: The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.Defective Viruses: Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.Mice, Inbred C57BLKanamycin Kinase: A class of enzymes that inactivate aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotics (AMINOGLYCOSIDES) by regiospecific PHOSPHORYLATION of the 3' and/or 5' hydroxyl.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Moloney murine leukemia virus: A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Capsid Proteins: Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.Pyrethrins: The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Hemiptera: A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein: An Ig superfamily transmembrane protein that localizes to junctional complexes that occur between ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and EPTHELIAL CELLS. The protein may play a role in cell-cell adhesion and is the primary site for the attachment of ADENOVIRUSES during infection.Adenoviruses, Simian: Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS associated with respiratory and enteric infections in primate hosts.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Population Density: Number of individuals in a population relative to space.Artificial Intelligence: Theory and development of COMPUTER SYSTEMS which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include speech recognition, LEARNING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; reasoning, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING, and translation of language.Simuliidae: Several species of the genus Simulium (family Simuliidae) that act as intermediate hosts (vectors) for the parasitic disease ONCHOCERCIASIS.Leukemia Virus, Murine: Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.Terminal Repeat Sequences: Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats. The Delta element of Ty retrotransposons and LTRs (long terminal repeats) are examples of this concept.Transformation, Bacterial: The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.Spumavirus: Genus of non-oncogenic retroviruses which establish persistent infections in many animal species but are considered non-pathogenic. Its species have been isolated from primates (including humans), cattle, cats, hamsters, horses, and sea lions. Spumaviruses have a foamy or lace-like appearance and are often accompanied by syncytium formation. SIMIAN FOAMY VIRUS is the type species.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Dengue: An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.Genes, Viral: The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Chagas Disease: Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Baculoviridae: Family of INSECT VIRUSES containing two subfamilies: Eubaculovirinae (occluded baculoviruses) and Nudibaculovirinae (nonoccluded baculoviruses). The Eubaculovirinae, which contain polyhedron-shaped inclusion bodies, have two genera: NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS and GRANULOVIRUS. Baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects.Rhodnius: A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Rhodnius prolixus is a vector for TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.Integrases: Recombinases that insert exogenous DNA into the host genome. Examples include proteins encoded by the POL GENE of RETROVIRIDAE and also by temperate BACTERIOPHAGES, the best known being BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA.Receptors, Virus: Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.HIV-1: The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.Replicon: Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)AIDS Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.Alphavirus: A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.Tropism: The directional growth of an organism in response to an external stimulus such as light, touch, or gravity. Growth towards the stimulus is a positive tropism; growth away from the stimulus is a negative tropism. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Vaccines, DNA: Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.Adenovirus E3 Proteins: Proteins transcribed from the E3 region of ADENOVIRUSES but not essential for viral replication. The E3 19K protein mediates adenovirus persistence by reducing the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens on the surface of infected cells.Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of CELL MEMBRANES, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Factor IX: Storage-stable blood coagulation factor acting in the intrinsic pathway. Its activated form, IXa, forms a complex with factor VIII and calcium on platelet factor 3 to activate factor X to Xa. Deficiency of factor IX results in HEMOPHILIA B (Christmas Disease).Vaccinia virus: The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.DNA Transposable Elements: Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.Vectorcardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart on a plane of the body surface delineated as a vector function of time.DNA Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Cell Line, Transformed: Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.Injections, Intramuscular: Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.Adenovirus E4 Proteins: Proteins transcribed from the E4 region of ADENOVIRUSES. The E4 19K protein transactivates transcription of the adenovirus E2F protein and complexes with it.HEK293 Cells: A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.Adenoviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.Ticks: Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Genes, Synthetic: Biologically functional sequences of DNA chemically synthesized in vitro.3T3 Cells: Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.Disease Reservoirs: Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Seasons: Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Simplexvirus: A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Macaca mulatta: A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.Insect Repellents: Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food.Hemophilia B: A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics.Host-Parasite Interactions: The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.DDT: A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Feeding Behavior: Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.Plasmodium: A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.Polyethyleneimine: Strongly cationic polymer that binds to certain proteins; used as a marker in immunology, to precipitate and purify enzymes and lipids. Synonyms: aziridine polymer; Epamine; Epomine; ethylenimine polymer; Montrek; PEI; Polymin(e).Mice, SCID: Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Adenoviruses, Canine: Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS that causes fever, edema, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and encephalitis in foxes. Epizootics have also been caused in bears, wolves, coyotes, and skunks. The official species name is Canine adenovirus and it contains two serotypes.Ixodes: The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.Pattern Recognition, Automated: In INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)Gene Silencing: Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.Siphonaptera: An order of parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless INSECTS with the common name of fleas.Insect Proteins: Proteins found in any species of insect.RNA, Small Interfering: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.Sindbis Virus: The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.Salivary Glands: Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).Herpesvirus 1, Human: The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.Ganciclovir: An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.Adenovirus E2 Proteins: Proteins transcribed from the E2 region of ADENOVIRUSES. Several of these are required for viral DNA replication.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Immunization, Secondary: Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Tsetse Flies: Bloodsucking flies of the genus Glossina, found primarily in equatorial Africa. Several species are intermediate hosts of trypanosomes.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Proviruses: Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.Antigens, CD34: Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.Pest Control, Biological: Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.Housing: Living facilities for humans.X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases: Forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT. Both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified.Gene Order: The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Chromosomes, Artificial, Human: DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, all elements, such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, required for successful replication, propagation to and maintainance in progeny human cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Genetic Enhancement: The use of genetic methodologies to improve functional capacities of an organism rather than to treat disease.Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus: The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.Gammaretrovirus: A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.Vaccines, Attenuated: Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Viral Tropism: The specificity of a virus for infecting a particular type of cell or tissue.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Injections: Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Alphavirus Infections: Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.RNA, Antisense: RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.Nymph: The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy
Level of measurement
Bioinformática, a enciclopedia libre
Static electricity
List of plasma physics articles
SparkNotes: Magnetic Field Theory: A Brief Review of Vector Calculus
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the Coronal Emission Line Polarizations](data:image/png;base64,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)
1502.07200] Direct Observation of Coronal Magnetic Fields by Vector Tomography of
the Coronal Emission Line Polarizations
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Prevention of experimental carotid artery thrombosis by magnetic vectoring of aspirin [letter] - НИИ Атеросклероза
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CalculusScalarLentiviral vectorsMeasurementsMagnetometerDipoleNanoparticlesOrthogonalScalarsMagnetismElectromagneticLorentzPHYSICSImagingParticlesMagnitudeAlgorithmMonopolesFaraday's LawGeneticSusceptibilityCoordinatesPropertiesDetectionEquationCylindersSpinGene transferRetroviralTransductionResonance ImageMagnetometryCharacteristicResultantPhysMeasurementFunctionsSurfacesGenesClassifierNanostructuresApparatusTheoreticalSensorTransformationBoundaryIntensity
Calculus11
- In order to establish some properties of the magnetic field, we must review some of the principles of vector calculus. (sparknotes.com)
- The second major concept from vector calculus that applies to magnetic fields is that of the curl of a vector function. (sparknotes.com)
- The ideas of electromagnetic theory are developed at a comparatively sophisticated mathematical level making extensive use of the methods of vector calculus. (qub.ac.uk)
- They will be fluent in the use of vector calculus. (qub.ac.uk)
- In this chapter we will be concerned with the algebraic manipulation of vectors, their use in co-ordinate geometry and the most elementary aspects of their calculus. (oreilly.com)
- In Chapter 12 we will discuss in more detail the calculus of vectors and vector analysis. (oreilly.com)
- Use of vector calculus. (niu.edu)
- Review of vector algebra and calculus. (umsl.edu)
- In vector calculus, a vector field is an assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of space. (wikipedia.org)
- The elements of differential and integral calculus extend naturally to vector fields. (wikipedia.org)
- When a vector field represents force, the line integral of a vector field represents the work done by a force moving along a path, and under this interpretation conservation of energy is exhibited as a special case of the fundamental theorem of calculus. (wikipedia.org)
Scalar6
- The Vector tomographic inversion uses observational measurements of the Fe {\sc{xiii}} 10747 \AA\ Hanle effect polarization signals by the Coronal Multichannel Polarimeter (CoMP) and coronal density and temperature structures derived from scalar tomographic inversion of STEREO/EUVI coronal emission lines (CELs) intensity images as inputs to derive a coronal magnetic field model that best reproduces the observed polarization signals. (arxiv.org)
- Is Time a Scalar or a Vector? (physicsforums.com)
- Each vector is the product of a scalar and a unitary eigenvector. (physicsforums.com)
- The speed of light (c) is a scalar therefore t must be a vector for this matrix. (physicsforums.com)
- t is neither a vector nor a scalar. (physicsforums.com)
- Vector fields are thus contrasted with scalar fields, which associate a number or scalar to every point in space, and are also contrasted with simple lists of scalar fields, which do not transform under coordinate changes. (wikipedia.org)
Lentiviral vectors7
- Lentiviral vectors can also transfer genes into resting cells. (innovations-report.com)
- Lentiviral vectors which have been used previously in clinical applications are usually pseudotyped (combined) with the envelope protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). (innovations-report.com)
- Gene transfer assays were performed to test whether the respective lentiviral vectors would be able to enter into target receptor-positive cell types, and, if so, how efficiently they were able to do so. (innovations-report.com)
- The newly developed lentiviral vectors with Nipah envelope proteins lead to higher productivity than previous vectors. (innovations-report.com)
- With the modified Nipah virus envelope proteins, we can direct gene transfer with lentiviral vectors to the desired target cells at high efficiency", explained Professor Buchholz. (innovations-report.com)
- We have engineered lentiviral vectors bearing fusions between different combinations of fluorescent and bioluminescent marker proteins and used bioluminescence imaging and intravital-scanning microscopy in real time to study the fate of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) at a cellular resolution in glioma-bearing brains in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
- In the current study, we have engineered a variety of lentiviral vectors to express fusions between fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins and show that both fusion partners are fully functional. (jneurosci.org)
Measurements5
- The VFET approach is based on the conventional filtered back projection approach to tomographic reconstructions and the availability of an incomplete set of measurements due to experimental limitations means that the reconstructed vector fields exhibit significant artifacts. (osti.gov)
- Show that two measurements F 1 and F 2 of magnetic force at a fixed point are sufficient enough to determine B at that point as (see picture) provided v 1 and v 2 are orthogonal. (physicsforums.com)
- The object of the invention consists in further developing this device in such a way that it is possible to make absolute measurements of magnetic fields in a highly sensitive fashion. (google.de)
- Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is a new modality for medical, industrial and geophysical imaging [1- in which the impedance distribution within a medium is computed based on measurements of the mutual inductances between pairs of coils placed around the medium. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Measurements of vector magnetic fields were initiated during the 1960s. (wikipedia.org)
Magnetometer2
- In this paper, a novel and full calibration in the magnetic domain for a single tri-axis magnetometer on a host platform is proposed. (hindawi.com)
- The proposed calibration algorithm is valid for any tri-axial vector magnetometer. (hindawi.com)
Dipole8
- A magnetic dipole is a closed circulation of electric current . (wikipedia.org)
- Dipoles can be characterized by their dipole moment, a vector quantity. (wikipedia.org)
- For the current loop, the magnetic dipole moment points through the loop (according to the right hand grip rule ), with a magnitude equal to the current in the loop times the area of the loop. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to current loops, the electron , among other fundamental particles , has a magnetic dipole moment. (wikipedia.org)
- A permanent magnet, such as a bar magnet, owes its magnetism to the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment of the electron. (wikipedia.org)
- The dipole moment of the bar magnet points from its magnetic south to its magnetic north pole . (wikipedia.org)
- the magnetic dipole moment of such a loop is the product of the current flowing in the loop and the (vector) area of the loop. (wikipedia.org)
- The magnetization of a material is expressed in terms of density of net magnetic dipole moments μ in the material. (gsu.edu)
Nanoparticles5
- Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of magnetic nanoparticles contain information on the magnetic and electrostatic potentials. (osti.gov)
- In this paper, we outline a model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) algorithm to reconstruct the magnetic vector potential of magnetic nanoparticles. (osti.gov)
- A research team from the University of Bayreuth reports this result in the current online edition of Biomacromolecules ( 'Dual-Responsive Magnetic Core Shell Nanoparticles for Nonviral Gene Delivery and Cell Separation' ). (nanowerk.com)
- The fluorescence microscope makes the high transfection efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles visible. (nanowerk.com)
- Magnetic nanoparticles can be used as novel non-viral gene vector in vitro, which offers a basis for gene delivery in vivo. (uwi.edu)
Orthogonal3
- The probe measured the rate of change of the gradient magnetic fields using three mutually orthogonal pickup coils. (uct.ac.za)
- c Spin configurations of cubic-3 q hedgehog lattice (3 q -HL), which is described by three orthogonal q -vectors, which are pinned along 〈100〉 crystal axes at zero H . In a - c the red (blue) arrows drawn in each spin texture represent up (down) magnetic moments. (nature.com)
- The contour plane is orthogonal to vector a. (scirp.org)
Scalars1
- The transformation properties of vectors distinguish a vector as a geometrically distinct entity from a simple list of scalars, or from a covector. (wikipedia.org)
Magnetism2
- The vector potential is central to a number of areas of condensed matter physics, such as superconductivity and magnetism. (2physics.com)
- The vector potential of magnetic structures is essential to the understanding of several areas in condensed matter physics and magnetism on a quantum level, but until now it has never been visualized in three dimensions," Argonne Distinguished Fellow Amanda Petford-Long said. (2physics.com)
Electromagnetic3
- Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory have developed a new technique that maps the magnetic vector potential - one of the most important electromagnetic quantities and a foundation of quantum mechanics - in three dimensions. (2physics.com)
- Energy density in time-varying electromagnetic fields and Poynting vector. (tcd.ie)
- Electromagnetism, Waves and Optics will ensure you have a firm grasp of the fundamentals of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic phenomena. (york.ac.uk)
Lorentz1
- It is the vector B that enters the expression for magnetic force on moving charges ( Lorentz force ). (citizendium.org)
PHYSICS3
- The development of next generation magnetic sensors and devices requires studying the physics underlying the magnetic interactions at the nanoscale," Phatak said. (2physics.com)
- Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine - incl. (springer.com)
- In physics, a vector is additionally distinguished by how its coordinates change when one measures the same vector with respect to a different background coordinate system. (wikipedia.org)
Imaging12
- Experience suggests that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advanced MR techniques such as spectroscopy and diffusion imaging offer substantial benefits when diagnosing problems in premature babies. (childrenshospital.org)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is remarkable in that it is possible to obtain image resolutions much smaller than the wavelength of the radiated signal. (uct.ac.za)
- Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) is widely used to provide colocalization information for correlative applications with nuclear medicine images. (wikibooks.org)
- We'll start with an overview of the imaging process and then describe magnetic resonance features of the simplest atomic nucleus known, i.e. 1 H. From there we'll describe phenomena which generate contrast in MR images and finish with a description of image formation using spatial encoding techniques. (wikibooks.org)
- Prostate cancer imaging had been promoted using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (who.int)
- Nitroxides have great potential as contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (uniecampus.it)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging. (shutterstock.com)
- In primates injected with producer cells, magnetic resonance imaging before, during, and after ganciclovir administration showed minimal and localized breakdown of the blood-brain barrier without significant edema or mass effect. (nih.gov)
- Similarity coefficient mapping (SCM) replaced signal response to time course in tissue similarity mapping with signal response to TE changes in multiecho T2-star weighted magnetic resonance imaging without contrast agent. (hindawi.com)
- Based on four groups of images from multiecho T2-star weighted magnetic resonance imaging, the capacity of SSM and FMM in enhancing image contrast and morphological evaluation is validated. (hindawi.com)
- As a routine examination technique, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been extensively used in clinical diagnosis. (hindawi.com)
- These studies demonstrate the utility of bimodal viral vectors and real-time imaging in evaluating fate of NSCs in diseased models and thus provide a platform for accelerating cell-based therapies for CNS disorders. (jneurosci.org)
Particles4
- Labeling drugs with magnetized particles is the first step, allowing the MRI scanner's magnetic pulses to propel them. (childrenshospital.org)
- Although there are no known magnetic monopoles in nature, there are magnetic dipoles in the form of the quantum-mechanical spin associated with particles such as electrons (although the accurate description of such effects falls outside of classical electromagnetism). (wikipedia.org)
- Although the latter guarantees high stability and production yields of the vector particles, it mediates an entirely non-selective gene transfer to almost all cells of the body. (innovations-report.com)
- Non-replicating lentiviral vector particles equipped with these artificially generated Nipah virus glycoproteins showed a 10- to 600-fold more efficient gene transfer activity than corresponding vectors with measles virus glycoproteins. (innovations-report.com)
Magnitude1
- Because vectors depend on both magnitude and direction, a convenient representation of a vector is by a line with the direction indicated by an arrow anywhere along it, often at its end as shown in Figure 8.1 a. (oreilly.com)
Algorithm4
- In this paper, an optimized support vector machine (SVM) based on a new bio-inspired method called magnetic bacteria optimization algorithm method is proposed to construct a high performance classifier for motor imagery electroencephalograph based brain-computer interface (BCI). (springerprofessional.de)
- Mohammadreza Azizian ,Mahnaz Etehadtavakol ,Saeed Khanbabapour ,Azar Baradaran ,Milad Baradaran ,Ahmad Shanei , [Classification of prostate cancerous tissues by support vector machine algorithm with different kernels from T2-weighted magnetic resonance images], J. Isfahan Med. (who.int)
- 10. The method of claim 1, in which obtaining a solution vector includes using an LSQR algorithm. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 11. The method of claim 1, in which obtaining a solution vector includes using a conjugate-gradient algorithm. (freepatentsonline.com)
Monopoles2
- The only known mechanisms for the creation of magnetic dipoles are by current loops or quantum-mechanical spin since the existence of magnetic monopoles has never been experimentally demonstrated. (wikipedia.org)
- This equation denies the existence of magnetic monopoles (magnetic charges) and hence also of magnetic currents. (citizendium.org)
Faraday's Law1
- Faraday's Law and magnetic induction. (tcd.ie)
Genetic3
- The scientists led by Prof. Dr. Ruth Freitag (Process Biotechnology) and Prof. Dr. Axel M ller (Macromolecular Chemistry II) developed large star-shaped polymers that are promising vectors in genetic engineering. (nanowerk.com)
- Tests in the Biotechnology group then demonstrated that the novel agents may very well constitute 'premium vectors' for the genetic modification of cells. (nanowerk.com)
- Like the PDMAEMA stars previously tested, the magnetic PDMAEMA stars are also capable of efficiently introducing genetic information, i.e. (nanowerk.com)
Susceptibility3
- Another commonly used magnetic quantity is the magnetic susceptibility which specifies how much the relative permeability differs from one. (gsu.edu)
- For paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials the relative permeability is very close to 1 and the magnetic susceptibility very close to zero. (gsu.edu)
- where 1 is the 3×3 unit matrix , χ the magnetic susceptibility tensor of the magnetizable medium, and μ 0 the magnetic permeability of the vacuum (also known as magnetic constant ). (citizendium.org)
Coordinates5
- it's the 4-vector that goes from the origin (0, 0, 0, 0) to the point labeled by the coordinates (x, y, z, t). t is therefore one component of this 4-vector, i.e., it's a coordinate. (physicsforums.com)
- Coordinates are also not generally a vector space although they can be in specific cases, like Cartesian coordinates on an infinite flat manifold with simple topology. (physicsforums.com)
- Coordinates are always vectors. (physicsforums.com)
- In particular, the toroidal function of zeroth order, which comes from the integral formulation of the free-space Green's function in cylindrical coordinates, is employed to handle magnetic sources which exhibit circular cylindrical symmetry. (unt.edu)
- Then the components of the vector V in the new coordinates are required to satisfy the transformation law Such a transformation law is called contravariant. (wikipedia.org)
Properties8
- The PDMAEMA stars retain their magnetic properties when they are within the cells. (nanowerk.com)
- Study of electrostatics, magnetostatics, and the electric and magnetic properties of matter. (niu.edu)
- Epitaxial films of hcp Tb(0001) on bcc W(110) substrates are prepared and their geometric, electronic and magnetic properties are studied. (rice.edu)
- After these introductory chapters, the book presents methods to describe anisotropic physical properties of magnetic nanostructures. (routledge.com)
- It then focuses on magnetic anisotropy energies, exchange and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, temperature-dependent effects, spin dynamics, and related properties of systems nanostructured in one and two dimensions. (routledge.com)
- The book also discusses how methods of describing electric and magneto-optical properties are applied to magnetic nanostructured matter. (routledge.com)
- The concept of topology provides a powerful scheme for the classification of electronic and magnetic states, and also for the description of their physical properties 1 . (nature.com)
- Electrical and magnetic properties of bulk matter. (dartmouth.edu)
Detection4
- detection means for detecting a movement vector on the basis of a relation between the amount of change in an image density value in a predetermined time and a space gradient of an image signal of each of the plurality of blocks. (google.es)
- 2. A movement vector detection apparatus according to claim 1, where said for forming means is arranged to determine a boundary of the areas by using the spatial gradient of the input image. (google.es)
- 5. A movement vector detection apparatus according to claim 4, where said means for dividing is arranged to determine a boundary of said plurality of areas based on a spatial gradient of image. (google.es)
- 6. A movement vector detection apparatus according to claim 4, where said means for dividing is arranged to determine a boundary of said plurality of areas based on a time gradient represented by a density difference between chronologically sequential images. (google.es)
Equation2
- In the equation x = vt it is generally accepted that x and v are vectors and that they have a common eigenvector. (physicsforums.com)
- When you wrote the equation x = vt above, you were implicitly using 'x' to mean the coordinate triple (x, y, z), which can be thougt of as labeling a vector--but it's a 3-vector, not a 4-vector. (physicsforums.com)
Cylinders1
- Schematics of topological multiple- q spin textures and two-step magnetic transitions in MnSi 1− x Ge x . a Spin configurations of two-dimensional skyrmion lattice (2D SkL), which is a hexagonal array of skyrmion cylinders. (nature.com)
Spin5
- The numerical results evidenced that only the configurations with a privileged central spin could take into account the experimental observations, thus justifying the reduced effective magnetic moment of CD6. (uniecampus.it)
- Muon spin relaxation ((mu)SR) has been used to study the magnetic ordering in PdMn and AgMn dilute alloys representing disordered ferromagnetism, reentrant ferromagnetism, and spin glass order. (rice.edu)
- The author clarifies parallel and antiparallel, the distinction between classical spin vectors and spinors, and the actual form of spin-orbit interactions, before showing how symmetry can provide the formal tools to properly define magnetic structures. (routledge.com)
- Whereas switching control of magnetic skyrmions, e.g., the transitions between a skyrmion-lattice phase and conventional magnetic orders, is intensively studied towards development of future memory device concepts, transitions among spin textures with different topological orders remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
- wraps the unit sphere within the unit area S . When a magnetic structure possesses a non-zero integer winding number, it behaves as a topologically stable spin-object, producing emergent phenomena unique to its topological class. (nature.com)
Gene transfer1
- Binding of the vector in the green zone allows membrane fusion and gene transfer. (innovations-report.com)
Retroviral4
- Retroviral vectors transduce a wide range of hard-to-transfect dividing cells. (clontech.com)
- The Pantropic Retroviral Expression System includes our GP2-293 packaging cell line, the pVSV-G envelope plasmid, and two MMLV-based retroviral expression vectors that allow you to express your gene of interest from alternative promoters. (clontech.com)
- Perform retroviral transduction in only 30 min using the magnetic beads supplied with the Lenti-X Accelerator. (clontech.com)
- These possibilities were investigated using intracerebral and systemic injections of retroviral vector-producer cells carrying the HSVtk or the lacZ gene in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. (nih.gov)
Transduction1
- Using the lacZ gene as a reporter gene, no evidence of beta-galactosidase activity consistent with vector transduction was detected in any major body organ in the treated mice or rats. (nih.gov)
Resonance Image2
- Man lays in Magnetic Resonance Image device, making tomographic scanning. (shutterstock.com)
- Here the GVF snake finds the heart wall on a magnetic resonance image. (jhu.edu)
Magnetometry1
- Their effective magnetic moments were measured by DC-SQUID magnetometry obtaining the values μeff/μB ≈ 1.7 and μeff/μB ≈ 4.2 for CD3 and CD6 respectively. (uniecampus.it)
Characteristic1
- We'll now concentrate on this spinning characteristic in order to introduce the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ), and we'll see later how images can be formed on this basis. (wikibooks.org)
Resultant2
- Neutral point (point where Figure 6.7d the resultant magnetic force is zero). (scribd.com)
- Software calculates the resultant vector signal. (cdc.gov)
Phys1
- Charudatta Phatak, Amanda K. Petford-Long, Marc De Graef, "Three-Dimensional Study of the Vector Potential of Magnetic Structures", Phys. (2physics.com)
Measurement1
- First of all it's important to provide measurement of the value of magnetic induction in the process of magneto-therapy. (thefreedictionary.com)
Functions1
- Vector functions, curves, motion in space. (sfu.ca)
Surfaces1
- The applications include free and capped magnetic surfaces, magnetic atoms on metallic substrates, nanowires, nanocontacts, and domain walls. (routledge.com)
Genes1
- This makes the magnetic PDMAEMA stars the ideal tool to extract successfully transfected cells from the general transfection pool, and thereby prepare in pure form, a genetically modified cell population, be it to introduce a new gene, compensate for a missing gene, to substitute a defect genes or to ameliorate the consequences of such aberrations. (nanowerk.com)
Classifier5
- Common spatial pattern is used to extract the feature vector which are put into the classifier later. (springerprofessional.de)
- Finally, generalized eigenvalue proximate support vector machine (GEPSVM), and GEPSVM with radial basis function (RBF) kernel, were employed as classifier. (mdpi.com)
- Then, a support vector machine classifier was applied to classify cancerous and normal tissues. (who.int)
- To increase the accuracy of the machine vector classifier, the proposed solutions were applied: 1) a new feature was introduced and extracted, 2) all features were normalized, 3) to optimize mutual validation, k-fold changed from 5 to 10. (who.int)
- In addition, the support vector machine classifier was implemented by using the Gaussian kernel, radial basis function, and linear kernel. (who.int)
Nanostructures1
- According to Petford-Long, research into the creation and manipulation of magnetic nanostructures will enable the development of the next generation of data storage in the form of magnetic random access memory. (2physics.com)
Apparatus1
Theoretical1
- Magnetic Anisotropies in Nanostructured Matter presents a compact summary of all the theoretical means to describe magnetic anisotropies and interlayer exchange coupling in nanosystems. (routledge.com)
Sensor3
- Jrad N, Congedo M, Phlypo R et al (2011) sw-SVM: sensor weighting support vector machines for EEG-based brain-computer interfaces. (springerprofessional.de)
- faculteit Elektrotechniek, Wiskunde en Informatica: Quality-aware data gathering and disseminating in chain-based wireless sensor networks. (utwente.nl)
- The calibration is experimentally assessed with two artificial magnetic perturbations introduced close to the sensor on the host platform and without additional perturbation. (hindawi.com)
Transformation1
- The methods generally allow plant transformation with reduced vector backbone integration and a high frequency of low-copy transformation events. (freepatentsonline.com)
Intensity2
- A variety of magnetic effects on homing orientation have implicated magnetic total intensity in position determination but no testable models for magnetic navigation by homing pigeons have resulted. (semanticscholar.org)
- To establish an effective diagnostic method, we developed a magnetic affinity enzyme-linked immunoassay based on soluble egg antigens (SEA-MEIA) for diagnosing schistosomiasis in persons with low-intensity infection with Schistosoma japonicum by comparing it with a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (ajtmh.org)
