Up-Regulation
Gene Expression Profiling
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Messenger
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Gene Expression Regulation
Signal Transduction
Gene Expression
Cells, Cultured
Separation of shoot and floral identity in Arabidopsis. (1/28952)
The overall morphology of an Arabidopsis plant depends on the behaviour of its meristems. Meristems derived from the shoot apex can develop into either shoots or flowers. The distinction between these alternative fates requires separation between the function of floral meristem identity genes and the function of an antagonistic group of genes, which includes TERMINAL FLOWER 1. We show that the activities of these genes are restricted to separate domains of the shoot apex by different mechanisms. Meristem identity genes, such as LEAFY, APETALA 1 and CAULIFLOWER, prevent TERMINAL FLOWER 1 transcription in floral meristems on the apex periphery. TERMINAL FLOWER 1, in turn, can inhibit the activity of meristem identity genes at the centre of the shoot apex in two ways; first by delaying their upregulation, and second, by preventing the meristem from responding to LEAFY or APETALA 1. We suggest that the wild-type pattern of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 and floral meristem identity gene expression depends on the relative timing of their upregulation. (+info)A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (2/28952)
The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates. (+info)CAR-dependent and CAR-independent pathways of adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer and expression in human fibroblasts. (3/28952)
Primary fibroblasts are not efficiently transduced by subgroup C adenovirus (Ad) vectors because they express low levels of the high-affinity Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). In the present study, we have used primary human dermal fibroblasts as a model to explore strategies by which Ad vectors can be designed to enter cells deficient in CAR. Using an Ad vector expressing the human CAR cDNA (AdCAR) at high multiplicity of infection, primary fibroblasts were converted from being CAR deficient to CAR sufficient. Efficiency of subsequent gene transfer by standard Ad5-based vectors and Ad5-based vectors with alterations in penton and fiber was evaluated. Marked enhancement of binding and transgene expression by standard Ad5 vectors was achieved in CAR-sufficient fibroblasts. Expression by AdDeltaRGDbetagal, an Ad5-based vector lacking the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) alphaV integrin recognition site from its penton base, was achieved in CAR-sufficient, but not CAR-deficient, cells. Fiber-altered Ad5-based vectors, including (a) AdF(pK7)betagal (bearing seven lysines on the end of fiber) (b) AdF(RGD)betagal (bearing a high-affinity RGD sequence on the end of fiber), and (c) AdF9sK betagal (bearing a short fiber and Ad9 knob), demonstrated enhanced gene transfer in CAR-deficient fibroblasts, with no further enhancement in CAR-sufficient fibroblasts. Together, these observations demonstrate that CAR deficiency on Ad targets can be circumvented either by supplying CAR or by modifying the Ad fiber to bind to other cell-surface receptors. (+info)Activation-dependent transcriptional regulation of the human Fas promoter requires NF-kappaB p50-p65 recruitment. (4/28952)
Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand (CD95L) are an interacting receptor-ligand pair required for immune homeostasis. Lymphocyte activation results in the upregulation of Fas expression and the acquisition of sensitivity to FasL-mediated apoptosis. Although Fas upregulation is central to the preservation of immunologic tolerance, little is known about the molecular machinery underlying this process. To investigate the events involved in activation-induced Fas upregulation, we have examined mRNA accumulation, fas promoter activity, and protein expression in the Jurkat T-cell line treated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin (P/I), pharmacological mimics of T-cell receptor activation. Although resting Jurkat cells express Fas, Fas mRNA was induced approximately 10-fold in 2 h upon P/I stimulation. Using sequential deletion mutants of the human fas promoter in transient transfection assays, we identified a 47-bp sequence (positions -306 to -260 relative to the ATG) required for activation-driven fas upregulation. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a previously unrecognized composite binding site for both the Sp1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors at positions -295 to -286. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and supershift analyses of this region documented constitutive binding of Sp1 in unactivated nuclear extracts and inducible binding of p50-p65 NF-kappaB heterodimers after P/I activation. Sp1 and NF-kappaB transcription factor binding was shown to be mutually exclusive by EMSA displacement studies with purified recombinant Sp1 and recombinant p50. The functional contribution of the kappaB-Sp1 composite site in P/I-inducible fas promoter activation was verified by using kappaB-Sp1 concatamers (-295 to -286) in a thymidine kinase promoter-driven reporter construct and native promoter constructs in Jurkat cells overexpressing IkappaB-alpha. Site-directed mutagenesis of the critical guanine nucleotides in the kappaB-Sp1 element documented the essential role of this site in activation-dependent fas promoter induction. (+info)Downregulation of metallothionein-IIA expression occurs at immortalization. (5/28952)
Metallothioneins (MTs) may modulate a variety of cellular processes by regulating the activity of zinc-binding proteins. These proteins have been implicated in cell growth regulation, and their expression is abnormal in some tumors. In particular, MT-IIA is expressed 27-fold less in human colorectal tumors and tumor cell lines compared with normal tissue (Zhang et al., 1997). Here we demonstrate that MT-IIA downregulation occurs when human cells become immortal, a key event in tumorigenesis. After immortalization MT-IIA expression remains inducible but the basal activity of the MT-IIA promoter is decreased. MT-IIA downregulation at immortalization is one of the most common immortalization-related changes identified to date, suggesting that MT-IIA has a role in this process. (+info)Establishment of an inducible expression system of chimeric MLL-LTG9 protein and inhibition of Hox a7, Hox b7 and Hox c9 expression by MLL-LTG9 in 32Dcl3 cells. (6/28952)
The MLL (HRX/ALL-1 gene is frequently disrupted in infantile leukemias and therapy-related leukemias and fused to various translocation partner genes. We previously showed that chimeric MLL proteins localize in the nuclei in a fashion similar to that of MLL protein even if the partner gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein and indicated the importance of the N-terminal portion of MLL common to various MLL translocations. This time we established an inducible expression system for chimeric MLL-LTG9 and truncated N-terminal MLL proteins (MLL-Zf(-)) in 32Dcl3 cells. By utilizing this system, we were able to show inhibition of Hox a7, Hox b7 and Hox c9 genes' expression by induced MLL-LTG9 and MLL-Zf(-). Up-regulation of Hox a7, Hox b7 and Hox c9 was observed when 32Dcl3 cells were cultured with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in place of interleukin 3 and induction of MLL-LTG9 and MLL-Zf(-) was shown to suppress this upregulation. At the same time, expression of two mammalian Polycomb group genes, M33 and mel-18, which both reportedly affect Hox genes' expression, was not inhibited by MLL-LTG9 and MLL-Zf(-) induction. These results indicate that MLL has an important effect on the expression of at least some Hox genes in hematopoietic cells and suggest that inhibition of the proper expression of Hox genes by chimeric MLL proteins may dysregulate hematopoietic cell differentiation and proliferation, which then can lead to leukemogenesis. (+info)Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (7/28952)
In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed. (+info)Intracellular sodium modulates the expression of angiotensin II subtype 2 receptor in PC12W cells. (8/28952)
Although the angiotensin II subtype 2 receptor (AT2-R) is expressed abundantly in the adrenal medulla, its physiological significance has not yet been determined. To obtain fundamental knowledge of the regulation of AT2-R expression in the adrenal medulla, we investigated the effects of modulating several ion channels on AT2-R expression in PC12W cells. Experiments were performed after 24 hours of serum depletion under subconfluent conditions. After 48 hours of treatment with various agonists or antagonists, the receptor density and mRNA level of AT2-Rs were quantified by 125I-[Sar1, Ile8]angiotensin II binding and Northern blot analysis. Ouabain (10 to 100 nmol/L) and insulin (10 to 100 nmol/L) dose-dependently increased receptor density and mRNA level. Analysis of the binding characteristics revealed that the ouabain-dependent increase in AT2-R levels was due to an increase in binding capacity without a change in the Kd value. These increases were blocked by lowering the Na+ concentration in the medium. A low concentration of the sodium ionophore monensin (10 nmol/L), the K+-channel blocker quinidine (10 micromol/L), and the ATP-sensitive K+-channel blockers tolbutamide (100 micromol/L) and glybenclamide (10 micromol/L) also significantly increased receptor density, but the ATP-sensitive K+-channel agonist cromakalim (100 micromol/L) decreased receptor density significantly (P<0.01). Nifedipine (10 micromol/L) decreased basal receptor density and completely blocked the increase in receptor density caused by these agents. The increase in receptor density caused by an increase in intracellular Na+ was accompanied by an increase in mRNA level, whereas the ATP-sensitive K+-channel blockers did not change mRNA level. Nifedipine slightly decreased mRNA level. These results suggest that AT2-R expression is sensitively regulated by intracellular cation levels. The change in intracellular Na+ level transcriptionally regulates AT2-R expression, whereas the K+-channel blocker-dependent upregulation appears to be at least in part posttranslational. (+info)Up-regulation is a term used in molecular biology and medicine to describe an increase in the expression or activity of a gene, protein, or receptor in response to a stimulus. This can occur through various mechanisms such as increased transcription, translation, or reduced degradation of the molecule. Up-regulation can have important functional consequences, for example, enhancing the sensitivity or response of a cell to a hormone, neurotransmitter, or drug. It is a normal physiological process that can also be induced by disease or pharmacological interventions.
Gene expression profiling is a laboratory technique used to measure the activity (expression) of thousands of genes at once. This technique allows researchers and clinicians to identify which genes are turned on or off in a particular cell, tissue, or organism under specific conditions, such as during health, disease, development, or in response to various treatments.
The process typically involves isolating RNA from the cells or tissues of interest, converting it into complementary DNA (cDNA), and then using microarray or high-throughput sequencing technologies to determine which genes are expressed and at what levels. The resulting data can be used to identify patterns of gene expression that are associated with specific biological states or processes, providing valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of diseases and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
In recent years, gene expression profiling has become an essential tool in various fields, including cancer research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine, where it is used to identify biomarkers of disease, predict patient outcomes, and guide treatment decisions.
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.
The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.
In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.
RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis is a type of microarray analysis that allows for the simultaneous measurement of the expression levels of thousands of genes in a single sample. In this technique, oligonucleotides (short DNA sequences) are attached to a solid support, such as a glass slide, in a specific pattern. These oligonucleotides are designed to be complementary to specific target mRNA sequences from the sample being analyzed.
During the analysis, labeled RNA or cDNA from the sample is hybridized to the oligonucleotide array. The level of hybridization is then measured and used to determine the relative abundance of each target sequence in the sample. This information can be used to identify differences in gene expression between samples, which can help researchers understand the underlying biological processes involved in various diseases or developmental stages.
It's important to note that this technique requires specialized equipment and bioinformatics tools for data analysis, as well as careful experimental design and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.
'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.
The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.
Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. This process involves several steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. During transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then undergoes RNA processing, which includes adding a cap and tail to the mRNA and splicing out non-coding regions called introns. The resulting mature mRNA is then translated into a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm through the process of translation.
The regulation of gene expression is a complex and highly controlled process that allows cells to respond to changes in their environment, such as growth factors, hormones, and stress signals. This regulation can occur at various stages of gene expression, including transcriptional activation or repression, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Dysregulation of gene expression has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.
Regulation
Load regulation
Regulation CF
Oxygen regulation
EPrivacy Regulation
Insolvency Regulation
Regulation Colours
Regulation (disambiguation)
Algorithmic regulation
Wage regulation
CLP Regulation
Regulation (Brussels)
Microprudential regulation
Population regulation
Voltage regulation
Regulation Law
Macroprudential regulation
Rent regulation
Regulation school
Prudential regulation
Rhine Regulation
Evidence Regulation
Dublin Regulation
Regulation A
Transcriptional regulation
Regulation Q
Service Regulation
Translational regulation
Affect regulation
Trade regulation
SRA | Solicitors Regulation Authority | Solicitors Regulation Authority
https://policies.google.com/privacy?hl=en
CLIA Law & Regulation
CLIA Law & Regulation
Regulation - Wikipedia
Antenna Regulation and Zoning
Regulation C
Regulation
Hippocampal regulation of aversive memories
Data, money, and regulation - O'Reilly
Deregulation vs regulation
Automatic Temperature regulation
Land Use Regulation | IBTimes
Margin Regulation | FINRA.org
FM403 Management and Regulation of Risk
Physiology, Temperature Regulation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
REGULATION Definition & Usage Examples | Dictionary.com
Regulation, Competition and Liberalization
Tories ask City grandees to advise on regulation
The Fed - Supervision and Regulation
Regulation and Distrust
Regulation Highlights December 2022 - American Kennel Club
Spontaneous pressure regulation within artificial cells | ScienceDaily
Central Bank Independence and Macro-Prudential Regulation
Genes | Special Issue : miRNA Regulation
Maryland: Regulation Works!
Regulation of UAVs in the United States - Wikipedia
FDIC: Regulations & Examinations
Animal regulation
20192
- Following the 17 July 2019 meeting and taking into account the advice of the Committee, the information from the affected State Party and the risk for human health, the risk of 1 See Disease Outbreak News, available at http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ (accessed 17 February 2020). (who.int)
- As of January 1, 2019, the Securitisation Regulation 2017/2402 ("SR") came into effect. (dnb.nl)
20231
- Regulations are current to 2023-09-13 and last amended on 2015-05-01. (gc.ca)
Laws8
- Common examples of regulation include limits on environmental pollution , laws against child labor or other employment regulations, minimum wages laws, regulations requiring truthful labelling of the ingredients in food and drugs, and food and drug safety regulations establishing minimum standards of testing and quality for what can be sold, and zoning and development approvals regulation. (wikipedia.org)
- Through studying the three landmark banking laws of this, our 21st Century-Sarbanes-Oxley, Dodd-Frank, and Basel III-we pick out ways these regulations are working for and/or against the public they purport to serve. (oreilly.com)
- What is the significance of zoning laws or land-use regulation, especially in an urban setting? (ibtimes.com)
- Browse our collection of financial education materials, data tools, documentation of laws and regulations, information on important initiatives, and more. (fdic.gov)
- Review the laws and regulations that govern the actions of FDIC-insured institutions. (fdic.gov)
- CPSC publishes regulations to implement the laws it administers and enforces. (cpsc.gov)
- Furthermore, to protect sensitive data and privacy of personal information, governments and industry organizations have developed multiple privacy regulations and data protection laws (GDPR, PCI DSS, HIPAA). (mysql.com)
- Laws, regulations, administrative requirements, policies, or policy, and financing other government instruments in place are sufficient for implementation of obligations under IHR. (cdc.gov)
Statutes2
20201
- As of December 2020 [update] , the FAA requires all commercial UAS operators to obtain a remote pilot license under Part 107 of the Federal Aviation Regulations . (wikipedia.org)
International Health Regu3
- Health Emergency of International Concern and issued the Committee's advice as temporary recommendations under the International Health Regulations (2005). (who.int)
- Organization (WHO) recognized the need to overhaul of preexisting systems and infrastructure, past and present international public health cooperation, and they revised objectives of health ministries and their external partners, the International Health Regulations (IHR). (cdc.gov)
- 14 May 2014 - The fifth meeting of the Emergency Committee convened by the Director-General under the International Health Regulations (2005) concerning Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was held by. (who.int)
20181
- On 1 October 2018, the Animal Welfare (Licensing of activities involving animals) (England) Regulations 2018 come into force. (towerhamlets.gov.uk)
Guidance2
- It is also a source of guidance to laboratories for interpreting the CLIA regulations. (cdc.gov)
- It details the basis of health and safety law in this country, gives people their options on how to deal with health and safety and explains the difference between Approved Codes of Practice, guidance and regulations. (hse.gov.uk)
Regulatory2
- The economics of imposing or removing regulations relating to markets is analysed in empirical legal studies, law and economics, political science, environmental science, health economics, and regulatory economics. (wikipedia.org)
- In order to make global finance more stable, the 2009 G20 summits in London and Pittsburg listed commitments on financial regulatory reform, pushing the financial regulation to the forefront of the global economic cooperation agenda at the level of political principles, which had until then, been mainly focused on trade and macroeconomic policy. (bis.org)
Gene regulation7
- Scientists are hoping to discover whether viruses can be used to study gene regulation in mammalian cells. (dictionary.com)
- The process of turning genes on and off is known as gene regulation. (medlineplus.gov)
- Gene regulation is an important part of normal development. (medlineplus.gov)
- Gene regulation also allows cells to react quickly to changes in their environments. (medlineplus.gov)
- Gene regulation can occur at any point during gene expression, but most commonly occurs at the level of transcription (when the information in a gene's DNA is passed to mRNA). (medlineplus.gov)
- The National Human Genome Research Institute provides a definition of gene regulation in their Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms. (medlineplus.gov)
- The Khan Academy has an educational unit on gene regulation , including videos about gene regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes. (medlineplus.gov)
20162
- Agreement 9/2016 , Regulation governing for the declaration of equivalence of foreign higher education qualifications at the academic level of doctoral studies. (uv.es)
- That allows EPA to evaluate the intended use and to regulate prospective manufacturers or processors of TCE before the use occurs, provided that regulation is warranted under the act (NTP, 2016). (cdc.gov)
Rules8
- Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. (wikipedia.org)
- Final rule to amend Regulation C to revise the rules for reporting price information on higher-priced loans. (ffiec.gov)
- On the first page front and center of banking activity we continue to read news of rules, regulations, and reform. (oreilly.com)
- The terms on which FINRA member firms (brokers) can extend credit for securities transactions are governed by federal regulation and by the rules of FINRA. (finra.org)
- If everything has to be coordinated by the minute, you need clear rules and regulations. (dictionary.com)
- Texas - The Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) has proposed new general rules about the inspections it conducts, including for dog breeders licensed by the state. (akc.org)
- FDIC Rules and regulations are promulgated by the FDIC under its statutory authority and mandates. (fdic.gov)
- Speech by Ms Maja Kadievska-Vojnovik , Vice-Governor of the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia, at the Erste Group Bank workshop "Rules and regulation update", Skopje, 1 December 2014. (bis.org)
Centers1
- The section of the federal regulations titled "Standards and Certification: Laboratory Requirements" is issued by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to enact the CLIA law passed by Congress (see below). (cdc.gov)
Search1
- Visit the CLIA Documents page to search and view the Federal Register Notices and former editions of the Code of Federal Regulations (published annually in October). (cdc.gov)
Deregulation1
- For the understanding of the deregulation, one must first have to understand the regulation, as we know that there is no smoke without fire, so that is why there is no deregulation without the regulation. (com.pk)
Practice2
- Regulations may create costs as well as benefits and may produce unintended reactivity effects, such as defensive practice. (wikipedia.org)
- One case (tackling overfishing in Peru) illustrates that an adaptive approach to regulation - combined with greater attention to what actually happens in national and local contexts- might work better than theoretically good or "best" practice, cookie-cooker regulation approaches. (worldbank.org)
Cannabis2
Self-regulation3
- and, in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals. (wikipedia.org)
- One critical question in regulation is whether the regulator or government has sufficient information to make ex-ante regulation more efficient than ex-post liability for harm and whether industry self-regulation might be preferable. (wikipedia.org)
- In some countries (in particular the Scandinavian countries) industrial relations are to a very high degree regulated by the labour market parties themselves (self-regulation) in contrast to state regulation of minimum wages etc. (wikipedia.org)
Emotion regulation3
- Adolescence is a potentially important time in the development of emotion regulation. (dictionary.com)
- The present study evaluated instructions in graphic and expressive writing tasks as stress and emotion regulation activity aids. (bvsalud.org)
- emotion regulation. (bvsalud.org)
Conduct2
- The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct ("command-and-control" regulation), calibrate incentives ("incentive" regulation), or change preferences ("preferences shaping" regulation). (wikipedia.org)
- We consider the optimality of various institutional arrangements for agencies that conduct macro-prudential regulation and monetary policy. (imf.org)
Legislation1
- Regulation means any legal tool or legislation or any type of executive policy or an element of the constitution or the political socio-economic control by the government. (com.pk)
Genes2
- This Special Issue of "Genes" seeks reviews and original papers covering a wide range of topics related to microRNA biology, such as regulation of expression in various disorders (cancer, metabolism, autoimmunity to mention but a few), genetics of microRNAs and their target sites, functional analysis of microRNA function and studies of interactions between microRNAs and target genes. (mdpi.com)
- Although we know that the regulation of genes is critical for life, this complex process is not yet fully understood. (medlineplus.gov)
Federal8
- The SOM is used by state offices to administer various federal programs, such as clinical laboratory certification under the CLIA regulations, and enforced by CMS. (cdc.gov)
- Prior to that date, the Federal Reserve Board was responsible for writing Regulation C). The two Official Staff Commentary documents included in this section contain Federal Reserve staff interpretations of Regulation C. Future Official Staff Commentaries will be written by the CFPB and posted when available. (ffiec.gov)
- In general, under Federal Reserve Board Regulation T (Reg T), brokers can lend a customer up to 50 percent of the total purchase price of a margin equity security for new purchases. (finra.org)
- The list below shows the federal regulations and notices for the Acute Inpatient PPS. (cms.gov)
- For details on changes to the regulations, please refer to the Federal Register publications listed below. (cms.gov)
- A September report by the Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy estimated that the annual cost of federal regulations in 2008 was more than $1.75 trillion, or $8,086 per employee. (politico.com)
- In the United States today, thousands upon thousands of ridiculous federal regulations tightly control almost every area of our lives. (theeconomiccollapseblog.com)
- The federal government has developed regulations and guidelines for TCE to protect the public and workers from potential adverse health effects from exposure. (cdc.gov)
CHAPTER1
- The chapter offers a review of the origins and limitations of the current model of regulation and the emergence of a law of the Circular Economy in Europe. (lu.se)
Government11
- State-mandated regulation is government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement policy and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, ranging from consumer protection to faster growth or technological advancement. (wikipedia.org)
- Many people simply take it for granted that government regulation achieves its intended ends. (dictionary.com)
- Instead a Conservative government would make the Bank of England one of the most powerful central banks in the world, handing the Governor power to control the balance sheets of all Britain's major banks and finance houses, as well as regulation of the broader financial system. (telegraph.co.uk)
- The full regulation is available on the Government Printing Office web site. (federalreserve.gov)
- In a cross-section of countries, government regulation is strongly negatively correlated with social capital. (repec.org)
- The Regulation of Entry ," Working Paper Series rwp01-015, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government. (repec.org)
- AKC's comment highlights three main needs: (1) increased appropriations to help ensure strong enforcement, (2) greater collaboration between APHIS and other government agencies to address the public health issues presented by the importation of unhealthy dogs, and (3) a clear definition of "breeding female" in Animal Welfare Act (AWA) regulations. (akc.org)
- Environmental protection may be less of a relative priority in countries where many people face more immediate challenges around basic needs and have lower expectations/experience of a competent government effort at regulation aligned to the interests of most citizens. (worldbank.org)
- Today," he concludes, "American free enterprise - indeed, the American dream - is being overwhelmed by a tsunami of government regulations. (politico.com)
- And we need to remind voters that there's a role for regulation, a role for government. (politico.com)
- But today we are "fenced in" by thousands and thousands and thousands of government regulations. (theeconomiccollapseblog.com)
Citation1
- Regulations can be advocated for a variety of reasons, including[citation needed] Market failures - regulation due to inefficiency. (wikipedia.org)
Broader1
- For broader coverage of this topic, see Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles . (wikipedia.org)
Examples1
- There are many different examples when you consider land-use regulation. (ibtimes.com)
Competition1
- Moreover, de-regulation has created bottom-line competition that has lowered service, removed meals, and results in periodic bankruptcy, thus forcing the airlines' creditors to pay for the low fares. (counterpunch.org)
Innovation1
- It's become sort of a mantra in business circles: Democrats' vast array of new regulations is strangling innovation and job growth. (politico.com)
Artificial1
- Additionally, a collaborative interagency coordination mechanism should be established to oversee the implementation and regulation of artificial intelligence. (siia.net)
Section3
- Section A. Risk and Regulation - Introduction and Overview: Sets out the problem of risk management and regulation. (lse.ac.uk)
- A general description of the regulation, by section, follows. (federalreserve.gov)
- After completing this section, you will be able to identify existing regulations and guidelines for TCE in the environment and in the workplace . (cdc.gov)
Laboratory1
- In general terms, the CLIA regulations establish quality standards for laboratory testing performed on specimens from humans, such as blood, body fluid and tissue, for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease, or assessment of health. (cdc.gov)
Financial5
- In July the Tories unveiled a financial White Paper that laid out plans to scrap the FSA and the tripartite system of regulation. (telegraph.co.uk)
- Separately, George Osborne, the shadow Chancellor, on Tuesday addressed 70 of the FSA's senior managers in an effort to explain to them the Tory plans for financial regulation, including their future role. (telegraph.co.uk)
- The regulation also applies to any extension of credit by a member bank to a company controlled by a bank official and to a political or campaign committee that benefits or is controlled by an executive of the financial institution. (federalreserve.gov)
- On the other hand consider the current troubles resulting from banking and financial de-regulation. (counterpunch.org)
- In that regard, understanding of the regulations that are changing the financial markets landscape is of greatest significance for each market participant. (bis.org)
Permits2
- FINRA Rule 4230 permits member firms to request additional time to comply with the payment period for purchases and margin deficiencies as required by Regulation T. The rule also allows member firms to request additional time for certain short security conditions. (finra.org)
- Or the higher costs of telephone service and the loss of a blue chip stock for widows and retirement funds that resulted from breaking up AT&T. Or the scandals and uncertainties from utility de-regulation which permits non-energy producers like Enron to contract to deliver electric power. (counterpunch.org)
Implement1
- Lastly, it is crucial to explore and implement tailored, use-based regulations for general-purpose AI systems to ensure responsible and effective deployment. (siia.net)
Strict2
Congress1
- Congress should take a more hands-on approach, Donohue suggests, and require lawmakers to approve regulations that have an impact of more than $100 million and renew regulations after five years. (politico.com)
Securities2
- Regulation T only sets the initial margin requirements on equity securities but FINRA's margin rule, 4210, adds initial margin requirements on securities that Reg T does not set specific requirements like corporate bond. (finra.org)
- As a result you will not be subject to the protections provided to retail customers under the Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation Best Interest. (credit-suisse.com)
Constitutes1
- The study of formal (legal or official) and informal (extra-legal or unofficial) regulation constitutes one of the central concerns of the sociology of law. (wikipedia.org)
Industry3
- A new Greenpeace Germany report shows that Detoxing fashion supply chains is a game changer but without regulation climate damage by the industry continues. (greenpeace.org)
- Are bankruptcies and mergers leading the industry toward one carrier and the re-emergence of regulation? (counterpunch.org)
- Circular Economy regulation is rapidly adopted at different levels of governance, including municipalities, private and industry standards, national law and supranational standard-setting. (lu.se)
Public3
- Simply put, land-use regulations refer to public policies that govern how private landowners and developers can use their land. (ibtimes.com)
- In the model, distrust creates public demand for regulation, while regulation in turn discourages social capital accumulation, leading to multiple equilibria. (repec.org)
- The regulations and the framework describe the capacities across an entire public health system. (cdc.gov)
Standards2
- Or the fleet milage standards that regulation imposes on car makers. (counterpunch.org)
- Additionally, there should be continuous endeavors to foster global cooperation and coordination in the development of AI standards and regulations. (siia.net)
Consequences1
- Well-intentioned regulations in a complex environment can have large unintended consequences. (worldbank.org)
Emergency1
- Title : Regulation of emergency services Personal Author(s) : Briggs, Adelbert E.;Palmer, Frank C. (cdc.gov)
Guidelines1
- The interpretive guidelines to the CLIA regulations are published in the CMS State Operations Manual (SOM). (cdc.gov)
Contract1
- Regulation by Contract : A New Way to Privatize Electricity Distribution? (repec.org)
Requirements3
- In addition to the generic requirements, the regulations contain additional specific requirements on the basis of which securitisations can qualify as STS. (dnb.nl)
- These regulations specify the requirements that apply to individuals, businesses, and others. (cpsc.gov)
- Governments are often focused on the effectiveness of provision but getting better at regulation could unlock better lives for citizens without large additional spending requirements. (worldbank.org)
Find2
- You may find that some zoning regulations will limit you to certain building designs that could be more expensive. (ibtimes.com)
- Here you can find the regulations of the Faculty Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science. (tudelft.nl)
Title1
- These Regulations may be cited as the Title. (bvsalud.org)
Assessment1
- the challenges of assessment of systemic risk and macroprudential regulation. (lse.ac.uk)
Governments2
- These regulations, also identified as zoning regulations, are usually enforced by local governments. (ibtimes.com)
- A pivot to regulation for cash strapped governments faces other difficulties. (worldbank.org)
Research3
- Regulation and Distrust ," NBER Working Papers 14648, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. (repec.org)
- The Regulation of Entry ," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 1904, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research. (repec.org)
- The regulation of entry ," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2661, The World Bank. (repec.org)
Department1
- Regulation and Distrust ," Scholarly Articles 12490649, Harvard University Department of Economics. (repec.org)