Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Hair Cells, Vestibular: Sensory cells in the acoustic maculae with their apical STEREOCILIA embedded in a gelatinous OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE. These hair cells are stimulated by the movement of otolithic membrane, and impulses are transmitted via the VESTIBULAR NERVE to the BRAIN STEM. Hair cells in the saccule and those in the utricle sense linear acceleration in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively.Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.Physalis: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain physalin and withangulatin.Kidney Calices: Recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. Urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (From Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 3d ed, p211)Auditory Pathways: NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.Vestibular Nerve: The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.Benzothiadiazines: Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.Hibiscus: A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. Members contain CITRIC ACID; MALATES; ANTHOCYANINS; FLAVONOIDS; GLYCOSIDES; DIETARY FIBER; and LIGNANS. Hibiscus sabdariffa is common constituent of HERBAL TEAS. Hibiscus cannabinus is a source of hemp fiber for TEXTILES.Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Mushroom Bodies: Prominent lobed neuropils found in ANNELIDA and all ARTHROPODS except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory learning and memory.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.Polydnaviridae: A family of insect viruses isolated from endoparasitic hymenopteran insects belonging to the families Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. The two genera are Ichnovirus and Bracovirus.Withania: A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain withanolides. Withania somnifera is the source of ashwagandha and aswal.Nephrostomy, Percutaneous: The insertion of a catheter through the skin and body wall into the kidney pelvis, mainly to provide urine drainage where the ureter is not functional. It is used also to remove or dissolve renal calculi and to diagnose ureteral obstruction.Saccule and Utricle: Two membranous sacs within the vestibular labyrinth of the INNER EAR. The saccule communicates with COCHLEAR DUCT through the ductus reuniens, and communicates with utricle through the utriculosaccular duct from which the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT arises. The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the VESTIBULAR NERVE.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Solanaceae: A plant family of the order Solanales, subclass Asteridae. Among the most important are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.Electric Capacitance: The ability of a substrate to retain an electrical charge.Wasps: Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings.Hair Cells, Ampulla: Sensory cells in the ampullary crest of each of the semicircular ducts, with their apical STEREOCILIA embedded in a wedge-shaped gelatinous cupula. These hair cells sense the movement of ENDOLYMPH resulting from angular acceleration of the head, and send signals via the VESTIBULAR NERVE to the brain to maintain balance.Gerbillinae: A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Acoustic Maculae: The sensory areas on the vertical wall of the saccule and in the floor of the utricle. The hair cells in the maculae are innervated by fibers of the VESTIBULAR NERVE.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 5: A glutamate plasma membrane transporter protein that is primarily expressed in the RETINA.Receptors, AMPA: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).Receptors, Presynaptic: Neurotransmitter receptors located on or near presynaptic terminals or varicosities. Presynaptic receptors which bind transmitter molecules released by the terminal itself are termed AUTORECEPTORS.Otolithic Membrane: A gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of SACCULE AND UTRICLE. It contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of CALCIUM CARBONATE and protein on its outer surface. In response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Calbindin 2: A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem: Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Pons: The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Calcium Channels, Q-Type: CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.Flowers: The reproductive organs of plants.Chinchilla: A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.Nerve Endings: Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.Calcium Channels, N-Type: CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.Synaptophysin: A MARVEL domain-containing protein found in the presynaptic vesicles of NEURONS and NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS. It is commonly used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation.Calcium Channels, P-Type: CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.Olivary Nucleus: A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.Synapsins: A family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of NEUROTRANSMITTER release. Synapsin I, the predominant member of this family, links SYNAPTIC VESICLES to ACTIN FILAMENTS in the presynaptic nerve terminal. These interactions are modulated by the reversible PHOSPHORYLATION of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The protein is also a substrate for cAMP- and CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin II.Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is LITHOTRIPSY, LASER.Vestibule, Labyrinth: An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Ganglia, Parasympathetic: Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system, including the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia in the cranial region and intrinsic (terminal) ganglia associated with target organs in the thorax and abdomen.Kidney Calculi: Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins: Vesicular amine transporter proteins that transport the neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE into small SECRETORY VESICLES. Proteins of this family contain 12 transmembrane domains and exchange vesicular PROTONS for cytoplasmic acetylcholine.Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.S100 Calcium Binding Protein G: A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.Olfactory Pathways: Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.Chelating Agents: Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.omega-Conotoxin GVIA: A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.MADS Domain Proteins: A superfamily of proteins that share a highly conserved MADS domain sequence motif. The term MADS refers to the first four members which were MCM1 PROTEIN; AGAMOUS 1 PROTEIN; DEFICIENS PROTEIN; and SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR. Many MADS domain proteins have been found in species from all eukaryotic kingdoms. They play an important role in development, especially in plants where they have an important role in flower development.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Onium Compounds: Ions with the suffix -onium, indicating cations with coordination number 4 of the type RxA+ which are analogous to QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (H4N+). Ions include phosphonium R4P+, oxonium R3O+, sulfonium R3S+, chloronium R2Cl+Microscopy, Electron, Scanning: Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Potassium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation: The relationship between the dose of administered radiation and the response of the organism or tissue to the radiation.Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Organ Culture Techniques: A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)Aging: The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Acoustic Stimulation: Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Drosophila: A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.Nerve Tissue ProteinsMice, Inbred C57BLPhylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Calochortoideae
നെഫ്രോട്ടിക് സിൻഡ്രോം - വിക്കിപീഡിയ
Hypertensive kidney disease
IgA nephropathy
Modes of Vesicle Retrieval at Ribbon Synapses, Calyx-Type Synapses, and Small Central Synapses | Journal of Neuroscience
Calcium Channel Types with Distinct Presynaptic Localization Couple Differentially to Transmitter Release in Single Calyx-Type...
The Calyx-Type Synapse of the Chick Ciliary Ganglion as a Model of Fast Cholinergic Transmission - PubMed
Identification and Expression Analysis of Genes Related to Calyx Persistence in Korla Fragrant Pear - PubMed
Member
What function does a calyx perform in the kidneys? | Reference.com
Verbena plant named 'VEAZ0029' - SYNGENTA PARTICIPATIONS AG
Optogenetic Probing and Manipulation of the Calyx-Type Presynaptic Terminal in the Embryonic Chick Ciliary Ganglion<...
Depletion of calcium in the synaptic cleft of a calyx-type synapse in the rat brainstem :: MPG.PuRe
Galine - (F1) Eggplant Seed | Johnny's Selected Seeds
Traviata - Organic (F1) Eggplant Seed | Johnny's Selected Seeds
UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for MENYANTHES
UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for NYMPHOIDES peltata
Alpha blockers more effective for large kidney stones
Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash)
Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx | Protocol
Persimmon | GreenMedInfo | Substance | Natural Medicine
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine | Basic research
Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function Unit (Tomoyuki Takahashi) | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate...
Quercus alba: White Oak | College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences | Clemson University, South Carolina
Trigonostemon in South China Botanical Garden Herbarium Type Specimens @ efloras.org
Section A. Structure and Specialized Characters: Perianth and Hypanthium
Readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles measured at single synaptic contacts | PNAS
A double S shape provides the structural basis for the extraordinary binding specificity of Dscam isoforms. - PubMed - NCBI
Identifying the candidate genes involved in the calyx abscission process of 'Kuerlexiangli' (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu) by digital...
Frontiers | Eight different types of dopaminergic neurons innervate the Drosophila mushroom body neuropil: anatomical and...
PetalsSepalsSynapsesOvarySynapticLobesProject to the calyxSTAMENSSynapsePersistentCorolla or calyxHypanthiumSingle calyxFlower2016CupularFruitCiliary ganglionNeuronsPresynaptic terminalsPerianthFlowersTerminalOvateAsteraceaeRenal pelvisPersistenceDistinctPubescentVestibularEfferentStamenPappusTerminalsInduceMorphologyPearGlutamateReproduces true to typeBlossomsAxillaryHibiscusHeldVesicles
Petals10
- The perianth ( perigonium , perigon or perigone ) is the non-reproductive part of the flower , and structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx ( sepals ) and the corolla ( petals ). (wikipedia.org)
- In flowering plants , the perianth may be described as being either dichlamydeous / heterochlamydeous in which the calyx and corolla are clearly separate, or homochlamydeous , in which they are indistinguishable (and the sepals and petals are collectively referred to as tepals ). (wikipedia.org)
- Typically, the flowers have 10 stamens, and the corolla and the calyx are formed of 5 petals and 5 sepals, respectively. (encyclopedia.com)
- petals not twice exceeding the calyx. (chestofbooks.com)
- petals more than twice exceeding the calyx. (chestofbooks.com)
- The collarette 'petals' distinguishing this type of dahlia are in fact sterile stamen filaments, called staminodes, which have become petaloid through selective breeding. (stanford.edu)
- These are all that remain of what used to be 5 seperate petals, which have fused and become much smaller than what is considered an ancestral floral type. (stanford.edu)
- Typically the calyx lobes are narrow and thread-like, six in number, and less than half the length of the petals. (usgs.gov)
- Tepal" is a term used to encompass both petals and sepals, when the flower does not have a strong differentiation between the calyx and the corolla. (garden.org)
- The term "ray flower" designates a type of individual flower that would include all parts that might be present: sepals, petals, ovaries, stamens, etc. (garden.org)
Sepals4
- No sepals or calyx. (ibiblio.org)
- Sepals longer than the calyx tube, reflexed. (usf.edu)
- The calyx (sepals) of the florets are modified to form a pappus, a tuft of hairs, which often appears on the mature fruit. (stanford.edu)
- The whitish section at the base of the floret is what remains of the calyx, the sepals of the flower. (stanford.edu)
Synapses10
- Here we review the modes of endocytosis, their underlying mechanisms, and relative contributions in three different types of synapses, including ribbon synapses of sensory neurons, calyx-type synapses, and small central synapses. (jneurosci.org)
- The above system, by facilitating the molecular study of the calyx-type presynaptic terminal, would provide an experimental platform for unveiling the molecular mechanisms underlying the morphology, physiology and development of synapses. (elsevier.com)
- As with the calyces, these synapses promote fast, efficient information transfer. (wikipedia.org)
- The calyceal terminals both respond to glutamate released from ribbon synapses in the type I cells and initiate spikes that propagate to the afferent's central terminals in the brainstem. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- On average, there are 15-20 ribbon synapses and 25-30 calyceal invaginations in each type I hair cell. (nih.gov)
- Central type II hair cells receive considerably fewer afferent boutons than do peripheral type II hair cells, but have similar numbers of ribbon synapses. (nih.gov)
- The numbers are similar because central type II hair cells make more synapses with the outer faces of calyx endings and with individual afferent boutons. (nih.gov)
- In line with this possibility, deep-membrane invaginations are not reported or are rarely observed in physiological conditions at synapses such as the frog neuromuscular junction and the calyx-type synapse ( 2 - 4 , 6 ). (pnas.org)
- 2006 ) found both full collapse and 'kiss-and-run' fusion at calyx-type synapses. (tcdb.org)
- The predicted Ca$^{2+}$ dependence of the presynaptic synaptic vesicle release compares favorably for several types of synapses, including the Calyx of Held. (aps.org)
Ovary3
- The calyx of Hibiscus trionum has opened apically to reveal the capsule (ovary) inside. (wikipedia.org)
- Ovary superior but appears inferior, surrounded by and not fused to calyx tube. (ca.gov)
- Calyx tube adanate to ovary, 5-toothed. (efloras.org)
Synaptic4
- The calyx-type synapse of chick ciliary ganglion (CG) has been intensively studied for decades as a model system for the synaptic development, morphology and physiology. (nih.gov)
- 1. A new form of synaptic depression of excitatory synaptic transmission was observed when making voltage-clamp recordings from large presynaptic terminals, the calyces of Held and postsynaptic cells, the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), in slices of the rat auditory brainstem. (mpg.de)
- Protein expression patterns form several microdomains within the calyx membrane: a synaptic domain facing the hair cell, the heminode abutting the first myelinated internode, and one or two intermediate domains. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- We studied bulk endocytosis at a live synaptic nerve terminal, the calyx of Held, by the use of the capacitance measurement technique, which offers a time resolution (≈1 ms) much faster than traditionally used electron microscopy and imaging techniques. (pnas.org)
Lobes8
- Five types of PPL1 neurons were discovered that innervate different zones of the mushroom body lobes. (frontiersin.org)
- Calyx tube (hypanthium) cylindrical , 4-6 mm long , longitudinally 8-12-ribbed, with 4-6 triangular sepal lobes 0.5-1 mm long at the top and longer appendages in between. (ca.gov)
- Distinctive by its undulate pods and its bracteole laminae and calyx lobes which possess a few, long, spreading hairs that are conspicuously exserted in the buds. (worldwidewattle.com)
- Carpels 5, villous- pubescent , opposite the calyx-lobes. (chestofbooks.com)
- Calyx-lobes 5, erect or reflexed. (chestofbooks.com)
- calyx-lobes not reflexed at maturity. (chestofbooks.com)
- bracteoles and calyx lobes dark brown and long-acuminate. (worldwidewattle.com)
- which is distinguished by its calyx lobes and bracteoles which are not long-acuminate and heads 20-30-flowered. (worldwidewattle.com)
Project to the calyx1
- and PPL2ab neurons project to the calyx. (frontiersin.org)
STAMENS3
- The short-styled type has long and medium length stamens, the medium type has long and short stamens, and the long-styled has medium to short stamens. (usgs.gov)
- He distinguished Macleania from the other genera of Andean Vaccinieae known to him by its 5-winged and truncate calyx limb (not conspicuously lobed), long corolla with comparatively very short stamens, connate staminal filaments, and anthers produced into a single tubule. (nybg.org)
- The genus shows a wide range of morphological features, including many traditionally used as generic-limiting in the tribe, e.g., pedicels articulate or continuous with calyx, calyx and corolla terete or winged, stamens short to long in relation to the overall corolla length, filaments distinct or connate, tubules distinct or fused, etc. (nybg.org)
Synapse9
- The calyx-type synapse of the embryonic chick ciliary ganglion is reviewed as a model of transmitter release from a vertebrate presynaptic nerve terminal. (nih.gov)
- In other respects the calyx synapse is a typical fast-transmitting cholinergic nerve terminal. (nih.gov)
- The large size of the calyx of Held allows scientists to visualize and manipulate the synapse. (oist.jp)
- The Calyx of Held is a particularly large synapse in the mammalian auditory central nervous system, so named by Hans Held in his 1893 article Die centrale Gehörleitung because of its resemblance to the calyx of a flower. (wikipedia.org)
- Globular bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) send axons to the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), where they synapse via these calyces on MNTB principal cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Commonly used in research due to its large size, the calyx of Held has been used to understand a variety of mechanisms related to development of, and vesicle release of the synapse. (wikipedia.org)
- As a synapse, the function of the calyx of Held is to transmit the signal from the GBCs to the principal neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- The present work provides this missing piece of evidence at a calyx-type synapse. (pnas.org)
- Pubmed ID: 15003378 We have recently applied Lindau-Neher's capacitance measurement technique to study vesicle trafficking at the calyx-type synapse in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) in slice conditions. (jove.com)
Persistent6
- However, fruit with persistent calyxes affect fruit shape and quality. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, a persistent calyx seriously affects the fruit shape (Additional file 1 ) as well as quality. (biomedcentral.com)
- Capsules oblong-ovoid, surrounded by persistent calyx tube, open into halves at tip. (ca.gov)
- Calyces are persistent and retain their dark purple color. (patents.com)
- The objective of the breeding program was to produce new Salvia splendens varieties with large, upright plant habits in a range of flower colors and with persistent calyx. (patents.com)
- 3. Calyx are persistent, and color of the calyx is retained. (patents.com)
Corolla or calyx2
- Either of two variously shaped parts into which a corolla or calyx is divided, usually into an upper and lower lip, as in the Lamiaceae and Orchidaceae. (ibiblio.org)
- Expanded portion of corolla or calyx above the tube, throat or claw. (ibiblio.org)
Hypanthium1
- The calyx and corolla are fused to form a floral tube (also called a hypanthium) that is cylindrical (4-6 mm long), greenish, and 8-12 nerved. (usgs.gov)
Single calyx1
- For every principal neuron there is one calyx, and for most GBC axons there is only a single calyx, although there are exceptions to this pairing. (wikipedia.org)
Flower5
- The accompanying photographic drawings show typical flower and foliage characteristics of 'VEAZ0029' with colors being as true as possible with an illustration of this type. (freepatentsonline.com)
- This type of dehiscence occurs in some fruit and anthers and also in some flower buds. (wikipedia.org)
- Flower types consist of 3 combinations of style and stamen length (heterostyly). (ca.gov)
- A type of flower. (usf.edu)
- This is the 'flower,' actually a capitulum composed of multiple types of florets. (stanford.edu)
20161
Cupular1
- The calyx is 5-dentate and campanulate to cupular. (wikipedia.org)
Fruit7
- These genes are potential targets for future functional characterization and should be valuable for exploration of the mechanisms of calyx abscission, and eventually for developing methods based on small molecule application to induce calyx abscission in fruit production. (biomedcentral.com)
- Photosynthetic activity of the calyx, green shoulder, pericarp and locular parenchyma of tomato fruit. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Chlorophyll concentrations in the green shoulder, pericarp and locular parenchyma of the fruit were determined and the apparent photosynthetic electron transport activity (ETR) and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching characteristics of these tissues and the calyx were compared. (lancs.ac.uk)
- This trend towards a lower ETR in distal and internal fruit tissues appeared to indicate a shift towards a more shade-type photosynthesis. (lancs.ac.uk)
- The fruit type is a capsule or sometimes a schizocarp of 2 achenes. (hawaii.edu)
- Botrytis cinerea also invades floral parts of fruit and causes calyx-end rot (Fig. 5). (plantmanagementnetwork.org)
- Phacidiopycnis rot causes three types of symptoms on pears: stem-end rot (Figs. 9 through 11), calyx-end rot (Figs. 12 and 13), and wound-associated rot (Fig. 14) originating from infection at the stem, calyx, and wounds on the skin of fruit, respectively. (plantmanagementnetwork.org)
Ciliary ganglion1
- Unlike well-known calyces of the auditory brainstem and ciliary ganglion, the vestibular calyx is postsynaptic: its inner face is postsynaptic to the type I hair cell. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Neurons8
- The calyx of Held is a part of the auditory system, connecting the globular bushy cells (GBCs) of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus to the principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). (wikipedia.org)
- As a result of its role in stimulating the principal neurons, the primary function of the calyx of Held is to allow differentiation between temporal activation of the cochlear hair cells that are important in sound localization (interaural level detection). (wikipedia.org)
- Interaural level detection is possible through the calyx system due to the large relative size of the GBCs, the calyx of Held, and the principal neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- This in general creates a one-to-one ratio between GBCs, the calyces of Held, and the principal neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- In flies, odor valence is thought to be coded by two types of neurons: mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) and lateral horn (LH) neurons. (nature.com)
- In the case of odor stimuli, effects on odor valence were demonstrated for only three types of LH neurons and under very specific conditions: I. AV1a1 LH neurons, which trigger aversion and are required for geosmin avoidance 19 II. (nature.com)
- Here, we investigate the N-type Ca 2+ channel-mediated kinetic structure of Ca 2+ regulation of cholinergic transmission of sympathetic neurons. (aspetjournals.org)
- Roscovotine: a novel regulator of P/Q type channels and neurotransmitter release in central neurons. (cornell.edu)
Presynaptic terminals2
- Despite recent advances in optogenetics probing and/or manipulation of the elementary steps of the transmitter release such as membrane depolarization and Ca 2+ elevation, the current gene-manipulating methods are not suitable for targeting specifically the calyx-type presynaptic terminals. (elsevier.com)
- We found that dozens of the calyx-type presynaptic terminals and axons were selectively labeled with EGFP fluorescence. (elsevier.com)
Perianth1
- With perianth composed of distinct calyx and corolla. (ibiblio.org)
Flowers4
- Flowers functionally unisexual, usually 5-merous, distinct calyx and corolla. (edu.au)
- What we refer to as ' jasmine tea ' is a type of beverage that usually has green tea at its base, to which jasmine flowers are added for an enriched aroma. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Individual plants may have flowers of three different types classified according to stylar length as short, medium, and long. (usgs.gov)
- Are the long outer and brightly colored parts (the ones that fall off first) considered both ray flowers and tepals, or is it different for each type of plant? (garden.org)
Terminal7
- We studied how Ca 2+ influx through different subtypes of Ca 2+ channels couples to release at a calyx-type terminal in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body by simultaneously measuring the presynaptic Ca 2+ influx evoked by a single action potential and the EPSC. (jneurosci.org)
- Application of subtype-specific toxins showed that Ca 2+ channels of the P/Q-, N-, and R-type controlled glutamate release at a single terminal. (jneurosci.org)
- We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. (jove.com)
- Fig 2 Co-localization of MTs (green) and SVs (red and yellow) in a calyx of Held presynaptic terminal. (oist.jp)
- The calyx of Held holds vesicles containing glutamate on the presynaptic terminal, the vesicles are released upon stimulation (originating in the auditory system). (wikipedia.org)
- The calyx has a large number of microtubules at the base of the terminal. (wikipedia.org)
- Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx Kenneth Paradiso 1 , Wei Wu 1 , Ling-Gang Wu 1 1 National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. (jove.com)
Ovate1
- which are not crowded very closely, glabrous calyx except for scanty cilia on the margin almost equalling the corolla-tube, and ovate obtuse or subacute corolla-segments 4 mm. long as opposed to the oblong ones 2 mm. long rounded at the apex of V. macroura . (natlib.govt.nz)
Asteraceae2
- The pappus of Asteraceae , considered to be a modified calyx, is also called a corona if it is shaped like a crown. (wikipedia.org)
- Bristly or scaly calyx in the Asteraceae. (ibiblio.org)
Renal pelvis4
- All of the major calyces combine to create the area in the kidney, known as the renal pelvis, the large collecting duct for urine that is surrounded by the renal sinus. (reference.com)
- Peristalsis, originating in the smooth muscle of the calyces and initiated by pacemaker cells, enables urine to be propelled through both the renal pelvis and the ureters to the bladder. (reference.com)
- Although cancer that develops in the renal pelvis and ureters is considered a type of kidney cancer, it is treated in the same way as bladder cancer and is described in this guide. (cancer.net)
- Two types of renal cancer are renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis. (omicsonline.org)
Persistence2
- Digital transcript abundance measurements was performed using high-throughput Illumina GAII sequencing on seven samples that were collected at three important stages of the calyx abscission process with chemical agent treatments promoting calyx abscission and persistence. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus calyx persistence significantly affects the commercial importance of 'Kuerlexiangli' and causes serious loss in economic value. (biomedcentral.com)
Distinct1
- The calyx of Held encompasses the principal neuron with a distinct morphology: branching of the calyx allows the creation of second- and third-order networks. (wikipedia.org)
Pubescent1
- pods pubescent, subulate-tipped, little exceeding the calyx. (chestofbooks.com)
Vestibular4
- Many primary vestibular afferents form large cup-shaped postsynaptic terminals (calyces) that envelope the basolateral surfaces of type I hair cells. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- We show that rat vestibular calyces express an unusual mix of voltage-gated Na and K channels and scaffolding, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix proteins, which may hold the ion channels in place. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- In vestibular sensory epithelia of mammals and other amniotes, primary afferents form expanded calyx terminals around type I hair cells in addition to conventional bouton terminals on type II hair cells ( Wersäll, 1956 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The vestibular system is comprised of two types of sensors: the two otolith organs (the saccule and utricle), which sense linear acceleration (i.e., gravity and translational movements), and the three semicircular canals, which sense angular acceleration in three planes. (scholarpedia.org)
Efferent1
Stamen1
- Not showy, monoecious, 4-7 lobed calyx enclosing stamen 8 . (clemson.edu)
Pappus1
- B. The calyx is a crown-shaped pappus , called a corona. (wikipedia.org)
Terminals2
- The calyx remains a powerful experimental preparation for the further analysis of the mechanism and control of neurotransmitter release in fast-transmitting nerve terminals. (nih.gov)
- The two populations do not relate in a simple way to the two types of hair cells and afferent terminals: type I and II hair cells are distributed throughout both zones and supply calyces and boutons of both populations. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Induce1
- As antioxidants, these substances can protect against the action of free radicals, which induce the type of cellular damage consistent with aging. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Morphology3
- At postnatal day two (P2), the immature calyx of Held is formed, easily distinguished by its characteristic sealed-spoon morphology. (wikipedia.org)
- The LH compartment contains over 1300 cells that are categorized into over 150 types, each with individual morphology 16 . (nature.com)
- In a few cases, such as for malignant melanoma and certain neuroendocrine tumors, the morphology (histologic type) is included in the category and codes. (icd10data.com)
Pear1
- In 'Yellow Pear', the upper surface of the calyx had an ETR of 154 mol m-2 s-1, while the lower surface had an ETR of 88 mol m-2 s-1. (lancs.ac.uk)
Glutamate1
- Each calyx contains anywhere from 300 to 700 active zones, and in each of the active zones there are about 100 glutamate-containing vesicles with about 3 docked vesicles at a time. (wikipedia.org)
Reproduces true to type2
- The new variety reproduces true to type. (freepatentsonline.com)
- WP15 PIE41` has been determined to be stable and reproduces true to type in successive generations of asexual propagation. (patents.com)
Blossoms1
- The blossoms are calyx-like and deep purple in appearance, concealing a small yellow center that is actually a trapdoor for snaring insects. (gardenguides.com)
Axillary1
- blade entire, serrate, or lobed, with venation either of Kranz-type or normal dicotyledonous type, axillary buds inconspicuous or lacking. (swbiodiversity.org)
Hibiscus1
Held2
- Various glial cells are also associated with the calyx of Held. (wikipedia.org)
- Capacitance Measurements at the Calyx of Held in the Medial Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body Journal of Neuroscience Methods. (jove.com)
