Excess circulating serotonin is usually manufactured by EC-cell-originated carcinoid tumors in the small bowel or appendix. ... EC cells are found aggregated in specific locations throughout the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine ... "Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells" are a population of cells that are found in the gastric pits of the stomach luminal ... Irritable bowel syndrome[edit]. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a diverse condition associated with chronic bowel discomfort ...

These include: adenocarcinoma gastrointestinal stromal tumor lymphoma ileal carcinoid tumor Risk factors for small intestine ... In oncology, small intestine cancer, also small bowel cancer and cancer of the small bowel, is a cancer of the small intestine ... It is relatively rare compared to other gastrointestinal malignancies such as gastric cancer (stomach cancer) and colorectal ... Micrograph of a small intestine neuroendocrine tumour. H&E stain. "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Small Intestine Cancer". NCI. ...

Carcinoids most commonly affect the small bowel, particularly the ileum, and are the most common malignancy of the appendix. ... Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Treatment cancer.gov National Cancer Institute. Merkel cell tumors, cancer.gov National ... 2017). "29 - Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Stomach". AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (8 ed.). Springer. p. 355. ISBN 978-3-319-40617- ... Carcinoid Tumor Overview. healthcommunities.com Kvols LK. 2002. Carcinoid Tumors and the Carcinoid Syndrome: What's New in the ...

The most common originating sites of carcinoid is the small bowel, particularly the ileum; carcinoid tumors are the most common ... Over two-thirds of carcinoid tumors are found in the gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoid tumors are also found in the lungs. ... but they are most commonly associated with the small intestine, and they can also be found in the rectum and stomach. They are ... Carcinoid tumors of the midgut (jejunum, ileum, appendix, and cecum) are associated with carcinoid syndrome. Carcinoid tumors ...

The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and ... Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) Lymphoma Sarcoma Leiomyoma Metastatic tumors, especially SCLC or ... "Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small-bowel obstruction from other causes of small-bowel dilatation". American Journal of ... "Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 2". Dig Dis Sci. 48 (8): 1565-81. doi:10.1023/A:1024724109128. PMID 12924652. Small ...

The five-year survival rate with the latter procedure is above 70%. A gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor is a rare, slow-growing ... stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected ... Colorectal cancer can be detected through the bleeding of a polyp, colicky bowel pain, a bowel obstruction or the biopsy of a ... MALT lymphoma is a cancer of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, usually in the stomach. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors ...

Carcinoids: most common, 44% Mesenchymal tumors: Leiomyosarcoma, peripheral nerve sheath and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, ... "small bowel resection". In patients without any of the aforementioned complications, treatment involves surgical resection of ... The symptoms can be extremely painful, often mistaken as just stomach pain resulting from not eating or constipation. Rarely, a ... In patients with bleeding, strangulation of bowel, bowel perforation or bowel obstruction, treatment involves surgical ...

The most common originating sites of carcinoid is the small bowel, particularly the ileum; carcinoid tumors are the most common ... Gastrointestinal[edit]. Carcinoid tumors are apudomas that arise from the enterochromaffin cells throughout the gut. Over two- ... but they are most commonly associated with the small intestine, and they can also be found in the rectum and stomach. They are ... thirds of carcinoid tumors are found in the gastrointestinal tract.[3]. Lung[edit]. Main article: Typical lung carcinoid tumor ...

Carcinoid and stromal tumors may occur. If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next step is to stage, or find out ... Bowel movements may be dark and tarry in nature. In order to determine whether cancer is present in the stomach, special X-rays ... The stomach is a muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract that holds food and begins the digestive process by secreting ... The advantage is that it is a much smaller operation than removing the stomach. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a ...

Chen CC, Neugut AI, Rotterdam H (1 April 1994). "Risk factors for adenocarcinomas and malignant carcinoids of the small ... a moderate association between these factors and small bowel cancer may have been obscured by the play of chance." Intake of ... In conclusion we found that alcohol intake was closely related to the tumor growth of HCC in patients with type C cirrhosis. Gu ... Stomach Cancer risk factors Tinelli A, Vergara D, Martignago R, et al. (2008). "Hormonal carcinogenesis and socio-biological ...

... carcinoid tumor, neuroectodermal tumor, malignant melanoma, sarcoma, sebaceous tumor, and struma ovarii can also be part of the ... These tumors may have mutations in the KIT gene, a mutation known for its role in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. People with ... and stomach cancer (primary gastric cancers that metastasize to the ovary are called Krukenberg tumors). Krukenberg tumors have ... especially in low malignant potential tumors. However, it may not detect smaller tumors. Sometimes, a chest x-ray is used to ...

... a moderate association between these factors and small bowel cancer may have been obscured by the play of chance."[101] ... intestine cancer patients reported that alcohol consumption was associated with adenocarcinomas and malignant carcinoid tumors. ... Stomach cancerEdit. Main article: Stomach cancer. "Statistically significant increases in risk also existed for cancers of the ... through a defect in the gene for alcohol dehydrogenase are at greater risk of developing cancers of the upper gastrointestinal ...

The most common diseases of the appendix (in humans) are appendicitis and carcinoid tumors (appendiceal carcinoid).[21] ... The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the colon, located at the junction of the small and the large intestines. The term " ... The appendix is also used as a means to access the colon in children with paralysed bowels or major rectal sphincter problems. ... Appendix cancer accounts for about 1 in 200 of all gastrointestinal malignancies. In rare cases, adenomas are also present.[22] ...

Tumor budding in colorectal cancer is loosely defined by the presence of individual cells and small clusters of tumor cells at ... Dukes stage A bowel cancer; the cancer is only in the inner lining of the bowel. Dukes stage B bowel cancer; the cancer has ... Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, ... Cancer - Histopathologic image of colonic carcinoid Precancer - Tubular adenoma (left of image), a type of colonic polyp and a ...

... of tumor cells). Hence, this heterogeneous expression should be taken into account for HER2 testing, particularly in small ... Bowel movements may be dark and tarry in nature. In order to determine whether cancer is present in the stomach, special X-rays ... The stomach is a muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract that holds food and begins the digestive process by secreting ... Carcinoid and stromal tumors may occur.. StagingEdit. T stages of stomach cancer ...

Sperber AD, Dekel R; Dekel (Apr 2010). "Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Co-morbid Gastrointestinal and Extra-gastrointestinal ... doi:10.1007/s00535-006-1942-7. Ghoshal, UC.; Srivastava, D. (Mar 2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome and small intestinal ... of colorectal tumor and inflammatory bowel disease during follow-up of patients with initial diagnosis of irritable bowel ... Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) used to suppress stomach acid production may cause bacterial overgrowth leading to IBS symptoms. ...

The small minority of tumors that arise elsewhere in the pancreas are mainly pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs).[26] ... The tumor may compress neighboring organs, disrupting digestive processes and making it difficult for the stomach to empty, ... "Expert consensus for the management of advanced or metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine and carcinoid tumors". Cancer ... "World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 6 (10): 381-92. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i10.381. PMC 4197429. PMID 25320654.. ...

Tumor buddingEdit. Tumor budding in colorectal cancer is loosely defined by the presence of individual cells and small clusters ... Diagram of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Specialty. Oncology. Symptoms. Blood in the stool, change in bowel movements, ... stomach, and liver cancer.[139] It is more common in developed than developing countries.[140] Globally incidences vary 10-fold ... T stands for tumor stage and ranges from 0, no evidence of primary tumor, to T4 when the tumor penetrates the surface of the ...

PIK3CA Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, somatic; 606764; KIT Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, somatic; 606764; PDGFRA Gaucher ... CPN1 Carcinoid tumors, intestinal; 114900; SDHD Cardiac arrhythmia, ankyrin-B-related; 600919; ANK2 Cardiac conduction defect, ... RGS9BP Brain small vessel disease with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly; 607595; COL4A1 Brain small vessel disease with hemorrhage; ... SHROOM4 Stomach cancer; 137215; KRAS Stomatocytosis I; 185000; EPB72 Striatal degeneration, autosomal dominant; 609161; PDE8B ...

... refers to cells which take up silver stain.[1] Enteroendocrine cells are sometimes also called "argentaffins", because they take up this stain. An argentaffin cell is any enteroendocrine cell, a hormone-secreting cell present throughout the digestive tract. It is a property of melanin, and special stain can be applied to identify those granules. Fontana-Masson stain uses the fact that those cells can reduce the silver salts to metallic silver (brownish-black) color without the aid of reducing agent, which is the definition of Argentaffin cells. Argentaffin cell, one of the round or partly flattened cells occurring in the lining tissue of the digestive tract and containing granules thought to be of secretory function. These epithelial cells, though common throughout the digestive tract, are most concentrated in the small intestine and appendix. The cells located randomly within the mucous membrane lining of the intestine and in tubelike depressions in that lining known as the ...

Lung tumors are neoplastic tumors of the lung These include: Primary tumors of the lung/pulmonary system: Bronchial leiomyoma, a rare, benign tumor Lung cancer, the term commonly used to refer to carcinoma of the lung Pulmonary carcinoid tumor Pleuropulmonary blastoma Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung Lymphomas of the lung. Sarcomas of the lung. Some rare vascular tumors of the lung Non-lung tumors which may grow into the lungs: Mediastinal tumors Pleural tumors Metastasis or secondary tumors/neoplasms with other origin: ...

To date there have been no clinical trials to determine effective treatment for this disease. Some patients have been treated with somatostatin analogs. Although the cough associated with DIPNECH tends to diminish on this treatment, improvement in pulmonary function has not been clearly demonstrated.[2][8] There are also reports of symptomatic treatment with long- and short-acting beta agonists. Although steroids, both oral and inhaled, have been used in the setting of DIPNECH, there is no clear improvement with this treatment. It is not uncommon for typical carcinoids to arise within DIPNECH. Due to presence of these tumors, DIPNECH is classified as a pre-malignant condition.[1] Although there have been reports of atypical carcinoids with local lymph node involvement, there are no reports of more aggressive neuroendocrine tumors, such as ...

... may refer to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts but more commonly refers to the excess deposition of extracellular matrix in the cardiac muscle. Fibrotic cardiac muscle is stiffer and less compliant and is seen in the progression to heart failure. The description below focuses on a specific mechanism of valvular pathology but there are other causes of valve pathology and fibrosis of the cardiac muscle. Fibrocyte cells normally secrete collagen, and function to provide structural support for the heart. When over-activated this process causes thickening and fibrosis of the valve, with white tissue building up primarily on the tricuspid valve, but also occurring on the pulmonary valve. The thickening and loss of flexibility eventually may lead to valvular dysfunction and right-sided heart failure. Certain diseases such as gastrointestinal carcinoid ...

In oncology, small intestine cancer, also small bowel cancer and cancer of the small bowel, is a cancer of the small intestine. It is relatively rare compared to other gastrointestinal malignancies such as gastric cancer (stomach cancer) and colorectal cancer.[citation needed] Small intestine cancer can be subdivided into duodenal cancer (the first part of the small intestine) and cancer of the jejunum and ileum (the later two parts of the small intestine). Duodenal cancer has more in common with stomach cancer, while cancer of the jejunum and ileum have more in common with colorectal cancer. Five year survival rates are 65%. Several different subtypes of small intestine cancer exist. These include: adenocarcinoma gastrointestinal stromal tumor lymphoma ileal ...

This is considered to be a hybrid between an exocrine and endocrine tumor derived from crypt cells of the appendix. Histologically, it forms clusters of goblet cells containing mucin with a minor admixture of Paneth cells and endocrine cells. The growth pattern is distinctive: typically producing a concentric band of tumor nests interspersed among the muscle and stroma of the appendiceal wall extending up the shaft of the appendix. This makes the lesion difficult to suspect grossly and difficult to measure. Small tumor nests may be camouflaged amongst the muscle or in periappendiceal fat; cytokeratin preparations best demonstrate the tumor cells; mucin stains are also helpful in identifying them. They behave in a more aggressive manner than do classical appendiceal carcinoids. Spread is usually to regional lymph nodes, peritoneum, and particularly the ovary. They do not produce sufficient hormonal substances to cause the ...

5-HIAA is tested by 24-hour urine samples combined with an acidic additive to maintain pH below 3. Certain foods and drugs are known to interfere with the measurement. 5-HIAA levels can vary depending on other complications, including tumors, renal malfunction, and small bowel resection. Since 5-HIAA is a metabolite of serotonin, testing is most frequently performed for the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors of the enterochromaffin (Kultschitzsky) cells of the small intestine, which release large amounts of serotonin. Values greater than 25 mg per 24 hours (higher if the patient has malabsorption) are strong evidence for carcinoid. The normal range is 2 to 6 mg per 24 hours.[1] Low levels of 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid have been associated with aggressive behavior and suicide by violent ...

In general, treatment for PanNET encompasses the same array of options as other neuroendocrine tumors, as discussed in that main article. However, there are some specific differences, which are discussed here.[6]. In functioning PanNETs, octreotide is usually recommended prior to biopsy[6]:21 or surgery[6]:45 but is generally avoided in insulinomas to avoid profound hypoglycemia.[6]:69. PanNETs in Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are often multiple, and thus require different treatment and surveillance strategies.[6]. Some PanNETs are more responsive to chemotherapy than are gastroenteric carcinoid tumors. Several agents have shown activity.[10] In well differentiated PanNETs, chemotherapy is generally reserved for when there are no other treatment options. Combinations of several medicines have been used, such as doxorubicin with streptozocin and fluorouracil ...

... (PPB) is a rare cancer originating in the lung or pleural cavity. It occurs most often in infants and young children but also has been reported in adults. In a retrospective review of 204 children with lung tumors, pleuropulmonary blastoma and carcinoid tumor were the most common primary tumors (83% of the 204 children had secondary tumors spread from cancers elsewhere in the body). Pleuropulmonary blastoma is regarded as malignant. The male:female ratio is approximately one. Symptoms may include coughing, an upper respiratory tract infection, shortness of breath, and chest pain. These symptoms are very non-specific, and can be caused by other types of tumor in the lung or mediastinum more generally, and by other conditions. Imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI) may be used to determine the presence and precise location of a tumor, ...

... , or gastrointestinal string sign (also called string sign of Kantour) , is a medical term for a radiographic finding on an upper GI series, in which the patient is given a radio-opaque material, such as barium, to drink. X-rays are then taken of the patient's stomach and intestines. The gastrointestinal string sign represents a severe narrowing of loop of bowel, in which a thin stripe of contrast within the lumen looks like a string. It may be seen in Crohn's disease, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, carcinoid tumor and colon cancer. In people with Crohn's Disease, the string sign is caused by incomplete filling of the intestinal lumen, which results from irritability and spasm associated with severe ulceration. In such cases, the string sign is most frequently seen at the terminal ileum. In infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, the pylorus is narrowed and the radio-opaque material will take on the ...

... (INN,[1] USAN, codenamed AH25352) is a long-acting competitive H2 receptor antagonist which was under development as an antiulcerant by Glaxo (now GlaxoSmithKline).[2] It was planned to be a follow-up compound to ranitidine (Zantac).[3] When taken in doses of 600 mg twice daily it induced virtually 24-hour gastric anacidity[4] thus closely resembling the antisecretory effect of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole.[5] Its development was terminated in 1989[6] from phase III clinical trials based on the appearance of carcinoid tumors in long-term toxicity testing in rodents.[7] ...

Interferon alfa 2b is an antiviral or antineoplastic drug, that was originally discovered in the laboratory of Charles Weissmann at the University of Zurich. It was developed at Biogen, and ultimately marketed by Schering-Plough under the tradename Intron-A. It has been used for a wide range of indications, including viral infections and cancers. This drug is approved around the world for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, chronic hepatitis B, hairy cell leukemia, Behçet's disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia, multiple myeloma, follicular lymphoma, carcinoid tumor, mastocytosis and malignant melanoma. ...

... , also known as para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), acts as a selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. It has been used experimentally to treat carcinoid syndrome, but the side effects, mostly hypersensitivity reactions and psychiatric disturbances, have prevented development for this use. The effects of serotonin depletion from fenclonine are so drastic that serotonin cannot even be detected immunohistochemically within the first day after administration of a control dose. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity can be detected neither in cell bodies or nerve terminals. After one week 10% of control values (the baseline extrapolated for the study) had replenished in the raphe nucleus, and after two weeks from initial treatment as much was again detected in the hypothalamus region. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) levels were at no time affected. It is used in scientific research in ...