Twins, Monozygotic
Twinning, Monozygotic
Twins, Dizygotic
Twins
Twin Studies as Topic
Triplets
Dermatoglyphics
Environment
Quadruplets
Quintuplets
Pregnancy
Phenotype
Mosaicism
Inheritance Patterns
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Embryo Transfer
Micromanipulation
Turner Syndrome
Registries
Blood Group Antigens
Gene-Environment Interaction
Abnormalities, Multiple
Pregnancy Reduction, Multifetal
Models, Genetic
Genetics, Behavioral
Cloning, killing, and identity. (1/17)
One potentially valuable use of cloning is to provide a source of tissues or organs for transplantation. The most important objection to this use of cloning is that a human clone would be the sort of entity that it would be seriously wrong to kill. I argue that entities of the sort that you and I essentially are do not begin to exist until around the seventh month of fetal gestation. Therefore to kill a clone prior to that would not be to kill someone like you or me but would be only to prevent one of us from existing. And even after one of us begins to exist, the objections to killing it remain comparatively weak until its psychological capacities reach a certain level of maturation. These claims support the permissibility of killing a clone during the early stages of its development in order to use its organs for transplantation. (+info)Fecundity and twinning rates as measures of fertility before diagnosis of germ-cell testicular cancer. (2/17)
Previous studies have suggested an association between subfertility and testicular cancer by using fecundity and semen characteristics to measure fertility. The occurrence of twinning in offspring may be used to investigate male reproductive health, because dizygotic twinning is reduced by male subfertility. We therefore assessed number of children and offspring twinning rates among 4592 Swedish patients with testicular cancer and 12 254 control subjects. Before diagnosis, case patients had a decreased number of children (for testicular cancer, odds ratio [OR] = 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62 to 0.81; at least three children compared with no children), with a lower frequency of dizygotic twinning (for unlike-sex twins, OR for the father having testicular cancer = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.22 to 1.08). The ratio of unlike-sex to same-sex twins was 0.22 among children of case patients and 0.66 among children of control subjects (adjusted P =.03, two-sided Wald test). We also found an increased occurrence of twinning after diagnosis, probably attributable to treatment for iatrogenic subfertility. Our study strongly supports evidence of an association between subfertility and the subsequent risk for testicular cancer. (+info)Twin frequency and industrial pollution in different regions of Hesse, Germany. (3/17)
AIMS: To investigate whether twinning occurs more frequently in residents in the vicinity of a toxic waste incinerator (TWI). METHODS: Within a longitudinal environmental study that addressed child health second grade school children and their parents were recruited. The proportion of twinning in the TWI region was compared with two comparison areas. In a second confirmatory investigation, birth records for the years 1994-97 from the Hessian Perinatal Survey (HEPS) were accessed to determine whether the incidence of twinning was higher in regions around the TWI compared to adjacent reference areas. RESULTS: In the environmental study, 61.5% of the children and 95% of their mothers participated. In mothers, twinning was 5.3% in the TWI region compared to 1.6% and 2.3% in the comparison regions. The proportion of mothers with fertility assessment/treatment was 5.7%, 8.3%, and 0% respectively. The prevalence of twinning was not significantly higher (4.5%) in mothers with treatment compared to mothers without (3.7%). From the HEPS, data of 20 603 births was analysed. The incidence of twins was significantly higher in areas which surround the TWI and other industries (1.4-1.6 per 100 births) compared to births in reference areas (0.8 per 100). CONCLUSIONS: Twinning rates may be associated with exposure to industrial pollution. Future environmental health studies that consider multiple births as an outcome are warranted. These should also investigate whether the incidence of monozygotic or dizygotic twinning may be associated with industrial pollution. (+info)Monozygotic twins and triplets in association with blastocyst transfer. (4/17)
PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of monozygotic twins following blastocyst versus day-3 embryo transfer (ET). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles utilizing blastocyst ET during 1999-2000 was compared to a similar group of patients undergoing day-3 ET during 1997-1998. RESULTS: Blastocyst ET was used in 75 cycles with 2.0 +/- 2 embryos transferred. The comparison group consisted of 90 cycles with day-3 ET and 3.0 +/- 2 embryos transferred. CONCLUSIONS: High pregnancy rates are maintained with blastocyst ET even though fewer embryos are transferred. The rate of monozygotic twins is higher with blastocyst ET than with day-3 ET. This increase may partially negate the benefit of reduced high-order multiple gestations attributed to blastocyst ET. (+info)Monozygotic bichorionic twinning after transfer of a single frozen/thawed embryo that has undergone quarter laser-assisted zona thinning: a case report. (5/17)
PURPOSE: To present the occurrence of a monozygotic bichorionic twinning after the transfer of a single frozen/thawed embryo has undergone assisted zona hatching (AZH), using a non contact laser. METHODS: A 33-year-old woman who underwent single frozen embryo replacement (FER). Before transfer, the patient was treated with GnRH agonist and with substitutive therapy (estrogens and progesterone). CONCLUSIONS: We are absolutely certain that we are reporting a monozygotic bichorionic pregnancy: a single frozen/thawed embryo was transferred and no concomitant spontaneous conception was possible. Moreover, molecular biology assessment for polymorphisms confirmed clinical findings. The possibility of the occurrence of a monozygotic bichorionic twinning after the transfer of a single frozen/thawed embryo should be borne in mind and its incidence will have to be studied further. (+info)Effects of twin pregnancy and periconceptional undernutrition on maternal metabolism, fetal growth and glucose-insulin axis function in ovine pregnancy. (6/17)
(+info)Monozygotic twinning associated with assisted reproductive technologies: a review. (7/17)
(+info)The risk of monozygotic twins after assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (8/17)
(+info)Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, are derived from a single fertilized egg (ovum) that splits and develops into two separate embryos. This results in the formation of genetically identical individuals who share the same genetic material, with the exception of potential mutations that may occur after the split. Monozygotic twins have the same sex, blood type, and other genetic traits. They are a unique pair of siblings, sharing an extraordinary degree of resemblance in physical characteristics, abilities, and behaviors.
Monozygotic twinning, also known as identical twinning, is a type of twin pregnancy that occurs when a single fertilized egg (ovum) splits into two embryos during the early stages of development. This results in the formation of two genetically identical individuals who share the same set of DNA and are therefore considered to be genetic clones of each other.
Monozygotic twinning is thought to occur in about 1 in every 250 pregnancies, making it less common than dizygotic (fraternal) twinning, which occurs when two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm. In monozygotic twinning, the timing of the split determines the type of placenta and amniotic sac each twin will have.
If the split occurs within the first few days after fertilization, the twins will typically develop in separate amniotic sacs and have their own individual placentas. If the split occurs later, the twins may share an amniotic sac (monoamniotic) or a placenta (monochorionic), or both (monochorionic-monoamniotic).
Monozygotic twinning is associated with some increased risks for pregnancy complications, such as preterm labor and delivery, low birth weight, and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, a rare condition in which blood flows unevenly between the twins through shared placental blood vessels. However, most monozygotic twins are born healthy and develop normally.
'Diseases in Twins' is a field of study that focuses on the similarities and differences in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of diseases among twins. This research can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to various medical conditions.
Twins can be classified into two types: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share about 50%, similar to non-twin siblings. By comparing the concordance rates (the likelihood of both twins having the same disease) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of a particular disease.
Studying diseases in twins also helps understand the role of environmental factors. When both twins develop the same disease, but they are discordant for certain risk factors (e.g., one twin smokes and the other does not), it suggests that the disease may have a stronger genetic component. On the other hand, when both twins share similar risk factors and develop the disease, it implies that environmental factors play a significant role.
Diseases in Twins research has contributed to our understanding of various medical conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, mental health disorders, and developmental disorders. This knowledge can lead to better prevention strategies, early detection methods, and more targeted treatments for these diseases.
Dizygotic twins, also known as fraternal twins, are a result of two separate sperm fertilizing two separate eggs during conception. These twins share about 50% of their genes, similar to any non-twin siblings. They may be of the same sex or different sexes and can vary in appearance, personality, and interests. Dizygotic twins typically do not share a placenta or a sac in the womb, but they may share a chorion (outer fetal membrane).
In the field of medicine, twins are defined as two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. They can be either monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two separate embryos, resulting in individuals who share identical genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to siblings who share about 50% of their genetic material, similar to non-twin siblings.
"Twin studies" is a type of research design used in medical and scientific research, particularly in the field of genetics. This method involves comparing similarities and differences between monozygotic (identical) twins and dizygotic (fraternal) twins to estimate the heritability of certain traits or conditions.
Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genetic material, while dizygotic twins share only about 50%, similar to non-twin siblings. By comparing the concordance rates (the likelihood that both twins in a pair will have the same trait or condition) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers can estimate the proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic factors (heritability).
Twin studies can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental contributions to various traits and conditions, including physical characteristics, cognitive abilities, personality traits, and susceptibility to diseases. However, it's important to note that twin studies have limitations, such as the potential for environmental influences to be confounded with genetic factors, and the assumption that monozygotic twins share all of their genetic material, which is not always the case due to rare genetic events like mutations during development.
In medical terms, triplets are a type of multiple pregnancy, where three offsprings (fetuses) develop simultaneously in the uterus of a single pregnant woman. This occurs when a woman releases more than one egg during ovulation, and all three eggs get fertilized by separate sperm cells. Triplets can also occur through the use of assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) where multiple embryos are transferred into the uterus.
Triplet pregnancies carry a higher risk of complications for both the mother and the offsprings compared to singleton or twin pregnancies, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and developmental issues. As such, they often require close monitoring and specialized care throughout the pregnancy.
Dermatoglyphics is the study of the fingerprints, palm prints, and other skin ridge patterns found on the hands and feet. These patterns are formed during fetal development and are generally considered to be unique to each individual. Dermatoglyphics can provide important clues about a person's genetic makeup and health status, and they are often used in forensic investigations to help identify individuals. In medicine, dermatoglyphics may be used to help diagnose certain genetic disorders or birth defects.
The term "environment" in a medical context generally refers to the external conditions and surroundings that can have an impact on living organisms, including humans. This includes both physical factors such as air quality, water supply, soil composition, temperature, and radiation, as well as biological factors such as the presence of microorganisms, plants, and animals.
In public health and epidemiology, the term "environmental exposure" is often used to describe the contact between an individual and a potentially harmful environmental agent, such as air pollution or contaminated water. These exposures can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to a range of diseases and disorders, including respiratory illnesses, cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems.
Efforts to protect and improve the environment are therefore critical for promoting human health and preventing disease. This includes measures to reduce pollution, conserve natural resources, promote sustainable development, and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
Quadruplets are defined in medicine as a type of multiple birth where four offspring are produced from the same pregnancy. This occurs when a single fertilized egg divides into four embryos, or more rarely, when four separate eggs are each fertilized by different sperm. Quadruplets face higher risks of preterm birth and other complications compared to singleton pregnancies.
Multiple pregnancy is a type of gestation where more than one fetus is carried simultaneously in the uterus. The most common forms of multiple pregnancies are twins (two fetuses), triplets (three fetuses), and quadruplets (four fetuses). Multiple pregnancies can occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two or more embryos (monozygotic) or when more than one egg is released and gets fertilized during ovulation (dizygotic). The risk of multiple pregnancies increases with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization. Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both the mother and the fetuses, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and other complications.
Quintuplets are defined in medical terms as a rare type of multiple pregnancy where a woman gives birth to five offspring at once. This occurs when one fertilized egg divides into five embryos, a phenomenon known as monozygotic quintuplets. Each baby shares the same genetic material and may be of the same sex. Quintuplets have a higher risk of preterm birth and other complications compared to singleton pregnancies. The survival rate for quintuplets has improved significantly over time due to advancements in medical technology and neonatal care.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.
Mosaicism, in the context of genetics and medicine, refers to the presence of two or more cell lines with different genetic compositions in an individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg. This means that some cells have one genetic makeup, while others have a different genetic makeup. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as errors during cell division after fertilization.
Mosaicism can involve chromosomes (where whole or parts of chromosomes are present in some cells but not in others) or it can involve single genes (where a particular gene is present in one form in some cells and a different form in others). The symptoms and severity of mosaicism can vary widely, depending on the type and location of the genetic difference and the proportion of cells that are affected. Some individuals with mosaicism may not experience any noticeable effects, while others may have significant health problems.
Inheritance patterns refer to the way in which a particular genetic trait or disorder is passed down from one generation to the next, following the rules of Mendelian genetics. There are several different inheritance patterns, including:
1. Autosomal dominant: A single copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. An affected parent has a 50% chance of passing on the altered gene to each offspring.
2. Autosomal recessive: Two copies of the altered gene in each cell are necessary for the disorder to occur. Both parents must be carriers of the altered gene and have a 25% chance of passing on the altered gene to each offspring, who may then develop the disorder.
3. X-linked dominant: The altered gene is located on the X chromosome, and one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Females are more likely to be affected than males, and an affected female has a 50% chance of passing on the altered gene to each offspring.
4. X-linked recessive: The altered gene is located on the X chromosome, and two copies of the altered gene in each cell are necessary for the disorder to occur. Males are more likely to be affected than females, and an affected male will pass on the altered gene to all of his daughters (who will be carriers) but none of his sons.
5. Mitochondrial inheritance: The altered gene is located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures in cells. Both males and females can pass on mitochondrial genetic disorders, but only through the female line because offspring inherit their mother's mitochondria.
Understanding inheritance patterns helps medical professionals predict the likelihood of a genetic disorder occurring in families and provides information about how a disorder may be passed down through generations.
Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.
Embryo transfer is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of an embryo, which is typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), into the uterus of a woman with the aim of establishing a pregnancy. The embryo may be created using the intended parent's own sperm and eggs or those from donors. After fertilization and early cell division, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus of the recipient mother through a thin catheter that is inserted through the cervix. This procedure is typically performed under ultrasound guidance to ensure proper placement of the embryo. Embryo transfer is a key step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and is often used as a treatment for infertility.
Heredity, in medical terms, refers to the passing on of genetic characteristics from parents to their offspring through the transmission of genes. These genes carry the information that determines many traits, such as eye color, hair color, height, and certain health conditions. Heredity plays a significant role in understanding the causes of various diseases and disorders, as some are strongly influenced by genetic factors. However, it's important to note that environmental factors can also interact with genetic predispositions to influence the expression of these traits.
Micromanipulation is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). It refers to a technique that involves the manipulation of oocytes (human eggs), sperm, and/or embryos under a microscope using micromanipulative tools and equipment.
The most common form of micromanipulation is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is selected and injected directly into the cytoplasm of an oocyte to facilitate fertilization. Other forms of micromanipulation include assisted hatching (AH), where a small opening is made in the zona pellucida (the protective layer surrounding the embryo) to help the embryo hatch and implant into the uterus, and embryo biopsy, which involves removing one or more cells from an embryo for genetic testing.
Micromanipulation requires specialized training and equipment and is typically performed in IVF laboratories by experienced embryologists. The goal of micromanipulation is to improve the chances of successful fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy, particularly in cases where conventional methods have been unsuccessful or when there are specific fertility issues, such as male factor infertility or genetic disorders.
Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females, caused by complete or partial absence of one X chromosome. The typical karyotype is 45,X0 instead of the normal 46,XX in women. This condition leads to distinctive physical features and medical issues in growth, development, and fertility. Characteristic features include short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and swelling of the hands and feet. Other potential symptoms can include heart defects, hearing and vision problems, skeletal abnormalities, kidney issues, and learning disabilities. Not all individuals with Turner Syndrome will have every symptom, but most will require medical interventions and monitoring throughout their lives to address various health concerns associated with the condition.
A registry in the context of medicine is a collection or database of standardized information about individuals who share a certain condition or attribute, such as a disease, treatment, exposure, or demographic group. These registries are used for various purposes, including:
* Monitoring and tracking the natural history of diseases and conditions
* Evaluating the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments and interventions
* Conducting research and generating hypotheses for further study
* Providing information to patients, clinicians, and researchers
* Informing public health policy and decision-making
Registries can be established for a wide range of purposes, including disease-specific registries (such as cancer or diabetes registries), procedure-specific registries (such as joint replacement or cardiac surgery registries), and population-based registries (such as birth defects or cancer registries). Data collected in registries may include demographic information, clinical data, laboratory results, treatment details, and outcomes.
Registries can be maintained by a variety of organizations, including hospitals, clinics, academic medical centers, professional societies, government agencies, and industry. Participation in registries is often voluntary, although some registries may require informed consent from participants. Data collected in registries are typically de-identified to protect the privacy of individuals.
Blood group antigens are molecular markers found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and sometimes other types of cells in the body. These antigens are proteins, carbohydrates, or glycoproteins that can stimulate an immune response when foreign antigens are introduced into the body.
There are several different blood group systems, but the most well-known is the ABO system, which includes A, B, AB, and O blood groups. The antigens in this system are called ABO antigens. Individuals with type A blood have A antigens on their RBCs, those with type B blood have B antigens, those with type AB blood have both A and B antigens, and those with type O blood have neither A nor B antigens.
Another important blood group system is the Rh system, which includes the D antigen. Individuals who have this antigen are considered Rh-positive, while those who do not have it are considered Rh-negative.
Blood group antigens can cause complications during blood transfusions and pregnancy if there is a mismatch between the donor's or fetus's antigens and the recipient's antibodies. For example, if a person with type A blood receives type B blood, their anti-B antibodies will attack the foreign B antigens on the donated RBCs, causing a potentially life-threatening transfusion reaction. Similarly, if an Rh-negative woman becomes pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus, her immune system may produce anti-D antibodies that can cross the placenta and attack the fetal RBCs, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn.
It is important for medical professionals to determine a patient's blood group before performing a transfusion or pregnancy-related procedures to avoid these complications.
Gene-Environment Interaction (GEI) is a concept in genetics that refers to the way in which genetic variations and environmental factors interact to influence traits or disease susceptibility. It describes a situation where the effect of an environmental exposure on a particular trait or disease outcome is dependent on the genetic makeup of the individual, and vice versa.
In other words, GEI suggests that the impact of environmental factors on health outcomes may be different depending on a person's genetic background, and similarly, the influence of certain genes on health outcomes may depend on the presence or absence of specific environmental exposures. This interaction can help explain why some individuals are more susceptible to certain diseases or traits than others, even when exposed to similar environments.
GEI is an important concept in precision medicine, as understanding these interactions can help identify individuals who are at higher risk for certain diseases and develop targeted prevention and treatment strategies based on their genetic and environmental profiles.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.
Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.
Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.
The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.
Pregnancy reduction, multifetal refers to the medical procedure used to decrease the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, such as twins or higher-order multiples (triplets, quadruplets, etc.). This is also known as selective reduction or selective termination. The goal of this procedure is to reduce the risk of complications associated with multifetal pregnancies, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and pregnancy loss.
The procedure typically involves an ultrasound-guided injection of a medication that stops the development of one or more fetuses. This is usually performed during the first trimester of pregnancy. The decision to undergo pregnancy reduction is often based on a variety of factors, including maternal age, medical history, and personal preferences. It's important to note that this procedure carries its own risks, such as infection, bleeding, and loss of the remaining fetuses, so it should be carefully considered and discussed with healthcare providers.
Genetic models are theoretical frameworks used in genetics to describe and explain the inheritance patterns and genetic architecture of traits, diseases, or phenomena. These models are based on mathematical equations and statistical methods that incorporate information about gene frequencies, modes of inheritance, and the effects of environmental factors. They can be used to predict the probability of certain genetic outcomes, to understand the genetic basis of complex traits, and to inform medical management and treatment decisions.
There are several types of genetic models, including:
1. Mendelian models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of simple genetic traits that follow Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. Examples include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked inheritance.
2. Complex trait models: These models describe the inheritance patterns of complex traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
3. Population genetics models: These models describe the distribution and frequency of genetic variants within populations over time. They can be used to study evolutionary processes, such as natural selection and genetic drift.
4. Quantitative genetics models: These models describe the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic variation in continuous traits, such as height or IQ. They can be used to estimate heritability and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contribute to trait variation.
5. Statistical genetics models: These models use statistical methods to analyze genetic data and infer the presence of genetic associations or linkage. They can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or traits.
Overall, genetic models are essential tools in genetics research and medical genetics, as they allow researchers to make predictions about genetic outcomes, test hypotheses about the genetic basis of traits and diseases, and develop strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Behavioral genetics is a subfield of genetics that focuses on the study of the genetic basis of behavior. It seeks to understand how genes and environment interact to influence individual differences in behaviors such as personality traits, cognitive abilities, psychiatric disorders, and addiction. This field integrates knowledge from genetics, psychology, neuroscience, and statistics to investigate the complex relationship between genetic factors and behavioral outcomes. Research in behavioral genetics includes studies of twins, families, and adopted individuals, as well as animal models, to identify specific genes or genetic variations that contribute to the heritability of various behaviors. Understanding these genetic influences can provide insights into the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of behavioral disorders.
Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.
Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).
Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.
Twin
Twin study
Monochorionic twins
International Association for Research in Economic Psychology
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Manel Esteller
Human
Handwriting
ROHHAD
Appendix (anatomy)
Ring chromosome 22
Epigenome-wide association study
Situs inversus
Genetics of synesthesia
Smith-Fineman-Myers syndrome
Fryns syndrome
Phillip M. Merikle
Epigenetics
Bruno Reversade
Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Biological determinism
Gonadal dysgenesis
X-inactivation
Epigenetics in forensic science
Centromere
Risk factors of schizophrenia
Van der Woude syndrome
Gravettian
Monozygotic twins discordant for exstrophy of the urinary bladder. | Journal of Medical Genetics
Duchenne muscular dystrophy in one of monozygotic twin girls. | Journal of Medical Genetics
A series of monozygotic twins discordant for ovarian failure - The Infertility Center of St. Louis
Markers for cardiovascular disease in monozygotic twins discordant for the use of third-generation oral contraceptives<...
Paper - Direct proof of the monozygotic origin of human identical twins - Embryology
Culture, practices, and beliefs in socialization of monozygotic twins
Feline allergen Fel d 1 and monozygotic twin entanglement | Quantum Shorts
Forgery | Office of Justice Programs
Erratum: Heriability of the P300 components of the event-related potential: A study of monozygotic and dizygotic twins ...
Immunologically restricted and inhibitory anti-Ro/SSA in monozygotic twins. | Profiles RNS
Twin - Wikipedia
Motor disorder and anxious and depressive symptomatology: A monozygotic co-twin control approach<...
Discordant aortic valve morphology in monozygotic twins: A clinical case series<...
Asthma discordance in twins is linked to epigenetic modifications of T cells
Behavioural and Biological Divergence in Monozygotic Twin Pairs Discordant for Autism Phenotypes - In conversation with Dr....
The aetiological relationship between depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: A population-based twin study in...
Depressive Symptoms and Career-Related Goal Appraisals: Genetic and Environmental Correlations and Interactions | Twin Research...
Twin study reveals non-heritable immune perturbations in multiple sclerosis | Nature
"Prenatal growth markers in schizophrenia: a monozygotic co-twin contro" by James O. Davis and H. Stefan Bracha
Differences in Twins Suggest Obesity Veers From Genetics
Human genetics shape the gut microbiome
IJMS | Free Full-Text | The Epigenetic Overlap between Obesity and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review
The effect of intra-uterine growth on Verbal IQ scores in childhood: a monozygotic twin study : UEL Research Repository
Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
identical twins】什么意思 英语identical twins的翻译 音标 读音 用法 例句 在线翻译
Different neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in healthy monozygotic twins at risk of depression. - Department of...
Crossed cerebral lateralization for verbal and visuo-spatial function in a pair of handedness discordant monozygotic twins: MRI...
Treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing-hormone analog and attainment of full height potential in a male monozygotic twin with...
Person-Specific Non-shared Environmental Influences in Intra-individual Variability: A Preliminary Case of Daily School...
Clinical, Neuroimaging, and Environmental Risk Differences in Monozygotic Female Twins Appearing Discordant for Dementia of the...
Dizygotic12
- Among numerous causes, premature ovarian failure (POF) frequently has a genetic aetiology and normal menopausal age is strongly heritable judging by the greater concordance between monozygotic (MZ) than dizygotic twins (Snieder et al. (infertile.com)
- Twins can be either monozygotic ('identical'), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or dizygotic ('non-identical' or 'fraternal'), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell. (wikipedia.org)
- better source needed] The vast majority of twins are either dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). (wikipedia.org)
- Dizygotic (DZ) or fraternal twins (also referred to as "non-identical twins", "dissimilar twins", "biovular twins", and, informally in the case of females, "sororal twins") usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterus wall at the same time. (wikipedia.org)
- Dizygotic twins, like any other siblings, will practically always have different sequences on each chromosome, due to chromosomal crossover during meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Dizygotic twins share only 50 percent of each other's genes, which resemble amongst siblings that are conceived and born at different times. (wikipedia.org)
- Like any other siblings, dizygotic twins may look similar, particularly as they are the same age. (wikipedia.org)
- However, dizygotic twins may also look very different from each other (for example, be of opposite sexes). (wikipedia.org)
- Studies show that there is a genetic proclivity for dizygotic twinning. (wikipedia.org)
- Dizygotic twinning ranges from six per thousand births in Japan (similar to the rate of monozygotic twins) to 14 and more per thousand in some African countries. (wikipedia.org)
- Dizygotic twins are also more common for older mothers, with twinning rates doubling in mothers over the age of 35. (wikipedia.org)
- By integrating data on the immune profiles of healthy monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, we estimated the variance in CD25 expression by helper T cells displaying a naive phenotype to be largely driven by genetic and shared early environmental influences. (nature.com)
Complication of monozygotic2
- Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a serious complication of monozygotic monochorionic twinning in which shared placental blood vessels allow shunting of blood away from one twin (the donor) to the co-twin (the recipient). (medscape.com)
- Conjoined twins are a rare complication of monozygotic twinning and are associated with high perinatal mortality. (hindawi.com)
Genetic14
- There is no known genetic link for identical twinning. (wikipedia.org)
- OBJECTIVE: To analyze genetic differences between 2 pairs of monozygotic twins that had discordant aortic valve morphology, with 1 twin in each pair having a BAV and the other having a trileaflet aortic valve. (elsevierpure.com)
- MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Genetic coding variations between monozygotic twins using whole-exome sequencing and targeted gene sequencing. (elsevierpure.com)
- Genetic sequencing methods identified no pathogenic sequence changes between the twins in each pair. (elsevierpure.com)
- A novel study of twins who have significant intrapair differences in body mass index (BMI) shows that in the majority of cases, the twin with the higher BMI is the one that veers from their genetic predisposition, based on a polygenic risk score (PRS) for BMI. (medscape.com)
- While previous studies have evaluated curious cases of differences in weight between twins, the study is unique in investigating whether the higher or lower weighted twin deviates from their genetic predisposition. (medscape.com)
- Twin studies report genetic and individual-level environmental underpinnings in the aetiology of both depression and HRQL, but there is limited twin research exploring this association further. (plos.org)
- 3 Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK. (nih.gov)
- Here we investigated the peripheral immune signatures of 61 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for MS to dissect the influence of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. (nature.com)
- Nonetheless, the expanding helper T cells of twins with MS, which were also elevated in non-twin patients with MS, emerged independent of the individual genetic makeup. (nature.com)
- Here we conducted an in-depth pairwise analysis of the systemic immune compartment of 61 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for MS, in which both siblings carry the same genetic and early-life environmental risk for the disease, yet only one is affected by MS. This approach thus eliminated the majority of bias attributed to variable genetic and early environmental influences in a heterogenous population 17 , 18 . (nature.com)
- M any scientists once believed that physical similarities between identical twins are genetic, while their personalities, intelligence and other differences between them are an effect of their environment. (youdao.com)
- You look at identical twins , monozygotic twins who share the same genetic profile. (youdao.com)
- The study was a heritability analysis of 192 pairs of twins, which attributed 37 percent of the variation in risk of autism to genetic factors and 55 percent to shared environmental factors . (cdc.gov)
Concordant for schizophrenia4
- Method: Four dermatoglyphic markers of prenatal growth were obtained by established procedures from 26 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia, 13 monozygotic twin pairs concordant for schizophrenia, and several normal monozygotic twin samples. (missouristate.edu)
- Nongenetic pathologic developments of brain-wave patterns in monozygotic twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- Yet our investigations into mz twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenia yielded a significantly reduced within-pair EEG concordance for both, the pairs discordant for schizophrenia and the pairs concordant for schizophrenia (with concordance for schizophrenia assessed through a syndrome-oriented approach). (uni-heidelberg.de)
- Consequently, EEG anomalies associated with schizophrenia and manifested differently in the mz co-twins concordant for schizophrenia are likely the effect of nongenetic, pathologic processes that evolved independently in the co-twins' genetically identical brains once the illness began to progress. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Differences7
- Cite this: Differences in Twins Suggest Obesity Veers From Genetics - Medscape - Nov 21, 2023. (medscape.com)
- Objective: This co-twin study investigated monozygotic twins who were discordant for schizophrenia for evidence of prenatal growth differences between the affected and well co-twins. (missouristate.edu)
- Results: The a-b ridge count differences between the affected and well co-twins were greater than those found for concordant and normal monozygotic pairs. (missouristate.edu)
- In contrast, no significant differences were found between the affected twins and their well co-twins on markers associated with fetal development before 13 or after 15 weeks estimated gestational age. (missouristate.edu)
- The main differences were the lower pressure pain threshold and higher hyperalgesia locally presented by TMD- Twin . (bvsalud.org)
- The aim was to evaluate differences of salivary protein expression in the CFS patient in respect to his healthy twin. (biomedcentral.com)
- Brain structural differences in monozygotic twins discordant for body mass index. (mpg.de)
Concordance1
- In particular, the within-pair EEG concordance of monozygotic (mz) twins was found to be typically as high as r = 0.81 across channels and frequency bands, thus being comparable to that between repeated assessments on the same individual with typically r = 0.83. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Genetically5
- Women who have a family history of fraternal twins have a higher chance of producing fraternal twins themselves, as there is a genetically linked tendency to hyper-ovulate. (wikipedia.org)
- Among the twin pairs, the twin with the higher BMI of the two more frequently deviated from their genetically predicted BMI (approximately two thirds) compared with the lower-weight twin, while those who were the lower weight of the two deviated from their predicted BMI approximately a third of the time. (medscape.com)
- Together, our matched-pair analysis of the extended twin approach allowed us to discern genetically and environmentally determined features of an MS-associated immune signature. (nature.com)
- The study of monozgotic twins can elucidate possible environmental causes for a disease in genetically identical subjects. (jamanetwork.com)
- eg, bone, bone marrow, and skin grafts) Genetically identical (syngeneic [between monozygotic twins]) donor tissue (isografts) Genetically. (msdmanuals.com)
Study18
- A series of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for premature ovarian failure presented an unusual opportunity to study ovarian transplantation . (infertile.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between poor motor ability and anxious and depressive symptomatology in child and adolescent monozygotic twins. (edu.au)
- Our study was conducted in a monozygotic twin cohort of adult twin pairs (n = 21) all discordant for asthma. (nih.gov)
- The results of the current study provide evidence for differential function of T cell subsets in monozygotic twins discordant for asthma that are regulated by changes in DNA methylation. (nih.gov)
- We had quite a few when we initially pulled the articles on this kind of topic, but we determined studies to be eligible if they used this co-twin control design, and that's where you have a pair of twins participate in a study, and for our review, we were specifically looking at twins that were discordant for autism, clinical symptoms, or traits. (acamh.org)
- The study included 3227 twin pairs of the same gender from the Older Finnish Twin Cohort, consisting of twins born before 1958 and alive in 1974 in Finland. (medscape.com)
- Data for 3,948 participants came from the Colombo Twin and Singleton Follow-up Study (CoTaSS-2). (plos.org)
- The Colombo Twin and Singleton study was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust [Grant number 093206/Z/10/Z], https://wellcome.org . (plos.org)
- Conversely, a registry-based study investigated the familial recurrence rate of MS and revealed that monozygotic twin pairs displayed the highest familial risk (17% age-adjusted risk for the unaffected twin) of developing MS, indicating a strong heritable effect 8 . (nature.com)
- Our study considered whether children who do not reach their potential birthweight, as indexed by the weight of their heavier twin, also do not attain their potential IQ. (uel.ac.uk)
- METHOD: Thirty healthy, never-depressed monozygotic (MZ) twins with a co-twin history of depression (high risk group: n = 13) or without co-twin history of depression (low-risk group: n = 17) were enrolled in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. (ox.ac.uk)
- The aim of this study is to report a clinical case of monozygotic twins discordant for pain -related temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) from a cognitive-behavioral-emotional phenotypic analysis , from the comparison of clinical variables of pain , history of exposure to painful procedures in early childhood, and coping with pain . (bvsalud.org)
- note = "Funding Information: The authors gratefully acknowledge the ongoing contribution of the{\^A} participants{\^A} in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS){\^A} and their families. (psu.edu)
- In the present study, we used a proteomic approach to evaluate the global changes in the salivary profile in a couple of monozygotic twins who were discordant for CFS. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study shows the presence of differentially expressed proteins in the saliva of the couple of monozygotic twins discordant for CFS, probably related to the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- A monozygotic co-twin control study in men. (erowid.org)
- The obese brain as a heritable phenotype: A combined morphometry and twin study. (mpg.de)
- The first study asks if health and educational attainment are related within monozygotic twin (MZ) pairs. (lu.se)
Ovum1
- specimen of human twins demonstrates for the first time their actual origin from a single yolk sac, and hence from a single ovum. (edu.au)
Cohort1
- Relying on a cohort of monozygotic twins discordant for asthma we sought to determine if epigenetic modifications in T cells were associated with current asthma and explored whether such modifications were associated with second hand smoke exposures. (nih.gov)
Clinical4
- Monozygotic twin girls are reported, one of whom has the typical clinical features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy despite a normal female karyotype. (bmj.com)
- This segregation was followed by, and may even have resulted in, twinning into a female pair, one normal and one with the full clinical features of the disease. (bmj.com)
- In each pair, the twin with a BAV underwent surgical aortic valve replacement for clinical indications. (elsevierpure.com)
- Discordant Clinical Outcomes in a Monozygotic Dichorionic-Diamniotic Twin Pregnancy with Early Zika Virus Exposure. (cdc.gov)
Pregnancy9
- Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
- Many times, the results of this test are the first indication that this is a twin pregnancy. (twinslist.org)
- Here we present a case of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy diagnosed at 13 of weeks gestation. (hindawi.com)
- This case represents to our knowledge the only MRI images of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy and demonstrates how 3D imaging can be used to better counsel patients about management options. (hindawi.com)
- Conjoined twins within a triplet pregnancy are very rare and a recent review suggested the incidence is less than one in a million deliveries [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The purpose of this report is to describe the presentation and management of a dichorionic triplet pregnancy complicated by conjoined twins. (hindawi.com)
- MRI images of conjoined twins in a triplet pregnancy. (hindawi.com)
- The parents were counseled and options discussed included (1) continue the pregnancy understanding that the shared heart meant the conjoined twins could not be separated should they survive to delivery, (2) terminate the entire pregnancy or, (3) selective feticide of the conjoined twins. (hindawi.com)
- A review published in 2003 reported thirteen cases of conjoined twins within a triplet pregnancy [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Male twins3
- A pair of monozygotic male twins discordant for ectopia vesicae urinariae is described. (bmj.com)
- Female-male twins: This is the most common pairing (50%), encompassing both "female-male" (25%) and "male-female" (25%) twins. (wikipedia.org)
- However, males are also more susceptible than females to die in utero, and since the death rate in utero is higher for twins, it leads to female twins being more common than male twins. (wikipedia.org)
Intrapair1
- We performed an intrapair comparison in 27 monozygotic twin pairs, one of whom was taking third-generation OC, whereas the other was not using OC. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
Donor2
- The donor twin is usually smaller and has oligohydramnios due to decreased urine production, whereas the recipient is larger with polyhydramnios due to polyuria. (medscape.com)
- As the donor twin becomes hypovolemic, decreased renal perfusion causes decreased urine output and oligohydramnios . (medscape.com)
Pair9
- It was remarkable, therefore, to identify a MZ twin pair in which one sister had undergone menopause for unexplained reasons at age 14 years, whereas the other, aged 24, was still fertile with three naturally conceived children, as well as normal ovulatory cycles and ovarian reserve (Silber et al. (infertile.com)
- We take a microgenetic approach to investigate the issue, illustrated by the analysis of an episode between a pair of male twin children and their grandpa. (bvsalud.org)
- Whole-exome sequencing was performed for the twin pair that had discordance of aortic valve and aortic aneurysm. (elsevierpure.com)
- Crossed cerebral lateralization for verbal and visuo-spatial function in a pair of handedness discordant monozygotic twins: MRI and fMRI brain imaging. (ox.ac.uk)
- To examine the nature of hemispheric lateralization for neural processes underlying verbal fluency and visuo-spatial attention, we investigated a single pair of handedness discordant monozygotic (MzHd) twins. (ox.ac.uk)
- We report on a pair of male monozygotic twins, one unaffected and the other affected with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-dependent precocious puberty, and discuss the role of treatment with a GnRH analog in the attainment of full height potential in GnRH-dependent precocious puberty. (elsevierpure.com)
- To this end, we studied a pair of monozygotic female twins appearing discordant for dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). (jamanetwork.com)
- An 81-year-old female monozygotic twin pair. (jamanetwork.com)
- Fifty-six marijuana use discordant monozygotic twin pair members of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry. (erowid.org)
Discordance1
- The twins' varied life histories suggest that environmental risk factors may contribute to apparent discordance for DAT and possible delay in disease onset for the currently nondemented twin. (jamanetwork.com)
Discordant pairs2
- Results indicated significantly higher levels of anxious and depressive symptomatology in twins with a motor disorder in discordant pairs compared to their co-twins without a motor disorder, and controls. (edu.au)
- In comparison with their well co-twins, the affected twins, in discordant pairs, had developed fewer epidermal ridges in the a-b interdigital area of their right palms. (missouristate.edu)
Diamniotic6
- Twins that split between days 0 and 3 have 2 amnions and 2 placentas (diamniotic dichorionic). (medscape.com)
- Between days 4 and 7 the twins will share a placenta but will have separate amniotic sacs (diamniotic monochorionic). (medscape.com)
- The 2 separate amniotic sacs of diamniotic twins are prominent in this image. (medscape.com)
- This image of diamniotic monochorionic twins shows the dividing membrane and a single placenta. (medscape.com)
- A thirty-two-year-old gravida 1 para 0 was referred to High Risk Obstetrics with a diagnosis of dichorionic diamniotic twin gestation. (hindawi.com)
- An early ultrasound at six weeks gestation was reported as a dichorionic diamniotic twin gestation. (hindawi.com)
Identical twins10
- There has been no real doubt that human homologous or identical twins come from the division of a single egg. (edu.au)
- Since identical twins develop from one zygote, they will share the same sex, while fraternal twins may or may not. (wikipedia.org)
- She couldn't tell the difference between the identical twins. (youdao.com)
- N-COUNT Identical twins are twins of the same sex who look exactly the same. (youdao.com)
- One of her most famous photographs is called " Identical Twins . (youdao.com)
- But what if you are able to find identical twins who were separated at birth, and reared in radically different environments. (youdao.com)
- It even distinguished between identical twins--their genes are the same, but their irises aren't. (youdao.com)
- The developing embryo starts to split into identical twins within the first two weeks after conception. (youdao.com)
- And it is only a predisposition towards having non-identical twins that is passed down through families. (youdao.com)
- For example, I have used data on monozygotic (or 'identical') twins to analyze if the extent to which mothers read to children affect children's academic performance. (ku.dk)
PARTICIPANTS1
- DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Two pairs of twins that were objectively determined to be monozygotic were examined at a tertiary care medical center associated with an academic medical center. (elsevierpure.com)
MEASURES2
Outcomes1
- however, once the death of one twin is identifed, immediate delivery of the surviving twin has not been shown to improve outcomes. (medscape.com)
Methylation2
- Treg from asthmatic discordant twins demonstrated decreased FOXP3 protein expression and impaired Treg function that was associated with increased levels of CpG methylation within the FOXP3 locus when compared to their non-asthmatic twin partner. (nih.gov)
- In parallel, Teff from discordant asthmatic twins demonstrated increased methylation of the IFNγ locus, decreased IFNγ expression and reduced Teff function when compared to Teff from the non-asthmatic twin. (nih.gov)
Amniotic sac1
- Between days 7 and 13 the twins will share both a placenta and an amniotic sac (monoamniotic monochorionic), and after day 13 the twins will be conjoined. (medscape.com)
Tissue2
- METHODS: Ten MZ twin pairs requested ovarian transplantation and eight have undergone transplantation with cryopreservation of spare tissue. (infertile.com)
- 2005). After the sterile twin received a graft of ovarian tissue from her sibling, she conceived naturally during the second menstrual cycle, and delivered a healthy baby at full-term. (infertile.com)
Phenotype1
- Both monozygotic twins presented a chronic pain phenotype , although they were discordant with the TMD-related pain . (bvsalud.org)
Chronic1
- Control- Twin did not show TMD, however she presented other chronic pains . (bvsalud.org)
Births8
- The human twin birth rate in the United States rose 76% from 1980 through 2009, from 9.4 to 16.7 twin sets (18.8 to 33.3 twins) per 1,000 births. (wikipedia.org)
- The Yoruba people have the highest rate of twinning in the world, at 45-50 twin sets (90-100 twins) per 1,000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of a specific type of yam containing a natural phytoestrogen which may stimulate the ovaries to release an egg from each side. (wikipedia.org)
- In Central Africa, there are 18-30 twin sets (or 36-60 twins) per 1,000 live births. (wikipedia.org)
- only 6 to 9 twin sets per 1,000 live births. (wikipedia.org)
- North America and Europe have intermediate rates of 9 to 16 twin sets per 1,000 live births. (wikipedia.org)
- Multiple pregnancies are much less likely to carry to full term than single births, with twin pregnancies lasting on average 37 weeks, three weeks less than full term. (wikipedia.org)
- Other factors that increase the odds of having fraternal twins include maternal age, fertility drugs and other fertility treatments, nutrition, and prior births. (wikipedia.org)
- Among non-twin births, male singletons are slightly (about five percent) more common than female singletons. (wikipedia.org)
Familial1
- The first familial cases were reported in twins by Rosen and subsequently in 8 persons from a large 3-generation pedigree reported by Pipkin. (medscape.com)
Fetal2
- Shared fetal heart of conjoined twins. (hindawi.com)
- A repeat scan was performed four days later again confirming a viable singleton gestation with fetal demise of conjoined twins. (hindawi.com)
Transplantation1
- This case of discordant twins is not unique, however, and nine other twin pairs have subsequently consulted our center for ovarian transplantation in preference to conventional oocyte donation . (infertile.com)
Case2
- Beside the present case, the only other illustrative specimens among mammals are the normal developmental stages of the Texas armadillo (Newman and Patterson, '10) and Assheton's ('98) single case of a sheep's blastodermic vesicle which bore twin germinal areas. (edu.au)
- CASE REPORT TMD- Twin presented a diagnosis of painful (myofascial pain with referral ) and joint (disk displacement with reduction) TMD according to the criteria of the DC/TMD. (bvsalud.org)
Siblings1
- Fraternal twins are, essentially, two ordinary siblings who happen to develop in the womb together and who are born at the same time, since they arise from two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm, just like ordinary siblings. (wikipedia.org)
Emotional2
- Different neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in healthy monozygotic twins at risk of depression. (ox.ac.uk)
- TMD- Twin was more exposed to painful procedures and emotional events due to congenital heart problems. (bvsalud.org)
Female1
- Person-specific non-shared environmental influences on intra-individual variability of daily school feelings were estimated using time series data from twenty-one pairs of monozygotic twins (age = 10 years, 16 female pairs) over two consecutive weeks. (psu.edu)
Conclusions1
- Conclusions: Because the a-b ridges are known to complete development between 13 and 15 weeks estimated gestational age, the results provide physical evidence suggesting that the schizophrenia-affected monozygotic twins alone experienced a time-specific and time-limited dysgenesis during this time. (missouristate.edu)
Pregnancies1
- From 16 weeks until delivery, monochorionic twin pregnancies should be screened for TTTS every 2 weeks. (medscape.com)
Research2
- There is a dearth of studies examining monozygotic ASD discordant twins, and Lynnea explains why this group is so important for inclusion in research to advance the science into non-shared environmental effects, and explains the implications of the findings for professionals working in child and adolescent mental health. (acamh.org)
- The design of research with monozygotic twins discordant for the disease has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection of phenotypic risk factors . (bvsalud.org)
Zygote1
- Conjoined twins occur when division of a single zygote takes place twelve to thirteen days after fertilization [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cognitive1
- We examined whether sub-optimal intra-uterine growth relates to impaired cognitive outcome by comparing birthweight and cognition in monozygotic (MZ) twins. (uel.ac.uk)
Analyses1
- Restricting analyses to MZ twins enables the effect of reduced intra-uterine growth on cognition to be examined independently of confounding factors including parental IQ and education, gender, age, genes, and gestation. (uel.ac.uk)
Analysis4
- Analysis of an X linked DNA polymorphism in 16 independent somatic cell hybrids made between cells derived from each girl and a mouse line suggest that in one twin only the maternal X chromosome is active, whereas in the other the active X was paternally derived. (bmj.com)
- The cultural psychology approach demands a qualitative, systemic analysis of complexities of twin development, considering the dynamics of internalization processes taking place within culture, and across social relations with significant adults. (bvsalud.org)
- We combined the high-throughput of mass cytometry, facilitating the analysis of 57 twin pairs, with cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) of eight selected twin pairs to obtain a comprehensive overview of epitopes, transcriptome and T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes. (nature.com)
- Phenotypic analysis of discordant monozygotic twins for pain-related temporomandibular joint disorder. (bvsalud.org)
Design2
- The co-twin control design was used to explore these mental health issues in MZ twins concordant and discordant for a motor disorder, and controls. (edu.au)
- A monozygotic co-twin control design was used to compare the health of former heavy marijuana using male monozygotic twins to that of their co-twins who never used marijuana significantly. (erowid.org)
Control3
- TMD- Twin showed reduced pressure pain threshold , hyperalgesia in trigeminal and extra-trigeminal regions compared to the Control- Twin . (bvsalud.org)
- TMD- Twin presented an internal locus of control . (bvsalud.org)
- The internal locus of control indicates greater pain sensitivity , with better coping of the painful experience for the TMD- Twin . (bvsalud.org)
Gestation1
- This scan identified a triplet gestation complicated by a set of conjoined twins. (hindawi.com)
Type1
- This is the most common type of twin. (wikipedia.org)
Data2
- Using complementary multimodal high-throughput and high-dimensional single-cell technologies in conjunction with data-driven computational tools, we identified an inflammatory shift in a monocyte cluster of twins with MS, coupled with the emergence of a population of IL-2 hyper-responsive transitional naive helper T cells as MS-related immune alterations. (nature.com)
- Moreover, review of previous reports of monozygotic twin pairs concordant or discordant for Alzheimer's disease, with adequate family history data, suggest a pattern indicating interactions among age at dementia onset, sex, and familiality. (jamanetwork.com)
RESULTS3
- The results suggest that the mean advantage for heavier twins relative to their lighter co-twins can be as much as half a SD in VIQ points. (uel.ac.uk)
- RESULTS: High-risk twins showed increased neural response to happy and fearful faces in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), pre-supplementary motor area and occipito-parietal regions compared to low-risk twins. (ox.ac.uk)
- As the sample is taken from the mother's blood, there's no way to isolate the results for each twin. (twinslist.org)
Single3
- The first of the two new specimens} consisted of a single chorionic sac which contained twin embryos, each 12.3 mm. long (fig. 1). (edu.au)
- Within the single chorion were twin embryos of 11.5 and 12 mm. (fig. 4). (edu.au)
- Monozygotic twinning occurs when a single fertilized egg divides to form 2 embryos. (medscape.com)
