Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.
A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.
Inorganic compounds that contain tungsten as an integral part of the molecule.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Cation-transporting proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis for the transport of CALCIUM. They differ from CALCIUM CHANNELS which allow calcium to pass through a membrane without the use of energy.
A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.
A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
The posterior filiform portion of the spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) that provides sperm motility.
An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.
Semicarbazides are organic compounds containing a functional group with the structure NH2-NH-CO-NH2, which are commonly used as reagents in chemical reactions to form semicarbazones, and can also be found in some pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
A species of ANABAENA that can form SPORES called akinetes.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.
An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.
The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Anopheles gambiae Ag-STAT, a new insect member of the STAT family, is activated in response to bacterial infection. (1/1580)

A new insect member of the STAT family of transcription factors (Ag-STAT) has been cloned from the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. The domain involved in DNA interaction and the SH2 domain are well conserved. Ag-STAT is most similar to Drosophila D-STAT and to vertebrate STATs 5 and 6, constituting a proposed ancient class A of the STAT family. The mRNA is expressed at all developmental stages, and the protein is present in hemocytes, pericardial cells, midgut, skeletal muscle and fat body cells. There is no evidence of transcriptional activation following bacterial challenge. However, bacterial challenge results in nuclear translocation of Ag-STAT protein in fat body cells and induction of DNA-binding activity that recognizes a STAT target site. In vitro treatment with pervanadate (vanadate and H2O2) translocates Ag-STAT to the nucleus in midgut epithelial cells. This is the first evidence of direct participation of the STAT pathway in immune responses in insects.  (+info)

Differential expression and translocation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B-related proteins in ME-180 tumor cells expressing apoptotic sensitivity and resistance to tumor necrosis factor: potential interaction with epidermal growth factor receptor. (2/1580)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis can be inhibited by overexpression of specific tyrosine kinases or activation of tyrosine kinase cascades, suggesting potential antagonism between apoptotic and tyrosine kinase signaling processes. In this report, the effects of TNF on EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in ME-180 cell variants selected for apoptotic sensitivity (Sen) or resistance (Res) to TNF, previously shown to differentially express EGFr, were examined. Prior to the onset of apoptosis, TNF caused a significant reduction in the level of EGFr tyrosine phosphorylation in Sen cells but mediated only limited suppression of EGFr tyrosine phosphorylation in apoptotically resistant Res cells. In vitro incubation of cellular membranes with TNF derived from Sen cells stimulated a resident protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity which was able to dephosphorylate EGFr or tyrosine phosphopeptides mimicking an EGFr autophosphorylation site. In membrane preparations, PTPIB complexed with tyrosine phosphorylated EGFr and this association was disrupted by TNF through an apparent stimulation of PTP activity and turnover of phosphotyrosine. Intrinsic enzymatic activity of PTP1B was 2-3-fold higher in Sen versus Res cell lysates and a family of PTP1B-related proteins with altered C-termini was found to be highly expressed in Sen cells but absent or expressed at reduced levels in Res cells. Cytoplasmic extracts of Sen cells contained PTP1B-like proteins and TNF incubation resulted in the time dependent accumulation of PTP1B-like proteins in Sen cells but did not effect these proteins in Res cells. Together, these results suggest that specific changes in expression and subcellular distribution of phosphotyrosine modulatory proteins may play a role in conveying intrinsic apoptotic sensitivity to TNF in some tumor cell types.  (+info)

Treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with vanadate and phlorizin prevents the over-expression of the liver insulin receptor gene. (3/1580)

Administration of vanadate, an insulinomimetic agent, has been shown to normalize the increased number of insulin receptors in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the present study, the effects of vanadate on various steps of expression of the liver insulin receptor gene in diabetic rats have been analyzed and compared with those of phlorizin, a glucopenic drug devoid of insulinomimetic properties. Livers of rats killed 23 days after streptozotocin injection showed a 30-40% increase in the number of cell surface and intracellular insulin receptors, a 50-90% increase in the levels of 9.5 and 7.5 kb insulin receptor mRNA species, and a 20% decrease in the relative abundance of the A (exon 11-) insulin receptor mRNA isotype. Daily administration of vanadate or phlorizin from day 5 to day 23 prevented the increase in insulin receptor number and mRNA level, and vanadate treatment also normalized receptor mRNA isotype expression. Unlike observations in vivo, vanadate and phlorizin differentially affected the expression of the insulin receptor gene in Fao hepatoma cells. Vanadate treatment (0.5 mmol/l for 4 h) decreased the levels of the 9.5 and 7.5 kb insulin receptor transcripts by at least twofold, without affecting the relative abundance of the A insulin receptor mRNA isotype. In contrast, phlorizin treatment (5 mmol/l for 4 h) slightly increased or did not affect the levels of the 9.5 and 7.5 kb insulin receptor transcripts respectively, and increased by twofold the relative expression of the A insulin receptor mRNA isotype. It is suggested that, although mediated in part by a reversal of hyperglycemia, normalization of liver insulin receptor gene expression by vanadate treatment in diabetic rats may also involve a direct inhibitory effect of this drug on gene expression.  (+info)

Conformation-dependent inhibition of gastric H+,K+-ATPase by SCH 28080 demonstrated by mutagenesis of glutamic acid 820. (4/1580)

Gastric H+,K+-ATPase can be inhibited by imidazo pyridines like 2-methyl-8-[phenylmethoxy] imidazo-(1,2a) pyridine 3-acetonitrile (SCH 28080). The drug shows a high affinity for inhibition of K+-activated ATPase and for prevention of ATP phosphorylation. The inhibition by SCH 28080 can be explained by assuming that SCH 28080 binds to both the E2 and the phosphorylated intermediate (E2-P) forms of the enzyme. We observed recently that some mutants, in which glutamic acid 820 present in transmembrane domain six of the catalytic subunit had been replaced (E820Q, E820N, E820A), lost their K+-sensitivity and showed constitutive ATPase activity. This ATPase activity could be inhibited by similar SCH 28080 concentrations as the K+-activated ATPase of the wild-type enzyme. SCH 28080 also inhibited ATP phosphorylation at 21 degrees C of the mutants E820D, E820N, and E820A, although with varying efficacy and affinity. ATP-phosphorylation of mutant E820Q was not inhibited by SCH 28080; in contrast, the phosphorylation level at 21 degrees C was nearly doubled. These findings can be explained by assuming that mutation of Glu820 favors the E1 conformation in the order E820Q >E820A >E820N >wild-type = E820D. The increase in the phosphorylation level of the E820Q mutant can be explained by assuming that during the catalytic cycle the E2-P intermediate forms a complex with SCH 28080. This intermediate hydrolyzes considerably slower than E2-P and thus accumulates. The high tendency of the E820Q mutant for the E1 form is further supported by experiments showing that ATP phosphorylation of this mutant is rather insensitive towards vanadate, inorganic phosphate, and K+.  (+info)

EPR spectroscopy of VO2+-ATP bound to catalytic site 3 of chloroplast F1-ATPase from Chlamydomonas reveals changes in metal ligation resulting from mutations to the phosphate-binding loop threonine (betaT168). (5/1580)

Site-directed mutations were made to the phosphate-binding loop threonine in the beta-subunit of the chloroplast F1-ATPase in Chlamydomonas (betaT168). Rates of photophosphorylation and ATPase-driven proton translocation measured in coupled thylakoids purified from betaT168D, betaT168C, and betaT168L mutants had <10% of the wild type rates, as did rates of Mg2+-ATPase activity of purified chloroplast F1-ATPase (CF1). The EPR spectra of VO2+-ATP bound to Site 3 of CF1 from wild type and mutants showed that EPR species C, formed exclusively upon activation, was altered in CF1 from each mutant in both signal intensity and in 51V hyperfine parameters that depend on the equatorial VO2+ ligands. These data provide the first direct evidence that Site 3 is a catalytic site. No significant differences between wild type and mutants were observed in EPR species B, the predominant form of the latent enzyme. Thus, the phosphate-binding loop threonine is an equatorial metal ligand in the activated conformation but not in the latent conformation of Site 3. The metal-nucleotide conformation that gives rise to species B is consistent with the Mg2+-ADP complex that becomes entrapped in a catalytic site in a manner that regulates enzymatic activity. The lack of catalytic function of CF1 with entrapped Mg2+-ADP may be explained in part by the absence of the phosphate-binding loop threonine as a metal ligand.  (+info)

Effects of vanadium complexes with organic ligands on glucose metabolism: a comparison study in diabetic rats. (6/1580)

1. Vanadium compounds can mimic actions of insulin through alternative signalling pathways. The effects of three organic vanadium compounds were studied in non-ketotic, streptozotocin-diabetic rats: vanadyl acetylacetonate (VAc), vanadyl 3-ethylacetylacetonate (VEt), and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (VM). A simple inorganic vanadium salt, vanadyl sulphate (VS) was also studied. 2. Oral administration of the three organic vanadium compounds (125 mg vanadium element 1(-1) in drinking fluids) for up to 3 months induced a faster and larger fall in glycemia (VAc being the most potent) than VS. Glucosuria and tolerance to a glucose load were improved accordingly. 3. Activities and mRNA levels of key glycolytic enzymes (glucokinase and L-type pyruvate kinase) which are suppressed in the diabetic liver, were restored by vanadium treatment. The organic forms showed greater efficacy than VS, especially VAc. 4. VAc rats exhibited the highest levels of plasma or tissue vanadium, most likely due to a greater intestinal absorption. However, VAc retained its potency when given as a single i.p. injection to diabetic rats. Moreover, there was no relationship between plasma or tissue vanadium levels and any parameters of glucose homeostasis and hepatic glucose metabolism. Thus, these data suggest that differences in potency between compounds are due to differences in their insulin-like properties. 5. There was no marked toxicity observed on hepatic or renal function. However, diarrhoea occurred in 50% of rats chronically treated with VS, but not in those receiving the organic compounds. 6. In conclusion, organic vanadium compounds, in particular VAc, correct the hyperglycemia and impaired hepatic glycolysis of diabetic rats more safely and potently than VS. This is not simply due to improved intestinal absorption, indicating more potent insulin-like properties.  (+info)

Confluence of vascular endothelial cells induces cell cycle exit by inhibiting p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. (7/1580)

Like other cellular models, endothelial cells in cultures stop growing when they reach confluence, even in the presence of growth factors. In this work, we have studied the effect of cellular contact on the activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by growth factors in mouse vascular endothelial cells. p42/p44 MAPK activation by fetal calf serum or fibroblast growth factor was restrained in confluent cells in comparison with the activity found in sparse cells. Consequently, the induction of c-fos, MAPK phosphatases 1 and 2 (MKP1/2), and cyclin D1 was also restrained in confluent cells. In contrast, the activation of Ras and MEK-1, two upstream activators of the p42/p44 MAPK cascade, was not impaired when cells attained confluence. Sodium orthovanadate, but not okadaic acid, restored p42/p44 MAPK activity in confluent cells. Moreover, lysates from confluent 1G11 cells more effectively inactivated a dually phosphorylated active p42 MAPK than lysates from sparse cells. These results, together with the fact that vanadate-sensitive phosphatase activity was higher in confluent cells, suggest that phosphatases play a role in the down-regulation of p42/p44 MAPK activity. Enforced long-term activation of p42/p44 MAPK by expression of the chimera DeltaRaf-1:ER, which activates the p42/p44 MAPK cascade at the level of Raf, enhanced the expression of MKP1/2 and cyclin D1 and, more importantly, restored the reentry of confluent cells into the cell cycle. Therefore, inhibition of p42/p44 MAPK activation by cell-cell contact is a critical step initiating cell cycle exit in vascular endothelial cells.  (+info)

A model of the transition state in the alkaline phosphatase reaction. (8/1580)

A high resolution crystal structure of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase in the presence of vanadate has been refined to 1.9 A resolution. The vanadate ion takes on a trigonal bipyramidal geometry and is covalently bound by the active site serine nucleophile. A coordinated water molecule occupies the axial position opposite the serine nucleophile, whereas the equatorial oxygen atoms of the vanadate ion are stabilized by interactions with both Arg-166 and the zinc metal ions of the active site. This structural complex supports the in-line displacement mechanism of phosphomonoester hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase and provides a model for the proposed transition state in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.  (+info)

Vanadates are salts or esters of vanadic acid (HVO3), which contains the vanadium(V) ion. They contain the vanadate ion (VO3-), which consists of one vanadium atom and three oxygen atoms. Vanadates have been studied for their potential insulin-mimetic and antidiabetic effects, as well as their possible cardiovascular benefits. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses in medicine.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vanadium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. Vanadium is not a biological or medical concept in itself, but it can be found in some living organisms in small amounts as a trace element.

However, vanadium compounds have been studied in the context of potential medicinal uses, such as insulin mimetic properties and possible effects on diabetes management. But these are still in the research stage and not yet established medical facts or practices. Therefore, I would be happy to provide more information about vanadium from a chemical or materials science perspective, but it is not typically considered within the realm of medical definitions.

Tungsten compounds refer to chemical substances that contain tungsten (W, atomic number 74) in its ionic or molecular form. Tungsten is a heavy metal and exists in several oxidation states, most commonly +6, +4, and +2. Tungsten compounds have various applications in industrial, medical, and technological fields.

Examples of tungsten compounds include:

* Tungstic acid (WO3ยท2H2O)
* Sodium polytungstate (Na6WO6)
* Calcium tungstate (CaWO4)
* Tungsten carbide (WC)
* Tungsten hexafluoride (WF6)

Tungsten compounds have been used in medical imaging, such as X-ray machines and CT scanners, due to their high density and ability to absorb X-rays. They are also used in the production of surgical instruments, dental alloys, and other medical devices. However, some tungsten compounds can be toxic or carcinogenic, so proper handling and disposal are essential.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. It is the main source of energy for most cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. ATP is composed of a base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. The bonds between these phosphate groups contain a significant amount of energy, which can be released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken, resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This process is known as hydrolysis and can be catalyzed by various enzymes to drive a wide range of cellular functions. ATP can also be regenerated from ADP through various metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, allowing for the continuous supply of energy to cells.

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and signal transduction. PTPs function by removing phosphate groups from tyrosine residues on proteins, thereby counteracting the effects of tyrosine kinases, which add phosphate groups to tyrosine residues to activate proteins.

PTPs are classified into several subfamilies based on their structure and function, including classical PTPs, dual-specificity PTPs (DSPs), and low molecular weight PTPs (LMW-PTPs). Each subfamily has distinct substrate specificities and regulatory mechanisms.

Classical PTPs are further divided into receptor-like PTPs (RPTPs) and non-receptor PTPs (NRPTPs). RPTPs contain a transmembrane domain and extracellular regions that mediate cell-cell interactions, while NRPTPs are soluble enzymes located in the cytoplasm.

DSPs can dephosphorylate both tyrosine and serine/threonine residues on proteins and play a critical role in regulating various signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.

LMW-PTPs are a group of small molecular weight PTPs that localize to different cellular compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and regulate various cellular processes, including protein folding and apoptosis.

Overall, PTPs play a critical role in maintaining the balance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events in cells, and dysregulation of PTP activity has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy, which is used to drive various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, transport of ions across membranes, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

ATPases are classified into several types based on their structure, function, and mechanism of action. Some examples include:

1. P-type ATPases: These ATPases form a phosphorylated intermediate during the reaction cycle and are involved in the transport of ions across membranes, such as the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps.
2. F-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, and are responsible for generating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP.
3. V-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in vacuolar membranes and endomembranes, and are involved in acidification of intracellular compartments.
4. A-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in the plasma membrane and are involved in various functions such as cell signaling and ion transport.

Overall, ATPases play a crucial role in maintaining the energy balance of cells and regulating various physiological processes.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Calcium-transporting ATPases, also known as calcium pumps, are a type of enzyme that use the energy from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) hydrolysis to transport calcium ions across membranes against their concentration gradient. This process helps maintain low intracellular calcium concentrations and is essential for various cellular functions, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression.

There are two main types of calcium-transporting ATPases: the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca^2+^-ATPase (SERCA) and the plasma membrane Ca^2+^-ATPase (PMCA). SERCA is found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells and endoplasmic reticulum of other cell types, where it pumps calcium ions into these organelles to initiate muscle relaxation or signal transduction. PMCA, on the other hand, is located in the plasma membrane and extrudes calcium ions from the cell to maintain low cytosolic calcium concentrations.

Calcium-transporting ATPases play a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in cells and are important targets for drug development in various diseases, including heart failure, hypertension, and neurological disorders.

Dyneins are a type of motor protein that play an essential role in the movement of cellular components and structures within eukaryotic cells. They are responsible for generating force and motion along microtubules, which are critical components of the cell's cytoskeleton. Dyneins are involved in various cellular processes, including intracellular transport, organelle positioning, and cell division.

There are several types of dyneins, but the two main categories are cytoplasmic dyneins and axonemal dyneins. Cytoplasmic dyneins are responsible for moving various cargoes, such as vesicles, organelles, and mRNA complexes, toward the minus-end of microtubules, which is usually located near the cell center. Axonemal dyneins, on the other hand, are found in cilia and flagella and are responsible for their movement by sliding adjacent microtubules past each other.

Dyneins consist of multiple subunits, including heavy chains, intermediate chains, light-intermediate chains, and light chains. The heavy chains contain the motor domain that binds to microtubules and hydrolyzes ATP to generate force. Dysfunction in dynein proteins has been linked to various human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders, ciliopathies, and cancer.

Tyrosine is an non-essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized by the human body from another amino acid called phenylalanine. Its name is derived from the Greek word "tyros," which means cheese, as it was first isolated from casein, a protein found in cheese.

Tyrosine plays a crucial role in the production of several important substances in the body, including neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, which are involved in various physiological processes, including mood regulation, stress response, and cognitive functions. It also serves as a precursor to melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.

In addition, tyrosine is involved in the structure of proteins and is essential for normal growth and development. Some individuals may require tyrosine supplementation if they have a genetic disorder that affects tyrosine metabolism or if they are phenylketonurics (PKU), who cannot metabolize phenylalanine, which can lead to elevated tyrosine levels in the blood. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplementation regimen.

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.

The "sperm tail" is also known as the flagellum, which is a whip-like structure that enables the sperm to move or swim through fluid. The human sperm tail is made up of nine microtubule doublets and a central pair of microtubules, which are surrounded by a mitochondrial sheath that provides energy for its movement. This complex structure allows the sperm to navigate through the female reproductive tract in order to reach and fertilize an egg.

Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase (also known as Na+/K+ ATPase) is a type of active transporter found in the cell membrane of many types of cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradient and membrane potential of animal cells by pumping sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell, using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis.

This transporter is composed of two main subunits: a catalytic ฮฑ-subunit that contains the binding sites for Na+, K+, and ATP, and a regulatory ฮฒ-subunit that helps in the proper targeting and functioning of the pump. The Na+/K+ ATPase plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and kidney function.

In summary, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase is an essential membrane protein that uses energy from ATP to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane, thereby maintaining ionic gradients and membrane potentials necessary for normal cellular function.

Semicarbazides are organic compounds that contain the functional group -NH-CO-NH-NH2. They are derivatives of hydrazine and carbamic acid, with the general structure (CH3)NHCSNH2. Semicarbazides are widely used in the synthesis of various chemical compounds, including heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.

In a medical context, semicarbazides themselves do not have any therapeutic use. However, they can be used in the preparation of certain drugs or drug intermediates. For example, semicarbazones, which are derivatives of semicarbazides, can be used to synthesize some antituberculosis drugs.

It is worth noting that semicarbazides and their derivatives have been found to have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties in some studies. Therefore, they should be handled with care in laboratory settings, and exposure should be minimized to reduce potential health risks.

Anabaena variabilis is a species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can form filamentous colonies. It is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, making it an important contributor to the nitrogen cycle in aquatic environments. The term 'variabilis' refers to the variable size and shape of its cells.

Here's a simple medical definition:

Anabaena variabilis: A species of filamentous cyanobacteria known for its ability to fix nitrogen, contributing to the nitrogen cycle in aquatic environments. Its cells can vary in size and shape.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

Proton-translocating ATPases are complex, multi-subunit enzymes found in the membranes of many organisms, from bacteria to humans. They play a crucial role in energy transduction processes within cells.

In simpler terms, these enzymes help convert chemical energy into a form that can be used to perform mechanical work, such as moving molecules across membranes against their concentration gradients. This is achieved through a process called chemiosmosis, where the movement of ions (in this case, protons or hydrogen ions) down their electrochemical gradient drives the synthesis of ATP, an essential energy currency for cellular functions.

Proton-translocating ATPases consist of two main domains: a catalytic domain responsible for ATP binding and hydrolysis, and a membrane domain that contains the ion transport channel. The enzyme operates in either direction depending on the energy status of the cell: it can use ATP to pump protons out of the cell when there's an excess of chemical energy or utilize the proton gradient to generate ATP during times of energy deficit.

These enzymes are essential for various biological processes, including nutrient uptake, pH regulation, and maintaining ion homeostasis across membranes. In humans, they are primarily located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (forming the F0F1-ATP synthase) and plasma membranes of certain cells (as V-type ATPases). Dysfunction of these enzymes has been linked to several diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer.

Phosphates, in a medical context, refer to the salts or esters of phosphoric acid. Phosphates play crucial roles in various biological processes within the human body. They are essential components of bones and teeth, where they combine with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Phosphates also participate in energy transfer reactions as phosphate groups attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Additionally, they contribute to buffer systems that help maintain normal pH levels in the body.

Abnormal levels of phosphates in the blood can indicate certain medical conditions. High phosphate levels (hyperphosphatemia) may be associated with kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, or excessive intake of phosphate-containing products. Low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia) might result from malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or certain diseases affecting the small intestine or kidneys. Both hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia can have significant impacts on various organ systems and may require medical intervention.

A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (PTKs) are a type of enzyme that plays a crucial role in various cellular functions, including signal transduction, cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. They catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of proteins, thereby modifying their activity, localization, or interaction with other molecules.

PTKs can be divided into two main categories: receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs). RTKs are transmembrane proteins that become activated upon binding to specific ligands, such as growth factors or hormones. NRTKs, on the other hand, are intracellular enzymes that can be activated by various signals, including receptor-mediated signaling and intracellular messengers.

Dysregulation of PTK activity has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, PTKs are important targets for drug development and therapy.

Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:

1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.

Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:

1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.

Erythrosine is a type of food dye that is classified as a synthetic organic chemical compound. Its chemical formula is C~20~H~6~Br~4~O~5~. Erythrosine is a form of red food coloring that is commonly used in a variety of foods and beverages, such as candies, popsicles, and maraschino cherries. It is also used in some medications and cosmetics to provide a reddish or pinkish color.

Erythrosine belongs to a class of compounds called xanthenes, which are known for their ability to fluoresce when exposed to light. This property has led to the use of erythrosine as a marker in biological research and as a forensic tool for identifying fingerprints.

Like other food dyes, erythrosine is subject to regulation by government agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ensure its safe use in food products. However, some studies have suggested that certain food dyes, including erythrosine, may be associated with adverse health effects such as hyperactivity in children. As a result, some organizations have called for further research on the safety of these substances and for greater restrictions on their use in food.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a chemical compound that plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells. It is a nucleotide, which consists of a adenosine molecule (a sugar molecule called ribose attached to a nitrogenous base called adenine) and two phosphate groups.

In the cell, ADP functions as an intermediate in the conversion of energy from one form to another. When a high-energy phosphate bond in ADP is broken, energy is released and ADP is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main energy currency of the cell. Conversely, when ATP donates a phosphate group to another molecule, it is converted back to ADP, releasing energy for the cell to use.

ADP also plays a role in blood clotting and other physiological processes. In the coagulation cascade, ADP released from damaged red blood cells can help activate platelets and initiate the formation of a blood clot.

Phosphotyrosine is not a medical term per se, but rather a biochemical term used in the field of medicine and life sciences.

Phosphotyrosine is a post-translational modification of tyrosine residues in proteins, where a phosphate group is added to the hydroxyl side chain of tyrosine by protein kinases. This modification plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways and regulates various cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Abnormalities in phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer and diabetes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rubidium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive and flammable. It is found in trace amounts in minerals such as leucite and pollucite.

While rubidium itself does not have a direct medical application, its radioisotopes (such as rubidium-82) are used in medical imaging, particularly in positron emission tomography (PET) scans, to study heart function and blood flow. However, the term "Rubidium" itself is not used in a medical context to define a condition or disease.

Biological transport, active is the process by which cells use energy to move materials across their membranes from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This type of transport is facilitated by specialized proteins called transporters or pumps that are located in the cell membrane. These proteins undergo conformational changes to physically carry the molecules through the lipid bilayer of the membrane, often against their concentration gradient.

Active transport requires energy because it works against the natural tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, a process known as diffusion. Cells obtain this energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is produced through cellular respiration.

Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells, as well as the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. The sodium-potassium pump, which helps maintain resting membrane potential in nerve and muscle cells, is a classic example of an active transporter.

... can refer to: Ammonium vanadate (disambiguation) Sodium vanadate (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Vanadates. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...
A simple vanadate ion is the tetrahedral orthovanadate anion, VO3โˆ’4 (which is also called vanadate(V)), which is present in e.g ... There are also vanadates, such as rhodium vanadate, RhVO4, which has a statistical rutile structure where the Rh3+ and V5+ ions ... In chemistry, a vanadate is an anionic coordination complex of vanadium. Often vanadate refers to oxoanions of vanadium, most ... In chemical nomenclature when vanadate forms part of the name, it indicates that the compound contains an anion with a central ...
... can refer to: Sodium metavanadate (sodium trioxovanadate(V)), NaVO3 Sodium orthovanadate (sodium ...
... may refer to: Ammonium metavanadate (ammonium trioxovanadate(V)), NH4VO3 Ammonium orthovanadate (ammonium ... a compound related to Ammonium metavanadate This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ammonium vanadate ...
More specifically, bismuth vanadate is a mixed-metal oxide. Bismuth vanadate is also known under the Colour Index International ... Bismuth vanadate is a bright yellow powder and may have a slight green tint. When used as a pigment it has a high Chroma and ... Bismuth vanadate is the inorganic compound with the formula BiVO4. It is a bright yellow solid. It is widely studied as visible ... In nature, bismuth vanadate can be found as the mineral pucherite, clinobisvanite, and dreyerite depending on the particular ...
... can be obtained by the reaction between lutetium oxide, vanadium trioxide and vanadium pentoxide at a high ... Lutetium vanadate is inorganic compound with ferromagnetic and semiconducting properties, with the chemical formula of Lu2V2O7 ... Vanadates, Vanadium(IV) compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
... is produced by the reaction of hot acidic neodymium(III) chloride and sodium vanadate: N d C l 3 + N a ... Neodymium(III) vanadate is an inorganic compound, a salt of neodymium and vanadic acid with the chemical formula of NdVO4. It ... vanadate forms crystals of the tetragonal crystal system, space group I 41/amd, lattice constants a = 0.736 nm, b = 0.736 nm, c ... and neodymium-doped vanadate laser hose crystals having the apatite crystal structure". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ...
Solutions of vanadate turn bright orange at pH 6.5, indicating the presence of decavanadate. Other vanadates are colorless. ... The preparation of decavanadate is achieved by acidifying an aqueous solution of ortho-vanadate: 10 Na3[VO4] + 24 HOAc โ†’ Na6[ ... Depending on pH, major vanadate anions in solution include VO2(H2O)42+, VO43โˆ’, V2O73โˆ’, V3O93โˆ’, V4O124โˆ’, and V10O286โˆ’. The ... The oxidation state of vanadium in decavanadate is +5. Aqueous vanadate (V) compounds undergo various self-condensation ...
IV (Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209727. "Power behind ...
IV (Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209732. Archived from the ...
IV (Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209734. Archived (PDF ...
IV (Arsenates, Phosphates, Vanadates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0962209732. Treasures of the ... Other names that have since been given to vanadinite are johnstonite and lead vanadate. Vanadinite occurs as a secondary ... and vanadate (VO4). Common impurities of vanadinite include phosphorus, arsenic and calcium, where these may act as an ... C to produce sodium vanadate (NaVO3). This is dissolved in water and then treated with ammonium chloride to give an orange- ...
Volume IV: Arsenates, Phosphates and Vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing Company, Tucson, Arizona, p. 644 Riffel, H., P. Keller ...
Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because they serve as structural mimics of phosphates. It acts as ... "Sodium Orthovanadate (Vanadate) , NEB". www.neb.com. Retrieved 2018-09-07. Sodium metavanadate (CS1 maint: archived copy as ... The structure of trisodium vanadate trihydrate] (PDF). Acta Crystallogr. C43 (6): 1030-1032. doi:10.1107/S0108270187093120. ...
Hydrous Calcium Vanadates". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 53 (213): 31-54 ...
Vanadates (PDF). Vol. IV. Tucson, Arizona: Mineral Data Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9622097-1-0. Dick, S.; GoรŸner, U.; WeiรŸ, Armin; ...
Hydrous Calcium Vanadates". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 53 (213): 31-54. JSTOR 984129. Buckingham, E. (1914). "On physically similar ...
Chromium(III) oxide, nickel(II) oxide, and cobalt(II) oxide are less soluble in vanadates; they convert the vanadates to less ... The vanadium is oxidized to different vanadates. Molten vanadates present as deposits on metal can flux oxide scales and ... Together with sodium oxide, vanadates of various composition ratios are formed. Vanadates of composition approximating Na2O.6 ... Iron(III) oxide is readily soluble in vanadates between Na2O.6 V2O5 and 6 Na2O.V2O5, at temperatures below 705 ยฐC in amounts up ...
ISBN 978-84-89784-33-8. "Yttrium Vanadate (YVO4) Crystal". Casix. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09 ...
Various secondary vanadate phases form depending on Eh-pH conditions and other cations present. Chemical analysis was performed ... Vanarsite has been determined to be part of the vanadate, arsenite, and arsenate groups. Analytical methods were used to ...
In apatite minerals strontium, barium and lead can be substituted for calcium; arsenate and vanadate for phosphate; and the ...
... is a common precursor to other vanadates. At low pH it converts to sodium decavanadate. It is also ... Vanadates, Sodium compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
a basic vanadate of copper prob. Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4. Turanose Etymology: German turanos, from Persian ุชูˆุฑุงู† Turan + German -os -ose ...
... is also part of the vanadates and arsenates group. With these characteristics, it is similar to the minerals ...
"Sylvania Mercury Lamp with Yttrium Vanadate Phosphor". Lamptech.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "Sylvania MetalArc HID Lamp". ...
Karlish, S. J. D.; Beaugรฉ, L. A.; Glynn, I. M. (November 1979). "Vanadate inhibits (Na+ + K+)ATPase by blocking a ... The structures of many vanadate compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Vanadium(V) forms various peroxo ... During combustion, vanadium oxidizes and reacts with sodium and sulfur, yielding vanadate compounds with melting points as low ... ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. Sinning, Irmgard; Hol, Wim G. J. (2004). "The power of vanadate in crystallographic investigations of ...
Ammonium vanadate(V) (NH4VO3) can be successively reduced with elemental zinc to obtain the different colors of vanadium in ... Karlish, S. J. D.; Beaugรฉ, L. A.; Glynn, I. M. (Nov 1979). "Vanadate inhibits (Na+ + K+)ATPase by blocking a conformational ... The structures of many vanadate compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Vanadium(V) forms various peroxo ... ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. Sinning, Irmgard; Hol, Wim G. J. (2004). "The power of vanadate in crystallographic investigations of ...
Vanadate can be used for protecting steel against rust and corrosion by conversion coating. Vanadium foil is used in cladding ... Ammonium vanadate(V) (NH4VO3) can be successively reduced with elemental zinc to obtain the different colors of vanadium in ... Karlish, S. J. D.; Beaugรฉ, L. A.; Glynn, I. M. (November 1979). "Vanadate inhibits (Na+ + K+)ATPase by blocking a ... The structures of many vanadate compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Vanadium(V) forms various peroxo ...
... vanadates. The heat from the engine melts these salts which then can flux the passivating oxide layers on the metal components ...
This is the last crystallization of vanadate at the site since medaite was the last vanadate mineral being crystallized, but ... Fianelite is a mineral belonging to the manganese vanadate category, found in iron-manganese ores. Named after the place where ... 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00142-5. (Arsenate minerals, Monoclinic minerals, Vanadate minerals, Manganese minerals). ...
Vanadates can refer to: Ammonium vanadate (disambiguation) Sodium vanadate (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Vanadates. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...
Specifically, respirable particles composed of carnotite, which is a uranyl-vanadate mineral [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2ยท3H2O], can be ... Respirable Uranyl-Vanadate-Containing Particulate Matter Derived From a Legacy Uranium Mine Site Exhibits Potentiated ... Respirable Uranyl-Vanadate-Containing Particulate Matter Derived From a Legacy Uranium Mine Site Exhibits Potentiated ...
ABSCO Limited supplies high purity ammonium vanadate as a powder. ... Applications: Ammonium vanadate is supplied as a high purity ... ABSCO Limited is a leading supplier of Ammonium Vanadate. Please use the form above to make an enquiry about Ammonium Vanadate ... If you require any further information about Ammonium Vanadate - NH4VO3 please do not hesitate to contact our experienced staff ... Description: ABSCO Limited supplies high purity ammonium vanadate as a powder.. * ...
Bismuth Vanadate Sputtering Targets , Buy Ultra-High-Purity Nanomaterials Worldwide Shipping, Fast Delivery FedEx, DHL, TNT ...
Session C19: Vanadate Experiment: Devices. 2:30 PM-5:30 PM, Monday, March 18, 2013. Room: 321. Sponsoring Unit: DMP. Chair: ...
Createx Illustration Colors Bismuth Vanadate Yellow, 2 oz.. $10.04 Shop Local Shop Local Dealers near you for more competitive ... Createx Illustration Colors Bismuth Vanadate Yellow, 2 oz.. $10.04 Shop Local Shop Local Dealers near you for more competitive ...
Acinetobacter MlaFEDB complex in ADP-vanadate trapped Vclose conformation. Help Explore Sequence Annotations in 3D ...
Vanadate. .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:- ...
Our results demonstrate the pH and concentration dependant removal of (poly)vanadate species by Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides, which ... vanadate attenuation by ferrihydrite and hematite from pH 3 to 6. Adsorption isotherms illustrate the low affinity of ... Adsorption of (Poly)vanadate onto Ferrihydrite and Hematite: An In Situ ATR-FTIR Study. ... Vessey, C.J., Schmidt, M. P., Abdolahnezhad, M., Peak, D. & Lindsay, M. B. J. (2020). Adsorption of (Poly)vanadate onto ...
What happens when bismuth vanadate gets wet?. Researchers have discovered how the electronic properties of the photoelectrode ...
... ... Structural features and morphology of titanium dioxide-bismuth vanadate heterojunctions Academic Article * ... TO) and bismuth vanadate BiVO. 4. (BVO) are promising photoactive semiconducting oxides for heterogeneous photocatalysis ...
If you are interested, you can read more here: Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Vanadates as Potential Magnesiumโ€Ion ... Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Vanadates as potential Mg-ion Cathode Materials through an Ab Initio Guided ... Our colleagues from University of Cambridge have published the work "Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Vanadates as ...
Active Laser Medium: Nd:Vanadate. *Applications: Biomedical/Medical, Industrial, Military. *Amb. Temp. Range: -29 ยฐC โ‰คT โ‰ค43 ยฐC ...
Thus, it seems necessary to increase the photocatalytic activity of bismuth vanadate in combination with titanium dioxide to ... 320.26 min and 0.239 g/100 mL for visible/bismuth vanadate process, respectively. The removal efficiencies obtained for acid ... while a low acid orange 10 removal efficiency was obtained for the synthesized bismuth vanadate using the co-precipitation ... irradiation with ultraviolet-C lamp and bismuth vanadate under visible light of light-emitting diode lamp. Response surface ...
Ismail, L. and Ramesh, S. and Tan, W. and Arof, Abdul Kariem (2009) Mixed-doped lithium nickel vanadate as cathode material by ... Mixed-doped lithium nickel vanadate as cathode material by wet chemistry and polymer precursor method ...
Negative controls show the relative ATPase levels were fully inhibited by the ATPase pan-inhibitor, vanadate (. 1.25. mM. ). ... Note: NS, no substrate added; SS control, substrate-stimulated vehicle control; vanadate (. 1.25. mM. ), ATPase inhibitor. ... P-gp or BCRP plus substrates with the ATPase inhibitor vanadate (. 1.25. mM. ) (ATPase negative control), c) P-gp or BCRP minus ...
The origins of photocatalytic water-oxidation activity of bismuth vanadate. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ... The origins of photocatalytic water-oxidation activity of bismuth vanadate. ...
The PEC sensor was based on a physical mixture of bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) with nanocomposite molecularly imprinted poly( ... Development of novel nanocomposite-modified photoelectrochemical sensor based on the association of bismuth vanadate and MWCNT- ...
The first acrylic colors offered by GOLDEN, Heavy Body paints are known for their exceptionally smooth, buttery consistency. The Heavy Body palette includes the largest assortment of unique pure pigments in a 100% acrylic emulsion available to professional artists. These colors offer excellent Permanency and lightfastn
keywords = "Bismuth vanadate, Oxygen evolution, Photoelectrochemical cell, Tungsten doping, Water splitting",. author = "Umesh ... Dive into the research topics of Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric tungsten doping effect in bismuth vanadate based ... title = "Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric tungsten doping effect in bismuth vanadate based photoactive material for ... T1 - Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric tungsten doping effect in bismuth vanadate based photoactive material for ...
For more information on our Vanadate Oxidation Bilirubin assay visit: www.randox.com/bilirubin. To view our wide range of ... Tags: paediatric, in vitro diagnostic tests, niche assays, niche reagents, Vanadate Oxidation Bilirubin, Hyperbilirubinaemia, ... Determining bilirubin concentration in paediatric facilities - Vanadate Oxidation Method. Posted on 4th May 2023 at 10:22 am.. ... New technologies and novel methods, like the Vanadate Oxidation method, have emerged and have been shown to display superior ...
Vanadates. KG. CKG. 28273910. Vanadium chlorides. KG. CKG. 28253000. Vanadium oxides and hydroxides. KG. CKG. ...
A New Class of Environmental Friendly Vanadate Based NH3 SCR Catalysts Exhibiting Good Low Temperature Activity and High ...
08.DC.30 08 - PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES 08.D - Phosphates, etc 08.DC -With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1 ...
08.BN.05 08 - PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES 08.B - Phosphates, etc. with Additional Anions, without H2O ...
08.BN.05 08 - PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES 08.B - Phosphates, etc. with Additional Anions, without H2O ...
Chemical Description:Bismuth Vanadate Opacity/Transparency: 4 out of 1 (most opaque) to 8 (most transparent) ...
Rational design of spinel cobalt vanadate oxide Co2VO4 for superior electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 32, e1907168 (2020). ...
Chen F, Demers LM, Vallyathan V, Ding M, Lu Y, Castranova V, Shi X [Jul 1999]. Vanadate induction of NF-kB involves IkB kinase ... Ding M, Li, J-J, Leonard SS, Ye J-P, Shi X, Colburn NH, Castranova V, Vallyathan V [Apr 1999]. Vanadate-induced activation of ... Ye J, Ding M, Leonard SS, Robinson VA, Millecchia L, Zhang X, Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Shi X [Jun 1999]. Vanadate induces ... Vallyathan V, Ding M, Shi X, Li JJ, Leonard S, Ye JP, Colburn NH, Castranova V [Mar 1999]. Involvement of vanadate-mediated ...
  • Chemistry: BiVO 4 , Bismuth Vanadate. (galleries.com)
  • Pucherite, whose name comes from the actual mine shaft (Pucher Shaft) from where the first specimens were found, is a rare bismuth vanadate mineral. (galleries.com)
  • promoted bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) photocatalysts was synthesized and physicochemical characterized by means of X-Ray diffraction, nitrogen isotherm absorption diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. (mdpi.com)
  • ABSCO Limited is a leading supplier of Bismuth Vanadate. (absco-limited.com)
  • Please use the form above to make an enquiry about Bismuth Vanadate remembering to include the information regarding purity and the quantity you require. (absco-limited.com)
  • If you require any further information about Bismuth Vanadate - BiVO4 please do not hesitate to contact our experienced staff. (absco-limited.com)
  • Webinar: Why use Bismuth Vanadate Pigments for Plastics? (pigments.com)
  • Bismuth Vanadate (BV), Pigment Yellow 184 (PY.184) was introduced as an inorganic pigment in the mid 1980's. (pigments.com)
  • Createx Illustration Colors Bismuth Vanadate Yellow, 1 oz. (iwata-airbrush.com)
  • Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) is a widely studied photocatalyst for the depollution of contaminated wastewater, production of hydrogen by water splitting, and organic synthesis. (york.ac.uk)
  • Development of novel nanocomposite-modified photoelectrochemical sensor based on the association of bismuth vanadate and MWCNT-grafted-molecularly imprinted poly(acrylic acid) for dopamine determination at nanomolar level. (bvsalud.org)
  • The PEC sensor was based on a physical mixture of bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) with nanocomposite molecularly imprinted poly(acrylic acid ) (MIP-AA) grafted onto MWCNTox by using the surface-controlled radical polymerization strategy with an INIFERTER reagent . (bvsalud.org)
  • Vanadates can refer to: Ammonium vanadate (disambiguation) Sodium vanadate (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Vanadates. (wikipedia.org)
  • IMARC Group's report, titled "Ammonium Vanadate Manufacturing Plant Project Report 2024: Industry Trends, Plant Setup, Machinery, Raw Materials, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue" provides a complete roadmap for setting up an ammonium vanadate manufacturing plant. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Ammonium vanadate, a compound with significant scientific and industrial importance, emerges at the intersection of chemistry and materials science. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The report provides insights into the landscape of the ammonium vanadate industry at the global level. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The report also provides a segment-wise and region-wise breakup of the global ammonium vanadate industry. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Additionally, it also provides the price analysis of feedstocks used in the manufacturing of ammonium vanadate, along with the industry profit margins. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The report also provides detailed information related to the process flow and various unit operations involved in an ammonium vanadate manufacturing plant. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Ammonium vanadate is supplied as a high purity material one of whose uses is as a catalyst. (absco-limited.com)
  • K3V5O14 melts at 410ยฐC). However, little is known about the formation of mixed alkali-vanadium oxide compounds and the influence of melting of surface alkali-vanadate phase(s) on the catalytic properties of alkali-containing supported vanadium oxide catalysts. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Melting initiated the formation of oligomeric vanadium oxide species already in the in situ activation step upon melting of potassium-vanadate. (tu-berlin.de)
  • The spectra suggests the monomeric/polymeric vanadium oxide species as well as potassium-vanadate exist in activated catalyst which is in agreement with the Raman findings. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Based on a fitting model in Athena (Demeter) software, the contribution from alkali-vanadate species increases while the contribution from the dispersed vanadium oxide species decreases upon melting. (tu-berlin.de)
  • In view of h~b specific capacity, possibility of lithium uptake to 3.0 Li/mol with respect to cycleability, structural stability, high rate capability (due to high diffusion of lithium) and deep dischllrgeability below 1.6 V lithium vanadate is preferred to V,013 In lithium secondary cells. (csircentral.net)
  • Single crystals of lithium zinc vanadate, LiZnVO 4 , were grown by the flux method. (iucr.org)
  • Possibly formed alkali vanadate(s) can have a melting temperatures in the range of reaction temperatures of propane oxidation (e.g. (tu-berlin.de)
  • The possible role of melting in propane oxidation was first demonstrated with path-finder experiment (physical mixture of K3V5O14 and V/SBA-15) in which the activity of supported vanadia catalyst sharply decreased due to the wetting behaviour of the potassium-vanadate. (tu-berlin.de)
  • The structural type of this vanadate is characterized by a three-dimensional arrangement of tetra-hedra sharing apices in an LiZnVO 4 network. (iucr.org)
  • But, some investigators observed the discrepancies between vanadate and ouabain-induced contraction in cardiac muscle. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • The difference of vanadate and ouabain-induced contraction was investigated in the cat ileal smooth muscle. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • 1) Ouabain-induced contraction was biphasic, but vanadate-induced contraction had one peak. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • 2) Atropine inhibited ouabainยกยคinduced contraction, but did not inhibit vanadate-induced contraction. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • antagonists had a greater influence on the contraction induced hy vanadate than by ouabain. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • abolished ouabain-induced contraction, but had no effect on vanadate-induced contraction. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • 5) Vanadate-induced contraction was potentiated in the presence of ouabain. (kyobobook.co.kr)
  • Stimulation of adipocytes with insulin, vanadate, or peroxovanadate caused decreased PKB mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, indicative of increased phosphorylation, which correlated with an increase in kinase activity detected with the peptide. (lu.se)
  • Stimulation of adipocytes with insulin, vanadate, or peroxovanadate caused decreased PKB mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, indicative of increased phosphorylation, which correlated with an increase in kinase activity detected with the peptide KKRNRTLTK. (lu.se)
  • Activity drops and selectivity to propylene increases markedly when the supported V-A oxide layer and/or segregated crystalline alkali vanadate phases are melting. (tu-berlin.de)
  • Compared to Nd:YAG , Neodymium Doped Gadolinium Vanadate offers similar advantages to Nd:YVO4 - high gain, low threshold and high absorption coefficients - but has the additional advantage of much higher thermal conductivity. (roditi.com)
  • To investigate the possible impact of melting of alkali-vanadate phase(s), a series of silica supported A/V catalysts (A: alkali, i.e. (tu-berlin.de)
  • ENRICO DELLA GASPERALink to source: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/ta/d1ta07710d/unauthAbstract Wet chemical syntheses of. (nadetech.com)
  • You can use vanadate laser markers for laser engraving brass to ensure optimal beam quality, consistency and depth of focus on heat-sensitive surfaces. (telesis.com)
  • Inhibition of chymotrypsin by a complex of ortho-vanadate and benzohydroxamic Acid: structure of the inert complex and its mechanistic interpretation. (expasy.org)
  • Therefore, LiZnVO 4 appears to be the first vanadate known to crystallize with a disordered phenacite structure. (iucr.org)
  • Since 1980, evidence has accumulated to show that vanadium salts, vanadyl and vanadate, mimic insulin action in isolated cell systems and produce glucose-lowering effects when given to animals with diabetes. (nih.gov)
  • Vanadates can refer to: Ammonium vanadate (disambiguation) Sodium vanadate (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Vanadates. (wikipedia.org)
  • ABSCO Limited supplies high purity ammonium vanadate as a powder. (absco-limited.com)
  • Ammonium vanadate is supplied as a high purity material one of whose uses is as a catalyst. (absco-limited.com)
  • ABSCO Limited is a leading supplier of Ammonium Vanadate. (absco-limited.com)
  • Please use the form above to make an enquiry about Ammonium Vanadate remembering to include the information regarding purity and the quantity you require. (absco-limited.com)
  • If you require any further information about Ammonium Vanadate - NH4VO3 please do not hesitate to contact our experienced staff. (absco-limited.com)
  • In vivo and in vitro studies of vanadate in human and rodent diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
  • Our results demonstrate the pH and concentration dependant removal of (poly)vanadate species by Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides, which has implications for understanding V mobility, behaviour, and fate in the environment. (usask.ca)
  • Cu-phe was not able to crosslink wild-type (WT) P-gp in the ADP-vanadate trapped conformation. (nih.gov)
  • This was in contrast to the E556Q/E1201Q mutant, for which, a partial crosslinking was observed in the presence of all nucleotides, irrespective of the presence or absence of vanadate, suggesting that the conformation of E556Q/E1201Q mutant NBDs might be different compared to WT NBDs. (nih.gov)
  • Mr. Xu falsified data by adding vanadate to inhibit the enzyme LPP-1, in experiments that purported to show that the inhibition was the result of adding natural lipid effectors. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, ADP alone did not inhibit the crosslinking of WT P-gp, while AMP-PNP, ADP-vanadate and AMP-PNP-vanadate were able to inhibit the crosslinking induced by Cu-Phe for WT P-gp. (nih.gov)
  • The dielectric hysteresis property of undoped and Gd 2 O 3 -doped potassium vanadate and lithium vanadate has been investigated in the temperature range covering their transition points. (ias.ac.in)
  • Using the human lung alveolar epithelial cancer cell line A549, we investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and p38 protein kinase in vanadate-induced cell growth arrest. (cdc.gov)
  • Vanadate stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family members, as determined by the phosphorylation of ERK and p38. (cdc.gov)
  • We found that 0.1 mM o-vanadate (protein tyrosine phosphatase blocker) reduces the GABA-activated ATPase activity. (scirp.org)
  • Vanadate-resistant yeast mutants are defective in protein glycosylation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Role of reactive oxygen species and MAPKs in vanadate-induced G2/M phase arrest. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we use in situ attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to examine sorption mechanisms and capacity for (poly)vanadate attenuation by ferrihydrite and hematite from pH 3 to 6. (usask.ca)
  • ESR and FTIR Studies on GeO2 substituted lead vanadate semiconducting glass system International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research. (gitam.edu)
  • Studies with fluoroaluminate, vanadate, and pertussis toxin. (nih.gov)
  • In the presence of Ca 2+ (0.25 mM), the effect of o-vanadate on the "basal" and CI - , HCO 3 - , -ATPase activities does not appear. (scirp.org)
  • 2018. DUOX expression in human keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells: Influence of vanadate. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to hydroxyl radical formation, cellular reduction of vanadate generated superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as determined by confocal microscopy using specific dyes. (cdc.gov)
  • The falsification consisted of the addition of vanadate to tubes containing certain substances. (nih.gov)
  • Exposure of cells to vanadate led to cell growth arrest at the G2/M phase and caused upregulation of p21 and phospho-cdc2 and degradation of cdc25C in a time- and dose-dependent manner. (cdc.gov)
  • PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK, and SB202190, an inhibitor of p38, inhibited vanadate-induced cell growth arrest, upregulation of p21 and cdc2, and degradation of cdc25C. (cdc.gov)