AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
TubulinTubulin ModulatorsMicrotubulesColchicineMicrotubule ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsDemecolcinePodophyllotoxinStathminGuanosine TriphosphateVinblastinePaclitaxelPolymersSea UrchinsMaytansineMicroscopy, ElectronBrainPeptide SynthasesProtein BindingBiopolymersNocodazoleCattleTropoloneCiliaCytoskeletonBrain ChemistryMitosisPolyglutamic AcidKineticsSpindle ApparatusKinesinMacromolecular SubstancesChaperonin Containing TCP-1Vinca AlkaloidsAxonemeBenomylSperm TailBinding SitesSwinePhysarumAcetylationGuanosine DiphosphateEctodermal DysplasiaEncyclopedias as TopicVestibular DiseasesCentrosomeCopyrightOrganizations, NonprofitPatents as TopicMedlinePlusProtein Structure, TertiarySodium AcetateDatabases, ProteinSequence Analysis, ProteinSequence AlignmentProteins
Tubulin
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
Tubulin Modulators
Agents that interact with TUBULIN to inhibit or promote polymerization of MICROTUBULES.
Microtubules
Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein TUBULIN and are influenced by TUBULIN MODULATORS.
Colchicine
A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE).
Microtubule Proteins
Proteins found in the microtubules.
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.
Demecolcine
An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.
Podophyllotoxin
A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.
Stathmin
A ubiquitous phosphoprotein that serves as an intracellular substrate for a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. PHOSPHORYLATION of stathmin occurs during CELL CYCLE progression, and stathmin functions as a microtubule-destabilizing protein that promotes MICROTUBULE depolymerization during INTERPHASE and late MITOSIS. Stathmin is expressed at very high levels in a variety of human CANCERS.
Guanosine Triphosphate
Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Vinblastine
Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)
Paclitaxel
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.
Polymers
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Sea Urchins
Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.
Maytansine
An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Peptide Synthases
Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Biopolymers
Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES.
Nocodazole
Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect by depolymerizing microtubules.
Cattle
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Tropolone
A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).
Cilia
Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Cytoskeleton
The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.
Brain Chemistry
Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.
Mitosis
A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.
Polyglutamic Acid
A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Spindle Apparatus
A microtubule structure that forms during CELL DIVISION. It consists of two SPINDLE POLES, and sets of MICROTUBULES that may include the astral microtubules, the polar microtubules, and the kinetochore microtubules.
Kinesin
A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.
Macromolecular Substances
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
Chaperonin Containing TCP-1
A group II chaperonin found in eukaryotic CYTOSOL. It is comprised of eight subunits with each subunit encoded by a separate gene. This chaperonin is named after one of its subunits which is a T-COMPLEX REGION-encoded polypeptide.
Vinca Alkaloids
A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
Axoneme
A bundle of MICROTUBULES and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS forming the core of each CILIUM or FLAGELLUM. In most eukaryotic cilia or flagella, an axoneme shaft has 20 microtubules arranged in nine doublets and two singlets.
Benomyl
A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit.
Sperm Tail
The posterior filiform portion of the spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) that provides sperm motility.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Swine
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Physarum
A genus of protozoa, formerly also considered a fungus. Characteristics include the presence of violet to brown spores.
Acetylation
Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Guanosine Diphosphate
A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
Ectodermal Dysplasia
A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA, and aplasia cutis congenita.
Encyclopedias as Topic
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
Centrosome
The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).
Copyright
It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)
Organizations, Nonprofit
Organizations which are not operated for a profit and may be supported by endowments or private contributions.
Patents as Topic
Exclusive legal rights or privileges applied to inventions, plants, etc.
MedlinePlus
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Sodium Acetate
The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.
Databases, Protein
Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.
Sequence Analysis, Protein
A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Mammalian staufen is a double-stranded-RNA- and tubulin-binding protein which localizes to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. (1/5514)

Staufen (Stau) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein involved in mRNA transport and localization in Drosophila. To understand the molecular mechanisms of mRNA transport in mammals, we cloned human (hStau) and mouse (mStau) staufen cDNAs. In humans, four transcripts arise by differential splicing of the Stau gene and code for two proteins with different N-terminal extremities. In vitro, hStau and mStau bind dsRNA via each of two full-length dsRNA-binding domains and tubulin via a region similar to the microtubule-binding domain of MAP-1B, suggesting that Stau cross-links cytoskeletal and RNA components. Immunofluorescent double labeling of transfected mammalian cells revealed that Stau is localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), implicating this RNA-binding protein in mRNA targeting to the RER, perhaps via a multistep process involving microtubules. These results are the first demonstration of the association of an RNA-binding protein in addition to ribosomal proteins, with the RER, implicating this class of proteins in the transport of RNA to its site of translation.  (+info)

Mutations of oncoprotein 18/stathmin identify tubulin-directed regulatory activities distinct from tubulin association. (2/5514)

Oncoprotein 18/stathmin (Op18) is a recently identified phosphorylation-responsive regulator of the microtubule (MT) system. It was originally proposed that Op18 specifically regulates dynamic properties of MTs by associating with tubulin, but it has subsequently been proposed that Op18 acts simply by sequestering of tubulin heterodimers. We have dissected the mechanistic action of Op18 by generation of two distinct classes of mutants. One class has interruptions of the heptad repeats of a potential coiled-coil region of Op18, and the other involves substitution at all four phosphorylation sites with negatively charged Glu residues. Both types of mutation result in Op18 proteins with a limited decrease in tubulin complex formation. However, the MT-destabilizing activities of the coiled-coil mutants are more severely reduced in transfected leukemia cells than those of the Glu-substituted Op18 derivative, providing evidence for tubulin-directed regulatory activities distinct from tubulin complex formation. Analysis of Op18-mediated regulation of tubulin GTPase activity and taxol-promoted tubulin polymerization showed that while wild-type and Glu-substituted Op18 derivatives are active, the coiled-coil mutants are essentially inactive. This suggests that Op18-tubulin contact involves structural motifs that deliver a signal of regulatory importance to the MT system.  (+info)

Gibberellic acid stabilises microtubules in maize suspension cells to cold and stimulates acetylation of alpha-tubulin. (3/5514)

Gibberellic acid is known to stabilise microtubules in plant organs against depolymerisation. We have now devised a simplified cell system for studying this. Pretreatment of a maize cell suspension with gibberellic acid for just 3 h stabilised protoplast microtubules against depolymerisation on ice. In other eukaryotes, acetylation of alpha-tubulin is known to correlate with microtubule stabilisation but this is not established in plants. By isolating the polymeric tubulin fraction from maize cytoskeletons and immunoblotting with the antibody 6-11B-1, we have demonstrated that gibberellic acid stimulates the acetylation of alpha-tubulin. This is the first demonstrated link between microtubule stabilisation and tubulin acetylation in higher plants.  (+info)

Arsenic targets tubulins to induce apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells. (4/5514)

Arsenic exhibits a differential toxicity to cancer cells. At a high concentration (>5 microM), As2O3 causes acute necrosis in various cell lines. At a lower concentration (0.5-5 microm), it induces myeloid cell maturation and an arrest in metaphase, leading to apoptosis. As2O3-treated cells have features found with both tubulin-assembling enhancers (Taxol) and inhibitors (colchicine). Prior treatment of monomeric tubulin with As2O3 markedly inhibits GTP-induced polymerization and microtubule formation in vitro but does not destabilize GTP-induced tubulin polymers. Cross-inhibition experiments indicate that As2O3 is a noncompetitive inhibitor of GTP binding to tubulin. These observations correlate with the three-dimensional structure of beta-tubulin and suggest that the cross-linking of two vicinal cysteine residues (Cys-12 and Cys-213) by trivalent arsenic inactivates the GTP binding site. Furthermore, exogenous GTP can prevent As2O3-induced mitotic arrest.  (+info)

Identification of a domain in guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 that interacts with a complex of guanylyl cyclase and tubulin in photoreceptors. (5/5514)

The membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase in rod photoreceptors is activated by guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 (GCAP-1) at low free [Ca2+]. GCAP-1 is a Ca2+-binding protein and belongs to the superfamily of EF-hand proteins. We created an oligopeptide library of overlapping peptides that encompass the entire amino acid sequence of GCAP-1. Peptides were used in competitive screening assays to identify interaction regions in GCAP-1 that directly bind the guanylyl cyclase in bovine photoreceptor cells. We found four regions in GCAP-1 that participate in regulating guanylyl cyclase. A 15-amino acid peptide located adjacent to the second EF-hand motif (Phe73-Lys87) was identified as the main interaction domain. Inhibition of GCAP-1-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity by the peptide Phe73-Lys87 was completely relieved when an excess amount of GCAP-1 was added. An affinity column made from this peptide was able to bind a complex of photoreceptor guanylyl cyclase and tubulin. Using an anti-GCAP-1 antibody, we coimmunoprecipitated GCAP-1 with guanylyl cyclase and tubulin. Complex formation between GCAP-1 and guanylyl cyclase was observed independent of [Ca2+]. Our experiments suggest that there exists a tight association of guanylyl cyclase and tubulin in rod outer segments.  (+info)

Characterization of two related Drosophila gamma-tubulin complexes that differ in their ability to nucleate microtubules. (6/5514)

gamma-tubulin exists in two related complexes in Drosophila embryo extracts (Moritz, M., Y. Zheng, B.M. Alberts, and K. Oegema. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 142:1- 12). Here, we report the purification and characterization of both complexes that we name gamma-tubulin small complex (gammaTuSC; approximately 280,000 D) and Drosophila gammaTuRC ( approximately 2,200,000 D). In addition to gamma-tubulin, the gammaTuSC contains Dgrip84 and Dgrip91, two proteins homologous to the Spc97/98p protein family. The gammaTuSC is a structural subunit of the gammaTuRC, a larger complex containing about six additional polypeptides. Like the gammaTuRC isolated from Xenopus egg extracts (Zheng, Y., M.L. Wong, B. Alberts, and T. Mitchison. 1995. Nature. 378:578-583), the Drosophila gammaTuRC can nucleate microtubules in vitro and has an open ring structure with a diameter of 25 nm. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals a modular structure with approximately 13 radially arranged structural repeats. The gammaTuSC also nucleates microtubules, but much less efficiently than the gammaTuRC, suggesting that assembly into a larger complex enhances nucleating activity. Analysis of the nucleotide content of the gammaTuSC reveals that gamma-tubulin binds preferentially to GDP over GTP, rendering gamma-tubulin an unusual member of the tubulin superfamily.  (+info)

Genetic analysis of viable Hsp90 alleles reveals a critical role in Drosophila spermatogenesis. (7/5514)

The Hsp90 chaperone protein maintains the activities of a remarkable variety of signal transducers, but its most critical functions in the context of the whole organism are unknown. Point mutations of Hsp83 (the Drosophila Hsp90 gene) obtained in two different screens are lethal as homozygotes. We report that eight transheterozygous mutant combinations produce viable adults. All exhibit the same developmental defects: sterile males and sterile or weakly fertile females. We also report that scratch, a previously identified male-sterile mutation, is an allele of Hsp82 with a P-element insertion in the intron that reduces expression. Thus, it is a simple reduction in Hsp90 function, rather than possible altered functions in the point mutants, that leads to male sterility. As shown by light and electron microscopy, all stages of spermatogenesis involving microtubule function are affected, from early mitotic divisions to later stages of sperm maturation, individualization, and motility. Aberrant microtubules are prominent in yeast cells carrying mutations in HSP82 (the yeast Hsp90 gene), confirming that Hsp90 function is connected to microtubule dynamics and that this connection is highly conserved. A small fraction of Hsp90 copurifies with taxol-stabilized microtubule proteins in Drosophila embryo extracts, but Hsp90 does not remain associated with microtubules through repeated temperature-induced assembly and disassembly reactions. If the spermatogenesis phenotypes are due to defects in microtubule dynamics, we suggest these are indirect, reflecting a role for Hsp90 in maintaining critical signal transduction pathways and microtubule effectors, rather than a direct role in the assembly and disassembly of microtubules themselves.  (+info)

Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antitubulin agents: microtubule dynamics, drug transport, and cell death. (8/5514)

PURPOSE: To analyze the available data concerning mechanisms of action of and mechanisms of resistance to the antitubulin agents, vinca alkaloids and taxanes, and more recently described compounds. DESIGN: We conducted a review of the literature on classic and recent antitubulin agents, focusing particularly on the relationships between antitubulin agents and their intracellular target, the soluble tubulin/microtubule complex. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Although it is widely accepted that antitubulin agents block cell division by inhibition of the mitotic spindle, the mechanism of action of antitubulin agents on microtubules remains to be determined. The classic approach is that vinca alkaloids depolymerize microtubules, thereby increasing the soluble tubulin pool, whereas taxanes stabilize microtubules and increase the microtubular mass. More recent data suggest that both classes of agents have a similar mechanism of action, involving the inhibition of microtubule dynamics. These data suggest that vinca alkaloids and taxanes may act synergistically as antitumor agents and may be administered as combination chemotherapy in the clinic. However, enhanced myeloid and neurologic toxicity, as well as a strong dependence on the sequence of administration, presently exclude these combinations outside the context of clinical trials. Although the multidrug resistance phenotype mediated by Pgp appears to be an important mechanism of resistance to these agents, alterations of microtubule structure resulting in altered microtubule dynamics and/or altered binding of antitubulin agents may constitute a significant mechanism of drug resistance.  (+info)

Microtubule-associated proteins and microtubule-based translocators have different binding sites on tubulin molecule<...Microtubule-associated proteins and microtubule-based translocators have different binding sites on tubulin molecule<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Microtubule-associated proteins and microtubule-based translocators have different binding sites on tubulin molecule. AU - Rodionov, V. I.. AU - Gyoeva, F. K.. AU - Kashina, A. S.. AU - Kuznetsov, S. A.. AU - Gelfand, V. I.. PY - 1990/4/25. Y1 - 1990/4/25. N2 - It has been previously shown that a class of microtubule proteins, the so-called microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), binds to the C-terminal part of tubulin subunits. We show here that microtubules composed of tubulin whose 4-kDa C-terminal domain was cleaved by subtilisin (S-microtubules) are unable to bind MAPs but can still bind the anterograde translocator protein kinesin and the retrograde translocator dynein. Binding of both motors to S-microtubules, like their binding to normal microtubules, was ATP-dependent. In addition, direct competition experiments showed that binding sites for kinesin and MAPs on the microtubule surface lattice do not overlap. Furthermore, S-microtubules stimulated the ATPase activity of ...
https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/microtubule-associated-proteins-and-microtubule-based-translocato
Rationalization of paclitaxel insensitivity of yeast β-tubulin and human βIII-tubulin isotype using principal component...Rationalization of paclitaxel insensitivity of yeast β-tubulin and human βIII-tubulin isotype using principal component...
The chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel arrests cell division by binding to the hetero-dimeric protein tubulin. Subtle differences in tubulin sequences, across eukaryotes and among β-tubulin isotypes, can have profound impact on paclitaxel-tubulin binding. To capture the experimentally observed paclitaxel-resistance of human βIII tubulin isotype and yeast β-tubulin, within a common theoretical framework, we have performed structural principal component analyses of β-tubulin sequences across eukaryotes. The paclitaxel-resistance of human βIII tubulin isotype and yeast β-tubulin uniquely mapped on to the lowest two principal components, defining the paclitaxel-binding site residues of β-tubulin. The molecular mechanisms behind paclitaxel-resistance, mediated through key residues, were identified from structural consequences of characteristic mutations that confer paclitaxel-resistance. Specifically, Ala277 in βIII isotype was shown to be crucial for paclitaxel-resistance. The present analysis
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-5-395/figures/6
Requirement for the β<sub>I</sub> and β<sub>IV</sub> tubulin isotypes...Requirement for the β<sub>I</sub> and β<sub>IV</sub> tubulin isotypes...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Requirement for the βI and βIV tubulin isotypes in mammalian cilia. AU - Jensen-Smith, Heather C.. AU - Ludueña, Richard F.. AU - Hallworth, Richard. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2003/7/1. Y1 - 2003/7/1. N2 - [Nielsen et al., 2001: Curr Biol 11:529-533], based on studies in Drosophila, have proposed that β tubulin in axonemal microtubules must contain a specific acidic seven amino acid sequence in its carboxyl terminus. In mammals, the two βIV isotypes (βIVa and βIVb) contain that sequence. In order to test the application of this hypothesis to mammals, we have examined the expression of β tubulin isotypes in four different ciliated tissues (trachea, ependyma, uterine tube, and testis) using isotype-specific antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence. We find that βIV tubulin is present in all ciliated cell types examined, but so is β1 tubulin. Taken together with recent studies that show that β1 and βIV tubulin are both ...
https://creighton.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/requirement-for-the-%CE%B2subisub-and-%CE%B2subivsub-tubulin-isotypes-in-ma
The actin-MRTF-SRF transcriptional circuit controls tubulin acetylation via α-TAT1 gene expression | JCBThe actin-MRTF-SRF transcriptional circuit controls tubulin acetylation via α-TAT1 gene expression | JCB
The role of formins in microtubules is not well understood. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism by which INF2, a formin mutated in degenerative renal and neurological hereditary disorders, controls microtubule acetylation. We found that silencing of INF2 in epithelial RPE-1 cells produced a dramatic drop in tubulin acetylation, increased the G-actin/F-actin ratio, and impaired myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription, which is known to be repressed by increased levels of G-actin. The effect on tubulin acetylation was caused by the almost complete absence of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) messenger RNA (mRNA). Activation of the MRTF-SRF transcriptional complex restored α-TAT1 mRNA levels and tubulin acetylation. Several functional MRTF-SRF-responsive elements were consistently identified in the α-TAT1 gene. The effect of INF2 silencing on microtubule acetylation was also observed in epithelial ECV304 cells, but not ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/early/2018/01/09/jcb.201702157
Cell cycle regulation of tubulin RNA level, tubulin protein synthesis, and assembly of microtubules in Physarum. - ImmunologyCell cycle regulation of tubulin RNA level, tubulin protein synthesis, and assembly of microtubules in Physarum. - Immunology
The temporal relationship between tubulin expression and the assembly of the mitotic spindle microtubules has been investigated during the naturally synchronous cell cycle of the Physarum plasmodium. The cell cycle behavior of the tubulin isoforms was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled in vivo and by translation of RNA in vitro. alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta 1-, and beta 2-tubulin synthesis increases coordinately until metaphase, and then falls, with beta 2 falling more rapidly than beta 1. Nucleic acid hybridization demonstrated that alpha- and beta-tubulin RNAs accumulate coordinately during G2, peaking at metaphase. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that alpha-tubulin RNA increases with apparent exponential kinetics, peaking with an increase over the basal level of greater than 40-fold. After metaphase, tubulin RNA levels fall exponentially, with a short half-life (19 min). Electron microscopic analysis of the plasmodium showed that the accumulation of tubulin RNA begins
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/8259
Two Drosophila beta tubulin isoforms are not functionally equivalent. | JCBTwo Drosophila beta tubulin isoforms are not functionally equivalent. | JCB
We have tested the functional capacity of different beta tubulin isoforms in vivo by expressing beta 3-tubulin either in place of or in addition to beta 2-tubulin in the male germ line of Drosophila melanogaster. The testes-specific isoform, beta 2, is conserved relative to major metazoan beta tubulins, while the developmentally regulated isoform, beta 3, is considerably divergent in sequence. beta 3-tubulin is normally expressed in discrete subsets of cells at specific times during development, but is not expressed in the male germ line. beta 2-Tubulin is normally expressed only in the postmitotic germ cells of the testis, and is required for all microtubule-based functions in these cells. The normal functions of beta 2-tubulin include assembly of meiotic spindles, axonemes, and at least two classes of cytoplasmic microtubules, including those associated with the differentiating mitochondrial derivatives. A hybrid gene was constructed in which 5 sequences from the beta 2 gene were joined to ...
http://jcb.rupress.org/content/111/3/1009
Tubulin alpha-4A chainTubulin alpha-4A chain
Microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton perform essential and diverse functions and are composed of a heterodimer of alpha and beta tubulin. The genes encoding these microtubule constituents are part of the tubulin superfamily, which is composed of six distinct families. Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. The alpha and beta tubulins represent the major components of microtubules, while gamma tubulin plays a critical role in the nucleation of microtubule assembly. There are multiple alpha and beta tubulin genes and they are highly conserved among and between species. This gene encodes an alpha tubulin that is a highly conserved homolog of a rat testis-specific alpha tubulin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013 ...
https://pharos.nih.gov/idg/targets/P68366
A TOG:αβ-tubulin Complex Structure Reveals Conformation-Based Mechanisms for a Microtubule Polymerase | ScienceA TOG:αβ-tubulin Complex Structure Reveals Conformation-Based Mechanisms for a Microtubule Polymerase | Science
Stu2p/XMAP215/Dis1 family proteins are evolutionarily conserved regulatory factors that use αβ-tubulin-interacting tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domains to catalyze fast microtubule growth. Catalysis requires that these polymerases discriminate between unpolymerized and polymerized forms of αβ-tubulin, but the mechanism by which they do so has remained unclear. Here, we report the structure of the TOG1 domain from Stu2p bound to yeast αβ-tubulin. TOG1 binds αβ-tubulin in a way that excludes equivalent binding of a second TOG domain. Furthermore, TOG1 preferentially binds a curved conformation of αβ-tubulin that cannot be incorporated into microtubules, contacting α- and β-tubulin surfaces that do not participate in microtubule assembly. Conformation-selective interactions with αβ-tubulin explain how TOG-containing polymerases discriminate between unpolymerized and polymerized forms of αβ-tubulin and how they selectively recognize the growing end of the microtubule.. ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/857
Patterns of tubulin isotype synthesis and usage during mitotic spindle morphogenesis in Physarum. - Oxford NeurosciencePatterns of tubulin isotype synthesis and usage during mitotic spindle morphogenesis in Physarum. - Oxford Neuroscience
Tubulin synthesis in the naturally synchronous plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum is a markedly periodic event restricted to the late G2 period of the cell cycle. Mitosis in the plasmodium is intranuclear, and there are no cytoplasmic microtubules at any stage of the cell cycle. We have combined a biochemical investigation of the synthesis of the plasmodial tubulin isotypes and their participation in the mitotic spindle with a microscopic study (immunofluorescence) of the development of spindle microtubules throughout the cell cycle. We have shown that all four tubulin isotypes identified in the plasmodium (alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1 and beta 2) are present in the mitotic spindle. The stoichiometry of isotype usage in the mitotic spindle generally reflects the overall abundance of isotypes in the plasmodium as a whole: beta 2 greater than alpha 1 greater than alpha 2 greater than beta 1. We have also shown that tubulins synthesized in the G2 period of one cell cycle can be incorporated into the spindles
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/5840
Regulation of three beta-tubulin mRNAs during rat brain development. - Semantic ScholarRegulation of three beta-tubulin mRNAs during rat brain development. - Semantic Scholar
The nucleotide sequence of a complete rat brain beta-tubulin T beta 15 has been determined from three overlapping cDNA clones. The overall length of the T beta 15 sequence is 1589 bp and shows between 84.5% and 88.6% homology within the coding region as compared with chick and human beta-tubulin sequences. On the other hand, the 3-non-coding region is highly divergent. Comparison of the derived amino acid sequences from different species demonstrates that the amino acid changes are not randomly distributed, but rather there are several conserved and two highly variable regions common to beta-tubulin polypeptides from various sources. The T beta 15 sequence encodes a dominant neuronal 1.8-kb beta-tubulin mRNA species. Two other minor beta-tubulin mRNA species of 2.6 and 2.9 kb are present in rat brain. By using two synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to the carboxyl-terminal divergent region and to the amino-terminal conserved region, we have shown that the three mRNAs are distinct species,
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Regulation-of-three-beta-tubulin-mRNAs-during-rat-Ginzburg-Teichman/759d006787b1619242b2928ccdcd8c4fde8a172e
β‐Tubulin mutations that cause severe neuropathies disrupt axonal transport | The EMBO Journalβ‐Tubulin mutations that cause severe neuropathies disrupt axonal transport | The EMBO Journal
Although TUBB3 is a neuron‐specific isoform of β‐tubulin, only about 20% of total β‐tubulin in neuronal cells is TUBB3 (Joshi and Cleveland, 1989). TUBB3(E410K) and TUBB3(D417H) mutants induce neuronal diseases in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that only 10% of mutant tubulin can significantly induce neuronal phenotypes. How is this small amount of mutated TUBB3 able to strongly affect neurons? Because our assay used CMV and CAG promoters and unknown copy numbers of transfected vectors, we could not quantify the amount of tubulin incorporated into microtubules in our system. Nevertheless, we think our results give insights to this question. Microtubules are composed of α‐ and β‐tubulin dimers. The size of each tubulin dimer is 8 nm (Nogales et al, 1999). Our analysis showed that TUBB3(E410K) and TUBB3(D417H) were incorporated into microtubules in cells and could inhibit axonal transport (Supplementary Figure S1; Figure 8A). The inhibition of motor domain accumulation, axonal ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/32/10/1352
Tubulin alpha-3C/D chainTubulin alpha-3C/D chain
Microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton perform essential and diverse functions and are composed of a heterodimer of alpha and beta tubulin. The genes encoding these microtubule constituents are part of the tubulin superfamily, which is composed of six distinct families. Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. The alpha and beta tubulins represent the major components of microtubules, while gamma tubulin plays a critical role in the nucleation of microtubule assembly. There are multiple alpha and beta tubulin genes and they are highly conserved among and between species. This gene is an alpha tubulin gene that encodes a protein 99% identical to the mouse testis-specific Tuba3 and Tuba7 gene products. This gene is located in the 13q11 region, which is associated with the genetic diseases Clouston hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and Kabuki syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 ...
https://pharos.nih.gov/idg/targets/Q13748
β3 tubulin expression characterizes the differentiating mesodermal germ layer during Drosophila embryogenesis | Developmentβ3 tubulin expression characterizes the differentiating mesodermal germ layer during Drosophila embryogenesis | Development
During embryogenesis, the β3 tubulin gene of Drosophila is transcribed predominantly in the mesoderm. We have raised antibodies specific to the C-terminal domain of the β3 tubulin and analysed by immunostaining the distribution of this tubulin isotype during Drosophila embryogenesis. The protein is first detectable in the cephalic mesoderm at maximal germband extension. Shortly afterwards, β3 tubulin is expressed in single cells at identical positions of the thoracic and abdominal segments. We suggest that these cells represent muscle pioneer cells of Drosophila. During later embryonic development the somatic musculature, musculature, visceral musculature, dorsal vessel and macrophages contain β3 tubulin. In dorsalizing mutants dorsal, snail and twist, which do not form a ventral furrow during gastrulation, β3 expression is greatly reduced but not completely abolished. Our analysis shows that β3 tubulin immunostaining characterizes the differentiation of mesodermal derivatives during ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/104/4/525
The plant Spc98p homologue colocalizes with γ-tubulin at microtubule nucleation sites and is required for microtubule...The plant Spc98p homologue colocalizes with γ-tubulin at microtubule nucleation sites and is required for microtubule...
The molecular mechanisms responsible for microtubule (MT) nucleation have not yet been identified in higher plants. Unlike other eukaryotic cells, no centrosome-like organelles are present to nucleate MT assembly. In animal cells, the centrosome functions as a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), and in fungi, the spindle pole body (SPB) plays this role. MT nucleation is initiated by γ-tubulin ring complexes, or γ-TuRCs ( Zheng et al., 1995), which are recruited from the cytoplasm to the MTOC and activated ( Schiebel, 2000). The smallest complex unit capable of MT nucleation, the γ-tubulin small complex (γ-TuSC), was identified in yeast ( Knop and Schiebel, 1997) and in Drosophila ( Oegema et al., 1999; Gunawardane et al., 2000). The γ-TuSC, which is thought to be a γ-TuRC precursor, contains γ-tubulin, known as a universal nucleator ( Oakley, 1992) and two additional proteins, spindle pole body components Spc98p and Spc97p or their homologues. These proteins are essential for the ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/115/11/2423
The extended tubulin superfamily. - Oxford NeuroscienceThe extended tubulin superfamily. - Oxford Neuroscience
Although most eukaryotic cells can express multiple isotypes of alphabeta-tubulin, the significance of this diversity has not always been apparent. Recent data indicate that particular alphabeta-tubulin isotypes, both genome encoded and those derived by post-translational modification, can directly influence microtubule structure and function--thus validating ideas originally proposed in the multitubulin hypothesis over 25 years ago. It has also become increasingly evident over the past year that some (but intriguingly not all) eukaryotes encode several other tubulin proteins, and to date five further members of the tubulin superfamily, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta and eta, have been identified. Although the role of gamma-tubulin in the nucleation of microtubule assembly is now well established, far less is known about the functions of delta-, epsilon-, zeta- and eta-tubulin. Recent work has expanded our knowledge of the functions and localisation of these newer members of the tubulin superfamily, and
https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/7534
Complex regulation and functional versatility of mammalian alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes during the differentiation of...Complex regulation and functional versatility of mammalian alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes during the differentiation of...
In the accompanying paper (Gu, W., S. A. Lewis, and N. J. Cowan. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 106: 2011-2022), we report the generation of three antisera, each of which uniquely recognizes a different mammalian alpha-tubulin isotype, plus a fourth antibody that distinguishes between microtubules containing the tyrosinated and nontyrosinated form of the only known mammalian alpha-tubulin gene product that lacks an encoded carboxy-terminal tyrosine residue. These sera, together with five sera we raised that distinguish among the known mammalian beta-tubulin isotypes, have been used to study patterns of tubulin isotype-specific expression in muscle and testis, two tissues in which characteristic developmental changes are accompanied by dramatic rearrangements in microtubule structures. As in the case of cells in culture, there is no evidence to suggest that there is subcellular sorting of different tubulin isotypes among different kinds of microtubule, even in a cell type (the developing spermatid) that ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/106/6/2023/28376/Complex-regulation-and-functional-versatility-of
Tubulin post-translational modifications and the construction of microtubular organelles in Trypanosoma brucei. - ImmunologyTubulin post-translational modifications and the construction of microtubular organelles in Trypanosoma brucei. - Immunology
We have used specific monoclonal antibodies to facilitate a study of acetylated and tyrosinated alpha-tubulin in the microtubule (MT) arrays in the Trypanosoma brucei cell. Acetylated alpha-tubulin is not solely located in the stable microtubular arrays but is present even in the ephemeral microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Moreover, there is a uniform distribution of this isoform in all arrays. Studies of flagella complexes show that acetylation is concomitant with assembly of MTs. There is no subsequent major modulation in the content of acetylated alpha-tubulin in MTs. Conversely, polymerizing flagellar MTs have a high tyrosinated alpha-tubulin content, which is subsequently reduced to a basal level at a discrete point in the cell cycle. The MTs of the intranuclear mitotic spindle appear never to contain tyrosinated alpha-tubulin, suggesting that they are actually constructed of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin or that detyrosination is extremely rapid at this time in the cell cycle. T. brucei therefore
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/14681
Membrane-Associated α-Tubulin Is Less Acetylated in Postmortem Prefrontal Cortex from Depressed Subjects Relative to Controls:...Membrane-Associated α-Tubulin Is Less Acetylated in Postmortem Prefrontal Cortex from Depressed Subjects Relative to Controls:...
Postmortem results presented here dovetail well with results in a cellular model revealing that increased tubulin acetylation causes the antidepressant signature response of Gαs translocation from lipid rafts (Singh et al., 2018) Current findings in postmortem brain tissue suggest that acetylation status of tubulin may be important for sequestration of Gαs in lipid rafts, as seen in depression (Donati et al., 2008). The findings lend a molecular rationale to antidepressant effects observed in HDAC6-depleted (Espallergues et al., 2012; Fukada et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2012) or pharmacological inhibitor-treated animals (Jochems et al., 2014), where increased tubulin acetylation induced behavioral effects similar to that of traditional antidepressants. While any study relying on immunodetection is subject to variability, the ability to use the comparator of acetylated to total α-tubulin lends stability to the data.. The tubulin post-translational modifications observed in postmortem brain tissue ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/node/649783.full.print
Tubulin protein (97% pure): porcine brain - Cytoskeleton, Inc.Tubulin protein (97% pure): porcine brain - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
Tubulin protein derived from Porcine brain provides a good target for drug discovery. Highly pure protein provided in lyophilized format from Cytoskeleton, Inc.
https://www.cytoskeleton.com/hts03
Helical microtubule arrays in a collection of twisting tubulin mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana | PNASHelical microtubule arrays in a collection of twisting tubulin mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana | PNAS
Screening for Arabidopsis mutants that displayed twisted growth of elongating organs and abnormal growth responses to propyzamide resulted in a large collection of dominant-negative tubulin mutants. The data presented here provide some of the strongest evidence to date showing conserved residues of both α- and β-tubulins directly contribute to the stability and helical pattern of cortical microtubule arrays.. Incorporation of mutant tubulins into the microtubule polymer suggests that the structure and/or dynamics of cortical microtubules are altered in these mutants. Many of the affected amino acid residues are located at the longitudinal interface of the α- and β-tubulins within and between the αβ-heterodimer and at the lateral interface between two adjacent protofilaments, indicating that the mutations generally affect the protein-protein interactions but not the stability or the folding of tubulin monomers. Several mutated residues, such as P325 and T439 in α-tubulin and S95 and G96 in ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/104/20/8544?ijkey=d915b5c124e4b9a1371a9a82ec981d10a17ba261&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Tubulin glycylases are required for primary cilia, control of cell proliferation and tumor development in colon | The EMBO...Tubulin glycylases are required for primary cilia, control of cell proliferation and tumor development in colon | The EMBO...
Posttranslational modifications of tubulin are thought to fine‐tune MT functions in specific cells and tissues. Modifications that take place on the C‐terminal tails of tubulin are involved in the regulation of interactions between MTs and associated proteins (reviewed in: Janke & Bulinski, 2011). The three principal modifications found in these tail domains are detyrosination, (poly)glutamylation and (poly)glycylation. While first insights into the molecular mechanisms that are controlled by detyrosination (Peris et al, 2006, 2009; Bieling et al, 2008) and polyglutamylation (Kubo et al, 2010; Lacroix et al, 2010) have been obtained, little is known about the roles and mechanisms of glycylation.. In contrast to other tubulin modifications, glycylation has so far only been detected in motile cilia and flagella in different organisms (Bré et al, 1996). In line with this rather restricted occurrence of glycylation, only three modifying enzymes are expressed in mammals (Rogowski et al, 2009), ...
http://emboj.embopress.org/content/early/2014/09/01/embj.201488466
The TUBB1 Q43P functional polymorphism reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in men by modulating platelet function and...The TUBB1 Q43P functional polymorphism reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in men by modulating platelet function and...
While the heterozygous Q43P β1-tubulin carriers have a reduced function, the β1-tubulin-deficient mice present with only minor abnormalities in platelet hemostatic functions. Besides the fact that human platelets are more easy to handle and study in detail than mouse platelets, this can probably be explained by the fact that the loss of β1-tubulin expression in mouse platelets was overcome by overexpression of the other platelet β-tubulin variants,7 while the Q43P carrier platelets not only show reduced β1-tubulin but also total β-tubulin protein levels. In addition, incorporation of GFP-tagged Q43P β1-tubulin into wild-type tubulin structures seems to be inefficient and delocalized.. Due to the platelet dysfunction phenotype, the Q43P β1-tubulin variant could not only be conceived as a genetic risk factor for the development of thrombocytopenia but also as a protective genetic factor against cardiovascular disease. Indeed, a case-control study showed that the prevalence of Q43P ...
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/106/7/2356.long?sso-checked=true
Microtubule nucleation - wikidocMicrotubule nucleation - wikidoc
Microtubules are filaments of the cytoskeleton. They typically form through the polymerization of α- and β-tubulin dimers elongating existing microtubules. The de novo formation of microtubules requires an initiation event called microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation requires the action of a third type of tubulin, γ-tubulin, which is distinct from the α and β subunits which compose the microtubules themselves. The γ-tubulin combines with several other associated proteins to form a circular structure known as the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC). This complex acts as a scaffold for α/β tubulin dimers to begin polymerization. It also acts as a cap of the (−) end while microtubule growth continues towards the (+) direction. The γ-TuRC is typically found as the core functional unit in a microtubule organizing center (MTOC), such as the centrosome in animal cells or the spindle pole bodies in fungi and algae. However, the cells of higher plants for example lack distinct MTOCs and ...
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Microtubule_nucleation
Alpha-tubulin 3C - WikipediaAlpha-tubulin 3C - Wikipedia
Microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton perform essential and diverse functions and are composed of a heterodimer of alpha and beta tubulin. The genes encoding these microtubule constituents are part of the tubulin superfamily, which is composed of six distinct families. Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. The alpha and beta tubulins represent the major components of microtubules, while gamma tubulin plays a critical role in the nucleation of microtubule assembly. There are multiple alpha and beta tubulin genes and they are highly conserved among and between species. This gene is an alpha tubulin gene that encodes a protein 99% to the mouse testis-specific Tuba3 and Tuba7 gene products. This gene is located in the 13q11 region, which is associated with the genetic diseases Clouston hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and Kabuki syndrome. Alternative splicing has been observed for this gene and two variants have been identified.[4] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA3C
Deubiquitination of γ-tubulin by BAP1 prevents chromosome instability in breast cancer cells. - Semantic ScholarDeubiquitination of γ-tubulin by BAP1 prevents chromosome instability in breast cancer cells. - Semantic Scholar
Microtubule nucleation requires the γ-tubulin ring complex, and during the M-phase (mitosis) this complex accumulates at the centrosome to support mitotic spindle formation. The posttranslational modification of γ-tubulin through ubiquitination is vital for regulating microtubule nucleation and centrosome duplication. Blocking the BRCA1/BARD1-dependent ubiquitination of γ-tubulin causes centrosome amplification. In the current study, we identified BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) as a deubiquitination enzyme for γ-tubulin. BAP1 was downregulated in metastatic adenocarcinoma breast cell lines compared with noncancerous human breast epithelial cells. Furthermore, low expression of BAP1 was associated with reduced overall survival of patients with breast cancer. Reduced expression of BAP1 in breast cancer cell lines was associated with mitotic abnormalities. Importantly, rescue experiments including expression of full length but not the catalytic mutant of BAP1 reduced ubiquitination of γ-tubulin and
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Deubiquitination-of-%CE%B3-tubulin-by-BAP1-prevents-chr-Zarrizi-Menard/e68b2bc8c397f6d62be1d43206cc023e85d00bb8
βPix-d promotes tubulin acetylation and neurite outgrowth through a PAK/Stathmin1 signaling pathway<...βPix-d promotes tubulin acetylation and neurite outgrowth through a PAK/Stathmin1 signaling pathway<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - βPix-d promotes tubulin acetylation and neurite outgrowth through a PAK/Stathmin1 signaling pathway. AU - Kwon, Younghee. AU - Jeon, Ye Won. AU - Kwon, Minjae. AU - Cho, Yongcheol. AU - Park, Dongeun. AU - Shin, Jung Eun. PY - 2020. Y1 - 2020. N2 - Microtubules are a major cytoskeletal component of neurites, and the regulation of microtubule stability is essential for neurite morphogenesis. βPix (ARHGEF7) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, which modulate the organization of actin filaments and microtubules. βPix is expressed as alternatively spliced variants, including the ubiquitous isoform βPix-a and the neuronal isoforms βPix-b and βPix-d, but the function of the neuronal isoforms remains unclear. Here, we reveal the novel role of βPix neuronal isoforms in regulating tubulin acetylation and neurite outgrowth. At DIV4, hippocampal neurons cultured from βPix neuronal isoform knockout (βPix-NIKO) mice exhibit defects in neurite ...
https://koreauniv.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/%CE%B2pix-d-promotes-tubulin-acetylation-and-neurite-outgrowth-through
The where, when and how of microtubule nucleation - one ring to rule them all | Journal of Cell ScienceThe where, when and how of microtubule nucleation - one ring to rule them all | Journal of Cell Science
The function of microtubules depends on their arrangement into highly ordered arrays. Spatio-temporal control over the formation of new microtubules and regulation of their properties are central to the organization of these arrays. The nucleation of new microtubules requires γ-tubulin, an essential protein that assembles into multi-subunit complexes and is found in all eukaryotic organisms. However, the way in which γ-tubulin complexes are regulated and how this affects nucleation and, potentially, microtubule behavior, is poorly understood. γ-tubulin has been found in complexes of various sizes but several lines of evidence suggest that only large, ring-shaped complexes function as efficient microtubule nucleators. Human γ-tubulin ring complexes (γTuRCs) are composed of γ-tubulin and the γ-tubulin complex components (GCPs) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, which are members of a conserved protein family. Recent work has identified additional unrelated γTuRC subunits, as well as a large number of more ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/early/2012/11/06/jcs.106971
Antievolution.org - Antievolution.org Discussion Board -Topic::Telic Thoughts ThreadAntievolution.org - Antievolution.org Discussion Board -Topic::Telic Thoughts Thread
MTs are cylindrical polymers 25 nanometers (nm = 10-9 meter) in diameter, comprised of 13 longitudinal protofilaments which are each chains of the protein tubulin (Figure 8). Each tubulin is a peanut-shaped dimer (8 nm by 4 nm by 5 nm) which consists of two slightly different monomers known as alpha and beta tubulin, (each 4 nm by 4 nm by 5 nm, weighing 55,000 daltons). Tubulin subunits within MTs are arranged in a hexagonal lattice which is slightly twisted, resulting in differing neighbor relationships among each subunit and its six nearest neighbors (Figure 9). Thus pathways along contiguous tubulins form helical pathways which repeat every 3, 5 and 8 rows (the Fibonacci series). Alpha tubulin monomers are more negatively charged than beta monomers, so each tubulin (and each MT as a whole) is a ferroelectric dipole with positive (beta monomer) and negative (alpha monomer) ends.[xxiii ...
http://www.antievolution.org/cgi-bin/ikonboard/ikonboard.cgi?s=50aaaf4940c5fa8c
A novel polymer of tubulin forms the conoid of Toxoplasma gondii | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University PressA novel polymer of tubulin forms the conoid of Toxoplasma gondii | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
Along the length of the conoid fibers, tubulin molecules are spaced 4 nm apart, just as in microtubules. It seems probable that conoid protofilaments exhibit parallel, as opposed to antiparallel, orientation (implying that the fiber as a whole is a polar structure) as has been observed in all naturally occurring tubulin polymers, but the signal-to-noise ratio in images of conoid fibers obtained to date is too low to confirm this supposition. However, the lack of circular symmetry in cross-section means that the lateral association of protofilaments in conoid fibers must be quite different from microtubules. The noncircular cross-sectional profile implies that the bonds between adjacent protofilaments are very different at one end of the comma compared to the other: adjacent protofilaments at the curved end must be rotated by ∼30° with respect to each other (similar to the 360/13 = 27.7 degrees in a canonical 13 protofilament microtubule), whereas adjacent protofilaments at the tail of the ...
https://rupress.org/jcb/article/156/6/1039/1113/A-novel-polymer-of-tubulin-forms-the-conoid-of
Neoblast data searchNeoblast data search
Mlig034227.g3 {REF} {Length: 2733} {Pfam: Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase domain [PF00091.25, score=231.9]; Tubulin C-terminal domain [PF03953.17, score=146.9]; Misato Segment II tubulin-like domain [PF10644.9, score=25.7]} {Human: ENSG00000188229, TUBB4B, tubulin beta 4B class IVb, [RH, Score=920, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000137285, TUBB2B, tubulin beta 2B class IIb, [RH, Score=908, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000104833, TUBB4A, tubulin beta 4A class IVa, [RH, Score=905, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000232575, TUBB, tubulin beta class I, [RH, Score=903, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000196230, TUBB, tubulin beta class I, [RH, Score=903, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000183311, TUBB, tubulin beta class I, [RH, Score=903, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000227739, TUBB, tubulin beta class I, [RH, Score=903, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000235067, TUBB, tubulin beta class I, [RH, Score=903, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000229684, TUBB, tubulin beta class I, [RH, Score=903, Expect=0.0]; ENSG00000137267, TUBB2A, tubulin beta 2A class IIa, [RH, Score=903, Expect=0.0]; ...
http://neoblast451.macgenome.org/searchgene?gc=35
anti-beta Tubulin antibody | GeneTexanti-beta Tubulin antibody | GeneTex
beta Tubulin antibody (tubulin, beta) for ICC/IF, IHC-P, WB. Anti-beta Tubulin pAb (GTX101279) is tested in Human, Mouse, Rat, Hamster samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.
http://www.genetex.com/beta-Tubulin-antibody-GTX101279.html
anti-beta Tubulin antibody | GeneTexanti-beta Tubulin antibody | GeneTex
beta Tubulin antibody (tubulin, beta) for ICC/IF, IHC-P, WB. Anti-beta Tubulin pAb (GTX112659) is tested in Human, Mouse samples. 100% Ab-Assurance.
http://www.genetex.com/beta-Tubulin-antibody-GTX112659.html
Preparation of Tubulin from Brain<...Preparation of Tubulin from Brain<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Preparation of Tubulin from Brain. AU - Williams, Robley C.. AU - Lee, James C.. PY - 1982/1/1. Y1 - 1982/1/1. N2 - This chapter presents procedure for preparation of tubulin from brain. Two methods for preparing tubulin is presented (a) purification by cycles of assembly and disassembly followed by chromatography on phospbocellulose (b) purification by the modified Weisenberg procedure, each of which yields several hundred milligrams of purified protein. The principal properties of the tubulin prepared by the two methods appear to be identical and a choice of one route or the other can be made on the basis of available apparatus or of the investigators familiarity with the manipulations involved. The tubulin that results from either preparation is substantially free of microtubule-associated proteins. The protein concentration of the solution is determined spectrophotometrically in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at 275 nm with an absorptivity value of 1.03 ml/(mg cm). It is then ...
https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/preparation-of-tubulin-from-brain
gamma tubulin Antibody 66320-1-Ig | Proteintechgamma tubulin Antibody 66320-1-Ig | Proteintech
gamma tubulin Antibody 66320-1-Ig has been identified with ELISA, IF, IHC, WB. 66320-1-Ig detected 48-55 kDa band in NCCIT, HepG2, HSCT6, NIH/3T3 cell with 1:1000-1:8000 dilution...
https://www.ptglab.com/Products/tubulin-gamma-Antibody-66320-1-Ig.htm
Mutagenetix > Incidental...Mutagenetix > Incidental...
FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. This summary is for the human ortholog.] This gene encodes a member of the beta tubulin protein family. Beta tubulins are one of two core protein families (alpha and beta tubulins) that heterodimerize and assemble to form microtubules. This protein is specifically expressed in platelets and megakaryocytes and may be involved in proplatelet production and platelet release. A mutations in this gene is associated with autosomal dominant macrothrombocytopenia. Two pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosome Y.[provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010 ...
https://mutagenetix.utsouthwestern.edu/incidental/incidental_rec.cfm?mid=178923
Tubulin protein (fluorescent HiLyte 647): porcine brain - Cytoskeleton, Inc.Tubulin protein (fluorescent HiLyte 647): porcine brain - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
HiLyte 647 labeled tubulin is used for studying microtubule dynamics in live cells. Offered at |99% purity and lyophilized format. Multiple sizes and bulk discounts available.
https://www.cytoskeleton.com/tubulins/live-cell-imaging-tubulin/tl670m
Bio-Rad Rat anti Tubulin Alpha | Announcement | LabX Ad 4057299Bio-Rad Rat anti Tubulin Alpha | Announcement | LabX Ad 4057299
Rat anti Tubulin alpha antibody, clone YL1/2 recognizes the alpha subunit of tubulin, specifically binding tyrosylated Tubulin (Tyr-Tubulin) (Wehland
http://www.labx.com/item/bio-rad-rat-anti-tubulin-alpha/4057299
Aggregator | pharmamatrix.caAggregator | pharmamatrix.ca
The cardinal role of microtubules in cell mitosis makes them interesting drug targets for many pharmacological treatments, including those against cancer. Moreover, different expression patterns between cell types for several tubulin isotypes represent a great opportunity to improve the selectivity and specificity of the employed drugs and to design novel compounds with higher activity only on cells of interest. In this context, tubulin isotype βIII represents an excellent target for anti-tumoral therapies since it is overexpressed in most cancer cells and correlated with drug resistance. Colchicine is a well-known antimitotic agent, which is able to bind the tubulin dimer and to halt the mitotic process. However, it shows high toxicity also on normal cells and it is not specific for isotype βIII. In this context, the search for colchicine derivatives is a matter of great importance in cancer research. In this study, homology modeling techniques, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics ...
http://pharmamatrix.ca/aggregator
gamma Tubulin抗体(ab50721)| Abcam中国gamma Tubulin抗体(ab50721)| Abcam中国
购买gamma Tubulin兔多克隆抗体(ab50721)，gamma Tubulin抗体经WB验证，3篇文献引用，1个独立用户反馈。产品出库一年都在质保范围内。中国现货速达。
http://www.abcam.cn/gamma-tubulin-antibody-ab50721.html
Microtubule assembly-derived by dimerization of TPPP/p25. Evaluation of thermodynamic parameters for multiple equilibrium...Microtubule assembly-derived by dimerization of TPPP/p25. Evaluation of thermodynamic parameters for multiple equilibrium...
Background: The disordered Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein/p25 (TPPP/p25) modulates the dynamics and stability of the microtubule system. In this paper the role of dimerization in its microtubulerelated functions is established, and an approach is proposed to evaluate thermodynamic constants for multiple equilibrium systems from ITC measurements. Methods: For structural studies size exclusion chromatography, SDS-PAGE, chemical cross-linking, circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry were used; the functional effect was analyzed by tubulin polymerization assay. Numerical simulation of the multiple equilibrium was performed with Mathematica software. Results: The dimerization of TPPP/p25 is promoted by elevation of the protein concentration and by GTP addition. The dimeric form displaying enhanced tubulin polymerization promoting activity is stabilized by disulfide bond or chemical cross-linking. The GTP binding to the dimeric form ...
https://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/Articles/8368/
alpha Tubulin / TUBA1A / TUBA3 - AM39110PU-N | acris-antibodies.comalpha Tubulin / TUBA1A / TUBA3 - AM39110PU-N | acris-antibodies.com
alpha Tubulin / TUBA1A / TUBA3, 0.1 mg. Tubulin is one of the main components of the cytoskeleton. It is a heterodimeric structure consisting of interlocking alpha and beta chains.
https://www.acris-antibodies.com/antibodies/primary-antibodies/alpha-tubulin-tuba1a-tuba3-am39110pu-n.htm
Distinct populations of microtubules: tyrosinated and nontyrosinated alpha tubulin are distributed differently in vivoDistinct populations of microtubules: tyrosinated and nontyrosinated alpha tubulin are distributed differently in vivo
A unique post-translational modification of tubulin has previously been described in which a tyrosine residue is reversibly added to the C terminus of the alpha-tubulin subunit. We have prepared peptide antibodies that specifically react (shown by competitive immunoassay and Western blots) with the …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6386177/?dopt=Abstract
Anti-Tubulin Antibody Products | Biocompare.comAnti-Tubulin Antibody Products | Biocompare.com
44 reviews. Compare Anti-Tubulin Antibody Products from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, prices, citations, reviews, and more.
https://www.biocompare.com/pfu/110447/soids/4626/Antibodies/Tubulin?rlpi_8764=2
Severing enzymes amplify microtubule arrays through lattice GTP-tubulin incorporation | ScienceSevering enzymes amplify microtubule arrays through lattice GTP-tubulin incorporation | Science
Taxol-stabilized GDP-microtubules were prepared by polymerizing 10 μl of 100 μM glycerol-free porcine tubulin (Cytoskeleton, Denver, CO) in 80 mM K-PIPES (pH 6.8), 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 10% DMSO, and 1 mM GTP for 1 hour in a 37°C water bath. Taxol was added to 20 μM final concentration, and the reaction was incubated on the bench top for 1 to 2 hours. Microtubules were loaded onto a 60% glycerol cushion [BRB80, 60% (v/v) glycerol, and 20 μM Taxol] at 37°C by using a pipette tip with the tip cut off. Nonpolymerized tubulin was removed by centrifugation in a TLA100 rotor at 35,000 rpm for 15 min at 37°C. The pellet was gently resuspended to 2.5 μM tubulin in BRB80 supplemented with 20 μM Taxol and 1 mM GTP at 37°C by using a pipette tip with the tip cut off.. For GDP-microtubules, all polymerization and severing reactions were performed at 37°C. Twenty microliters of 100 μM glycerol-free porcine tubulin (Cytoskeleton) was polymerized in 10% DMSO, 1 mM GTP, and 10 mM MgCl2 for 1 hour ...
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6404/eaau1504
How cancer cells resist the action of microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic drugs? A study of β-tubulin mutations | Atlas of...How cancer cells resist the action of microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic drugs? A study of β-tubulin mutations | Atlas of...
Microtubules (MTs) are essential structural components of cells. They are made up of polymers of protein subunits of α,β-tubulin and are highly dynamic, undergoing rapid phases of assembly and disassembly. The dynamic behavior of MTs is essential for their cellular activities.
http://atlasofscience.org/how-cancer-cells-resist-the-action-of-microtubule-targeting-chemotherapeutic-drugs-a-study-of-%CE%B2-tubulin-mutations/
alpha Tubulin抗体[4G1] |Abcam中国|Anti-alpha Tubulin抗体[4G1]alpha Tubulin抗体[4G1] |Abcam中国|Anti-alpha Tubulin抗体[4G1]
alpha Tubulin小鼠单克隆抗体[4G1](ab28439)可与小鼠, 大鼠, 人样本反应并经WB, ELISA, Flow Cyt, ICC/IF实验严格验证，被3篇文献引用。所有产品均提供质保服务，中国75%以上现货。
http://www.abcam.cn/alpha-tubulin-antibody-4g1-ab28439.html
Phosphorylation of tubulin tyrosine ligase: a potential mechanism for regulation of alpha-tubulin tyrosinationPhosphorylation of tubulin tyrosine ligase: a potential mechanism for regulation of alpha-tubulin tyrosination
The tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle is a well-established posttranslational modification, which is carried out by two enzymes: Tubulin Tyrosine Ligase (TTL) and Tubulin Tyrosine Carboxypeptidase (TTCP). In this paper, I present evidence suggesting that the cycle itself is under the hierarc …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10842328/?dopt=Abstract
Plus itPlus it
Interfering with microtubule dynamics is a validated approach for anticancer treatment and by selectively targeting the colchicine binding site on tubulin, microtubule destabilizing agents can evade mechanisms of drug resistance that commonly develop with other antimitotic agents such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids. We have recently reported the discovery of a potent and metabolically stable tubulin inhibitor (DJ101) that specifically targets the colchicine binding site on the beta tubulin subunit, disrupts tubulin polymerization and effectively circumvents drug efflux pumps that decrease the efficacy of existing tubulin inhibitors. To further pre-clinically evaluate DJ101 as a novel tubulin inhibitor and confirm its mechanism of action, we first visually demonstrated the ability of DJ101 to disrupt microtubule dynamics and elucidated the changes in microtubule structure and cell morphology through immunofluorescence techniques. Furthermore, we solved the crystal structure of DJ101 in complex ...
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/77/13_Supplement/3223
Role of Fyn in the Rearrangement of Tubulin Cytoskeleton Induced through TCR | The Journal of ImmunologyRole of Fyn in the Rearrangement of Tubulin Cytoskeleton Induced through TCR | The Journal of Immunology
The translocation of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), its associated signaling complex, and the secretory apparatus is the most characteristic early event that involves the tubulin cytoskeleton of T or NK cells after their interaction with APC or target cells. Our results show that Fyn kinase activity is essential for MTOC reorientation in an Ag-dependent system. Moreover, T cells from Fyn-deficient mice are unable to rearrange their tubulin cytoskeleton in response to anti-CD3-coated beads. Analysis of conjugates of T cells from transgenic OT-I mice with dendritic cells revealed that an antagonist peptide induces translocation of the MTOC, and that this process is impaired in T cells from Fyn−/− OT-I mice. In addition, Fyn deficiency significantly affects the MTOC relocation mediated by agonist peptide stimulation. These results reveal Fyn to be a key regulator of tubulin cytoskeleton reorganization in T cells.. ...
https://www.jimmunol.org/content/176/7/4201.abstract
Identification of a class of novel tubulin inhibitors<...Identification of a class of novel tubulin inhibitors<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Identification of a class of novel tubulin inhibitors. AU - Yi, Xin. AU - Zhong, Bo. AU - Smith, Kerri M.. AU - Geldenhuys, Werner J.. AU - Feng, Ye. AU - Pink, John J.. AU - Dowlati, Afshin. AU - Xu, Yan. AU - Zhou, Aimin. AU - Su, Bin. PY - 2012/4/12. Y1 - 2012/4/12. N2 - We previously developed a series of anticancer agents based on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor nimesulide as a lead compound. However, the molecular targets of these agents still remain unclear. In this study, we synthesized a biotinylated probe based on a representative molecule of the compound library and performed protein pull-down assays to purify the anticancer targets of the compound. Via proteomic approaches, the major proteins bound to the probe were identified to be tubulin and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), and the compound inhibited tubulin polymerization by binding at the colchicine domain. However, the tubulin inhibitory effect of the compound activated the Hsp27 phosphorylation and possibly ...
https://scholars.houstonmethodist.org/en/publications/identification-of-a-class-of-novel-tubulin-inhibitors
Conformational study of calf brain tubulin<...Conformational study of calf brain tubulin<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Conformational study of calf brain tubulin. AU - Lee, James C.. AU - Corfman, Debra. AU - Frigon, Ronald P.. AU - Timasheff, Serge N.. PY - 1978/1/15. Y1 - 1978/1/15. N2 - The conformation of calf brain tubulin has been monitored by circular dichroism, optical rotatory dispersion, and spectrophotometric titration as a function of pH, temperature, ligand concentrations, and denaturants. At pH 7, calf brain tubulin maintains its structural integrity between 5 and 37 °C as determined by circular dichroism. Furthermore, the presence of MgCl2 up to 1.6 × 10-2m does not induce any observable changes in the circular dichroism spectra, nor does 10-4m CaCl2. With increasing pH, the spectral data can best be described as a gradual loosening of the secondary structure between pH 7 and 9. Both spectral and titrimetric data suggest a major unfolding of tubulin between pH 9 and 10. The apparent pK of tyrosine shifts from 10.85 to 9.98 upon transferring from buffer to 6 m guanidine ...
https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/conformational-study-of-calf-brain-tubulin
Vasohibins encode tubulin detyrosinating activity<...Vasohibins encode tubulin detyrosinating activity<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Vasohibins encode tubulin detyrosinating activity. AU - Nieuwenhuis, Joppe. AU - Adamopoulos, Athanassios. AU - Bleijerveld, Onno B. AU - Mazouzi, Abdelghani. AU - Stickel, Elmer. AU - Celie, Patrick. AU - Altelaar, Maarten. AU - Knipscheer, Puck. AU - Perrakis, Anastassis. AU - Blomen, Vincent A. AU - Brummelkamp, Thijn R. N1 - Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.. PY - 2017/12/15. Y1 - 2017/12/15. N2 - Tubulin is subjected to a number of posttranslational modifications to generate heterogeneous microtubules. The modifications include removal and ligation of the C-terminal tyrosine of ⍺-tubulin. The enzymes responsible for detyrosination, an activity first observed 40 years ago, have remained elusive. We applied a genetic screen in haploid human cells to find regulators of tubulin detyrosination. We identified SVBP, a peptide that regulates the ...
https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/vasohibins-encode-tubulin-detyrosinating-activity
Exbio antibodies - Mouse Monoclonal to alpha, beta-tubulin dimer TU-10 (IgM)Exbio antibodies - Mouse Monoclonal to alpha, beta-tubulin dimer TU-10 (IgM)
The microtubules are intracellular dynamic polymers made up of evolutionarily conserved polymorphic alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimers and a large number of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The microtubules consist of 13 protofilaments and have an outer diameter 25 nm. Microtubules have their intrinsic polarity; highly dynamic plus ends and less dynamic minus ends. Microtubules are required for vital processes in eukaryotic cells including mitosis, meiosis, maintenance of cell shape and intracellular transport. Microtubules are also necessary for movement of cells by means of flagella and cilia. In mammalian tissue culture cells microtubules have their minus ends anchored in microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). The GTP (guanosintriphosphate) molecule is an essential for tubulin heterodimer to associate with other heterodimers to form microtubule. In vivo, microtubule dynamics vary considerably. Microtubule polymerization is reversible and a populations of microtubules in cells are on ...
http://www.exbio.cz/products/clone.py?START=11&VIEW=1
Theoretical Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics at All TimesTheoretical Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics at All Times
Microtubules are biopolymers consisting of tubulin dimer subunits. As a major component of cytoskeleton they are essential for supporting most important cellular processes such as cell division, signaling, intracellular transport and cell locomotion. The hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecules attached to each tubulin subunit supports the nonequilibrium nature of microtubule dynamics. One of the most spectacular properties of microtubules is their dynamic instability when their growth from continuous attachment of tubulin dimers stochastically alternates with periods of shrinking. Despite the critical importance of this process to all cellular activities, its mechanism remains not fully understood. We investigated theoretically microtubule dynamics at all times by analyzing explicitly temporal evolution of various length clusters of unhydrolyzed subunits. It is found that the dynamic behavior of microtubules depends strongly on initial conditions. Our theoretical findings provide a ...
https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/78733
Mitotic phosphorylation by NEK6 and NEK7 reduces the microtubule affinity of EML4 to promote chromosome congression | Science...Mitotic phosphorylation by NEK6 and NEK7 reduces the microtubule affinity of EML4 to promote chromosome congression | Science...
The mechanism by which EML4 stabilizes microtubules in cells, either directly or indirectly, also remains enigmatic. However, EML4 shares many features with the ch-TOG (XMAP215) family of MAPs in that both proteins have separable domains for binding the microtubule lattice and soluble tubulin. ch-TOG acts as a processive microtubule polymerase by binding to the microtubule with a basic region and then using its multiple TOG domains to add soluble tubulin to the growing microtubule plus-ends (40, 41). However, although EML4 has a basic NTD that binds the microtubule polymer and a TAPE domain that binds soluble tubulin, there was no detectable concentration of EML4 at plus ends of microtubules where it could promote growth through acting as a microtubule polymerase. Similar to tau, EML4 is abundant in the nervous system, suggesting that it may have a major function in stabilizing the long microtubules present in neurons (11). At the molecular level, proteins of the tau family bind to more than one ...
https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/12/594/eaaw2939
Exbio antibodies - Mouse Monoclonal to alpha, beta-tubulin dimer TU-10 (IgM)Exbio antibodies - Mouse Monoclonal to alpha, beta-tubulin dimer TU-10 (IgM)
The microtubules are intracellular dynamic polymers made up of evolutionarily conserved polymorphic alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimers and a large number of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The microtubules consist of 13 protofilaments and have an outer diameter 25 nm. Microtubules have their intrinsic polarity; highly dynamic plus ends and less dynamic minus ends. Microtubules are required for vital processes in eukaryotic cells including mitosis, meiosis, maintenance of cell shape and intracellular transport. Microtubules are also necessary for movement of cells by means of flagella and cilia. In mammalian tissue culture cells microtubules have their minus ends anchored in microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). The GTP (guanosintriphosphate) molecule is an essential for tubulin heterodimer to associate with other heterodimers to form microtubule. In vivo, microtubule dynamics vary considerably. Microtubule polymerization is reversible and a populations of microtubules in cells are on ...
http://www.exbio.cz/products/clone.py?idclone=CLO000000000000287
ABL1 | Vascular Dysfunction Induced in Offspring by Maternal Dietary FatABL1 | Vascular Dysfunction Induced in Offspring by Maternal Dietary Fat
Reversible acetylation of -tubulin can be an evolutionarily conserved modification in microtubule networks. SP1-reliant IL-10 transcription. Amazingly, the augmented p38 signaling is definitely suppressed by MEC17 inactivation. Our results determine reversible microtubule acetylation like a kinase signaling modulator and an essential component in the inflammatory response. Intro Acetylation on lysine (K) 40 of -tubulin can be an evolutionarily conserved changes managed from the acetyltransferase MEC17 (also termed TAT1)1, 2 as well as the deacetylase HDAC63, 4. The prevalence and extremely enriched distribution of -tubulin acetylation in the microtubule network suggests a simple function of the changes5, 6. 488-81-3 manufacture Remarkably, mice missing MEC17 or HDAC6 are grossly regular despite an extraordinary perturbation in microtubule acetylation7C10. -tubulin acetylation on K40 can be dispensable in Tetrahymena11. Hence under laboratory circumstances, microtubule acetylation is certainly ...
http://sc-26196.com/tag/abl1/
Tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12 links to prostate cancer through tubulin posttranslational modification and chromosome ploidy -...Tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12 links to prostate cancer through tubulin posttranslational modification and chromosome ploidy -...
Wiley Online Library is migrating to a new platform powered by Atypon, the leading provider of scholarly publishing platforms. The new Wiley Online Library will be migrated over the weekend of February 24 and 25 and will be live on February 26, 2018. For more information, please visit our migration page:http://www.wileyactual.com/WOLMigration ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.25261/references
A centrosomal protein FOR20 regulates microtubule assembly dynamics and plays a role in cell migration | Biochemical JournalA centrosomal protein FOR20 regulates microtubule assembly dynamics and plays a role in cell migration | Biochemical Journal
Here, we report that a centrosomal protein FOR20 [FOP (FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) oncogene protein)-like protein of molecular mass of 20 kDa; also named as C16orf63, FLJ31153 or PHSECRG2] can regulate the assembly and stability of microtubules. Both FOR20 IgG antibody and GST (glutathione S-transferase)-tagged FOR20 could precipitate tubulin from the HeLa cell extract, indicating a possible interaction between FOR20 and tubulin. FOR20 was also detected in goat brain tissue extract and it cycled with microtubule-associated proteins. Furthermore, FOR20 bound to purified tubulin and inhibited the assembly of tubulin in vitro. The overexpression of FOR20 depolymerized interphase microtubules and the depletion of FOR20 prevented nocodazole-induced depolymerization of microtubules in HeLa cells. In addition, the depletion of FOR20 suppressed the dynamics of individual microtubules in live HeLa cells. FOR20-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells displayed zigzag motion and migrated at a slower rate ...
http://www.biochemj.org/content/474/16/2841
AID 214727 - Tested for the inhibition of binding of 5 uM [3H]-colchicine to purified tubulin at 37 degree Centigrade - PubChemAID 214727 - Tested for the inhibition of binding of 5 uM [3H]-colchicine to purified tubulin at 37 degree Centigrade - PubChem
BioAssay record AID 214727 submitted by ChEMBL: Tested for the inhibition of binding of 5 uM [3H]-colchicine to purified tubulin at 37 degree Centigrade.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/214727
Zinc in the structure of Drosophila Nod (3DC4) and Bovine Tubulin (1JFF) Docked Into The 11-Angstrom Cryo-Em Map of Nucleotide...Zinc in the structure of Drosophila Nod (3DC4) and Bovine Tubulin (1JFF) Docked Into The 11-Angstrom Cryo-Em Map of Nucleotide...
Mono- and Stereopictres of 5.0 Angstrom coordination sphere of Zinc atom in PDB 3dco: Drosophila Nod (3DC4) and Bovine Tubulin (1JFF) Docked Into The 11-Angstrom Cryo-Em Map of Nucleotide-Free Nod Complexed to the Microtubule
http://zinc.atomistry.com/pdb3dco.html
Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody - Loading Control (ab4074) | AbcamAnti-alpha Tubulin antibody - Loading Control (ab4074) | Abcam
Rabbit polyclonal alpha Tubulin antibody - Loading Control. Validated in WB, ICC/IF and tested in Mouse, Rat, Chicken, Cow, Human, Chinese hamster. Cited in 263 publication(s). Independently reviewed…
https://www.abcam.com/alpha-tubulin-antibody-loading-control-ab4074.html
RCSB PDB - 4AQV: Model of human kinesin-5 motor domain (3HQD) and mammalian tubulin heterodimer (1JFF) docked into the 9.7...RCSB PDB - 4AQV: Model of human kinesin-5 motor domain (3HQD) and mammalian tubulin heterodimer (1JFF) docked into the 9.7...
4AQV: Model of human kinesin-5 motor domain (3HQD) and mammalian tubulin heterodimer (1JFF) docked into the 9.7-angstrom cryo-EM map of microtubule-bound kinesin-5 motor domain in the AMPPPNP state.
https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4AQV
AMPK activation promotes lipid droplet dispersion on detyrosinated microtubules to increase mitochondrial fatty acid oxidationAMPK activation promotes lipid droplet dispersion on detyrosinated microtubules to increase mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation
Lipid droplets (LDs) are intracellular organelles that provide fatty acids (FAs) to cellular processes including synthesis of membranes and production of metabolic energy. While known to move bidirectionally along microtubules (MTs), the role of LD motion and whether it facilitates interaction with other organelles are unclear. Here we show that during nutrient starvation, LDs and mitochondria relocate on detyrosinated MT from the cell centre to adopt a dispersed distribution. In the cell periphery, LD-mitochondria interactions increase and LDs efficiently supply FAs for mitochondrial beta-oxidation. This cellular adaptation requires the activation of the energy sensor AMPK, which in response to starvation simultaneously increases LD motion, reorganizes the network of detyrosinated MTs and activates mitochondria. In conclusion, we describe the existence of a specialized cellular network connecting the cellular energetic status and MT dynamics to coordinate the functioning of LDs and mitochondria ...
http://www.recercat.cat/handle/2072/302351
Anti Tubulin Alpha 1A Chain Antibody, clone OTI2C8 (PrecisionAb Monoclonal Antibody) | Bio-RadAnti Tubulin Alpha 1A Chain Antibody, clone OTI2C8 (PrecisionAb Monoclonal Antibody) | Bio-Rad
Tubulin alpha 1A chain antibody for detecting human tubulin alpha-1A chain. Validated on up to 12 cell lysates for western blotting. Try a trial size today.
https://www.bio-rad-antibodies.com/monoclonal/human-tubulin-alpha-1a-chain-antibody-oti2c8-vma00173.html
Spast - Spastin - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Spast gene & proteinSpast - Spastin - Mus musculus (Mouse) - Spast gene & protein
ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein that specifically recognizes and cuts microtubules that are polyglutamylated (PubMed:19141076 PubMed:20530212). Preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold (By similarity). Severing activity is not dependent on tubulin acetylation or detyrosination (By similarity). Microtubule severing promotes reorganization of cellular microtubule arrays and the release of microtubules from the centrosome following nucleation (By similarity). It is critical for the biogenesis and maintenance of complex microtubule arrays in axons, spindles and cilia (By similarity). SPAST is involved in abscission step of cytokinesis and nuclear envelope reassembly during anaphase in cooperation with the ESCRT-III complex (By similarity). Recruited at the midbody, probably by IST1, and participates in
https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9QYY8
Plus itPlus it
The taccalonolides are highly acetylated steroids that stabilize cellular microtubules and overcome multiple mechanisms of taxane resistance. Recently, two potent taccalonolides, AF and AJ, were identified that bind to tubulin directly and enhance microtubule polymerization. Extensive studies were conducted to characterize these new taccalonolides. AF and AJ caused aberrant mitotic spindles and bundling of interphase microtubules that differed from the effects of either paclitaxel or laulimalide. AJ also distinctly affected microtubule polymerization in that it enhanced the rate and extent of polymerization in the absence of any noticeable effect on microtubule nucleation. In addition, the resulting microtubules were found to be profoundly cold stable. These data, along with studies showing synergistic antiproliferative effects between AJ and either paclitaxel or laulimalide, suggest a distinct binding site. Direct binding studies demonstrated that AJ could not be displaced from microtubules by ...
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/07/0008-5472.CAN-13-1346
Contractile proteins (actin, myosin) and tubulin are revealed within DNA-containing nucleocytoplasm in mature spermatozoa of...Contractile proteins (actin, myosin) and tubulin are revealed within DNA-containing nucleocytoplasm in mature spermatozoa of...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Contractile proteins (actin, myosin) and tubulin are revealed within DNA-containing nucleocytoplasm in mature spermatozoa of Libinia emarginata L.. AU - Perez, R. A.. AU - Langford, G. M.. AU - Eckberg, W. R.. AU - Anderson, W. A.. PY - 1986. Y1 - 1986. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0022636940&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0022636940&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 2427742. AN - SCOPUS:0022636940. VL - 18. SP - 471. EP - 480. JO - Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology. JF - Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology. IS - 3. ER - ...
https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/contractile-proteins-actin-myosin-and-tubulin-are-revealed-within
An essential quality control mechanism at the eukaryotic basal body prior to intraflagellar transport. - Lancaster EPrintsAn essential quality control mechanism at the eukaryotic basal body prior to intraflagellar transport. - Lancaster EPrints
Constructing a eukaryotic cilium/flagellum is a demanding task requiring the transport of proteins from their cytoplasmic synthesis site into a spatially and environmentally distinct cellular compartment. The clear potential hazard is that import of aberrant proteins could seriously disable cilia/flagella assembly or turnover processes. Here, we reveal that tubulin protein destined for incorporation into axonemal microtubules interacts with a tubulin cofactor C (TBCC) domain-containing protein that is specifically located at the mature basal body transitional fibres. RNA interference-mediated ablation of this protein results in axonemal microtubule defects but no effect on other microtubule populations within the cell. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that this protein belongs to a clade of flagellum-specific TBCC-like proteins that includes the human protein, XRP2, mutations which lead to certain forms of the hereditary eye disease retinitis pigmentosa. Taken with other observations regarding ...
http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/9241/
Participation of guanine nucleotides in nucleation and elongation steps of microtubule assembly.<...Participation of guanine nucleotides in nucleation and elongation steps of microtubule assembly.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Participation of guanine nucleotides in nucleation and elongation steps of microtubule assembly.. AU - Karr, T. L.. AU - Podrasky, A. E.. AU - Purich, D. L.. PY - 1979/11. Y1 - 1979/11. N2 - Critical concentrations for formation of microtubules from subunits with GTP and its beta, gamma-imido and beta, gamma-methylene analogs are similar when adequate time is given for equilibration. Dilution of microtubules into GTP and GDP yielded values of 0.1 and 0.19 mg/ml for the critical concentration, results similar to those reported by Carlier and Pantaloni [Carlier, M. & Pantaloni, D. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1908-1915]. GDP is capable of supporting elongation of preformed microtubules, but it efficiently poisons the nucleation events. Reported experiments also demonstrate that the critical tubulin concentration of the tubulin-GDP complex can be accurately measured in both the assembly and disassembly directions. Evidence is presented that GTP is involved in early nucleation events but ...
https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/participation-of-guanine-nucleotides-in-nucleation-and-elongation
Plus itPlus it
A study of the interaction of colchicine and purified rat brain microtubule protein is presented. Experimental data agree with a theory derived to describe the system. Protein stabilized with 0.1 mM vinblastine and 1 mM GTP lost the ability to bind colchicine in a first-order reaction, with a rate constant of 1.1 ± 0.1 x 10-5 sec -1. The colchicine-microtubule protein complex appeared to be stable. The rate constant for the second-order association of colchicine and microtubule protein is 128.7 ± 6.5 M-1 sec-1, while the rate constant for dissociation is 8.1 ± 0.8 x 10-6 sec-1. The dissociation constant calculated from these two numbers is 6.3 x 10-8 M. By using other ligands to perturb the interaction between colchicine and microtubule protein, the affinities of these ligands for microtubule protein could be measured. The methods developed are applicable in general for ligands of microtubule protein. Podophyllotoxin binds firmly to microtubule protein (Kd = 0.28 ± 0.06 µM), while ...
http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/13/3/560
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ABT-751 (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) is an orally bioavailable sulfonamide that binds to the colchicine binding site on β-tubulin and inhibits the polymerization of microtubules (1, 2). ABT-751 had antitumor activity in a panel of 30 tumor cell lines in vitro including cell lines resistant to Vinca alkaloids and taxanes due to P-glycoprotein overexpression (3). In pediatric solid tumor cell lines, the ABT-751 IC50 was ,3 μmol/L in neuroblastoma cell lines and ,6 μmol/L in other pediatric solid tumor cell lines (4). ABT-751 was active as a single agent in xenograft models of human tumors including gastric, colorectal, lung, and breast cancer models (3), and in combination, ABT-751 enhanced the efficacy of radiation, cisplatin, and fluorouracil (5). In childhood cancer murine models, ABT-751 resulted in the regression of rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms tumor models and prolonged time to tumor progression in neuroblastoma xenografts (6).. In adults with refractory solid tumors, a dose ...
http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/14/4/1111
THE ROLE OF DIVA IN CELL DIFFERENTIATION | ScholarBank@NUSTHE ROLE OF DIVA IN CELL DIFFERENTIATION | [email protected]
Diva (death inducer binding to vBcl-2 and Apaf-1) is a Bcl-2 family member, and has been reported to play roles in apoptosis and oocyte maturation. Diva has also been shown to interact with Nm23-H2/NDPK B, which is involved in cellular differentiation. The main aim of this study was to elucidate the function and possible mechanisms for Diva in cellular differentiation in the brain. In the present study, in PC-12 cells, Diva expression was decreased after differentiation and reciprocally, NDPK B expression was increased and it translocated into the nucleus. Endogenous Diva was also shown to interact with both ß-tubulin and NDPK B. Overexpression of Diva in PC-12 cells did not change the expression level of NDPK B, but inhibited its nuclear localization. Diva-overexpressing cells had a decreased percentage of differentiated cells and average neurite length was shortened. This was due to the formation of more Diva/NDPK B and Diva/ß-tubulin complexes, at the expense of NDPK B/ß-tubulin complexes. ...
http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/34692
Microtubule Self-Assembly Kinetics - Durham UniversityMicrotubule Self-Assembly Kinetics - Durham University
5 September 2013 14:00 in CM101. Microtubule assembly and disassembly is vital for many fundamental cellular processes. Our current understanding of microtubule assembly kinetics is based on a one-dimensional assembly model, which assumes that each protofilament of a microtubule behaves independently. In this model, the subunit disassociation rate from a microtubule tip is independent of free subunit concentration. Using Total-Internal-Reflection-Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and a laser tweezers assay to measure in vitro microtubule assembly with nanometer resolution accuracy, we now find that the subunit dissociation rate from a microtubule tip increases at higher free subunit concentrations. This is because there is a shift in microtubule tip structure from relatively blunt at low free concentrations to relatively tapered at high free concentrations, which we confirmed experimentally by TIRF microscopy. Because both the association and the dissociation rates increase at higher free subunit ...
https://www.dur.ac.uk/mathematical.sciences/events/seminars/seminararchives/?seminar=3361
Bulinski | Columbia University : Biological SciencesBulinski | Columbia University : Biological Sciences
The common theme of our labs research is the function of microtubules in directed cell motility. Mostmicrotubules in proliferating cells are highly dynamic, that is, assembly of microtubulesfrom tubulin subunits and disassembly of microtubule polymers into subunits, occurs within a matter of minutes. However, differentiating and migrating cells in culture or within vertebrate organisms selectively stabilize a subset of microtubules.For example, migratingfibroblasts use the polarization of stabilized microtubules as a determinants of persistent motility in that direction.. Meanwhile, since several cytoplasmic enzymes are capable of post-translationally modifying the tubulin subunits found within microtubule polymers. These post-translational modifications confer one or more chemical marks along the length of microtubules in the stable subpopulation. The selective stabilization of microtubules that face the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts has been studied rather extensively; our work has ...
http://biology.columbia.edu/people/bulinski
Vascular targeting in pancreatic cancer: the novel tubulin-binding agent ZD6126 reveals antitumor activity in primary and...Vascular targeting in pancreatic cancer: the novel tubulin-binding agent ZD6126 reveals antitumor activity in primary and...
ZD6126 is a novel vascular-targeting agent that acts by disrupting the tubulin cytoskeleton of an immature tumor endothelium, leading to an occlusion of tumor blood vessels and a subsequent tumor necrosis. We wanted to evaluate ZD6126 in primary and metastatic tumor models of human pancreatic cancer. Nude mice were injected orthotopically with L3.6pl pancreatic cancer cells. In single and multiple dosing experiments, mice received ZD6126, gemcitabine, a combination of both agents, or no treatment. For the induction of metastatic diseases, additional groups of mice were injected with L3.6pl cells into the spleen. Twenty-four hours after a single-dose treatment, ZD6126 therapy led to an extensive central tumor necrosis, which was not seen after gemcitabine treatment. Multiple dosing of ZD6126 resulted in a significant growth inhibition of primary tumors and a marked reduction of spontaneous liver and lymph node metastases. Experimental metastatic diseases could be significantly controlled by a combination
https://www.oncology.ox.ac.uk/publications/315726
Profile | Biosciences | University of ExeterProfile | Biosciences | University of Exeter
Mitotic spindles are primarily composed of microtubules (MTs), generated by polymerization of α- and β-Tubulin hetero-dimers [1, 2]. Tubulins undergo a series of protein folding and post-translational modifications in order to fulfill their functions [3, 4]. Defects in Tubulin polymerization dramatically affect spindle formation and disrupt chromosome segregation. We recently described a role for the product of the conserved misato (mst) gene in regulating mitotic MT generation in flies [5], but the molecular function of Mst remains unknown. Here, we use affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to identify interacting partners of Mst in the Drosophila embryo. We demonstrate that Mst associates stoichiometrically with the hetero-octameric Tubulin Chaperone Protein-1 (TCP-1) complex, with the hetero-hexameric Tubulin Prefoldin complex, and with proteins having conserved roles in generating MT-competent Tubulin. We show that RNAi-mediated invivo depletion of any TCP-1 subunit phenocopies ...
http://biosciences.exeter.ac.uk/staff/profile/index.php?web_id=james_wakefield&tab=pubs&view=date
3 -Hydroxy-3,4 -dimethoxyflavone blocks tubulin polymerization and is a potent apoptotic inducer in human SK-MEL-1 melanoma...3 -Hydroxy-3,4 -dimethoxyflavone blocks tubulin polymerization and is a potent apoptotic inducer in human SK-MEL-1 melanoma...
Flavonoids are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds and are among the most promising anticancer agents. A series of flavonols and their 3-methyl ether derivatives were synthesized and assessed for cytotoxicity. It was found that 3′-hydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxyflavone (flavonoid 7a) displayed strong cytotoxicity against human SK-MEL-1 melanoma cells and blocked tubulin polymerization, but had no significant cytotoxic effects against quiescent or proliferating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our analyses showed that flavonoid 7a induces G2-M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in melanoma cells which is associated with cytochrome c release and activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways of cell death ...
https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/handle/10553/53525
Lexibulin | CYT997 | CAS#917111-44-5 | CAS#917111-49-0 | tubulin inhibitor | MedKoo BiosciencesLexibulin | CYT997 | CAS#917111-44-5 | CAS#917111-49-0 | tubulin inhibitor | MedKoo Biosciences
Lexibulin, also known as CYT997, is a n orally bioavailable small-molecule with tubulin-inhibiting, vascular-disrupting, and potential antineoplastic activities. Lexibulin inhibits tubulin polymerization in tumor blood vessel endothelial cells and tumor cells, blocking the formation of the mitotic spindle and leading to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase; this may result in disruption of the tumor vasculature and tumor blood flow, and tumor cell death. Check for active clinical trials or closed clinical trials using this agent.
http://www.medkoo.com/products/5399
Leicester Research Archive: Nek6 Controls Mitotic Progression through Regulating EML3 Localisation to Spindle MicrotubulesLeicester Research Archive: Nek6 Controls Mitotic Progression through Regulating EML3 Localisation to Spindle Microtubules
EMLs are a highly conserved family of microtubule-associated proteins that play a role in microtubule stability. In humans there are six EMLs. EML1, EML2, EML3 and EML4 consist of a largely unstructured basic N-terminal domain (NTD) that contains a short coiled-coil mediating trimerisation, and a highly structured C-terminal domain (CTD) named the TAPE domain. Microtubule binding is conferred through the NTD whilst the TAPE domain binds to soluble tubulin dimers. EML5 and EML6 lack the N-terminal region but have three continuous TAPE domains encoded within a single polypeptide. Previous proteomic studies had identified EML3 as a binding partner of Nek6, a serine/threonine kinase that promotes mitotic spindle assembly. In this study, we have explored the microtubule binding properties of EML3 and its regulation by Nek6. Using a stable cell line expressing YFP-EML3, fixed and time lapse imaging revealed that EML3 associates along the length of microtubules and exhibits rapid recovery following ...
https://lra.le.ac.uk/handle/2381/37774
Two β-tubulin genes, TUB1 and TUB8, of Arabidopsis exhibit largely nonoverlapping patterns of expression, Plant Molecular...Two β-tubulin genes, TUB1 and TUB8, of Arabidopsis exhibit largely nonoverlapping patterns of expression, Plant Molecular...
Read Two β-tubulin genes, TUB1 and TUB8, of Arabidopsis exhibit largely nonoverlapping patterns of expression, Plant Molecular Biology on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer_journal/two-tubulin-genes-tub1-and-tub8-of-arabidopsis-exhibit-largely-IoFmKnB7CS
Microtubule assembly dynamics: an attractive target for antica...Microtubule assembly dynamics: an attractive target for antica...
Microtubule assembly dynamics: an attractive target for anticancer drugs.: Microtubules, composed of alphabeta tubulin dimers, are dynamic polymers of eukaryoti
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/microtubule-assembly-dynamics-attractive-target-anticancer-drugs-259686bd
Polewards chromosome movement driven by microtubule depolymerization in vitro.Polewards chromosome movement driven by microtubule depolymerization in vitro.
We constructed complexes between isolated chromosomes and microtubules made from purified tubulin to study the movement of chromosomes towards the minus end of microtubules in vitro, a process analogous to the movement of chromosomes towards the pole of the spindle at anaphase of mitosis. Our results show that the energy for this movement is derived solely from microtubule depolymerization, and indicate that anaphase movement of chromosomes is both powered and regulated by microtubule depolymerization at the kinetochore ...
http://vivo.mblwhoilibrary.org/display/publication43883
Colchicine inhibits microtubuleColchicine inhibits microtubule
Activation by Microtubule-Promoting Cosolvents. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. February 3, Letters to Editor: Wheat is typically tetraploid and rye diploid, with their triploid hybrid infertile; treatment of triploid triticale with colchicine gives fertile hexaploid triticale.. Biochemical Pharmacology 78 9 A fluorescence stopped flow study of colchicine binding to tubulin. Soft Matter 7 24 Microtubules are long polymers made of smaller units monomers of the protein tubulin. Symptoms of toxicity include gastrointestinal upset, fever, muscle painlow blood cell countsand organ failure.. More:. ...
http://tropicalmoka.com/claritin-loratadine/colchicine-inhibits-microtubule.php
AID 332145 - Induction of cellular microtubule disrupting activity in rat A10 cells at 1 ug/ml after 24 hrs by indirect...AID 332145 - Induction of cellular microtubule disrupting activity in rat A10 cells at 1 ug/ml after 24 hrs by indirect...
BioAssay record AID 332145 submitted by ChEMBL: Induction of cellular microtubule disrupting activity in rat A10 cells at 1 ug/ml after 24 hrs by indirect immunofluorescence technique.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/332145
AMRI Signs Agreement for Exclusive License of its Tubulin Inhibitor Program ... ( ALBANY N.Y. Feb. 11 2013 /- (L...)AMRI Signs Agreement for Exclusive License of its Tubulin Inhibitor Program ... ( ALBANY N.Y. Feb. 11 2013 /- (L...)
... ALBANY N.Y. Feb. 11 2013 /- ...(Logo: a href http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120229/NY611...Under the terms of the license agreement AMRI received an undisclosed... We are very pleased to continue to work with Bessor on the further de...,AMRI,Signs,Agreement,for,Exclusive,License,of,its,Tubulin,Inhibitor,Program,for,Cancer,biological,advanced biology technology,biology laboratory technology,biology device technology,latest biology technology
http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-technology-1/AMRI-Signs-Agreement-for-Exclusive-License-of-its-Tubulin-Inhibitor-Program-for-Cancer-24442-1/
Alpha-tubulin 3CAlpha-tubulin 3C
Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. The alpha and beta tubulins represent the ... Takeoka A, Shimizu M, Horio T (Dec 2000). "Identification of an alpha-tubulin mutant of fission yeast from gamma-tubulin- ... Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA3C gene.[3][4] ... "Entrez Gene: TUBA3C tubulin, alpha 3c".. *^ Klein C, Kramer EM, Cardine AM, Schraven B, Brandt R, Trotter J (Feb 2002). " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA3C
ProsthecobacterProsthecobacter
Tubulins, which are components of the microtubule, have never been observed in Gracilicutes before. Tubulin was long thought to ... These genes are called bacterial tubulin a (BtubA) and bacterial tubulin b (BtubB). The properties are not exactly same. ... Nogales E, Downing KH, Amos LA, Löwe J (June 1998). "Tubulin and FtsZ form a distinct family of GTPases". Nature Structural ... Larsen RA, Cusumano C, Fujioka A, Lim-Fong G, Patterson P, Pogliano J (June 2007). "Treadmilling of a prokaryotic tubulin-like ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthecobacter
PolyglycylationPolyglycylation
... of delta2 tubulin". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (48): 46140-46144. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208065200. PMID 12356754.. ... Polyglycylation is a form of posttranslational modification of glutamate residues of the carboxyl-terminal region tubulin in ... Banerjee Asok (2002). "Coordination of posttranslational modifications of bovine brain alpha-tubulin. ... "Polyglycylation of tubulin: a posttranslational modification in axonemal microtubules". Science. 266 (5191): 1688-1691. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglycylation
Bacillus thuringiensisBacillus thuringiensis
Tubulin was long thought to be specific to eukaryotes. More recently, however, several prokaryotic proteins have been shown to ... doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7686-4_2. ISBN 978-1-4419-7685-7. Nogales E, Downing KH, Amos LA, Löwe J (June 1998). "Tubulin and FtsZ ... Larsen RA, Cusumano C, Fujioka A, Lim-Fong G, Patterson P, Pogliano J (June 2007). "Treadmilling of a prokaryotic tubulin-like ... Yutin N, Koonin EV (March 2012). "Archaeal origin of tubulin". Biology Direct. 7: 10. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-7-10. PMC 3349469. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis
KataninKatanin
ATP hydrolysis is stimulated at a low tubulin/At-p60 ratio and inhibited at higher ratios. The low ratios favor the katanin ... The predicted conformational change also likely decreases the affinity of katanin for tubulin as well as for other katanin ... During cell division, severing at the spindle pole produces free microtubule ends and allows poleward flux of tubulin and ... An experiment using time-lapse digital imaging of fluorescently labeled tubulin demonstrated that axon growth cones pause, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanin
Gary BorisyGary Borisy
Wells, W. A. (2005). "The discovery of tubulin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 169 (4): 552. doi:10.1083/jcb1694fta1. PMC ... characterizing tubulin and its role in cell division. He then did a postdoc at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Borisy
Edwin W. TaylorEdwin W. Taylor
His work in the laboratory not only led to his discovery of tubulin, the protein subunit of microtubules, but it also developed ... After the introduction of tubulin, Taylor was conflicted on what moves the chromosomes and what caused the motile system to ... Crasta, Karen; Aneja, Ritu (September 2017). "50 years on … the discovery of tubulin continues to advance cancer treatment". ... Wells, William A. (2005-05-23). "The discovery of tubulin". Journal of Cell Biology. 169 (4): 552. doi:10.1083/jcb1694fta1. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_W._Taylor
Pericentriolar materialPericentriolar material
The PCM contains proteins responsible for microtubule nucleation and anchoring including γ-tubulin, pericentrin and ninein. ... Eddé, B.; Rossier; Le Caer; Desbruyères; Gros; Denoulet (1990). "Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin". Science. ... Tubulin epsilon chain PCNT, pericentrin, a matrix scaffold protein CDK5RAP2, cyclin dependant kinase receptor associated ... protein 2, binds gTubRCs that nucleate microtubules NEDD1, binds gTubRCs that stabilise microtubules Gamma Tubulin, nucleates ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericentriolar_material
ETV6ETV6
"TTL tubulin tyrosine ligase (human)". Entrez Gene. "CHIC2 cysteine rich hydrophobic domain 2 (human)". Entrez Gene. "MDS2 ... adds and removes tyrosine residues on α-tubulin), GOT1 (an Aspartate transaminase), and ACSL6 (a Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETV6
Gunda GeorgGunda Georg
Coulup, S. K.; Huang, D. S.; Wong, H. L.; Georg, G. I. Identification of the Metabolic Profile of the ?-Tubulin-binding Natural ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunda_Georg
Post-translational modificationPost-translational modification
See tubulin polyglutamylase) polyglycylation, covalent linkage of one to more than 40 glycine residues to the tubulin C- ... covalent linkage of glutamic acid residues to the N-terminus of tubulin and some other proteins. ( ... "Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin". Science. 247 (4938): 83-5. Bibcode:1990Sci...247...83E. doi:10.1126/science. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification
CentrioleCentriole
In cell biology a centriole is a cylindrical organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. Centrioles are found in ... "Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin". Science. 247 (4938): 83-5. Bibcode:1990Sci...247...83E. doi:10.1126/science. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole
TUBG1TUBG1
Tubulin, gamma 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the TUBG1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the tubulin ... "Entrez Gene: Tubulin, gamma 1". Zhang X, Chen Q, Feng J, Hou J, Yang F, Liu J, Jiang Q, Zhang C (July 2009). "Sequential ... gamma-tubulin in atypical ductal hyperplasia and carcinoma of the breast". Cancer Science. 100 (4): 580-7. doi:10.1111/j.1349- ... "A direct interaction with NEDD1 regulates gamma-tubulin recruitment to the centrosome". PLOS ONE. 5 (3): e9618. doi:10.1371/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBG1
CentrosomeCentrosome
For instance, their capacity to incorporate γ-TuRC complexes (see also: γ-tubulin) can be very variable, and so their capacity ... Eddé, B.; Rossier; Le Caer; Desbruyères; Gros; Denoulet (1990). "Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin". Science. ... including γ-tubulin, pericentrin and ninein. In general, each centriole of the centrosome is based on a nine-triplet ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrosome
TUBE1TUBE1
Chang P, Stearns T (January 2000). "Delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin: two new human centrosomal tubulins reveal new aspects of ... Tubulin, epsilon 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the TUBE1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the tubulin ... "Entrez Gene: Tubulin, epsilon 1". Chang P, Giddings TH, Winey M, Stearns T (January 2003). "Epsilon-tubulin is required for ... Zanic M, Stear JH, Hyman AA, Howard J (October 2009). May RC (ed.). "EB1 recognizes the nucleotide state of tubulin in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBE1
TUBBTUBB
"Entrez Gene: TUBB tubulin, beta". Goo YH, Sohn YC, Kim DH, Kim SW, Kang MJ, Jung DJ, Kwak E, Barlev NA, Berger SL, Chow VT, ... Tubulin beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBB gene. TUBB has been shown to interact with NCOA6 and SYT9 ... Volz A, Weiss E, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A (Jan 1994). "Presence of an expressed beta-tubulin gene (TUBB) in the HLA class I ... Lee MG, Lewis SA, Wilde CD, Cowan NJ (Jun 1983). "Evolutionary history of a multigene family: an expressed human beta-tubulin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBB
TUBD1TUBD1
Chang P, Stearns T (January 2000). "Delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin: two new human centrosomal tubulins reveal new aspects of ... "Entrez Gene: Tubulin, delta 1". Krebs DL, Uren RT, Metcalf D, Rakar S, Zhang JG, Starr R, De Souza DP, Hanzinikolas K, Eyles J ... Tubulin, delta 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the TUBD1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000108423 - ... Kato A, Nagata Y, Todokoro K (May 2004). "Delta-tubulin is a component of intercellular bridges and both the early and mature ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBD1
Spasmodic dysphoniaSpasmodic dysphonia
This gene encodes a tubulin gene. The pathophysiology of this condition has yet to be determined. There are a number of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia
TTBK2TTBK2
Tau tubulin kinase 2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the TTBK2 gene. This gene encodes a serine-threonine kinase that ... "Entrez Gene: Tau tubulin kinase 2". Retrieved 2012-06-11. Houlden H, Johnson J, Gardner-Thorpe C, Lashley T, Hernandez D, Worth ... purification and crystallization of a human tau-tubulin kinase 2 that phosphorylates tau protein". Acta Crystallographica ... putatively phosphorylates tau and tubulin proteins. Mutations in this gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11); a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTBK2
TUBG2TUBG2
Tubulin gamma-2 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBG2 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000037042 - ... "Entrez Gene: TUBG2 tubulin, gamma 2". CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a ... Wise DO, Krahe R, Oakley BR (2000). "The gamma-tubulin gene family in humans". Genomics. 67 (2): 164-70. doi:10.1006/geno. ... "Characterization of the human homologue of the yeast spc98p and its association with gamma-tubulin". J. Cell Biol. 141 (3): 689 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBG2
TUBB1TUBB1
"Entrez Gene: TUBB1 tubulin, beta 1". Watts NR, Sackett DL, Ward RD, et al. (2000). "HIV-1 Rev Depolymerizes Microtubules to ... TUBB1 is a gene that codes for the protein Tubulin beta-1 chain in humans. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101162 - ... Giacca M (2006). "HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link?". Retrovirology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-7. ... 2006). "No significant role for beta tubulin mutations and mismatch repair defects in ovarian cancer resistance to paclitaxel/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBB1
TUBA1CTUBA1C
Tubulin alpha-1C chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA1C gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167553 ... "Entrez Gene: TUBA1C tubulin, alpha 1c". Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ... Giacca M (2006). "HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link?". Retrovirology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-7. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA1C
TUBA8TUBA8
Tubulin alpha-8 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA8 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000183785 - ... "Entrez Gene: TUBA8 tubulin, alpha 8". "GeneCards: TUBA8 gene". Alexandrova N, Niklinski J, Bliskovsky V, et al. (1995). "The N- ... 2001). "SIAH-1 interacts with alpha-tubulin and degrades the kinesin Kid by the proteasome pathway during mitosis". Oncogene. ... Giacca M (2006). "HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link?". Retrovirology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-7. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA8
CatastrophinCatastrophin
GTP binds to alpha tubulin irreversibly. Beta tubulin binds GTP and hydrolyzes to GDP. It is the GDP bound to beta-tubulin that ... Microtubules are polymers of tubulin subunits arranged in cylindrical tubes. The subunit is made up of alpha and beta tubulin. ... Beta-tubulin bounded to GTP are describe as having a GTP-cap that enables stable growth. Microtubules exist either in either a ... Some catastrophins affect catastrophe by binding to the ends of microtubules and promoting the dissociation of tubulin dimers. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophin
TUBB2ATUBB2A
Carr D, Knull H (1993). "Aldolase-tubulin interactions: removal of tubulin C-terminals impairs interactions". Biochem. Biophys ... Tubulin beta-2A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBB2A gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000137267 - ... Volz A, Weiss E, Trowsdale J, Ziegler A (1994). "Presence of an expressed beta-tubulin gene (TUBB) in the HLA class I region ... "Entrez Gene: TUBB2A tubulin, beta 2A". Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBB2A
Anisotropic Network ModelAnisotropic Network Model
Tubulin, by Keskin et al., 2002. - HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with different inhibitors, by Temiz and Bahar, 2002 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotropic_Network_Model
VincristineVincristine
... works partly by binding to the tubulin protein, stopping the tubulin dimers from polymerizing to form microtubules ... Anticancer Drugs Targeting Tubulin and Microtubules. Elsevier. 2015-01-01. ISBN 9780444626493. Jordan MA (January 2002). " ... "Mechanism of action of antitumor drugs that interact with microtubules and tubulin". Current Medicinal Chemistry. Anti-Cancer ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincristine
Induced cell cycle arrestInduced cell cycle arrest
Research into the mechanism has hinted at it potentially preventing tubulin from forming its alpha/beta heterodimer. Taxol ... Xu K, Schwarz PM, Ludueña RF (Feb 2002). "Interaction of nocodazole with tubulin isotypes". Drug Development Research. 55 (2): ... and as such does not require GTP or other cofactors to induce tubulin polymerization. Temperature has been shown to regulate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_cell_cycle_arrest
DetyrosinationDetyrosination
Tubulin detyrosination is reversed by the tubulin-tyrosine ligase, which acts only on alpha-tubulin monomer. Since the majority ... Tubulin polymers, called microtubules, that contain detyrosinated alpha-tubulin are usually referred to as Glu-microtubules ... The tubulin carboxypeptidases that cleave the terminal tyrosine are two proteases called vashohibins (VASH1/VASH2), in complex ... Detyrosination is a form of posttranslational modification that occurs on alpha-tubulin. It consists of the removal of the C- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detyrosination
EukaryoteEukaryote
They are composed mainly of tubulin. These are entirely distinct from prokaryotic flagellae. They are supported by a bundle of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote
Alpha-tubulin 3C - WikipediaAlpha-tubulin 3C - Wikipedia
Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. The alpha and beta tubulins represent the ... Takeoka A, Shimizu M, Horio T (Dec 2000). "Identification of an alpha-tubulin mutant of fission yeast from gamma-tubulin- ... Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA3C gene.[3][4] ... "Entrez Gene: TUBA3C tubulin, alpha 3c".. *^ Klein C, Kramer EM, Cardine AM, Schraven B, Brandt R, Trotter J (Feb 2002). " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA3C
Talk:Tubulin-tyrosine ligase - WikipediaTalk:Tubulin-tyrosine ligase - Wikipedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Tubulin-tyrosine_ligase&oldid=420266952" ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tubulin%E2%80%94tyrosine_ligase
Tubulin - WikipediaTubulin - Wikipedia
Human δ- and ε-tubulin genes include:[citation needed] δ-tubulin: TUBD1 ε-tubulin: TUBE1 Zeta-tubulin (IPR004058) is present in ... It binds colchicine much more slowly than other isotypes of β-tubulin. β1-tubulin, sometimes called class VI β-tubulin, is the ... The β-tubulin subunit is exposed on the plus end of the microtubule while the α-tubulin subunit is exposed on the minus end. ... γ-tubulin also has been isolated as a dimer and as a part of a γ-tubulin small complex (γTuSC), intermediate in size between ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin
CDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: TubulinCDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: Tubulin
Conserved Protein Domain Family Tubulin, This family includes the tubulin alpha, beta and gamma chains, as well as the ... Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase domain. This family includes the tubulin alpha, beta and gamma chains, as well as the bacterial ... FtsZ and tubulin are GTPases. FtsZ can polymerize into tubes, sheets, and rings in vitro and is ubiquitous in eubacteria and ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=pfam00091
Gamma tubulin (IPR002454) | InterPro | EMBL-EBIGamma tubulin (IPR002454) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Gamma-tubulins constitute a ubiquitous and highly-conserved subfamily of the tubulin family. The protein is found at ... gamma-tubulin ring complexes (gamma-TuRCs) and the the gamma-tubulin small complex (gamma-TuSC) [PMID: 17178454]. ... Gamma-tubulin complexes and microtubule organization.. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 19 24-30 2007 ... Gamma-tubulin complexes and microtubule organization.. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 19 24-30 2007 ...
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002454
Tubulin | ALZFORUMTubulin | ALZFORUM
If you know of any papers that use this antibody, please contact us at antibodies [at] alzforum [dot] org for consideration in the References section.. ...
https://www.alzforum.org/antibodies/tubulin-17
Tubulin domain - WikipediaTubulin domain - Wikipedia
Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. This domain is found in all tubulin chains, as ... FtsZ and tubulin are GTPases, this entry is the GTPase domain. FtsZ can polymerise into tubes, sheets, and rings in vitro and ... Tubulin is the major component of microtubules, while FtsZ is the polymer-forming protein of bacterial cell division, it is ... Nogales E, Downing KH, Amos LA, Löwe J (June 1998). "Tubulin and FtsZ form a distinct family of GTPases". Nat. Struct. Biol. 5 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin_domain
Tubulin Assembly Machine [image] | EurekAlert! Science NewsTubulin Assembly Machine [image] | EurekAlert! Science News
UC Davis researchers show how four proteins come together to make the machine that assembles tubulin, the building block of ... UC Davis researchers show how four proteins come together to make the machine that assembles tubulin, the building block of ...
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/97718.php?from=304192
Tubulin, alpha 4b (pseudogene) (TUBA4B)Tubulin, alpha 4b (pseudogene) (TUBA4B)
tubulin alpha-B chain. N. crassa. 71.8. 372. NP_013625.1 * Conserved domains (CDD) * * Gene summary * * Protein sequence * * ... tubulin alpha-6 chain. A. thaliana. 73.5. 370. XP_963223.1 * Conserved domains (CDD) * * Gene summary * * Protein sequence * * ... tubulin, alpha 4b. X. laevis. 89.3. 447. NP_476772.1 * Conserved domains (CDD) * * Gene summary * * Protein sequence * * ... alpha tubulin 1. C. reinhardtii. 75.8. 450. NP_849388.1 * Conserved domains (CDD) * * Gene summary * * Protein sequence * * ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene/clust.cgi?ORG=Hs&CID=664469
γ-Tubulin | ALZFORUMγ-Tubulin | ALZFORUM
specific for γ-tubulin; epitope not found in α-, β-, δ- and ε-tubulins ... to theN-terminal region of human γ-tubulin (aa 38-53, with C-terminally added lysine) ...
https://www.alzforum.org/antibodies/g-tubulin
Tubulin - definition of tubulin by The Free DictionaryTubulin - definition of tubulin by The Free Dictionary
tubulin synonyms, tubulin pronunciation, tubulin translation, English dictionary definition of tubulin. n. A globular protein ... tubulin. Also found in: Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.. Related to tubulin: alpha tubulin ... 5 In addition, colchicine binding to beta-tubulin results in curved tubulin dimer and prevents it from adopting a straight ... It binds to AY- tubulin and thus preventing polymerization of tubulin dimers to microtubules (Lacey, 1988).. Genetic ...
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tubulin
Proteins matched: Tubulin C (SM00865) | InterPro | EMBL-EBIProteins matched: Tubulin C (SM00865) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool.
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/signature/SM00865/proteins-matched
Watching microtubules grow one tubulin at a time | PNASWatching microtubules grow one tubulin at a time | PNAS
2) harness the power of recent developments in recombinant tubulin engineering (3⇓⇓-6) and interferometric scattering ... Despite decades of research on microtubule dynamics, basic polymer properties such as rates of tubulin dimer addition and loss ... Watching microtubules grow one tubulin at a time. Nikita Gudimchuk and Antonina Roll-Mecak ... Microtubules grow through the addition of tubulin dimers at their tips. Observations of individual microtubules using a variety ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/116/15/7163.short?rss=1
The Diamagnetic Susceptibility of the Tubulin DimerThe Diamagnetic Susceptibility of the Tubulin Dimer
... Wim Bras,1 James Torbet,1 Gregory P. Diakun,2 Geert L. J. A. Rikken,3 and ... An approximate value of the diamagnetic anisotropy of the tubulin dimer, , has been determined assuming axial symmetry and that ... The method utilized for the determination of the tubulin dimer diamagnetic susceptibility is applicable to other proteins and ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jbp/2014/985082/abs/
PPAR Inhibitors as Novel Tubulin-Targeting AgentsPPAR Inhibitors as Novel Tubulin-Targeting Agents
tubulin mRNAs by recognition of the nascent amino terminus of β. -tubulin," Nature, vol. 334, no. 6183, pp. 580-585, 1988. View ... D. W. Cleveland, M. A. Lopata, P. Sherline, and M. W. Kirschner, "Unpolymerized tubulin modulates the level of tubulin mRNAs," ... M. Grynberg, L. Jaroszewski, and A. Godzik, "Domain analysis of the tubulin cofactor system: a model for tubulin folding and ... tubulin mRNA stability is linked to translation elongation," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ppar/2008/785405/ref/
Anti-betaIII Tubulin mAb, 100ugAnti-betaIII Tubulin mAb, 100ug
To protect your privacy, your account will be locked after 6 failed attempts. After that, you will need to contact Customer Service to unlock your account.. You have 4 remaining attempts.. You have 3 remaining attempts.. You have 2 remaining attempts.. You have 1 remaining attempt.. Contact Customer Service ...
https://www.promega.com/resources/msds/msdss/g7000/g7121/
RCSB PDB - Gene View - TTL - tubulin tyrosine ligaseRCSB PDB - Gene View - TTL - tubulin tyrosine ligase
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.
https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/gene/TTL?chromosome=chr2&range=113258918&v=hg19
Calcium-Induced Modulation of the Tubulin Pool in Parathyroid Glands | SpringerLinkCalcium-Induced Modulation of the Tubulin Pool in Parathyroid Glands | SpringerLink
Solomon, F.: Binding Sites for Calcium on Tubulin. Biochemistry, 16: 358, 1977.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Bader C.A., Monet J.D., Funck-Brentano J.L. (1978) Calcium-Induced Modulation of the Tubulin Pool in Parathyroid Glands. In: ... After demonstration of a specific Colchicine Binding Protein (Co1BP) in PTG, the tubulin pool size level in PTG slices ... The mechanism of action has been attributed to the ability of these agents to bind to tubulin, the protein subunit of the ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-7758-0_52
Complete amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin from porcine brain | PNASComplete amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin from porcine brain | PNAS
Comparison of the optimally aligned sequences of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin indicates that 41% of their primary structures ... Complete amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin from porcine brain. E Krauhs, M Little, T Kempf, R Hofer-Warbinek, W Ade, H ... Complete amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin from porcine brain. E Krauhs, M Little, T Kempf, R Hofer-Warbinek, W Ade, H ... Complete amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin from porcine brain. E Krauhs, M Little, T Kempf, R Hofer-Warbinek, W Ade, and H ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/78/7/4156?ijkey=53dd651f5446764757858c8ea3dbb94333ace668&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Postdoctoral position available studying tubulin and its modifications | ISMARPostdoctoral position available studying tubulin and its modifications | ISMAR
In particular, this position is for a project to dissect the role of the C-terminal tail of tubulin on its function by NMR and ... Postdoctoral position available studying tubulin and its modifications. Submitted by mariabaias on Thu, 2016-10-27 14:10 ... We use Tetrahymena thermophila as a source for tubulin. We will capitalize on the broad range of mutant strains with ... The candidate will work with two others on a collaborative project to study the role of tubulin tail post-translational ...
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/ISMAR/positions/postdoctoral-position-available-studying-tubulin-and-its-modifications
Highly potent triazole-based tubulin polymerization inhibitorsHighly potent triazole-based tubulin polymerization inhibitors
Several of the subject compounds exhibited potent tubulin poly … ... We describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of tubulin polymerization inhibitors that contain the 1,2,4- ... Highly potent triazole-based tubulin polymerization inhibitors J Med Chem. 2007 Feb 22;50(4):749-54. doi: 10.1021/jm061142s. ... We describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of tubulin polymerization inhibitors that contain the 1,2,4- ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17249649/?dopt=Abstract
Rat Kangaroo Cell Tubulin | MicroscopyURat Kangaroo Cell Tubulin | MicroscopyU
... epithelial cells that were immunofluorescently labeled with primary anti-bovine alpha-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibodies ... Rat Kangaroo Cell Tubulin. G-2E/C Bandpass Emission (Narrow Bandwidth Excitation) Green Set. Fluorescence emission intensity ... epithelial cells that were immunofluorescently labeled with primary anti-bovine alpha-tubulin mouse monoclonal antibodies ...
https://www.microscopyu.com/gallery-images/rat-kangaroo-cell-tubulin-6
HeLa Cell Tubulin | Nikons MicroscopyUHeLa Cell Tubulin | Nikon's MicroscopyU
... cells that were transfected with a pEYFP-Tubulin plasmid subcellular localization vector. ... HeLa Cell Tubulin. YFP Bandpass Emission (Narrow Bandwidth Excitation) Blue-Green Set. Fluorescence emission intensity from a ... culture of human cervical carcinoma epithelial (HeLa line) cells that were transfected with a pEYFP-Tubulin plasmid subcellular ...
https://www.microscopyu.com/gallery-images/hela-cell-tubulin
Consciousness Depends on Tubulin Vibrations Inside Neurons, Anesthesia Study SuggestsConsciousness Depends on Tubulin Vibrations Inside Neurons, Anesthesia Study Suggests
... rows of tubulin, tubulin and London force dipole networks which oscillate in the terahertz regime. Anesthetics may act (lower ... rows of tubulin, tubulin and London force dipole networks which oscillate in the terahertz regime. Anesthetics may act (lower ... rows of tubulin, tubulin and London force dipole networks which oscillate in the terahertz regime. Anesthetics may act (lower ... Anesthetic alterations of collective terahertz oscillations in tubulin correlate with clinical potency: Implications for ...
https://www.newswise.com/articles/consciousness-depends-on-tubulin-vibrations-inside-neurons-anesthesia-study-suggests
FtsZ, a tubulin homologue in prokaryote cell divisionFtsZ, a tubulin homologue in prokaryote cell division
Like tubulin, it appears to have a cytoskeletal role as both proteins assemble into tw … ... Sequence alignments convincingly demonstrate that FtsZ is a prokaryotic homologue of eukaryotic tubulins. FtsZ appears to be ... FtsZ, a tubulin homologue in prokaryote cell division Trends Cell Biol. 1997 Sep;7(9):362-7. doi: 10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01108-2 ... Like tubulin, it appears to have a cytoskeletal role as both proteins assemble into two types of characteristic polymers in ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17708981/
Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody (ab24246) | AbcamAnti-alpha Tubulin antibody (ab24246) | Abcam
Rabbit polyclonal alpha Tubulin antibody validated for WB and tested in Human, Mouse and Rat. Referenced in 3 publications. ... All lanes : Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody (ab24246) at 1/10000 dilution. Lane 1 : HeLa cell lysates (20ug).. Lane 2 : 293T cell ... Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and ... Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into axonemes (cilia and flagella) whereas glutamylation is prevalent ...
http://www.abcam.com/alpha-tubulin-antibody-ab24246.html
CST - β-Tubulin (D3U1W) Mouse mAbCST - β-Tubulin (D3U1W) Mouse mAb
Monoclonal Antibody for studying tubulin beta-5 in the Cytoskeletal Signaling research area. ... Globular tubulin subunits comprise the microtubule building block, with α/β-tubulin heterodimers forming the tubulin subunit ... γ-tubulin is required to nucleate polymerization of tubulin subunits to form microtubule polymers. Many cell movements are ... β-Tubulin (D3U1W) Mouse mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total β-tubulin protein. ...
https://www.cellsignal.com/products/primary-antibodies/b-tubulin-d3u1w-mouse-mab/86298
Anti-Tubulin Antibody Products | Biocompare.comAnti-Tubulin Antibody Products | Biocompare.com
Compare Anti-Tubulin Antibody Products from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, prices, citations, reviews, ... Anti-Tubulin Antibody Products. The following lists a number of Tubulin antibodies from various sources. The target antigen may ... The tubulin families include alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta tubulins. Consult the supplier page to verify the ... We examined the levels of tubulin in HeLa whole cell lysates of control vs siRNA-mediated knockdown of protein X. ...
https://www.biocompare.com/pfu/110447/soids/4626/Antibodies/Tubulin?rlpi_8764=2
Tubulin-tirozinska ligaza - Википедија, слободна енциклопедијаTubulin-tirozinska ligaza - Википедија, слободна енциклопедија
Tubulin-tirozinska ligaza (EC 6.3.2.25) je enzim sa sistematskim imenom alfa-tubulin:L-tirozin ligaza (formira ADP).[1][2] Ovaj ... ATP + detirozinisani alfa-tubulin + L-tirozin ⇌. {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }. alfa-tubulin + ADP + fosfat. L-tirozin je ... The carboxy-terminal peptide of detyrosinated α tubulin provides a minimal system to study the substrate specificity of tubulin ... Wehland, J., Schröder, H.C., Weber, K. (1986). „Isolation and purification of tubulin-tyrosine ligase". Methods Enzymol. 134: ...
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin-tirozinska_ligaza
Nanoscale Force Generation and Rigidity of Isotypically Purified b-Tubulin MicrotubulesNanoscale Force Generation and Rigidity of Isotypically Purified b-Tubulin Microtubules
Nanoscale Force Generation and Rigidity of Isotypically Purified β-Tubulin Microtubules. K Beinert and J A Tuszynski*. ... Here again, the β-tubulin isotype composition can be varied in order to produce a microtubule with a specific growth rate, in ... This, in turn, gives us the ability to assemble microtubules with pre-determined β-tubulin isotype composition in order to ... We have investigated microtubule dynamics found in isotypically purified β-tubulin in order to understand how different ...
http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/Abstracts/Beinert/index.html
MicrotubulesProteinMonoclonal AntibodyAntibodiesProteinsSubunitsIsotypeCytoskeletonGeneFtsZImmunogenHeterodimerHeLaDimerSubunitHighly conservedTyrosineMitosisAcetylationInhibitorsMembers of the tubulin familySpeciesCytoskeletalIsotypesHeterodimersPolymerizationWestern BlotSuperfamilyEukaryotic cellsVitroReactivityNeuronal tubulinAminoELISAImmunofluorescenceCloneFilamentsAntibody at 1:500 dilutionBindsMolecularGenesPhosphorylationHumanColchicine siteMicrotubule formationEndogenousVivoMitoticResiduesDM1APolymerizePosttranslational
Microtubules50
  • Microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton perform essential and diverse functions and are composed of a heterodimer of alpha and beta tubulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The alpha and beta tubulins represent the major components of microtubules, while gamma tubulin plays a critical role in the nucleation of microtubule assembly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tubulin is the major component of microtubules. (nih.gov)
  • UC Davis researchers show how four proteins come together to make the machine that assembles tubulin, the building block of microtubules. (eurekalert.org)
  • α- and β-tubulins polymerize into microtubules, a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, tubulin polymers (microtubules) tend to be much bigger than actin filaments due to their cylindrical nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • α- and β-tubulin polymerize into dynamic microtubules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microtubules are assembled from dimers of α- and β-tubulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • To form microtubules, the dimers of α- and β-tubulin bind to GTP and assemble onto the (+) ends of microtubules while in the GTP-bound state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tubulin is the major component of microtubules, while FtsZ is the polymer-forming protein of bacterial cell division, it is part of a ring in the middle of the dividing cell that is required for constriction of cell membrane and cell envelope to yield two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microtubules grow through the addition of tubulin dimers at their tips. (pnas.org)
  • The mechanism of action has been attributed to the ability of these agents to bind to tubulin, the protein subunit of the cellular microtubules, and as a consequence, to prevent microtubule assembly. (springer.com)
  • The target antigen may refer to the tubulin polymer that comprises microtubules of the cytoskeleton, as well as individual members of the tubulin protein superfamily. (biocompare.com)
  • This, in turn, gives us the ability to assemble microtubules with pre-determined β-tubulin isotype composition in order to generate a desired amount of force for a particular nano-engineering application. (foresight.org)
  • W B Derry, R Luduena: Taxol Differentially Modulates the Dynamics of Microtubules Assembled from Unfractionated and Purified β-Tubulin Isotypes. (foresight.org)
  • This result indicates that the hydrophobic tubulin isolated from membrane preparations belongs to microtubules that in vivo are associated to membranes. (springer.com)
  • Therefore, hydrophobic tubulin (tubulin-membrane component complex) can be obtained from membranes or from microtubules depending on the conditions of brain homogenization. (springer.com)
  • Beltramo DM, Arce CA, Barra HS: Tyrosination of microtubules and nonassembled tubulin in brain slices. (springer.com)
  • Arce CA, Barra HS: Release of C-terminal tyrosina from tubulin and microtubules at steady state. (springer.com)
  • We show that tubulin subunits, not microtubules, are the primary form of tubulin transport in neurons. (rupress.org)
  • Microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton are composed of a heterodimer of α- and β-tubulin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • TUBA4A belongs to the subfamily of tubulin, which is the major building block of microtubules. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Possible regulation of microtubules through destabilization of tubulin. (sdbonline.org)
  • Their work also highlight the essential role of the polyglutamylation of microtubules tubulin in neuronal survival and thus improve the understanding of many neurodegenerative diseases. (cea.fr)
  • Beta-tubulin is a 55 kDa subunit of tubulin that polymerizes with alpha-tubulin into microtubules, the major cytoskeletal elements found in all eukaryotic cells. (fluidigm.com)
  • Tubulin is the major component of microtubules within the cytoskeleton and is assembled from heterodimers of alpha and beta tubulin subunits. (stemcell.com)
  • The rate at which microtubules incorporated DTAF-tubulin depended on the cell-cycle stage of the injected cell. (rupress.org)
  • The temporal patterns of redistribution included a rapid phase (approximately 3 s) that we attribute to diffusion of free DTAF-tubulin and a second, slower phase that seems to represent the exchange of bleached DTAF-tubulin in microtubules with free, unbleached DTAF-tubulin. (rupress.org)
  • Our work indicates that katanin could function best on stabile microtubules or stabile regions of microtubules in cells in regions where free tubulin is sequesters, low, or depleted. (aps.org)
  • Here we adapted an immunofluorescence method and investigated the cellular localization of γ-tubulin and microtubules (MTs) in dividing Tetrahymena. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Microtubules, the major cytoskeletal elements found in all eukaryotic cells, consist of Tubulin, which is a dimer of two 55kDa subunits: alpha and Beta. (fishersci.com)
  • Polymers of alpha- and beta-tubulin make up microtubules, part of the cell's cytoskeleton. (sciencephoto.com)
  • Colour enhanced Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of microtubules reconstituted from tubulin in vitro. (sciencephoto.com)
  • Tubulin is the protein which makes up microtubules . (academickids.com)
  • Tubulin binds GTP and assembles onto the (+) ends of microtubules in the GTP-bound state. (academickids.com)
  • Polyglutamylation of tubulin has been implicated in several functions of microtubules, but the identification of the responsible enzyme(s) has been challenging. (sciencemag.org)
  • The significant antitumor activity of ixabepilone in taxane-resistant tumors may be related to its preferential suppression of the dynamic instability of α/βIII-microtubules in cells expressing high levels of βIII-tubulin. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Along with beta-tubulins, alpha-tubulins are the major components of microtubules. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Another post-translational modification of detyrosinated alpha-tubulin is C-terminal polyglutamylation, which is characteristic of microtubules in neuronal cells and the mitotic spindle. (prosci-inc.com)
  • β-Tubulin, together with α-tubulin, participates in the formation of microtubules, the integrity of which is essential for the segregation of chromosomes during cell division, maintenance of cell shape, and intracellular trafficking of macromolecules and organelles ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Tubulin can also be phosphorylated by several kinases ( 11 ), and such changes affect the overall dynamic properties of cellular microtubules during interphase as well as mitosis ( 11 - 14 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • The most common members of the tubulin family are α-tubulin and β-tubulin, the proteins that make up microtubules. (genscript.com)
  • The structural subunit of microtubules, the 100 kD protein tubulin, is a heterodimer of two 50 kD subunits designated alpha and beta. (biogenex.com)
  • Today, I invite you to look at methods for measuring the dynamic polymerisation of tubulin to microtubules and to detect the impact of compounds or other variables in your experiments on this process. (tebu-bio.com)
  • In eukaryotic cells, tubulin polymerizes to form structures called microtubules (MTs) (Fig. 1). (tebu-bio.com)
  • At 37°C tubulin will polymerize into microtubules while at 4°C microtubules will depolymerize to the tubulin subunits. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Tubulin, one of the major constituents of microtubules, is a dimeric protein consisting of an alpha and beta chain. (biolegend.com)
  • Tubulin is one of the major constituents of microtubules. (biolegend.com)
  • Furthermore, TOG1 preferentially binds a curved conformation of αβ-tubulin that cannot be incorporated into microtubules, contacting α- and β-tubulin surfaces that do not participate in microtubule assembly. (sciencemag.org)
  • Acetylation of α-tubulin lysine 40 (K40) is a prominent and conserved modification of neuronal microtubules. (biologists.org)
Protein51
  • Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA3C gene . (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene is an alpha tubulin gene that encodes a protein 99% to the mouse testis-specific Tuba3 and Tuba7 gene products. (wikipedia.org)
  • It exists in two main protein complexes: gamma-tubulin ring complexes (gamma-TuRCs) and the the gamma-tubulin small complex (gamma-TuSC) [ PMID: 17178454 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Tubulin in molecular biology can refer either to the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins, or one of the member proteins of that superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tubulin is characterized by the evolutionarily conserved Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase protein domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • This GTPase protein domain is found in all eukaryotic tubulin chains, as well as the bacterial protein TubZ, the archaeal protein CetZ, and the FtsZ protein family widespread in Bacteria and Archaea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • After demonstration of a specific Colchicine Binding Protein (Co1BP) in PTG, the tubulin pool size level in PTG slices incubated in vitro in various extracellular calcium concentrations was assayed. (springer.com)
  • The protein consists of 445 amino acid residues and has a minimum of six positions that are heterogeneous, indicating at least two beta-tubulins in porcine brain. (pnas.org)
  • We have investigated microtubule dynamics found in isotypically purified β-tubulin in order to understand how different microtubule protein compositions may affect growth and shrinkage rates. (foresight.org)
  • Zisapel N, Levi M, Gozes I: Tubulin: an integral protein of mammalian synaptic vesicle membranes. (springer.com)
  • The expression of α-tubulin, or any housekeeping protein (HKP), should be validated to ensure that its expression does not change under experimental conditions. (licor.com)
  • Detects endogenous levels of total α-tubulin protein. (licor.com)
  • Katsetos CD, Legido A, Perentes E, Mork SJ: Class III beta-tubulin isotype: a key cytoskeletal protein at the crossroads of developmental neurobiology and tumor neuropathology. (drugbank.ca)
  • 2,3 Centrosomes can initiate microtubule assembly irrespective of ε-tubulin content, indicating that this protein is not involved in microtubule nucleation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Identification of a novel tubulin-destabilizing protein related to the chaperone cofactor E. J. Cell Sci. (sdbonline.org)
  • ADP ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (Arl2) regulates the interaction of tubulin-folding cofactor D with native tubulin. (sdbonline.org)
  • Sto1p, a fission yeast protein similar to tubulin folding cofactor E, plays an essential role in mitotic microtubule assembly. (sdbonline.org)
  • Tubulin subunits exist in an activated conformational state generated and maintained by protein cofactors. (sdbonline.org)
  • The AA10 antibody reacts with beta-tubulin III, an ~50 - 55 kDa structural protein that is a constituent of tubulin. (stemcell.com)
  • pTagYFP-tubulin is a mammalian expression vector encoding TagYFP-tubulin fusion protein ( see reporter description ). (evrogen.com)
  • Recombinant protein encompassing a sequence within the center region of human gamma Tubulin. (thermofisher.com)
  • Tubulin gamma, an essential structural protein for cell growth, organizes microtubule arrays in the nucleus and cytoplasm. (fishersci.com)
  • As a first step in determining what cellular processes are regulated by the calcium-modulated protein S100A1 isoform in neurons, the effects of ablated S100A1 expression on neurite organization and microtubule/tubulin levels in PC12 cells were examined. (biomedsearch.com)
  • This increase in neurite number was accompanied by an increase in total alpha-tubulin levels in untreated (4.0 +/- 0.6 versus 1.76 +/- 0.4 ng of alpha-tubulin/mg of total protein) and nerve growth factor-treated pAntisense clones (4.15 +/- 0.4 versus 2. (biomedsearch.com)
  • 04 +/- 0.5 ng of alpha-tubulin/mg of total protein) when compared with control cells. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Recently, however, the prokaryotic cell division protein FtsZ was shown to be evolutionarily related to tubulin. (academickids.com)
  • Our novel findings reveal that Sydenham's chorea mAbs target a 55-kDa brain protein with an N-terminal amino acid sequence of MREIVHLQ corresponding to β-tubulin. (jimmunol.org)
  • The chorea mAbs labeled both intra- and extracellular Ags of a neuronal cell line providing evidence suggesting mimicry between intracellular brain protein tubulin and extracellular lysoganglioside. (jimmunol.org)
  • We found that the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase is a protein complex containing a tubulin tyrosine ligase-like (TTLL) protein, TTLL1. (sciencemag.org)
  • Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing Tubulin domain in the selected taxonomic class. (embl.de)
  • The availability of monoclonal antibodies to α-tubulin uses as a common housekeeping protein and serves as a specific and useful tool in studying proper interpretation of western blots. (genscript.com)
  • GenScript Rabbit Anti-β-Tubulin III Polyclonal Antibody is developed in rabbit hosts using a KLH-coupled synthetic peptide within residues 150-200 of human β-Tubulin III protein (Swiss Prot: Q13509). (genscript.com)
  • GenScript Rabbit Anti-β-Tubulin III Polyclonal Antibody detects endogenous levels of human, rat and mouse β-tubulin III protein. (genscript.com)
  • To determine the degree to which normal spermatogenesis depends on key functions of the Sertoli cell microtubule network, adenoviral vectors that overexpress the microtubule nucleating protein, γ-tubulin, were delivered to Sertoli cells in vivo. (bioone.org)
  • beta Tubulin antibody detects beta Tubulin protein at cytoplasm on human breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis. (genetex.com)
  • beta Tubulin antibody detects beta Tubulin protein by western blot analysis. (genetex.com)
  • beta Tubulin antibody detects beta Tubulin protein at cytoplasm in rat spleen by immunohistochemical analysis. (genetex.com)
  • Tubulin is a labile protein. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Total cell lysates (15 µg protein) from HaCaT, HeLa, and NIH3T3 were resolved by 4-12% Bis-tris gel electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with Biotin anti-Tubulin-α Antibody (clone 10D8) (upper). (biolegend.com)
  • Tubulin is a highly conserved protein that is ubiquitously expressed. (biolegend.com)
  • Tubulin is a GTP-binding protein that can be modified by phosphorylation and acetylation. (biolegend.com)
  • Tubulin interacts with a variety of proteins including RAC GTPase activating protein 1, ZAP70, Polo-like kinase, c-Myc, Fyn, and microtubule associated protein 1A. (biolegend.com)
  • Tubulin family, tubulin is a dimeric protein consisting of an alpha and beta chain. (biolegend.com)
  • This alpha Tubulin antibody was raised against total protein purified from sea urchin sperm axonemes. (activemotif.com)
  • Zusätzlich bieten wir Ihnen Tubulin tyrosine Ligase-Like Family, Member 1 Proteine (6) und viele weitere Produktgruppen zu diesem Protein an. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Total lysates (15 µg protein) from HaCaT, HeLa (Human) and Raw264.7 (Mouse) cells were resolved by electrophoresis (4-20% Tris-glycine gel), transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with 1:1000 (0.5 µg/ml) purified anti-Tubulin-γ antibody, clone 14C11. (biolegend.com)
  • This protein has been shown to interact with α-tubulin, paxillin, and RAC GTPase activated protein 1. (biolegend.com)
  • In addition to its cytosolic function, gamma-tubulin is a chromatin-associated protein. (lu.se)
  • Reduced levels of nuclear gamma-tubulin increase the activity of E2 promoter-binding factors (E2F) and raise the levels of retinoblastoma (RB1) tumor suppressor protein. (lu.se)
  • The yeast protein Rbl2p suppresses the deleterious effects of excess beta-tubulin as efficiently as does alpha-tubulin. (caltech.edu)
Monoclonal Antibody6
  • Detect α-Tubulin Mouse Monoclonal Antibody with IRDye ® Goat anti-Mouse or IRDye Donkey anti-Mouse secondary antibodies. (licor.com)
  • A unique Monoclonal Antibody to ε-Tubulin, clone TUB-11 (Product No. T1323 ) is directed against the C-terminal region of ε-tubulin (amino acids 352-366 of human ε-tubulin) and may be used in ELISA and immunoblotting. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The following antibody was used in this experiment: gamma Tubulin Monoclonal Antibody (GT4511) from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # MA5-31482, RRID AB_2787113. (thermofisher.com)
  • Provide accurate, reproducible results with the Thermo Scientific Tubulin-Β Ab-6, Mouse Monoclonal Antibody. (fishersci.com)
  • Overnight nocodazole treated Hela cells stained with purified mouse monoclonal antibody against g-Tubulin (clone 14C11) followed by Rhodamine Red-X conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG and DAPI. (biolegend.com)
  • Alpha Tubulin Monoclonal Antibody can be used for ELISA starting at 1:100 - 1:1000 and immunohistochemistry (tested on parafin embedded tissues) starting at 5 μg/mL. (prosci-inc.com)
Antibodies10
  • Fluorescence emission intensity from a culture of rat kangaroo ( PtK2 ) epithelial cells that were immunofluorescently labeled with primary anti-bovine alpha -tubulin mouse monoclonal antibodies followed by goat anti-mouse Fab fragments conjugated to Alexa Fluor 546. (microscopyu.com)
  • The following lists a number of Tubulin antibodies from various sources. (biocompare.com)
  • Your search returned 6688 Tubulin Antibodies across 70 suppliers. (biocompare.com)
  • Blose HS, Meltzer DI, Feramisco JR: 10 nm filaments are induced to collapse in living cells microinjected with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against tubulin. (springer.com)
  • Piperno G, Fuller MT: Monoclonal antibodies specific for an acetylated form of a-tubulin recognize the antigen in cilia and flagella from a variety of organisms. (springer.com)
  • Your search returned 27 Tubulin Antibodies across 1 supplier. (biocompare.com)
  • Once validated, α-tubulin primary antibodies can be used for the detection of α-tubulin when performing two-color detection. (licor.com)
  • The antibodies provide specific and useful tools for studying the intracellular distribution and cell cycle-dependent expression of ε-tubulin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The innovative Monoclonal Anti-ε-Tubulin antibody complements our wide selection of antibodies to different tubulins, which include antibodies to α, β, and γ-tubulins, as well as antibodies to modified tubulins, such as acetylated-tubulin, tyrosine-tubulin and polyglutamylated tubulin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • On www.antibodies-online.com are 309 alpha Tubulin (TUBA1) Antibodies from 28 different suppliers available. (antibodies-online.com)
Proteins22
  • This family includes the tubulin alpha, beta and gamma chains, as well as the bacterial FtsZ family of proteins. (nih.gov)
  • More recently, however, several prokaryotic proteins have been shown to be related to tubulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • This domain is found in all tubulin chains, as well as the bacterial FtsZ family of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The method utilized for the determination of the tubulin dimer diamagnetic susceptibility is applicable to other proteins and macromolecular assemblies as well. (hindawi.com)
  • Like tubulin, it appears to have a cytoskeletal role as both proteins assemble into two types of characteristic polymers in vitro - protofilament sheets and mini-rings. (nih.gov)
  • Hargreaves AJ, Avila J: Localization and characterization of tubulin-like proteins associated with brain mitochondria. (springer.com)
  • Op18/Stathmin counteracts the activity of overexpressed tubulin-disrupting proteins in a human leukemia cell line. (sdbonline.org)
  • Using systematic experiments introducing free tubulin into the assays we find that free tubulin can compete for microtubule filaments for the katanin proteins. (aps.org)
  • Tubulin Inhibitors offered by Santa Cruz inhibit Tubulin and, in some cases, other globular and microtubule related proteins. (scbt.com)
  • Surprisingly, while my thesis work confirmed an essential role of these proteins to ensure mitotic fidelity, tubulin subunits partitioning is not controlled by the endogenous levels of MCAK and TOGp in human somatic cells. (diva-portal.org)
  • TTLL1 is a member of a large family of proteins with a TTL homology domain, whose members could catalyze ligations of diverse amino acids to tubulins or other substrates. (sciencemag.org)
  • beta Tubulin Inhibitors offered by Santa Cruz inhibit beta Tubulin and, in some cases, other globular and microtubule related proteins. (scbt.com)
  • Analyses of these mutants can lead to an understanding of microtubule processes as well as to the identification of other proteins that interact with tubulin. (genetics.org)
  • There are 39333 Tubulin domains in 39264 proteins in SMART's nrdb database. (embl.de)
  • Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing Tubulin domain. (embl.de)
  • The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with Tubulin domain is also avaliable . (embl.de)
  • Tubulin is one of several members of a small family of globular proteins. (genscript.com)
  • African clawed frog, and disc abalone β-tubulin III proteins. (genscript.com)
  • Mutations in genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that code for proteins that interact with beta-tubulin were sought by screening for unlinked mutations that fail to complement mutations in the single beta-tubulin-encoding gene (TUB2). (genetics.org)
  • The majority of the differences among the isotypes cluster in the C-terminal, a region where the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) bind to tubulin. (biogenex.com)
  • The fluorescence tubulin polymerization assay ( 027BK011P ) is an economical one-step procedure for determining the effects of drugs or proteins on tubulin polymerization. (tebu-bio.com)
  • Stu2p/XMAP215/Dis1 family proteins are evolutionarily conserved regulatory factors that use αβ-tubulin-interacting tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domains to catalyze fast microtubule growth. (sciencemag.org)
Subunits2
  • Functionally, the presence of βIII-tubulin inhibits the assembly of β-tubulin subunits promoted by paclitaxel ( 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • MT functions and dynamics are dictated by the composition of their monomeric subunits, α- (TUA) and β-tubulins (TUB), which in animals and protists are subject to both transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications (PTM). (osti.gov)
Isotype10
  • The use of tubulin -targeting agents is limited by the development of resistance to anticancer drugs, which is induced by tubulin isotype mutation and the alteration of microtubule dynamics (Cheung et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Here again, the β-tubulin isotype composition can be varied in order to produce a microtubule with a specific growth rate, in order to produce a microtubule of desired rigidity. (foresight.org)
  • A common beta tubulin isotype-1 gene single nucleotide polymorphism as a tool for detection and quantitation of anthelmintic resistant Haemonchus contortus in grazing goats. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Ranganathan S, Dexter DW, Benetatos CA, Hudes GR: Cloning and sequencing of human betaIII-tubulin cDNA: induction of betaIII isotype in human prostate carcinoma cells by acute exposure to antimicrotubule agents. (drugbank.ca)
  • Flow Cytometry: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - An intracellular stain was performed on HeLa cells with alpha Tubulin (DM1A) Antibody NB100-690JF646 (blue) and a matched isotype control (orange). (novusbio.com)
  • Overexpression of the βIII-tubulin isotype is one mechanism that can render tumor cells resistant to taxanes. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Preclinical data indicate that ixabepilone may overcome taxane resistance by preferentially inhibiting the βIII-tubulin isotype ( 13 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • The alpha- and beta-tubulins share 40% amino-acidsequence identity, both exist in several isotype forms, and both undergo avariety of posttranslational modifications. (embl.de)
  • Each of these classes defines a β-tubulin isotype that differs significantly from other isotypes within the same organism but differs very little from the same isotype in other vertebrate species. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Class I and II are the most abundant β-tubulin isotypes and are constitutively expressed, whereas class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) has been reported previously to as an isotype specific for neuronal tissues and testis ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Cytoskeleton13
  • accumulation of tubulin and microtubular cytoskeleton are induced during seed imbibition and that cell division may occur as a post-germination phenomenon with radicle protrusion occurring by cell elongation, or as a pre-germination phenomena (DE CASTRO et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • MT is the cytoskeleton formed by the polymerization of tubulin, and cytoskeletal systems consisting of MTs are very dynamic and play many important roles in living cells, such as the morphogenesis of nerve cells and formation of the spindle apparatus during mitosis. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Tubulin is a major cytoskeleton component that has three distinct forms, designated α, β and γ Tubulin. (scbt.com)
  • The microtubule cytoskeleton, which consists of dynamic polymers of alpha/beta tubulin heterodimers, organizes the cytoplasm and is essential for chromosome segregation during mitosis. (diva-portal.org)
  • An amino acid ligase, the first of a newly described family of enzymes, adds polyglutamyl groups to tubulin to help regulate the cytoskeleton. (sciencemag.org)
  • Prior work has shown that the tubulin/microtubule system, which is an integral component of the cytoskeleton, is a therapeutic target for prostate cancer treatment ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Tubulin represents one of the major cytoskeleton structures. (tebu-bio.com)
  • Cytoskeleton Inc. has developed and commercialized a set of tubulin polymerisation assays which are adapted to different experimental set ups and questions. (tebu-bio.com)
  • Cytoskeleton Inc. (available in Europe through tebu-bio), also offers other tubulins, such as fungal tubulins, plant tubulins , or bacterial tubulin analogs which can also be used in tubulin polymerisation assays. (tebu-bio.com)
  • The translocation of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), its associated signaling complex, and the secretory apparatus is the most characteristic early event that involves the tubulin cytoskeleton of T or NK cells after their interaction with APC or target cells. (jimmunol.org)
  • Moreover, T cells from Fyn-deficient mice are unable to rearrange their tubulin cytoskeleton in response to anti-CD3-coated beads. (jimmunol.org)
  • These results reveal Fyn to be a key regulator of tubulin cytoskeleton reorganization in T cells. (jimmunol.org)
  • In addition, the GA/MTOC complex nucleates a growing body of signaling molecules that may be involved in T cell activation and the rearrangement of tubulin cytoskeleton ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). (jimmunol.org)
Gene10
  • In fact, the analysis of the b- tubulin gene variation seems to confirm that the T. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The gene codes for a member of the α-tubulin family containing 448 amino acids. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Missense mutation in the tubulin-specific chaperone E (Tbce) gene in the mouse mutant progressive motor neuronopathy, a model of human motoneuron disease. (sdbonline.org)
  • Hall, Cowan: Structural features and restricted expression of a human alpha-tubulin gene. (antibodies-online.com)
  • DNA sequences of a β-tubulin gene ( β 2 tub ) (GenBank access number FG06611.1) in G. zeae were analyzed. (apsnet.org)
  • Vertebrate α- and β-tubulins are each encoded by a 9- to 8-member multigene family, respectively, that produces highly homologous and conserved gene products in which the sequences are highly divergent only in their last 10 to 15 amino acids ( 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • These carboxyl-terminal sequences have been used to assign β-tubulin gene products to at least seven distinct classes ( 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • The unlinked mutation was shown to be a conditional-lethal allele of the major alpha-tubulin-encoding gene (TUB1) and represents the first such mutation in that gene. (genetics.org)
  • While spatiotemporal regulation of tubulin gene expression has been reported in plants, whether and to what extent tubulin PTMs occur in these species remain poorly understood. (osti.gov)
  • To resolve how microtubule acetylation might affect neuronal morphogenesis, we mutated endogenous α-tubulin in vivo using a new Drosophila strain that facilitates the rapid knock-in of designer αTub84B alleles (the predominant α-tubulin-encoding gene in flies). (biologists.org)
FtsZ5
  • FtsZ and tubulin are GTPases. (nih.gov)
  • FtsZ and tubulin are GTPases, this entry is the GTPase domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sequence alignments convincingly demonstrate that FtsZ is a prokaryotic homologue of eukaryotic tubulins. (nih.gov)
  • FtsZ is a GTPase with weak sequence homology to tubulins.The nature of FtsZ polymers in vivo is unknown, but FtsZ can form tubules,sheets and minirings in vitro. (embl.de)
  • The three-dimensional structure of FtsZ issimilar to the structure of alpha- and beta-tubulin. (embl.de)
Immunogen1
  • The immunogen is located within amino acids 140 - 190 of Alpha-tubulin. (prosci-inc.com)
Heterodimer3
  • The alphabeta tubulin heterodimer is the structural subunit ofmicrotubules, which are cytoskeletal elements that are essential forintracellular transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. (embl.de)
  • Rbl2p can also bind beta-tubulin from the alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimer, apparently by competing with alpha-tubulin. (caltech.edu)
  • The Rbl2p-beta-tubulin complex has a half-life of ~2.5 h and is less stable than the alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimer. (caltech.edu)
HeLa12
  • Fluorescence emission intensity from a culture of human cervical carcinoma epithelial ( HeLa line) cells that were transfected with a pEYFP-Tubulin plasmid subcellular localization vector. (microscopyu.com)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa, NIH/3T3, KNRK cells and rat brain using β-Tubulin (D3U1W) Mouse mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • Simple Western: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Simple Western lane view shows a specific band for alpha Tubulin in 1.0 mg/ml of HeLa lysate. (novusbio.com)
  • Immunomicroscopy: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Analysis of HeLa cells, green staining is alpha tubulin whereas red is DNA stained with propidium iodide. (novusbio.com)
  • Western Blot: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Analysis of HeLa and COS-7 lysates. (novusbio.com)
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - HeLa cells were fixed for 10 minutes using 10% formalin and then permeabilized for 5 minutes using 1X TBS + 0.5% Triton-X100. (novusbio.com)
  • Currently, HeLa and MCF-7 cell line tubulins can be used in the fluorescence polymerization assay ( 027H001 and 027H005 , respectively). (tebu-bio.com)
  • Confocal immunofluorescence analysis (Olympus FV10i) of paraformaldehyde-fixed HeLa, using beta Tubulin(GTX101279) antibody (Green) at 1:500 dilution. (genetex.com)
  • Immunofluorescence analysis of methanol-fixed HeLa, using beta Tubulin(GTX112659) antibody at 1:500 dilution. (genetex.com)
  • Top: HeLa cells stained with alpha Tubulin mAb at 1:500 dilution (red). (activemotif.com)
  • HeLa whole-cell extract (15 µg/lane) probed with alpha Tubulin mAb (1:5,000 dilution). (activemotif.com)
  • Active Motif's HeLa whole-cell extract (Catalog No. 40050) can be used as a positive control for alpha Tubulin antibody (Clone 5-B-1-2). (activemotif.com)
Dimer5
  • After the dimer is incorporated into the microtubule, the molecule of GTP bound to the β-tubulin subunit eventually hydrolyzes into GDP through inter-dimer contacts along the microtubule protofilament. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whether the β-tubulin member of the tubulin dimer is bound to GTP or GDP influences the stability of the dimer in the microtubule. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5 In addition, colchicine binding to beta- tubulin results in curved tubulin dimer and prevents it from adopting a straight structure. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • it is a dimer composed of two globular polypeptides, α-tubulin and β-tubulin. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Khan and Luduena have also proposed that modification of certain cysteine residues of tubulin might regulate the dimer/microtubule equilibrium and that the thioredoxin system might, in turn, regulate this equilibrium ( 15 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Subunit8
  • The β-tubulin subunit is exposed on the plus end of the microtubule while the α-tubulin subunit is exposed on the minus end. (wikipedia.org)
  • The GTP molecule bound to the α-tubulin subunit is not hydrolyzed during the whole process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gozes I, Littauer U: The alpha subunit of tubulin preferentially associated with brain presynaptic membrane. (springer.com)
  • α/β-tubulin heterodimers form the tubulin subunit common to all eukaryotic cells. (licor.com)
  • α-subunit of tubulin has molecular weight of 50,000. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • These studies also established Op18 and MAP4 as the predominant regulators of tubulin subunit partitioning in all three human cell model systems studied. (diva-portal.org)
  • Catalytic subunit of the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase complex. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • Recognizes the alpha subunit of tubulin, specifically binding tyrosylated Tubulin (Tyr-Tubulin). (prosci-inc.com)
Highly conserved3
  • There are multiple alpha and beta tubulin genes and they are highly conserved among and between species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gamma-tubulins constitute a ubiquitous and highly-conserved subfamily of the tubulin family. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Tubulin superfamily, highly conserved between yeast and mammals. (biolegend.com)
Tyrosine1
  • Tyrosine ligase adds a C-terminal tyrosine to monomeric alpha-tubulin. (prosci-inc.com)
Mitosis4
  • Fourest-Lieuvin A, Peris L, Gache V, Garcia-Saez I, Juillan-Binard C, Lantez V, Job D: Microtubule regulation in mitosis: tubulin phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1. (drugbank.ca)
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Analysis of embryonic fibroblasts in the anaphase portion of mitosis. (novusbio.com)
  • Nocodazole is a potent Tubulin production inhibitor, anti-neoplastic agent, and inhibitor of mitosis. (scbt.com)
  • Delta and epsilon tubulin have been found to localize at centrioles and may play a role in forming the mitotic spindle during mitosis. (academickids.com)
Acetylation6
  • The carboxyl-terminal regions of both α and β-tubulin undergo numerous posttranslational modifications capable to modulate the function of the microtubule, such as glutamylation, glycosylation, tyrosination, acetylation, and acylation ( 9 , 10 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Our studies point to an unappreciated role for α-tubulin K40 and acetylation in dendrite morphogenesis. (biologists.org)
  • While our results are consistent with the idea that acetylation tunes microtubule function within neurons, they also suggest there may be an acetylation-independent requirement for α-tubulin K40. (biologists.org)
  • Molecular basis for age-dependent microtubule acetylation by tubulin acetyltransferase. (ad-astra.ro)
  • By mimicking α-tubulin acetylation genetically, we show both cellular rigidity and mechanosensitivity can be restored in Atat1 deficient sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • Hence, our results indicate that by influencing cellular stiffness, α-tubulin acetylation sets the force required for touch. (elifesciences.org)
Inhibitors6
  • We describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of tubulin polymerization inhibitors that contain the 1,2,4-triazole ring to retain the bioactive configuration afforded by the cis double bond in combretastatin A-4 (CA-4). (nih.gov)
  • Computer docking and molecular simulations of 7 inside the colchicine binding site of tubulin enabled identification of residues most likely to interact strongly with these inhibitors and explain their potent anti-tubulin activity and cytotoxicity. (nih.gov)
  • Since tubulin inhibitors are one of the most successful cytotoxic drugs in the ADC armamentarium, this review focuses on the progress in tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs, as well as lessons learned from the unsuccessful ADCs containing tubulin inhibitors. (mdpi.com)
  • Santa Cruz Biotechnology now offers a broad range of Tubulin Inhibitors. (scbt.com)
  • Fu D-J, Liu J-F, Zhao R-H, Li J-H, Zhang S-Y, Zhang Y-B. Design and Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel Sulfanilamide Derivatives as Potential Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors. (mdpi.com)
  • thus, tubulin inhibitors were tested to identify compounds that interfere with gamma-tubulin. (lu.se)
Members of the tubulin family1
  • 1 Out of the seven different tubulins four new members of the tubulin family were identified recently, which consist of δ, χ, η, and ε-tubulin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Species3
  • In eukaryotes there are six members of the tubulin superfamily, although not all are present in all species (see below). (wikipedia.org)
  • Our Tubulin alpha-1B Lysates can be used in a variety of model species. (novusbio.com)
  • The 10D8 antibody recognizes α-tubulin in all species and is useful for Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. (biolegend.com)
Cytoskeletal2
  • Thus, as previously we reported in one of our patients with Naxos disease, the enhanced automaticity of ectopic foci and/or reentry circuit around the scar tissue was abolished by cytoskeletal disruption mechanism, induced by tubulin destabilization with low-dose colchicines. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Analysis of small intestine tissue fixed with formalin and paraffin embedded showing cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal staining of glandular cells. (novusbio.com)
Isotypes3
  • Beltramo DM, Alonso A del C, Barra HS: Tyrosinated, detyrosinated and acetylated tubulin isotypes in rat brain membranes. (springer.com)
  • 7 ) discovered that paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells overexpress class I, III, and IVa β-tubulin isotypes. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Label-free quantification of tubulin isotypes and RNA-Seq estimation of tubulin transcript abundance were largely consistent with transcriptional regulation. (osti.gov)
Heterodimers3
  • These dimers spontaneously self-assemble longitudinally to form protofilaments, and 13 protofilaments constitute a microtubule, resulting in a helical arrangement of tubulin heterodimers. (nature.com)
  • α and β Tubulins form heterodimers, which multimerize to form a microtubule filament. (scbt.com)
  • When tubulin polymerizes it initially forms proto-filaments, MTs consist of 13 protofilaments and are 25nm in diameter, each um of MT length is composed of 1650 heterodimers. (tebu-bio.com)
Polymerization15
  • While the cytotoxins used in the majority of advanced programs in the field prevent tubulin polymerization during cell division, Synthon's differentiating linker-drug technology - applying valine-citrulline-seco-DUocarmycin- hydroxyBenzamide-Azaindole (vc-seco-DUBA) - is based on synthetic duocarmycin analogs, which bind to the minor groove of DNA and subsequently cause irreversible alkylation of DNA. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • KX2-391, also known as KX-01, is a novel dual Src kinase and tubulin polymerization inhibitor that Athenex is developing into a topical formulation for the treatment of actinic keratosis. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Of particular interest are the effects of post-translational modifications on binding, bending, and polymerization, and as well as the corresponding changes in tubulin structure and dynamics as probed by NMR. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Several of the subject compounds exhibited potent tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity as well as cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cells including multi-drug-resistant (MDR) cancer cell lines. (nih.gov)
  • Sensitization of taxol-induced apoptosis by curcumin involves down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B and the serine/threonine kinase Akt and is independent of tubulin polymerization. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • By visualizing the polymerization of injected fluorescent tubulin, we show that substantial microtubule polymerization occurs in neurons grown at reported vinblastine concentrations. (rupress.org)
  • On Mac expansion, MTs associated with numerous dots of γ-tubulin are reorganized into longitudinally arranged bundles, suggesting that the mutual sliding of each filament and polymerization of MTs may induce Mac expansion. (biomedsearch.com)
  • At ambient pressure (0.1 MPa), many liposomes formed protrusions due to tubulin polymerization within them. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Furthermore, the tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity in vitro of compound 11f was 2.41 μM. (mdpi.com)
  • Tubulin can polymerize from both ends in vitro , however, the rate of polymerization is not equal. (tebu-bio.com)
  • There are two types of tubulin polymerization assay, these are the absorbance and fluorescence formats. (tebu-bio.com)
  • The optical density based tubulin polymerization assay ( 027BK004P ) is highly referenced in scientific literature. (tebu-bio.com)
  • The standard assay uses neuronal tubulin ( 027T240 ) which generates a polymerization curve representing the three phases of microtubule formation, namely nucleation (Phase I in Figure 4), growth (Phase II in Figure 4) and steady state equilibrium (Phase III in Figure 4). (tebu-bio.com)
  • Tubulin polymerization is regulated by temperature. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Tubulin should be kept on ice until transferred to the 96 well plate for polymerization at 37°C. The plate reader should be brought to 37°C before beginning assay and the plate and buffers should be pre-warmed to 37°C. (cytoskeleton.com)
Western Blot7
  • We offer Tubulin alpha-1B Lysates for use in common research applications: Western Blot. (novusbio.com)
  • B) Western blot analysis of denatured/reduced cell lysates from adult rat brain cortical cells (lane 1) or mouse E13.5 neural progenitor cells cultured with NeuroCult™ Proliferation Kit (Mouse) (negative control, lane 2) with Anti-Beta-Tubulin III Antibody, Clone AA10. (stemcell.com)
  • Western Blot: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Analsis of alpha tubulin in 9 cell lysates. (novusbio.com)
  • Western blot analysis of Tubulin in mouse brain tissue lysate with Tubulin antibody at (A) 0.5 and (B) 1 μg/mL. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Tubulin antibody can be used for detection of Tubulin by Western blot at 0.5 and 1 μg/mL. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Comparison of THE TM alpha Tubulin Antibody, mAb, Mouse (GenScript, A01410) with Mouse Anti-alpha Tubulin mAb (Competitor A) by Western blot. (genscript.com)
  • Western blot of alpha Tubulin mAb. (activemotif.com)
Superfamily3
  • The genes encoding these microtubule constituents are part of the tubulin superfamily, which is composed of six distinct families. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha-tubulin Antibody: Alpha-tubulin belongs to the tubulin superfamily, which is composed of six distinct families. (prosci-inc.com)
  • γ-tubulin is a 51 kD member of the tubulin superfamily and is conserved between yeast and mammals. (biolegend.com)
Eukaryotic cells1
  • CMV promoter provides strong, constitutive expression of the TagYFP-tubulin fusion in eukaryotic cells. (evrogen.com)
Vitro2
  • Mechanistic study, in silico and in vitro, demonstrated that CDA prevents GTP binding to gamma-tubulin and suggested that the FDA approved drug dimethyl fumarate is also a gamma-tubulin inhibitor. (lu.se)
  • Both in vivo and in vitro, Rbl2p forms a complex with beta-tubulin that does not contain alpha-tubulin, thus defining a second pool of beta-tubulin in the cell. (caltech.edu)
Reactivity2
  • Lysoganglioside G M1 inhibited binding of chorea mAbs to tubulin and mAb reactivity with human caudate and putamen brain sections was blocked by anti-tubulin mAb. (jimmunol.org)
  • Reactivity with other β-Tubulin had not been tested yet. (genscript.com)
Neuronal tubulin2
  • It has been shown that anti-cancer drugs have different affinities for these tubulins compared to porcine brain (neuronal) tubulin. (tebu-bio.com)
  • This indicates that a drug development program aimed at increasing the affinity for cancer cell line tubulin over neuronal tubulin may lead to greater targeting efficiency toward cancer cells. (tebu-bio.com)
Amino2
  • The antibody recognizes an epitope located on the α3 isoform of Chlamydomonas axonemal α-tubulin, within four residues of Lys-40 when this amino acid is acetylated. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Rabbit polyclonal Tubulin antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide near the amino terminus of human Tubulin. (prosci-inc.com)
ELISA1
  • Chorea mAb specificity for purified brain tubulin was confirmed in ELISA and Western immunoblot, and significant levels of anti-tubulin IgG were found in acute chorea sera and cerebrospinal fluid. (jimmunol.org)
Immunofluorescence4
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Staining of skin fibroblasts. (novusbio.com)
  • Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - IF Confocal analysis of C6 cells using alpha Tubulin antibody (NB100-690, 1:50). (novusbio.com)
  • alpha Tubulin mAb (Clone 5-B-1-2) tested by immunofluorescence. (activemotif.com)
  • Immunofluorescence stain of alpha Tubulin mAb. (activemotif.com)
Clone1
  • A) E18 cortical rat neurons were cultured using the NeuroCult™ SM1 Neuronal Culture Kit on poly-lysine-coated glass coverslips, then fixed and labeled with Anti-Beta-Tubulin III Antibody, Clone AA10, followed by donkey anti-mouse IgG, Alexa Fluor® 488, and counter-stained with DAPI. (stemcell.com)
Filaments1
  • Alpha-tubulin filaments were labeled with GTX11304 (Red) at 1:2000. (genetex.com)
Antibody at 1:500 dilution1
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded AGS xenograft, using beta Tubulin(GTX101279) antibody at 1:500 dilution. (genetex.com)
Binds5
  • While mebendazole still retains some binding affinity to human and Drosophilia β-tubulin, albendazole almost exclusively binds to the β-tubulin of worms and other lower eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anti- gout agent colchicine binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule formation, arresting neutrophil motility and decreasing inflammation . (academickids.com)
  • One mole of tubulin binds to two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain. (genscript.com)
  • TOG1 binds αβ-tubulin in a way that excludes equivalent binding of a second TOG domain. (sciencemag.org)
  • Newly synthesized beta-tubulin can bind to Rbl2p before it binds to alpha-tubulin. (caltech.edu)
Molecular3
  • Alpha tubulin molecular weight: 50 kDa. (novusbio.com)
  • View detailed Tubulin Inhibitor specifications, including Tubulin Inhibitor CAS number, molecular weight, molecular formula and chemical structure, by clicking on the product name. (scbt.com)
  • Alpha tubulin has an approximate molecular weight of 50-55 kD. (biolegend.com)
Genes3
  • Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2002). The Arabidopsis PILZ group genes encode tubulin-folding cofactor orthologs required for cell division but not cell growth. (sdbonline.org)
  • Unlinked noncomplementation: isolation of new conditional-lethal mutations in each of the tubulin genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (genetics.org)
Phosphorylation1
  • γ-tubulin is expressed at highest levels during prophase to metaphase and can be modified by phosphorylation. (biolegend.com)
Human7
  • Human α-tubulin subtypes include:[citation needed] TUBA1A TUBA1B TUBA1C TUBA3C TUBA3D TUBA3E TUBA4A TUBA8 All drugs that are known to bind to human tubulin bind to β-tubulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synthetic peptide (Human) conjugated to KLH, corresponding to C terminal residues of Human alpha tubulin. (abcam.com)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma using β-Tubulin (D3U1W) Mouse mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human large cell carcinoma of the lung using β-Tubulin (D3U1W) Mouse mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human non-small cell lung carcinoma using β-Tubulin (D3U1W) Mouse mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • α-tubulin, also called as tubulin α 4a (TUBA4A), is mapped to human chromosome 2q35. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) has been discovered as a marker of drug resistance in human cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
Colchicine site2
  • In addition, several anti-worm drugs preferentially target the colchicine site of β-Tubulin in worm rather than in higher eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • It possesses cytotoxic anti- tubulin activity by binding to the colchicine site of tubulin causing microtubule depolymerization. (thefreedictionary.com)
Microtubule formation2
  • Beta-tubulin III contributes to microtubule formation in neuronal cell bodies and axons, a function involving GTP binding, and plays roles in axonal transport, neuronal cell proliferation, and differentiation. (stemcell.com)
  • The phosphrylation of Tubulin gamma at Tyr445 plays a regulatory role in microtubule formation. (fishersci.com)
Endogenous1
  • Treatments of injected cells with Nocodazole or Taxol showed that DTAF-tubulin closely mimicked the behavior of endogenous tubulin. (rupress.org)
Vivo2
  • γ-Tubulin Overexpression in Sertoli Cells In Vivo. (bioone.org)
  • Shawna L. Fleming , Peter R. Shank , and Kim Boekelheide "γ-Tubulin Overexpression in Sertoli Cells In Vivo. (bioone.org)
Mitotic3
  • Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into axonemes (cilia and flagella) whereas glutamylation is prevalent in neuronal cells, centrioles, axonemes, and the mitotic spindle. (abcam.com)
  • Studies using fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching confirmed this apparent difference in tubulin dynamics between mitotic and interphase cells. (rupress.org)
  • Tubulin-binding agents are derived from natural sources and include a large number of compounds with diverse chemical structures, all sharing an ability to disrupt microtubule dynamics, induce mitotic arrest, and promote apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
Residues1
  • Modifies alpha- and beta-tubulin, generating side chains of glutamate on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of alpha- and beta-tubulin (By similarity). (antikoerper-online.de)
DM1A3
  • Immunohistochemistry: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Analysis of formalin fixed colon sections. (novusbio.com)
  • Flow Cytometry: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - Intracellular flow cytometric staining of 1 x 10^6 CHO (A) and HEK-293 (B) cells using alpha Tubulin antibody (dark blue). (novusbio.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) [NB100-690] - IHC analysis of a formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue section of mouse prostate using alpha Tubulin Antibody (DM1A) at 1:200 dilution. (novusbio.com)
Polymerize1
  • In the absence of glycerol, tubulin will not polymerize at a concentration below 5 mg/ml except in the presence of an enhancing agent like paclitaxel. (cytoskeleton.com)
Posttranslational2
  • Posttranslational tyrosination/detyrosination of tubulin. (prosci-inc.com)
  • Posttranslational modifications of tubulin are emerging regulators of microtubule functions. (embopress.org)
Microtubules in Bacteria: Ancient Tubulins Build a Five-Protofilament Homolog of the Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton
Microtubules in Bacteria: Ancient Tubulins Build a Five-Protofilament Homolog of the Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton (journals.plos.org)
Alpha-tubulin 3C - Wikipedia
Alpha-tubulin 3C - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Tubulin Assembly Machine [image] | EurekAlert! Science News
Tubulin Assembly Machine [image] | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
Neurospora Spore Killers Sk-2 and Sk-3 Suppress Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA | Genetics
Neurospora Spore Killers Sk-2 and Sk-3 Suppress Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA | Genetics (genetics.org)
Acetylation of Proteins
Acetylation of Proteins (news-medical.net)
Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble - A crucial enzyme finally revealed
Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble - A crucial enzyme finally revealed (cea.fr)
Phase separation of TPX2 enhances and spatially coordinates microtubule nucleation | Nature Communications
Phase separation of TPX2 enhances and spatially coordinates microtubule nucleation | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Frontiers | Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Interaction With Swine Endothelial Cells | Veterinary Science
Frontiers | Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Interaction With Swine Endothelial Cells | Veterinary Science (frontiersin.org)
World Cancer Day
World Cancer Day (asbmb.org)
Watching microtubules grow one tubulin at a time | PNAS
Watching microtubules grow one tubulin at a time | PNAS (pnas.org)
Frontiers | The Neglected Genes of ALS: Cytoskeletal Dynamics Impact Synaptic Degeneration in ALS | Cellular Neuroscience
Frontiers | The Neglected Genes of ALS: Cytoskeletal Dynamics Impact Synaptic Degeneration in ALS | Cellular Neuroscience (frontiersin.org)
Role of microwave heating in antigen retrieval in cryosections of the formalin-fixed mammalian tissues | IntechOpen
Role of microwave heating in antigen retrieval in cryosections of the formalin-fixed mammalian tissues | IntechOpen (intechopen.com)
Diversifying microtubules in brain development | Nature Genetics
Diversifying microtubules in brain development | Nature Genetics (nature.com)
Table of Contents | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Table of Contents | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics (mct.aacrjournals.org)
TUBA8 Gene - GeneCards | TBA8 Protein | TBA8 Antibody
TUBA8 Gene - GeneCards | TBA8 Protein | TBA8 Antibody (genecards.org)
Calcium-Induced Modulation of the Tubulin Pool in Parathyroid Glands | SpringerLink
Calcium-Induced Modulation of the Tubulin Pool in Parathyroid Glands | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Complete amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin from porcine brain | PNAS
Complete amino acid sequence of beta-tubulin from porcine brain | PNAS (pnas.org)
Effects of α-tubulin acetylation on microtubule structure and stability | PNAS
Effects of α-tubulin acetylation on microtubule structure and stability | PNAS (pnas.org)
An Introduction to In-Cell ELISA Webinar
An Introduction to In-Cell ELISA Webinar (news-medical.net)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
High-content live-cell imaging assay used to establish mechanism of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1)-mediated inhibition of...
High-content live-cell imaging assay used to establish mechanism of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1)-mediated inhibition of... (bloodjournal.org)
Green Excitation: Cy3 HYQ (Bandpass Emission) | Nikon's MicroscopyU
Green Excitation: Cy3 HYQ (Bandpass Emission) | Nikon's MicroscopyU (microscopyu.com)
TIRF Microscopy News, Research
TIRF Microscopy News, Research (news-medical.net)
Gamma Tubulin Rabbit anti-Human, Polyclonal, Invitrogen 1 mL; Unconjugated:Antibodies | Fisher Scientific
Gamma Tubulin Rabbit anti-Human, Polyclonal, Invitrogen 1 mL; Unconjugated:Antibodies | Fisher Scientific (fishersci.com)
Cell Imaging
Cell Imaging (promega.com)
Consciousness Depends on Tubulin Vibrations Inside Neurons, Anesthesia Study Suggests
Consciousness Depends on Tubulin Vibrations Inside Neurons, Anesthesia Study Suggests (newswise.com)
Maria Queralt-Martin - Mendeley
Maria Queralt-Martin - Mendeley (mendeley.com)