Vanillic Acid
Hydroxybenzoates
Coumaric Acids
Benzaldehydes
Methylomonas
Shiitake Mushrooms
Gallic Acid
Guaiacol
Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating
Rhodotorula
Microbial catabolism of vanillate: decarboxylation to guaiacol. (1/97)
A novel catabolic transformation of vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) by microorganisms is reported. Several strains of Bacillus megaterium and a strain of Streptomyces are shown to convert vanillate to guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) and CO2 by nonoxidative decarboxylation. Use of a modified most-probable-number procedure shows that numerous soils contain countable numbers (10(1) to 10(2) organisms per g of dry soil) of aerobic sporeformers able to convert vanillate to guaiacol. Conversion of vanillate to guaiacol by the microfloras of most-probable-number replicates was used as the criterion for scoring replicates positive or negative. Guaiacol was detected by thin-layer chromatography. These results indicate that the classic separations of catabolic pathways leading to specific ring-fashion substrates such as protocatechuate and catechol are often interconnectable by single enzymatic transformations, usually a decarboxylation. (+info)Genetic analysis of a chromosomal region containing vanA and vanB, genes required for conversion of either ferulate or vanillate to protocatechuate in Acinetobacter. (2/97)
VanA and VanB form an oxygenative demethylase that converts vanillate to protocatechuate in microorganisms. Ferulate, an abundant phytochemical, had been shown to be metabolized through a vanillate intermediate in several Pseudomonas isolates, and biochemical evidence had indicated that vanillate also is an intermediate in ferulate catabolism by Acinetobacter. Genetic evidence supporting this conclusion was obtained by characterization of mutant Acinetobacter strains blocked in catabolism of both ferulate and vanillate. Cloned Acinetobacter vanA and vanB were shown to be members of a chromosomal segment remote from a supraoperonic cluster containing other genes required for completion of the catabolism of ferulate and its structural analogs, caffeate and coumarate, through protocatechuate. The nucleotide sequence of DNA containing vanA and vanB demonstrated the presence of genes that, on the basis of nucleotide sequence similarity, appeared to be associated with transport of aromatic compounds, metabolism of such compounds, or iron scavenging. Spontaneous deletion of 100 kb of DNA containing this segment does not impede the growth of cells with simple carbon sources other than vanillate or ferulate. Additional spontaneous mutations blocking vanA and vanB expression were shown to be mediated by IS1236, including insertion of the newly discovered composite transposon Tn5613. On the whole, vanA and vanB appear to be located within a nonessential genetic region that exhibits considerable genetic malleability in Acinetobacter. The overall organization of genes neighboring Acinetobacter vanA and vanB, including a putative transcriptional regulatory gene that is convergently transcribed and overlaps vanB, is conserved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa but has undergone radical rearrangement in other Pseudomonas species. (+info)The physiological contribution of Acinetobacter PcaK, a transport system that acts upon protocatechuate, can be masked by the overlapping specificity of VanK. (3/97)
VanK is the fourth member of the ubiquitous major facilitator superfamily of transport proteins to be identified that, together with PcaK, BenK, and MucK, contributes to aromatic catabolism in Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. VanK and PcaK have overlapping specificity for p-hydroxybenzoate and, most clearly, for protocatechuate: inactivation of both proteins severely impairs growth with protocatechuate, and the activity of either protein alone can mask the phenotype associated with inactivation of its homolog. Furthermore, vanK pcaK double-knockout mutants appear completely unable to grow in liquid culture with the hydroaromatic compound quinate, although such cells on plates convert quinate to protocatechuate, which then accumulates extracellularly and is readily visible as purple staining. This provides genetic evidence that quinate is converted to protocatechuate in the periplasm and is in line with the early argument that quinate catabolism should be physically separated from aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in the cytoplasm so as to avoid potential competition for intermediates common to both pathways. Previous studies of aromatic catabolism in Acinetobacter have taken advantage of the ability to select directly strains that contain a spontaneous mutation blocking the beta-ketoadipate pathway and preventing the toxic accumulation of carboxymuconate. By using this procedure, strains with a mutation in structural or regulatory genes blocking degradation of vanillate, p-hydroxybenzoate, or protocatechuate were selected. In this study, the overlapping specificity of the VanK and PcaK permeases was exploited to directly select strains with a mutation in either vanK or pcaK. Spontaneous mutations identified in vanK include a hot spot for frameshift mutation due to contraction of a G6 mononucleotide repeat as well as point mutations producing amino acid substitutions useful for analysis of VanK structure and function. Preliminary second-site suppression analysis using transformation-facilitated PCR mutagenesis in one VanK mutant gave results similar to those using LacY, the prototypic member of the major facilitator superfamily, consistent with the two proteins having a similar mechanism of action. The selection for transport mutants described here for Acinetobacter may also be applicable to Pseudomonas putida, where the PcaK permease has an additional role in chemotaxis. (+info)The cloned rat vanilloid receptor VR1 mediates both R-type binding and C-type calcium response in dorsal root ganglion neurons. (4/97)
[(3)H]Resiniferatoxin (RTX) binding and calcium uptake by rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons show distinct structure-activity relations, suggestive of independent vanilloid receptor (VR) subtypes. We have now characterized ligand binding to rat VR1 expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and compared the structure-activity relations with those for calcium mobilization. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293/VR1 cells) and Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with VR1 (CHO/VR1 cells) bound [(3)H]RTX with affinities of 84 and 103 pM, respectively, and positive cooperativity (Hill numbers were 2.1 and 1.8). These parameters are similar to those determined with rat DRG membranes expressing native VRs (a K(d) of 70 pM and a Hill number of 1.7). The typical vanilloid agonists olvanil and capsaicin inhibited [(3)H]RTX binding to HEK293/VR1 cells with K(i) values of 0.4 and 4.0 microM, respectively. The corresponding values in DRG membranes were 0.3 and 2.5 microM. HEK293/VR1 cells and DRG membranes also recognized the novel vanilloids isovelleral and scutigeral with similar K(i) values (18 and 20 microM in HEK293/VR1 cells; 24 and 21 microM in DRGs). The competitive vanilloid receptor antagonist capsazepine inhibited [(3)H]RTX binding to HEK293/VR1 cells with a K(i) value of 6.2 microM and binding to DRG membranes with a K(i) value of 8.6 microM. RTX and capsaicin induced calcium mobilization in HEK293/VR1 cells with EC(50) values of 4.1 and 82 nM, respectively. Thus, the relative potencies of RTX (more potent for binding) and capsaicin (more potent for calcium mobilization) are similar in DRG neurons and cells transfected with VR1. We conclude that VR1 can account for both the ligand binding and calcium uptake observed in rat DRG neurons. (+info)Characterization of a vanillic acid non-oxidative decarboxylation gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. D7. (5/97)
The genetics of non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids are poorly understood in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although such reactions have been observed in numerous micro-organisms acting on a variety of substrates, the genes encoding enzymes responsible for these processes have not, to our knowledge, been reported in the literature. Here, the isolation of a streptomycete from soil (Streptomyces sp. D7) which efficiently converts 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid) to 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) is described. Protein two-dimensional gel analysis revealed that several proteins were synthesized in response to vanillic acid. One of these was characterized by partial amino-terminal sequencing, leading to the cloning of a gene cluster from a genomic DNA lambda phage library, consisting of three ORFs, vdcB (602 bp), vdcC (1424 bp) and vdcD (239 bp). Protein sequence comparisons suggest that the product of vdcB (201 aa) is similar to phenylacrylate decarboxylase of yeast; the putative products of vdcC (475 aa) and vdcD (80 aa) are similar to hypothetical proteins of unknown function from various micro-organisms, and are found in a similar cluster in Bacillus subtilis. Northern blot analysis revealed the synthesis of a 2.5 kb mRNA transcript in vanillic-acid-induced cells, suggesting that the cluster is under the control of a single inducible promoter. Expression of the entire vdc gene cluster in Streptomyces lividans 1326 as a heterologous host resulted in that strain acquiring the ability to decarboxylate vanillic acid to guaiacol non-oxidatively. Both Streptomyces sp. strain D7 and recombinant S. lividans 1326 expressing the vdc gene cluster do not, however, decarboxylate structurally similar aromatic acids, suggesting that the system is specific for vanillic acid. This catabolic system may be useful as a component for pathway engineering research focused towards the production of valuable chemicals from forestry and agricultural by-products. (+info)Veratryl alcohol-mediated oxidation of isoeugenyl acetate by lignin peroxidase. (6/97)
The mechanism of the veratryl alcohol (VA)-mediated oxidation of isoeugenyl acetate (IEA) by lignin peroxidase, and the subsequent spontaneous Calpha-Cbeta cleavage of IEA to vanillyl acetate were studied. IEA oxidation only occurred in the presence of VA. It probably did not bind to lignin peroxidase as evidenced by an unaffected Km for VA in the presence of IEA, and by the fact that a 10-fold molar excess of the unreactive IEA counterpart, eugenyl acetate, did not affect the IEA oxidation rate. IEA was very efficient in recycling VA. Up to 34 mol of IEA were oxidized per mol VA. Formation of the predominant VA oxidation product, veratraldehyde, was postponed until IEA was almost completely oxidized. Together these findings suggest that IEA was oxidized by VA.+ rather than directly by lignin peroxidase. Thus, VA functioned as a redox mediator during IEA oxidation which is remarkable considering the high calculated ionization potential of 8.81 eV. Regardless of the presence of O2, approximately 2 mol of IEA were consumed per mol H2O2, which indicated that IEA was enzymatically oxidized by one electron to the putative radical cation (IEA.+). After formation of IEA.+, a series of O2-dependent chemical reactions were responsible for Calpha-Cbeta cleavage to the major oxidation product vanillyl acetate, as evidenced by the observation that an N2 atmosphere did not inhibit IEA oxidation, but almost completely inhibited vanillyl acetate formation. GC-MS analyses revealed that under an air atmosphere 1-(4'-acetoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone, 1-(4'-acetoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxy-2-propanone, and 1-(4'-acetoxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-propanone were also formed. Formation of the latter two was diminished under an N2 atmosphere. (+info)Biocatalytic synthesis of vanillin. (7/97)
The conversions of vanillic acid and O-benzylvanillic acid to vanillin were examined by using whole cells and enzyme preparations of Nocardia sp. strain NRRL 5646. With growing cultures, vanillic acid was decarboxylated (69% yield) to guaiacol and reduced (11% yield) to vanillyl alcohol. In resting Nocardia cells in buffer, 4-O-benzylvanillic acid was converted to the corresponding alcohol product without decarboxylation. Purified Nocardia carboxylic acid reductase, an ATP and NADPH-dependent enzyme, quantitatively reduced vanillic acid to vanillin. Structures of metabolites were established by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analyses. (+info)Substrate range and genetic analysis of Acinetobacter vanillate demethylase. (8/97)
An Acinetobacter sp. genetic screen was used to probe structure-function relationships in vanillate demethylase, a two-component monooxygenase. Mutants with null, leaky, and heat-sensitive phenotypes were isolated. Missense mutations tended to be clustered in specific regions, most of which make known contributions to catalytic activity. The vanillate analogs m-anisate, m-toluate, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoate are substrates of the enzyme and weakly inhibit the metabolism of vanillate by wild-type Acinetobacter bacteria. PCR mutagenesis of vanAB, followed by selection for strains unable to metabolize vanillate, yielded mutant organisms in which vanillate metabolism is more strongly inhibited by the vanillate analogs. Thus, the procedure opens for investigation amino acid residues that may contribute to the binding of either vanillate or its chemical analogs to wild-type and mutant vanillate demethylases. Selection of phenotypic revertants following PCR mutagenesis gave an indication of the extent to which amino acid substitutions can be tolerated at specified positions. In some cases, only true reversion to the original amino acid was observed. In other examples, a range of amino acid substitutions was tolerated. In one instance, phenotypic reversion failed to produce a protein with the original wild-type sequence. In this example, constraints favoring certain nucleotide substitutions appear to be imposed at the DNA level. (+info)Vanillic Acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the name 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid. It is a type of phenolic acid that occurs naturally in some foods and plants, including vanilla beans, pineapples, and certain types of mushrooms.
Vanillic Acid has been studied for its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, it is not considered a medication or a medical treatment and does not have a specific medical definition.
Hydroxybenzoates are the salts or esters of hydroxybenzoic acids. They are commonly used as preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products due to their antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The most common examples include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. These compounds work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi, thereby increasing the shelf life and safety of various products. However, there has been some concern about their potential health effects, including possible hormonal disruption, and their use in certain applications is being re-evaluated.
Coumaric acids are a type of phenolic acid that are widely distributed in plants. They are found in various foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. The most common forms of coumaric acids are p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, and m-coumaric acid.
Coumaric acids have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. They may also play a role in preventing chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of coumaric acids.
It's worth noting that coumaric acids are not to be confused with warfarin (also known as Coumadin), a medication used as an anticoagulant. While both coumaric acids and warfarin contain a similar chemical structure, they have different effects on the body.
Benzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CHO. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde, and it consists of a benzene ring attached to a formyl group. Benzaldehyde is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor.
Benzaldehyde occurs naturally in various plants, including bitter almonds, cherries, peaches, and apricots. It is used in many industrial applications, such as in the production of perfumes, flavorings, and dyes. In addition, benzaldehyde has been used in medical research for its potential therapeutic effects, such as its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
However, it is important to note that benzaldehyde can be toxic in high concentrations and may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used in accordance with appropriate safety guidelines.
"Methylomonas" is a genus of facultatively methanotrophic, Gram-negative bacteria that are capable of growth on multi-carbon compounds as well as methane. They possess a type of metabolism known as methanotrophy, in which methane is oxidized as their source of carbon and energy. These bacteria are commonly found in environments with low oxygen concentrations, such as wetlands, sediments, and the water column of lakes. The genus "Methylomonas" belongs to the family Methylococcaceae within the class Gammaproteobacteria. It's important to note that providing a medical definition for "Methylomonas" may not be entirely accurate as it is not a human pathogen and does not typically have direct relevance to medical fields.
Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) are not a medical term, but rather a type of edible mushroom that is commonly used in cooking and has been studied for potential medicinal properties. Here's a brief description:
Shiitake mushrooms are native to East Asia and are widely cultivated and consumed in many countries, including Japan, China, and Korea. They have a distinctive brown cap, a firm texture, and a rich, earthy flavor. Shiitake mushrooms contain various bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, terpenoids, and sterols, which are believed to contribute to their potential health benefits. Some of the reported medicinal properties include immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the optimal dosage and safety profiles for different applications.
It's important to note that while shiitake mushrooms can be a healthy addition to a balanced diet, they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or professional advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for any health concerns or conditions.
Gallic acid is an organic compound that is widely found in nature. It's a type of phenolic acid, which means it contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring. Gallic acid is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol.
In the medical field, gallic acid is known for its antioxidant properties. It has been shown to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Gallic acid also has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.
Gallic acid is found in a variety of plants, including tea leaves, grapes, oak bark, and sumac. It can be extracted from these plants and used in the production of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and cosmetics. In some cases, gallic acid may be used as a marker for the identification and authentication of plant-based materials.
It's important to note that while gallic acid has potential health benefits, it should not be taken as a substitute for medical treatment or advice from a healthcare professional.
Guaiacol is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound with potential applications in the medical field. Here's a general definition:
Guaiacol (also known as 2-methoxyphenol) is an organic compound that belongs to the class of phenols. It is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid with a characteristic smoky odor, and it is soluble in alcohol and ether but only sparingly soluble in water. Guaiacol occurs naturally in the smoke of wood fires and is also found in certain plants, such as guaiacum and creosote bush. It has antimicrobial properties and is used in some medical and industrial applications, including as a precursor for the synthesis of other chemicals.
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a broad term that refers to liver damage or inflammation caused by medications or drugs. When this condition persists for more than three months, it is referred to as chronic DILI. This type of liver injury can be caused by both prescription and over-the-counter medications, as well as herbal supplements and recreational drugs.
Chronic DILI can present with a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and light-colored stools. In some cases, chronic DILI may lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and liver failure.
The diagnosis of chronic DILI is often challenging, as it requires a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, medication use, and laboratory test results. A liver biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the injury. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending drug or medication and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Oxidoreductases, O-demethylating are enzymes that belong to the larger family of oxidoreductases. Specifically, they are involved in catalyzing the removal of methyl groups (-CH3) from various substrates through oxidation reactions. This process is known as O-demethylation.
These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of xenobiotics (foreign substances) such as drugs, toxins, and carcinogens. They help convert these substances into more water-soluble forms, which can then be easily excreted from the body. O-demethylating oxidoreductases are often found in the liver, where they contribute to the detoxification of xenobiotics.
The reaction catalyzed by these enzymes involves the transfer of a hydrogen atom and the addition of an oxygen atom to the methyl group, resulting in the formation of formaldehyde (-CH2O) and a demethylated product. The cytochrome P450 family of enzymes is one example of O-demethylating oxidoreductases.
Rhodotorula is a genus of unicellular, budding yeasts that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in damp and nutrient-rich places such as soil, water, and vegetation. They are characterized by their ability to produce carotenoid pigments, which give them a distinctive pinkish-red color.
While Rhodotorula species are not typically associated with human disease, they can occasionally cause infections in people with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can occur in various parts of the body, including the respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin.
Rhodotorula infections are usually treated with antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or amphotericin B. Preventing exposure to sources of Rhodotorula, such as contaminated medical equipment or water supplies, can also help reduce the risk of infection.
Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.
Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.
Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.
Vanillic acid
5-Methoxysalicylic acid
Vanillin dehydrogenase
Trans-feruloyl-CoA synthase
Trans-feruloyl-CoA hydratase
Vanillin synthase
Phenolic content in wine
Prunus
Opuntia
Vanilloids
Vanilla tahitensis
Tyrosinase
Vanilla planifolia
Zeyheria montana
Sarcolobus globosus
Argan oil
Scotch whisky
Miso
Whisky
Beer
Vanillic
Adenostoma fasciculatum
Coniochaeta hoffmannii
Kalahari melon oil
Gomphus clavatus
Galinsoga parviflora
Eleutherococcus senticosus
Vanillyl group
Dipsacus
Açaí oil
Vanillic acid - Wikipedia
A 2800-year Siberian ice core record of vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid - DRI
Cardioprotective potential of vanillic acid - PubMed
Vanillic acid | NIH 3D Print Exchange
Showing details for content value of Vanillic acid in Carrot, raw - Phenol-Explorer
Vanillic Acid and 6′-O-Feruloylsucrose Analyzed with LCMS - AppNote - MicroSolv Technology Corporation
Dubi Chem Vanillic Acid: The Pinnacle of Quality in UAE's Chemical Market | DUBI CHEM
Sustainable Development: Use of Agricultural Waste Materials for Vanillic Acid Recovery from Wastewater - Sorbonne Université
Metabolites | Free Full-Text | Potent Antifungal Properties of Dimeric Acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum mexicanum and...
Vanillic acid and methoxyhydroquinone production from guaiacyl units and related aromatic compounds using Aspergillus niger...
Enhanced Nitrite Production from the Aqueous Photolysis of Nitrate in the Presence of Vanillic Acid and Implications for the...
Comparative proteome profiles of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in response to vanillic acid and 2-hydroxycinnamic...
Vanillin isobutyrate = 98 , FG 20665-85-4
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Using Extra Virgin Olive Oil to Cook Vegetables Enhances Polyphenol and Carotenoid Extractability:...
Ephedra - sources, health benefits, nutrients, uses and constituents at NaturalPedia.com
Influence of Honey on Suppression of Human LDL Peroxidation
PDF) Comparison of Conventional and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Techniques on Mass Fraction of Phenolic Compounds from sage ...
IndexCat
Note 60: Programmable Temperature Ramping of Samples Analyzed Via Direct Thermal Extraction GC/MS
Vanilla Essential Oil | Young Living Essential Oils
MEDLINE Co-Occurrences (MRCOC) Files
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Frontiers | The Combined Effects of Ethylene and MeJA on Metabolic Profiling of Phenolic Compounds in Catharanthus roseus...
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Ferulic acid4
- It is also an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Studies were carried out on the effects of coumarin, ferulic acid and naringenin on soybean seed germination and on the growth of seed-borne fungi at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg.L-1. (scielo.br)
- At 1-2 hours after consumption of the blueberry polyphenols, the researchers found that ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, vanillic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, and caffeic acid were significantly increased. (nutraingredients.com)
- Benzoic acid was the most common constituent, followed by vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. (inchi-trust.org)
Gallic acid4
- Clove also contains tetraethylammonium chloride, gallic acid, phenolic acids, polyphenols, and flavonol glycosides with free radical scavenging/antioxidant activity [89]. (researchgate.net)
- Among these are vanillic acid and gallic acid, both of which can protect the body from heart disease and cancer. (mr-loto.it)
- It was revealed that gallic acid and kaempferol had shown agonistic interaction for GABA receptor and antagonistic interaction for Glu-AMPA receptor. (bvsalud.org)
- We concluded that G. tiliaefolia showed anticonvulsant potential possibly because of gallic acid and kaempferol possibly mediated through GABA and Glu-AMPA receptor. (bvsalud.org)
Polyphenols1
- Except vanillic acid-derivative, dominant polyphenols increased or remained unchanged during ripening. (hindawi.com)
Phenolic compounds1
- Only the free phenolic compounds benzoic and vanillic acids decreased during the germination process. (usda.gov)
Vanillin3
- Vanillic acid can be obtained from the oxidation of vanillin by various oxidizing agents. (wikipedia.org)
- Isoeugenol (2-methoxy-4-(prop-1-en-1-yl)phenol), a component of from clove (Eugenia caryophylata) oil, is a starting material for both the biotechnological and synthetic production of vanillin and vanillic acid. (researchgate.net)
- An earlier study, published in a 2011 edition of the Journal of Food Protection , showed that vanillin, ethyl vanillin and vanillic acid have antibacterial activity that combats the Cronobacter species. (livestrong.com)
Protocatechuic2
- While others, such as vanillic and protocatechuic acid, decreased the potential conversion of pre-adipocytes to adipocytes. (news-medical.net)
- The study found that the greatest improvement in blood pressure occurred when two of the phenolic acids present in cherry juice reached peak levels in the patient's bloodstream - protocatechuic and vanillic acid. (naturalnews.com)
Amino4
- ... [Show full abstract] absence of amino acids, proteins and acidic compounds.Total phenol and flavonoid content were evaluated for all the extracts of both plants. (researchgate.net)
- Amino acid L-citrulline is also found in watermelon, and can help normalize blood pressure. (naturalnews.com)
- We thus evaluated and applied lignin biomarkers to assess the diagenetic alteration of SOC in these boreal forest organic soils and directly compared the lignin diagenetic state with that of soil organic nitrogen (SON) assessed through amino acid composition. (copernicus.org)
- The good content of lysine, an essential amino acid not always present in vegetables and cereals, helps the body absorb calcium and produce energy. (mr-loto.it)
Catechin1
- The major components were naringenin-diglucoside, catechin, and vanillic acid-derivative and luteolin-glucoside. (hindawi.com)
Fatty acids6
- The components evolving pungency in chili peppers have been established as a mixture of acid amides of vanillylamine and C8 to C13 fatty acids, also known as capsaicinoids [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) are a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. (researchgate.net)
- Argan oil is rich in fatty acids, 80% of which are monounsaturated and 20% of which are saturated fatty acids. (tigerfitness.com)
- Scientists believe one of the keys to the health and longevity found in Mediterranean countries is their generous consumption of heart-healthy monounsaturated fatty acids. (tigerfitness.com)
- We demonstrate the ability of this microbiome to convert stillage organics into medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), identify the predominant community members, and perform a technoeconomic analysis of recovering MCFAs as co-products of ethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition to being valuable, MCFAs also have decreased solubility compared to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which should allow for easier extraction from an aqueous medium. (biomedcentral.com)
Compounds3
- Among these are terpenes, nitrogen-containing compounds and phenolics, which are synthesized from Acetyl-CoA, aminoacids and schikimic and malonic acids, respectively (Taiz and Zeiger, 1998). (scielo.br)
- To investigate the use of lignin products in epoxies, we begin with aromatic acids that can be produced from lignin, treat them with epichlorohydrin to make glycidyl ethers, and investigate the thermal and mechanical properties of cured mixtures of these compounds with a commercial epoxy resin (EPON 826) and an anhydride curing agent (NMA). (acs.org)
- According to some studies this plant is rich in phenolic acids, plant compounds with antioxidant activity. (mr-loto.it)
Lignin2
- Vanillic acid is an aerosol-borne aromatic methoxy acid, produced by the combustion of lignin during biomass burning. (copernicus.org)
- Increasing of lignin in composite films, the acid to aldehyde ratios of vanillyl and syringyl phenols of the lignin declined from 1.18 to 1.17 (~0.76%) and 1.59-1.56 (~1.78%), respectively. (degruyter.com)
Thermal Properties1
- Thermotropic Polyesters from 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and Vanillic Acid: Synthesis, Thermal Properties, Melt Behavior, and Mechanical Performance. (mpg.de)
Metabolites2
- Vanillic acid is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions. (wikipedia.org)
- "Improvements in FMD at 6 h after consumption were correlated with the appearance of metabolites derived from anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid, notably hippuric, hydroxyhippuric acid, and homovanillic acid," they added. (nutraingredients.com)
Organic2
- The acid-driven self-assembly of AcABS bridges the gap between traditional ABS and liquid-liquid extraction whilst retaining their advantageous qualities, including compatibility with highly acidic solutions, water as the primary system component, the avoidance of organic diluents, rapid mass transfer, and the potential integration of the leaching and separation steps. (ua.pt)
- Iodate (IO − 3 ) reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) producing either hypoiodous acid (HIO) or I 2 as an intermediate. (springer.com)
Peak1
- Analysis using a peak detection method revealed a positive correlation between vanillic acid in the Tunu ice core and both ammonium and black carbon in the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) project ice core from 600 to 1200 CE. (copernicus.org)
Rich2
- Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in vanillic acid (1616±94 mg/kg). (wikipedia.org)
- The scientists think that the reason that cherry juice has such a strong impact on blood pressure is that it is rich in phenolic acids, which are a type of antioxidant . (naturalnews.com)
Found2
- The highest amount of vanillic acid in plants known so far is found in the root of Angelica sinensis, an herb indigenous to China, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. (wikipedia.org)
- Ascorbic acid, the main component of vitamin C, is very abundant in fresh Capsicum species and has been found to be beneficial in maintaining collagen synthesis and healthy immune-system and also has antitumor properties [ 21 - 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
Amount1
- in addition, the utilised agricultural techniques play significant role in the final amount of ascorbic acid in the pods [ 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
Production1
- One way to potentially improve the economics of lignocellulosic fuel production is to produce valuable co-products, such as medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), from stillage. (biomedcentral.com)
Levels2
- Tunu vanillic acid exhibits centennial-scale variability in pre-industrial ice, with elevated levels during the warm climates of the Roman Warm Period and Medieval Climate Anomaly, and lower levels during the cooler climates of the Late Antique Little Ice Age and the Little Ice Age. (copernicus.org)
- Vanillic acid levels were elevated during warm climate periods and lower during cooler climate periods. (copernicus.org)
Study1
- In this study, vanillic acid was measured in the Tunu ice core from northeastern Greenland in samples covering the past 1700 years. (copernicus.org)
Green1
- Green natural rubber- g -modified starch (8), starch- g -acrylic acid (9), starch- g -poly (l-lactide) (10) and starch films plasticized with urea (11). (degruyter.com)
Identify1
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify and quantify principal phenolic acids and flavonoids. (inchi-trust.org)
Potential1
- Transient receptor potential vanillic acid 1 (TRPV1) is an ion channel activated by heat and inflammatory factors involved in the development of various types of pain. (iasp-pain.org)
Gallic Acid1
- A: Amaranth is rich in antioxidants, including gallic acid and vanillic acid. (lawnweeds.com)
Vanillin and vanillic acid2
- Rosehip oil also contains high level of phenolic acids, especially p-coumaric acid methyl ester, vanillin, and vanillic acid. (nayaglow.com)
- Antioxidant Powerhouse: Vanilla beans are rich in antioxidants, such as vanillin and vanillic acid, which help combat harmful free radicals in the body. (masstamilan.in)
Antioxidants2
- Natural vanilla extract also includes numerous antioxidants like vanillic acid and vanillin that could defend your body from free radicals and toxins. (artoftea.com)
- Natural vanilla extract contains numerous antioxidants, including vanillic acid and vanillin. (sanctumraphael.uk)
Flavonoids2
- Results showed that the optimal parameters to extract total phenols and rosmarinic acid as a dominant compound in sage extracts were as follows: solvent: 30 % ethanol, extraction duration: 11 min, output power of ultrasonic device: 400 W. The antioxidant capacity of obtained extract correlated with concentration of total phenols and flavonoids, and among individual phenols the rosmarinic acid contributed the most to the antioxidant capacity. (researchgate.net)
- We have demonstrated that the pads or cladodes of nopal ( Opuntia ficus indica ), a vegetable extensively consumed in Mexico and southern parts of the United States, are rich in dietary fiber and bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity 11 , such as flavonoids, flavonols, carotenes and ascorbic acid. (nature.com)
Protocatechuic acid1
- "In terms of higher total Hb concentrations, the modulation seen in the present study may be due to the vasorelaxatory and antihypertensive properties of some of the phenolic acids (vanillic and protocatechuic acid) contained in the MC concentrate," the study hypothesised. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
Phenolic acid2
- Ellagic acid was established as the dominating phenolic acid of walnut leaves, followed by trans-cinnamic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Vanillic acid (VA), a phenolic acid compound derived from plants, is known for its antioxidant and mitochondrial protection properties. (bvsalud.org)
Oxidative stress1
- Previous studies have demonstrated that obese Zucker fa/fa rats fed 7 weeks with nopal decreased hepatic steatosis by increasing fatty acid oxidation and decreasing oxidative stress. (nature.com)
Methoxyhydroquinone1
- Vanillin downstream derivatives such as vanillyl alcohol, vanillic acid, and methoxyhydroquinone can serve as platform chemicals for 22 polymer compounds which can be used for the synthesis for polyesters, non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) and epoxy resins. (openpr.com)
Derivatives4
- 3. Vanillic acid glycoside and quinic acid derivatives from Gardeniae Fructus. (nih.gov)
- 15. Radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of active quinic acid derivatives from Scorzonera divaricata roots. (nih.gov)
- 18. [Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives from leaves of Lonicera japonica]. (nih.gov)
- 19. Four di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives from propolis. (nih.gov)
Carotenoids1
- Wheat grains and its fractions contain significant level of antioxidant activity and many phytochemicals, such as phenolic acids (ferulic and vanillic acids), carotenoids, and tocopherol are beneficial in curing many disorders. (intechopen.com)
Ellagic Acid1
- There are other polyphenolic compounds that don't fit neatly into the above categories, like ellagitannins and ellagic acid, often found in berries. (skintypesolutions.com)
Indole-3-ac1
- Among plant hormones, 10-9 M indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) plus 10 -8 M trans-zeatin riboside led to 22.8 percent higher biomass relative to control (without hormone and at 1.0 mM sodium nitrate). (scielo.br)
Concentrations4
- Objective: Investigation of protein profile of Methicillin-Resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of phenolic acids. (iyte.edu.tr)
- Methods: MRSA was subjected to subinhibitory concentrations of Vanillic Acid (VA) and 2-Hydroxycinnamic Acid (2-HCA), separately, and the proteomic analyses were carried out by using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. (iyte.edu.tr)
- Variation in the concentrations of phenolic acids has a pivotal role in plants survival. (scirp.org)
- Nowadays, researches are carried out to find out the concentrations of naturally occurred phenolic acids (allelochemicals) that will prove to be beneficial for plant protection and make their survival possible under drastic conditions. (scirp.org)
Diode-array detection1
- Mattila P., Kumpulainen J. (2002) Determination of free and total phenolic acids in plant-derived foods by HPLC with diode-array detection. (phenol-explorer.eu)
Sinapic acid1
- The combinational actions of ethylene and MeJA effectively promoted the total phenolic compounds, especially the C6C1 compounds (such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid) and C6C3 ones (such as cinnamic acid, sinapic acid). (frontiersin.org)
Salicylic acid1
- Some interesting crystals when I was decarboxylating salicylic acid to phenol, and an odd precipitate in my wash/waste bin (I think it may have been in part from the reaction of sucrose, sodium hydroxide, and copper sulfate, but the strange lumps on the bottom and lack of Rochelle's salt say otherwise. (sciencemadness.org)
Chlorogenic1
- 16. [Regulation of syringin, chlorogenic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid biosynthesis in cell suspension cultures of Saussurea involucrata]. (nih.gov)
Naturally1
- Phenolic acids naturally produced in plants as secondary metabolites are good candidates for being alternative antimicrobials for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (iyte.edu.tr)
Presence1
- The presence of phenolic acids (Sorgaab) and water stress have the synergistic effect on the growth of crops. (scirp.org)
Vanilla1
- Vanillic Acid, an oxidized form of vanillin, holds importance for its mild vanilla-like aroma. (dubichem.com)
Oxidation1
- Vanillic acid can be obtained from the oxidation of vanillin by various oxidizing agents. (wikipedia.org)
Roles1
- Results: Both phenolic acids elicited identification of differently expressed proteins that have roles in DNA replication, repair, RNA processing and transcription, protein synthesis, maintenance of cell homeostasis, several metabolic reactions in energy, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms and also proteins related with the virulence and the pathogenicity of MRSA when compared with the control group. (iyte.edu.tr)
Suitable1
- Several acids suitable for use as standards in acidimetry. (nih.gov)
Optimal1
- For optimal retention of its properties, Vanillic Acid should be stored in a cool, dry environment, shielded from direct sunlight and moisture. (dubichem.com)
Chemistry1
- OH), nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in tropospheric chemistry. (edu.sa)
Derivative1
- Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. (wikipedia.org)
Effective1
- With near-UV-light-absorbing vanillic acid (VA), however, the effective Φ(NO2-) was strongly pH-dependent, reaching 8.0 ± 2.1% at a pH of 8 and 1.5 ± 0.39% at a more atmospherically relevant pH of 5. (edu.sa)
Highest1
- Unyielding Commitment to Quality: Our Vanillic Acid mirrors the highest standards of purity and excellence. (dubichem.com)
Find1
- Or, if you are trying to identify the earliest paper talking about both Poisoning and Vanillic Acid , you will find the information in the detailed file. (nih.gov)