Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.
Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis.
The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.
Infection of the lymph nodes by tuberculosis. Tuberculous infection of the cervical lymph nodes is scrofula.
Tuberculosis of the bones or joints.
TUBERCULOSIS that involves any region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, mostly in the distal ILEUM and the CECUM. In most cases, MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS is the pathogen. Clinical features include ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and palpable mass in the ileocecal area.
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.
Tuberculosis of the skin. It includes scrofuloderma and tuberculid, but not LUPUS VULGARIS.
One of several skin tests to determine past or present tuberculosis infection. A purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, is introduced into the skin by scratch, puncture, or interdermal injection.
A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)
Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
Tuberculosis of the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs.
Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.
A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.
Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
Infection of the spleen with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.
Infection of the LIVER with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. It is characterized by localized small tuberculous miliary lesions or tumor-like mass (TUBERCULOMA), and abnormalities in liver function tests.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863)
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species of MYCOBACTERIUM originally isolated from human smegma and found also in soil and water. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A treatment method in which patients are under direct observation when they take their medication or receive their treatment. This method is designed to reduce the risk of treatment interruption and to ensure patient compliance.
Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
Tuberculosis of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges (TUBERCULOSIS, MENINGEAL), most often caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and rarely by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The infection may be limited to the nervous system or coexist in other organs (e.g., TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY). The organism tends to seed the meninges causing a diffuse meningitis and leads to the formation of TUBERCULOMA, which may occur within the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal spaces. Tuberculous involvement of the vertebral column (TUBERCULOSIS, SPINAL) may result in nerve root or spinal cord compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-20)
Tuberculosis involving the larynx, producing ulceration of the VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA.
Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Tuberculosis of the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.
A protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS). It is used in the tuberculin skin test (TUBERCULIN TEST) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons.
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.
Viruses whose host is one or more Mycobacterium species. They include both temperate and virulent types.
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.
The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The assay of INTERFERON-GAMMA released from lymphocytes after their exposure to a specific test antigen, to check for IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY resulting from a previous exposure to the antigen. The amount of interferon-gamma released is usually assayed by an ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY.
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
So-called atypical species of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM that do not cause tuberculosis. They are also called tuberculoid bacilli, i.e.: M. buruli, M. chelonae, M. duvalii, M. flavescens, M. fortuitum, M. gilvum, M. gordonae, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. obuense, M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi.
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Tandem arrays of moderately repetitive, short (10-60 bases) DNA sequences which are found dispersed throughout the GENOME, at the ends of chromosomes (TELOMERES), and clustered near telomeres. Their degree of repetition is two to several hundred at each locus. Loci number in the thousands but each locus shows a distinctive repeat unit.
Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
Notification or reporting by a physician or other health care provider of the occurrence of specified contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infections to designated public health agencies. The United States system of reporting notifiable diseases evolved from the Quarantine Act of 1878, which authorized the US Public Health Service to collect morbidity data on cholera, smallpox, and yellow fever; each state in the US has its own list of notifiable diseases and depends largely on reporting by the individual health care provider. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.
An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Pathological conditions of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM caused by infection of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. Tuberculosis involvement may include the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques used in the diagnosis of disease.
A moderate-growing, photochromogenic species found in aquariums, diseased fish, and swimming pools. It is the cause of cutaneous lesions and granulomas (swimming pool granuloma) in humans. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
A class of quinoline compounds defined by the presence of two aromatic ring structures which are attached via a side chain to carbon 3 of the qunolinyl structure. The two aromatic moieties are typically NAPTHALENE and BENZENE. Several compounds in this class are used as ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS.
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
A variety of TUBERCULOSIS affecting various birds, including chickens and ducks. It is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM and characterized by tubercles consisting principally of epithelioid cells.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans.
Immunologic techniques involved in diagnosis.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that causes LEPROSY in man. Its organisms are generally arranged in clumps, rounded masses, or in groups of bacilli side by side.
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A family of terrestrial carnivores with long, slender bodies, long tails, and anal scent glands. They include badgers, weasels, martens, FERRETS; MINKS; wolverines, polecats, and OTTERS.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material.
Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.
Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.
The study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts.
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
A complex that includes several strains of M. avium. M. intracellulare is not easily distinguished from M. avium and therefore is included in the complex. These organisms are most frequently found in pulmonary secretions from persons with a tuberculous-like mycobacteriosis. Strains of this complex have also been associated with childhood lymphadenitis and AIDS; M. avium alone causes tuberculosis in a variety of birds and other animals, including pigs.
The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
A well-circumscribed mass composed of tuberculous granulation tissue that may occur in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or perimeningeal spaces. Multiple lesions are quite common. Management of intracranial manifestations vary with lesion site. Intracranial tuberculomas may be associated with SEIZURES, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Spinal cord tuberculomas may be associated with localized or radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. Tuberculomas may arise as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS, but also occur in immunocompetent individuals.
Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.
A group of ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS characterized by a chromophoric naphthohydroquinone group spanned by an aliphatic bridge not previously found in other known ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS. They have been isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces mediterranei.
The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world.
Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
People who leave their place of residence in one country and settle in a different country.
Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.
Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217)
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
INFLAMMATION of the sac surrounding the heart (PERICARDIUM) due to MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS infection. Pericarditis can lead to swelling (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION), compression of the heart (CARDIAC TAMPONADE), and preventing normal beating of the heart.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
A slow-growing, photochromogenic species that is the etiologic agent of a tuberculosis-like disease in humans and is frequently isolated from human pulmonary secretions or tubercles. The incidence of infection is sharply increased among immunocompromised individuals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.
A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.
Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease.
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from patients to health professionals or health care workers. It includes transmission via direct or indirect exposure to bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral agents.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory tract or its organs. It includes RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS.
A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619)
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
A republic in western Africa, constituting an enclave within SENEGAL extending on both sides of the Gambia River. Its capital is Banjul, formerly Bathurst.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Medical procedure involving the emptying of contents in the stomach through the use of a tube inserted through the nose or mouth. It is performed to remove poisons or relieve pressure due to intestinal blockages or during surgery.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Hospitals which provide care to patients with long-term illnesses.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Penal institutions, or places of confinement for war prisoners.
Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Persons who have no permanent residence. The concept excludes nomadic peoples.
A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.
Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
An aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. It is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Persons fleeing to a place of safety, especially those who flee to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution in their own country or habitual residence because of race, religion, or political belief. (Webster, 3d ed)
Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)

Cell-mediated immunity: dealing a direct blow to pathogens. (1/6653)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are essential for defence against viral infections. Recent data demonstrating direct killing of intracellular bacteria by granulysin, a protein released from the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, emphasize the contribution of these lymphocytes to the control of tuberculosis.  (+info)

Tuberculosis outbreaks in prison housing units for HIV-infected inmates--California, 1995-1996. (2/6653)

During 1995-1996, staff from the California departments of corrections and health services and local health departments investigated two outbreaks of drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB). The outbreaks occurred in two state correctional institutions with dedicated HIV housing units. In each outbreak, all cases were linked by IS6110-based DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. This report describes the investigations of both outbreaks; the findings indicated that M. tuberculosis can spread rapidly among HIV-infected inmates and be transmitted to their visitors and prison employees, with secondary spread to the community.  (+info)

Issues in the treatment of active tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. (3/6653)

Most HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis can be treated satisfactorily with standard regimens with expectations of good results. Treatment of tuberculosis in these patients has been complicated by the introduction of HAART, which relies on drugs that interfere with the most potent class of antituberculous medications. Rifampin-free regimens or regimens that employ rifabutin may be acceptable strategies for patients who are receiving protease inhibitors, although these regimens have not been rigorously evaluated in patients with AIDS. At present, there is good reason to believe that a 6-month course of a rifabutin-containing regimen or a 9-12-month course of a regimen of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide should be adequate therapy for most patients with drug-susceptible disease. As the treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral agents evolves, the treatment of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS is likely to evolve as well. This will require careful coordination of antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapies.  (+info)

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency impairs cellular immunity. (4/6653)

Norepinephrine, released from sympathetic neurons, and epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla, participate in a number of physiological processes including those that facilitate adaptation to stressful conditions. The thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes are richly innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, and catecholamines are thought to modulate the immune response. However, the importance of this modulatory role in vivo remains uncertain. We addressed this question genetically by using mice that lack dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dbh-/- mice). dbh-/- mice cannot produce norepinephrine or epinephrine, but produce dopamine instead. When housed in specific pathogen-free conditions, dbh-/- mice had normal numbers of blood leukocytes, and normal T and B cell development and in vitro function. However, when challenged in vivo by infection with the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dbh-/- mice were more susceptible to infection, exhibited extreme thymic involution, and had impaired T cell function, including Th1 cytokine production. When immunized with trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, dbh-/- mice produced less Th1 cytokine-dependent-IgG2a antitrinitrophenyl antibody. These results indicate that physiological catecholamine production is not required for normal development of the immune system, but plays an important role in the modulation of T cell-mediated immunity to infection and immunization.  (+info)

Susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex to lipophilic deazapteridine derivatives, inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. (5/6653)

Twelve lipophilic 2,4-diamino-5-methyl-5-deazapteridine derivatives and trimethoprim were evaluated for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium in vitro. Six of the compounds had MICs of < or =12.8 mg/L and < or =1.28 mg/L against M. tuberculosis and M. avium, respectively; trimethoprim MICs were >128 mg/L and >12.8 but < or =128 mg/L, respectively. Two compounds, with either a 2-methyl-5-methoxy phenyl or 2-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl phenyl linked at the 6-position of the deazapteridine moiety by a CH2NH bridge, had MICs of < or =0.13 mg/L against M. avium; the two compounds also had apparent I50 values for dihydrofolate reductase of 2 and 8 nM, respectively, compared with an I50 of 400 nM with trimethoprim. Four of the compounds were selectively toxic to mycobacteria as compared with Vero cells. These results demonstrated that lipophilic antifolates can be synthesized which are more active against mycobacteria than trimethoprim and which possess selective toxicity.  (+info)

The future role of international agencies in control of acute respiratory tract infections. (6/6653)

Achievements in the control of acute respiratory infection (ARI) owe much to international collaboration in research, education, and delivery of services. This article highlights some of the current activities of the many international agencies involved and summarizes thoughts on their future roles. Key recent scientific advances include better surveillance, new and improved vaccines, refinement of standard clinical management plans and behavioral change techniques, and demonstration of the effectiveness of their application. Agencies involved include the World Health Organization, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, national government agencies for overseas aid, many academic departments, and professional lung health associations. However, much remains to be done, especially in collaborative research, in the devising, implementing, and evaluating of health care delivery systems in low-income countries, and in mobilizing political will and resources. These are tasks beyond the capacity of any lone agency. Success will depend on how effectively we collaborate.  (+info)

Observations on animal and human health during the outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis in game farm wapiti in Alberta. (7/6653)

This report describes and discusses the history, clinical, pathologic, epidemiologic, and human health aspects of an outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis infection in domestic wapiti in Alberta between 1990 and 1993, shortly after legislative changes allowing game farming. The extent and seriousness of the outbreak of M. bovis in wapiti in Alberta was not fully known at its onset. The clinical findings in the first recognized infected wapiti are presented and the postmortem records for the herd in which the animal resided are summarized. Epidemiologic findings from the subsequent field investigation are reviewed, the results of recognition and investigation of human exposure are updated, and recommendations for reduction of human exposure are presented.  (+info)

Differential protective efficacy of DNA vaccines expressing secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (8/6653)

The development of more-effective antituberculosis vaccines would assist in the control of the global problem of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One recently devised vaccination strategy is immunization with DNA plasmids encoding individual microbial genes. Using the genes for the M. tuberculosis secreted proteins MPT64 (23 kDa), Ag85B (30 kDa), and ESAT-6 (6 kDa) as candidate antigens, DNA vaccines were prepared and tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a murine model of aerosolized tuberculosis (TB). Intramuscular immunization with DNA-64 or DNA-85B resulted in the activation of CD4(+) T cells, which produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and high titers of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Further, DNA-64 induced major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. The addition of a eukaryotic leader sequence to mpt64 did not significantly increase the T-cell or antibody response. Each of the three DNA vectors stimulated a significant reduction in the level of M. tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice challenged 4 weeks after immunization, but not to the levels resulting after immunization with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The vaccines showed a consistent hierarchy of protection, with the most effective being Ag85B, followed by ESAT-6 and then MPT64. Coimmunization with the three vectors resulted in a greater degree of protection than that induced by any single vector. This protective efficacy was associated with the emergence of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells earlier than in infected animals immunized with a control vector. The efficacy of these DNA vaccines suggests that multisubunit vaccination may contribute to future vaccine strategies against TB.  (+info)

There are two main forms of TB:

1. Active TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are actively growing and causing symptoms such as coughing, fever, chest pain, and fatigue. Active TB can be contagious and can spread to others if not treated properly.
2. Latent TB: This is the form of the disease where the bacteria are present in the body but are not actively growing or causing symptoms. People with latent TB do not feel sick and are not contagious, but they can still become sick with active TB if their immune system is weakened.

TB is a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to healthcare may be limited. The disease is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical imaging, and laboratory tests such as skin tests or blood tests. Treatment for TB typically involves a course of antibiotics, which can be effective in curing the disease if taken properly. However, drug-resistant forms of TB have emerged in some parts of the world, making treatment more challenging.

Preventive measures against TB include:

1. Vaccination with BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of the disease but not against latent TB.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, especially if they are coughing or sneezing.
3. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering one's mouth when coughing or sneezing and regularly washing hands.
4. Getting regular screenings for TB if you are in a high-risk group, such as healthcare workers or people with weakened immune systems.
5. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels, utensils, or drinking glasses with people who have active TB.

Overall, while TB is a serious disease that can be challenging to treat and prevent, with the right measures in place, it is possible to reduce its impact on public health and improve outcomes for those affected by the disease.

Pulmonary tuberculosis typically affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. The symptoms of pulmonary TB include coughing for more than three weeks, chest pain, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed by a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and radiologic imaging, such as chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans. Treatment for pulmonary TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms.

Preventive measures for pulmonary tuberculosis include screening for latent TB infection in high-risk populations, such as healthcare workers and individuals with HIV/AIDS, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in countries where it is available.

Overall, pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications and death.

Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) can develop when a person with TB does not complete their full treatment course as prescribed by a healthcare provider, or if they do not take their medications correctly. It can also develop in people who have weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions that make them more susceptible to the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

MDR-TB is a significant global public health concern because it is harder to treat and can spread more easily than drug-sensitive TB. Treatment for MDR-TB typically involves using stronger medications that are more effective against drug-resistant bacteria, such as fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides. However, these medications can have more side effects and may be less effective in some cases.

Preventing the development of MDR-TB is crucial, and this can be achieved by ensuring that all patients with TB receive complete and correct treatment as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Additionally, screening for drug resistance before starting treatment can help identify patients who may have MDR-TB and ensure they receive appropriate treatment from the outset.

The symptoms of miliary TB can vary depending on the organs affected and can include fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and coughing up blood. Diagnosis is typically made by a combination of physical examination, chest X-ray, laboratory tests (such as blood cultures or polymerase chain reaction), and imaging studies (such as CT scans or MRI).

Treatment of miliary TB involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and pain management. The prognosis for miliary TB is generally poor, with high mortality rates if left untreated. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many patients can recover.

Prevention measures for miliary TB include avoiding close contact with people who have active TB disease, practicing good hygiene (such as covering the mouth when coughing), and getting screened for TB infection if you are at high risk. Vaccination against TB is also recommended for people living in areas with a high prevalence of TB.

See also: Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Word origin: [L. miliaris, of or pertaining to milk, from mille, a thousand + Latin lactis, milk]

Latent TB can be diagnosed through a skin test (such as the PPD test) or a blood test (such as the QFT-GIT test), which detect the presence of TB antigens in the body. If the results are positive, it indicates that the person has been infected with M. tuberculosis, but the infection is currently dormant.

People with latent TB are not infectious to others and do not have any symptoms. However, if their immune system weakens or they experience significant stress, the infection can become active, leading to active TB.

Latent TB is common, particularly among people who have been exposed to someone with active TB. It is estimated that one-third of the global population has latent TB infection.

There are several treatment options available for latent TB, including:

1. Antibiotics: The most commonly used antibiotics are isoniazid and rifampin. These medications can help to reduce the risk of developing active TB.
2. Vaccination: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can provide some protection against latent TB, particularly in children. However, it is not effective in adults.
3. Antiretroviral therapy (ART): In people with HIV/AIDS, ART can help to reduce the risk of developing active TB.
4. Monitoring: Regular monitoring and follow-up are essential to detect any progression to active TB.

It is important to note that latent TB is not a diagnosis, but rather a state of infection. It is important to differentiate between active TB and latent TB, as they require different treatment approaches.

The symptoms of lymph node TB may include:

1. Swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas of the body
2. Fever
3. Night sweats
4. Weight loss
5. Fatigue
6. Coughing up blood
7. Chest pain

If you suspect that you have been exposed to TB or are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests such as a chest X-ray, CT scan, blood tests, or a skin test (called the PPD test) to determine if you have TB infection.

If you are diagnosed with lymph node TB, treatment will typically involve antibiotics for a period of at least six months. It is crucial to complete the full course of treatment as directed by your healthcare provider to ensure that the infection is fully cleared and to prevent the development of drug-resistant TB.

In addition to treatment, it is important to take steps to prevent the spread of TB to others. This may include:

1. Isolating yourself from others until your symptoms have improved and you have been declared non-infectious by a healthcare provider.
2. Covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing to prevent the spread of bacteria.
3. Washing your hands frequently, especially after coughing or sneezing.
4. Avoiding close contact with others until your infection has been fully treated and you have been declared non-infectious.

Overall, early detection and prompt treatment of lymph node TB are crucial to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics for a period of at least six months, and surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases.

Preventive measures for osteoarticular tuberculosis include vaccination against tuberculosis, screening for the disease in high-risk populations such as those with weakened immune systems, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have active tuberculosis infections.

Some of the key features of osteoarticular tuberculosis include:

* Pain and swelling in the affected joint
* Limited mobility in the joint
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Night sweats and loss of appetite
* Presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the joint fluid or tissue.

Osteoarticular tuberculosis can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as it may mimic other conditions such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. However, early detection and appropriate treatment can help prevent long-term joint damage and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Overall, osteoarticular tuberculosis is a serious form of tuberculosis that affects the bones and joints, causing pain, swelling, and limited mobility. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Gastrointestinal TB typically affects the distal portion of the small intestine and the proximal portion of the large intestine, causing inflammation and ulceration in these areas. The symptoms of gastrointestinal TB can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Anemia

If a doctor suspects gastrointestinal TB, they may perform a series of tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

1. Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera and light on the end is inserted through the mouth and into the esophagus to visualize the inside of the stomach and intestines.
2. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed from the affected area and examined under a microscope for TB bacteria.
3. Cultures: Samples of fluid or tissue are collected and grown in a laboratory to isolate the TB bacteria.
4. Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to visualize the affected area and look for signs of inflammation or other complications.

Treatment for gastrointestinal TB typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care, such as fluid replacement and nutritional support. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventive measures for gastrointestinal TB include:

1. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB infections.
2. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering the mouth when coughing and washing hands regularly.
3. Avoiding sharing food or drinks with people who have active TB infections.
4. Getting vaccinated against TB, especially for people who live in areas where TB is common.
5. Avoiding smoking and alcohol consumption, as these can increase the risk of developing TB.
6. Maintaining a healthy diet and getting regular exercise to keep the immune system strong.

It's important to note that gastrointestinal TB is a rare condition and most cases of TB affect the lungs. If you suspect you or someone you know may have TB, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can perform tests to confirm the diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.

Symptoms of spinal tuberculosis may include:

* Back pain
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

If left untreated, spinal tuberculosis can lead to severe complications such as paralysis, nerve damage, and infection of the bloodstream. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove infected tissue.

Spinal TB is a rare form of TB, but it is becoming more common due to the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system and makes them more susceptible to TB infections. Spinal TB can be difficult to diagnose as it may present like other conditions such as cancer or herniated discs.

The prognosis for spinal tuberculosis is generally good if treated early, but the condition can be challenging to treat and may require long-term management.

The symptoms of bovine tuberculosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing
* Weight loss and loss of condition
* Fever
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Enlarged liver or spleen
* Poor milk production in lactating cows
* Intestinal problems, such as diarrhea or constipation

If left untreated, bovine tuberculosis can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, and peritonitis. It can also spread to other animals in the herd, making it important to identify and isolate infected animals promptly.

Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Skin tests, such as the Mantoux test or the single-dose intradermal test, can detect exposure to the bacteria, but they may not always provide accurate results in animals with low levels of antibodies. Blood tests, such as the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) test or the QuantiFERON® test, can detect the presence of TB antigens in the blood, but these tests may also have limitations.

Treatment of bovine tuberculosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The most commonly used antibiotics include isoniazid, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Prevention of bovine tuberculosis primarily involves controlling the spread of the disease through control of the mycobacteria that cause it. Measures such as testing and removal of infected animals, use of clean needles and equipment, and proper disposal of animal carcasses can help prevent the spread of the disease. Additionally, vaccination of animals with a live bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing TB infections.

In conclusion, bovine tuberculosis is a significant health concern for cattle and other animals, as well as humans who may be exposed to infected animals or contaminated products. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent the spread of the disease and manage symptoms in affected animals. Prevention measures such as testing and removal of infected animals, use of clean needles and equipment, and proper disposal of animal carcasses can help control the spread of the disease.

The symptoms of cutaneous TB can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. Common signs include:

* Skin lesions, which may appear as nodules, papules, or plaques
* Ulcers or open sores
* Fistulae (abnormal connections between two organs or between an organ and the skin)
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Night sweats

Cutaneous TB is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue.

While cutaneous TB is less common than pulmonary TB, it can be more challenging to treat because the bacteria can penetrate deep into the skin and other connective tissues. However, with prompt and appropriate treatment, most people with cutaneous TB can recover completely.

Symptoms of pleural TB may include:

* Chest pain
* Coughing up blood or mucus
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Fever

Pleural TB can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are often similar to those of other conditions, such as pneumonia or cancer. A diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as chest X-rays or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as sputum smears or cultures).

Treatment of pleural TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery. Antibiotics are used to kill the TB bacteria, and surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage to the lungs or chest cavity. In some cases, hospitalization may be required to ensure proper treatment and monitoring.

Pleural TB is more common in developing countries and in areas with high rates of TB infection. It can also be a complication of latent TB infection, which is a condition in which the TB bacteria are present in the body but not actively causing disease.

Prevention of pleural TB includes vaccination against TB, proper ventilation and air filtration to reduce exposure to the bacteria, and early detection and treatment of latent TB infection.

Symptoms of XDR TB are similar to those of drug-sensitive TB, such as coughing, fever, fatigue, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis is made by collecting a sample from the patient's lungs or other affected areas and testing it for resistance to various drugs.

XDR TB can be prevented by improving access to TB care and treatment, particularly in resource-poor settings where TB is more prevalent. This includes ensuring that all patients with TB receive proper diagnosis and treatment, as well as taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease, such as screening for latent TB infection and quarantining individuals who are infected.

Early detection and prompt treatment of XDR TB are essential to prevent its spread and control the disease. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications and may take longer than standard treatment for drug-sensitive TB. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue from the lungs or other affected areas.

Overall, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis is a serious form of TB that requires careful management and monitoring to prevent its spread and ensure effective treatment.

Symptoms of urogenital TB may include blood in the urine, painful urination, frequent urination, and fever. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove affected tissue. Preventive measures for urogenital TB include screening for TB in individuals who are at high risk, such as those with HIV/AIDS or other immunosuppressive conditions.

Treatment involves administration of anti-TB drugs, usually in combination with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications such as seizures and brain damage. Treatment can take several months and must be completed even if symptoms improve before finishing treatment.

Prevention is difficult because TB bacteria are often resistant to standard antibiotics, so it's important for individuals with HIV or other conditions that weaken the immune system to avoid exposure to TB bacteria whenever possible and receive regular screening tests.

Symptoms:

* Blurred vision
* Redness and inflammation in the eye
* Pain in the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Floaters (specks or cobwebs in vision)
* Eye discharge

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination of the eye
* Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans
* Lymph node biopsy
* Culture tests to identify the presence of Mycobacterium TB

Treatment:

* Anti-TB medications for at least 12 months
* Surgical removal of the affected portion of the eye
* Corticosteroid eye drops or ointments to reduce inflammation
* Antibiotics to prevent infection

Prognosis:

* With proper treatment, the prognosis is good and most patients regain their vision.
* However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to severe visual impairment and even blindness.

Symptoms of splenic TB may include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and abdominal pain. The spleen may become enlarged, and there may be anemia (low red blood cell count) due to the destruction of red blood cells in the spleen.

Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as chest X-rays, blood cultures, and polymerase chain reaction), and imaging studies (such as computed tomography (CT) scans or ultrasound).

Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgical removal of the affected spleen. In some cases, the spleen may be preserved if the infection is limited to certain areas of the organ. The prognosis for splenic TB is generally good if treated early and appropriately, but it can be serious if left untreated or if there are complications such as bleeding or perforation of the spleen.

Splenic tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis that affects the spleen and can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not treated promptly and appropriately. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for preventing complications and ensuring a good outcome.

Symptoms of hepatic TB may include:

* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Weight loss
* Fever
* Night sweats
* Coughing up blood

In some cases, hepatic TB can lead to liver failure or other complications if left untreated. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms.

It is important to note that hepatic TB is relatively rare in developed countries, but it is still prevalent in many developing countries where TB is more common. A diagnosis of hepatic TB should be considered in anyone with suspected TB who has elevated liver enzymes or other signs of liver disease.

Source: Adapted from the article "Tuberculosis" in the medical encyclopedia MedlinePlus, available at medlineplus.gov (accessed March 28, 2017).

Symptoms of endocrine tuberculosis may include:

* Swelling in the neck
* Pain in the neck or throat
* Difficulty swallowing
* Hoarseness
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

Endocrine tuberculosis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of TB bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the TB bacteria, and thyroid hormone replacement therapy to address any hormonal imbalances caused by the infection. Surgery may also be necessary to remove infected tissue.

Endocrine tuberculosis is relatively rare, but it can be a serious condition if left untreated. It is important for healthcare providers to consider the possibility of endocrine TB when diagnosing and treating patients with thyroid disorders, particularly in areas where TB is common.

The symptoms of TB CNS can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Headache
* Fever
* Nausea and vomiting
* Weakness or paralysis of the face, arm, or leg
* Confusion, seizures, or coma
* Vision loss or double vision
* Hearing loss or ringing in the ears
* Meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

TB CNS can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are often non-specific and can resemble other conditions, such as a stroke or a brain tumor. A diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests (such as lumbar puncture and culture).

TB CNS is treated with antibiotics, usually for a period of at least 6-12 months. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove abscesses or repair damaged tissue. Treatment outcomes are generally good if the diagnosis is made early and the infection is contained within the central nervous system. However, delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious complications, such as permanent neurological damage or death.

Prevention of TB CNS involves identifying and treating cases of active TB infection, as well as taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease. This includes screening for TB in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems or living in areas with a high prevalence of TB. Vaccination against TB is also recommended in some cases.

In summary, TB CNS is a rare and potentially life-threatening form of tuberculosis that can cause severe neurological symptoms and complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious outcomes and ensuring effective management of the disease.

Symptoms of laryngeal tuberculosis may include:

* Hoarseness or a raspy voice
* Difficulty swallowing
* Persistent cough
* Pain when swallowing
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

Laryngeal tuberculosis can be diagnosed with a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans, and microscopic examination of samples from the larynx. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove any infected tissue.

Prognosis for laryngeal tuberculosis is generally good if treatment is started early and the infection is limited to the larynx. However, if left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body and cause serious complications.

Symptoms of renal tuberculosis may include fever, chills, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal pain, blood in the urine, and kidney failure. Diagnosis is based on a combination of imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and renal ultrasound, along with laboratory tests to detect the presence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in the urine or tissue.

Treatment of renal tuberculosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, dialysis may be required to remove waste products from the blood when the kidneys are no longer functioning properly.

The symptoms of oral tuberculosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. They may include:

* A painless ulcer or open sore on the tongue, lips, gums, or inside the cheek
* Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck
* Fever, chills, and fatigue
* Weight loss and loss of appetite
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking

If you think you may have oral tuberculosis, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. The disease can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are similar to those of other conditions. To diagnose oral tuberculosis, your doctor will perform a physical examination and order tests such as a chest X-ray, blood tests, and a smear of the ulcer or sputum.

Treatment for oral tuberculosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure that the infection is fully cleared.

Prevention of oral tuberculosis includes avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, getting vaccinated against TB, and practicing good hygiene such as covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze.

Examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): a type of pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.
2. Tuberculosis (TB): a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or other organs.
3. Toxoplasmosis: an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that can affect the brain, eyes, and other organs.
4. Cryptococcosis: a fungal infection that can affect the lungs, brain, or skin.
5. Histoplasmosis: a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum that can affect the lungs, skin, and other organs.
6. Aspergillosis: a fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that can affect the lungs, sinuses, and other organs.
7. Candidiasis: a fungal infection caused by Candida species that can affect the mouth, throat, vagina, or skin.
8. Kaposi's sarcoma: a type of cancer that is caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
9. Wasting syndrome: a condition characterized by weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
10. Opportunistic infections that can affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis.

AROIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with HIV/AIDS, and they can be prevented or treated with antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and other interventions.

Types of Mycobacterium Infections:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): This is the most common Mycobacterium infection and is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, and spine.
2. Leprosy: This is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It is also known as Hansen's disease.
3. Buruli ulcer: This is a skin infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium ulcerans, which is found in wet environments such as rivers, lakes, and swamps.
4. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): This is a group of bacteria that can cause a variety of diseases, including lung disease, disseminated disease, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Mycobacterium abscessus: This is a type of bacteria that can cause skin and soft tissue infections, as well as respiratory and disseminated diseases.

Symptoms of Mycobacterium Infections:

The symptoms of Mycobacterium infections can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing (in TB infections)
* Skin lesions or ulcers (in leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Fever, chills, and fatigue (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Swollen lymph nodes (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Joint pain or swelling (in some cases)
* Weight loss and loss of appetite (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Infections:

Diagnosing a Mycobacterium infection can be challenging, as the bacteria are slow-growing and require specialized culture techniques. Some common methods for diagnosing Mycobacterium infections include:

* Skin scrapings or biopsies (for leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Sputum or lung biopsy (for TB)
* Blood tests (for disseminated disease)
* Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans (to evaluate the extent of the infection)

Treatment of Mycobacterium Infections:

The treatment of Mycobacterium infections depends on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common treatments include:

* Antibiotics: For TB, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for at least 6 months. For leprosy, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months.
* Surgery: For Buruli ulcer, surgical debridement of the affected skin and tissue is often necessary.
* Supportive care: Patients with severe forms of the disease may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and wound care.

Prevention of Mycobacterium Infections:

Preventing the spread of Mycobacterium infections is crucial for controlling these diseases. Some common prevention measures include:

* Vaccination: For TB, vaccination with the BCG vaccine is recommended for infants and young children in high-risk areas.
* Screening: Screening for TB and leprosy is important for early detection and treatment of cases.
* Contact tracing: Identifying and testing individuals who have been in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Infection control measures: Healthcare workers should follow strict infection control measures when caring for patients with Mycobacterium infections to prevent transmission to others.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick: Avoiding close contact with people who are sick with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing: Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.
* Properly disposing of contaminated materials: Properly disposing of contaminated materials, such as used tissues and surfaces soiled with respiratory secretions, can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.

It is important to note that while these measures can help control the spread of Mycobacterium infections, they are not foolproof and should be combined with other prevention measures, such as early detection and treatment of cases, to effectively control these diseases.

MGT typically presents with symptoms such as scrotal swelling, pain, and fever, as well as difficulty urinating or infertility. The infection can also cause abscesses in the genital area, which can lead to further complications if left untreated.

The bacteria that cause MGT is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the same bacteria that causes tuberculosis in other parts of the body. The infection is typically spread through contact with an infected person's respiratory secretions, such as coughing or sneezing.

Diagnosis of MGT is made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests such as smear or culture of tissue samples. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for a period of at least 6-9 months, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove affected tissue.

Prevention of MGT includes avoiding close contact with people who have active TB, practicing safe sex, and getting tested regularly for TB if you are at high risk. Early detection and treatment of MGT can help prevent long-term complications and improve the chances of successful treatment.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.

There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:

1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)

The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss

If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:

1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)

HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.

Prevention methods for HIV infection include:

1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.

It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.

The diagnosis of peritonitis, tuberculous is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove any infected tissue or organs. In some cases, the disease may be resistant to standard treatment, and more specialized therapies may be necessary.

The prognosis for peritonitis, tuberculous depends on several factors, including the severity of the disease, the extent of organ damage, and the response to treatment. In general, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good, but delays in diagnosis or resistance to treatment can lead to poor outcomes.

Some of the key risk factors for developing peritonitis, tuberculous include living in a region where tuberculosis is common, having a weakened immune system, and being in close contact with someone who has tuberculosis. Prevention measures include screening for tuberculosis before undergoing abdominal surgery or procedures, using protective equipment such as masks and gloves when caring for individuals with tuberculosis, and ensuring that anyone with active tuberculosis is properly treated and isolated.

In summary, peritonitis, tuberculous is a serious infection of the abdominal cavity caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and preventive measures are essential to reduce the risk of this disease.

Granulomas are formed in response to the presence of a foreign substance or an infection, and they serve as a protective barrier to prevent the spread of the infection and to isolate the offending agent. The granuloma is characterized by a central area of necrosis, surrounded by a ring of immune cells, including macrophages and T-lymphocytes.

Granulomas are commonly seen in a variety of inflammatory conditions, such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and sarcoidosis. They can also occur as a result of infections, such as bacterial or fungal infections, and in the context of autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

In summary, granuloma is a term used to describe a type of inflammatory lesion that is formed in response to the presence of a foreign substance or an infection, and serves as a protective barrier to prevent the spread of the infection and to isolate the offending agent.

Coinfection can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Exposure to multiple pathogens: When an individual is exposed to multiple sources of infection, such as contaminated food or water, they may contract multiple pathogens simultaneously.
2. Weakened immune system: A compromised immune system can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infections, making it more susceptible to coinfection.
3. Increased opportunities for transmission: In some situations, such as in healthcare settings or during travel to areas with high infection rates, individuals may be more likely to come into contact with multiple pathogens.

Examples of common coinfections include:

1. HIV and tuberculosis (TB): TB is a common opportunistic infection that affects individuals with HIV/AIDS.
2. Malaria and bacterial infections: In areas where malaria is prevalent, individuals may also be at risk for bacterial infections such as pneumonia or diarrhea.
3. Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae: During flu season, individuals may be more susceptible to both influenza and bacterial infections such as pneumonia.

Coinfection can have significant consequences for an individual's health, including increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment of coinfections often requires a combination of antimicrobial therapies targeting each pathogen, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Preventing coinfection is important for maintaining good health, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. This can include:

1. Practicing good hygiene: Washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick can help reduce the risk of infection.
2. Getting vaccinated: Vaccines can protect against certain infections, such as influenza and pneumococcal disease.
3. Taking antimicrobial prophylaxis: In some cases, taking antibiotics or other antimicrobial drugs may be recommended to prevent infection in individuals who are at high risk of coinfection.
4. Managing underlying conditions: Effectively managing conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and heart disease can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.
5. Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding risky behaviors such as sharing needles or engaging in unprotected sex can help reduce the risk of infection and coinfection.

Tuberculomas are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as they grow, they can compress surrounding brain tissue and lead to a variety of neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

Tuberculomas are caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is the same bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB) in other parts of the body. The bacteria enter the brain or spinal cord through the bloodstream or by spreading from a TB infection in another part of the body.

Diagnosis of a tuberculoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Treatment usually involves a combination of antitubercular medications and surgery to remove the tumor. In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and swelling.

Overall, while tuberculomas are rare, they can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent long-term neurological damage or death.

The symptoms of cardiovascular TB may include:

1. Fever
2. Coughing up blood
3. Chest pain
4. Shortness of breath
5. Fatigue
6. Swelling in the legs and feet
7. Weight loss

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have cardiovascular TB, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional will perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECG), and blood tests to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for cardiovascular TB typically involves a combination of antibiotics and medications to manage symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissue. It is important to follow the treatment plan recommended by your healthcare professional to ensure that the infection is fully treated and to prevent complications.

Prevention measures for cardiovascular TB include:

1. Avoiding close contact with people who have active TB infections
2. Practicing good hygiene, such as covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing
3. Getting vaccinated against TB
4. Implementing infection control measures in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of TB bacteria.

Early detection and treatment of cardiovascular TB can help prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have cardiovascular TB, seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Some common types of NTM infections include:

* Lung infections
* Skin infections
* Bone and joint infections
* Heart valve infections
* Cystic fibrosis-related infections
* Infections in people with weakened immune systems

NTM infections can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium chelonae. These bacteria are commonly found in soil and water, and they can enter the body through cuts or open wounds, or by being inhaled into the lungs.

Symptoms of NTM infections may include:

* Coughing
* Fever
* Chest pain or discomfort
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Skin lesions or ulcers

Diagnosis of an NTM infection is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as cultures or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests. Treatment may involve antibiotics, surgery, or a combination of both, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Preventive measures for NTM infections are not well established, but people with weakened immune systems or those who live in areas with high levels of NTM bacteria in the environment may be advised to take precautions such as avoiding contact with soil and water, wearing protective clothing and gloves when working with soil or water, and practicing good hygiene.

Avian tuberculosis typically affects the respiratory system of birds, causing symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, weight loss, and mortality. The disease can be transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated feces and soil. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, radiography, and laboratory tests, such as bacterial cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.

There are several methods for controlling and preventing avian tuberculosis in poultry flocks, including:

1. Biosecurity measures: Implementing strict biosecurity measures, such as proper cleaning and disinfection, can help prevent the introduction of MAC into poultry flocks.
2. Vaccination: Use of vaccines against MAC can help protect birds from infection and reduce the spread of disease.
3. Herd health monitoring: Regular monitoring of bird health can help identify early signs of infection and allow for prompt treatment.
4. Culling: Infected birds should be humanely euthanized and removed from the flock to prevent further spread of the disease.
5. Quarantine: Quarantining new birds before introducing them into a flock can help prevent the introduction of MAC.
6. Sanitation: Maintaining proper sanitation practices, such as regular cleaning and disinfection, can help reduce the risk of infection.
7. Rodent control: Rodents are a natural host for MAC, so controlling rodent populations around poultry farms can help prevent the spread of disease.

Preventing avian tuberculosis is crucial to maintaining healthy and productive poultry flocks while protecting public health. By implementing effective biosecurity measures, vaccination, herd health monitoring, culling, quarantine, sanitation, and rodent control, poultry farmers can help prevent the spread of this disease.

Tuberculoma intracranial definition
===============

A tuberculoma intracranial is a type of brain tumor caused by the tuberculosis bacteria. It can cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and changes in personality or behavior. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as surgery to remove the tumor. Prognosis is generally good if the diagnosis is made early and treatment is effective.

Subcategories of Tuberculoma, Intracranial:
--------------------------------------

* Cerebral tuberculosis: a type of tuberculosis that affects the brain and spinal cord.
* Meningitic tuberculosis: a type of tuberculosis that affects the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
* Tuberculous abscess: a collection of pus in the brain caused by the tuberculosis bacteria.
* Tuberculous leukomeningitis: an inflammation of the meninges caused by the tuberculosis bacteria.

Synonyms for Tuberculoma, Intracranial:
---------------------------------------

* Cerebral tuberculosis
* Meningeal tuberculosis
* Tuberculous brain abscess
* Tuberculous leukoencephalitis

Antonyms for Tuberculoma, Intracranial:
-----------------------------------------

* Benign brain tumor
* Malignant brain tumor
* Traumatic brain injury
* Stroke

Keywords associated with Tuberculoma, Intracranial:
----------------------------------------------

* Brain abscess
* Meningitis
* Encephalitis
* Leukoencephalopathy
* Cerebral edema

Note: The above information is for general purposes only and should not be considered as professional medical advice. It is always recommended to consult a qualified healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition.

The formation of a granuloma in the respiratory tract can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Infections, such as tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and aspergillosis
2. Allergic reactions to environmental exposures, such as dust, pollen, or smoke
3. Irritants, such as chemicals or pollutants in the air
4. Cancer, such as lung cancer or lymphoma
5. Rare genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

The symptoms of a respiratory tract granuloma may include:

1. Coughing up blood or mucus
2. Chest pain or tightness
3. Shortness of breath or wheezing
4. Fatigue or fever
5. Weight loss or loss of appetite

The diagnosis of a respiratory tract granuloma is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies, and microbiological tests. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the granuloma, but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or surgery to remove the affected tissue.

In summary, a respiratory tract granuloma is a type of inflammatory lesion that occurs in the respiratory tract and can be caused by various factors. It is characterized by the formation of clusters of immune cells surrounded by a fibrotic capsule, and may cause a range of symptoms including coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the granuloma.

To: [Name of Doctor or Medical Professional]

Re: [Patient's Name] - Respiratory Tract Granuloma

Dear [Doctor's Name],

I am writing to request your expertise in diagnosing and treating a respiratory tract granuloma in my patient, [Patient's Name]. As you may recall, [Patient's Name] was previously diagnosed with antitrypsin deficiency and has been experiencing persistent respiratory symptoms.

Recently, a bronchoscopy revealed the presence of a granuloma in [Patient's Name]'s respiratory tract, which I believe may be related to the antitrypsin deficiency. I have attached the bronchoscopy report and imaging studies for your review.

I would greatly appreciate any insights you can provide on the following:

1. The likelihood that the granuloma is caused by antitrypsin deficiency
2. Any additional testing or evaluations that may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis
3. Potential treatment options for the granuloma, including any medications or therapies that have been effective in treating similar cases
4. Any other considerations or recommendations you have for [Patient's Name]'s ongoing care and management

Thank you for your time and expertise in this matter. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely,

[Your Name]

HIV seropositivity is typically diagnosed through a blood test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This test detects the presence of antibodies against HIV in the blood by using specific proteins on the surface of the virus. If the test is positive, it means that the individual has been infected with HIV.

HIV seropositivity is an important diagnostic criterion for AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which is a condition that develops when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV infection. AIDS is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests, including HIV seropositivity.

HIV seropositivity can be either primary (acute) or chronic. Primary HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual is first infected with HIV and their immune system produces antibodies against the virus. Chronic HIV seropositivity occurs when an individual has been living with HIV for a long time and their immune system has produced antibodies that remain in their bloodstream.

HIV seropositivity can have significant implications for an individual's health and quality of life, as well as their social and economic well-being. It is important for individuals who are HIV seropositive to receive appropriate medical care and support to manage their condition and prevent the transmission of HIV to others.

Examples of delayed hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis (a skin reaction to an allergic substance), tuberculin reactivity (a reaction to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis), and sarcoidosis (a condition characterized by inflammation in various organs, including the lungs and lymph nodes).

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are important in the diagnosis and management of allergic disorders and other immune-related conditions. They can be detected through a variety of tests, including skin prick testing, patch testing, and blood tests. Treatment for delayed hypersensitivity reactions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The symptoms of AIDS can vary depending on the individual and the stage of the disease. Common symptoms include:

1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss
9. Memory loss and other neurological problems
10. Cancer and other opportunistic infections.

AIDS is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HIV antibodies or the virus itself. There is no cure for AIDS, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention methods include using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment.

In summary, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a severe and life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is characterized by a severely weakened immune system, which makes it difficult to fight off infections and diseases. While there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Prevention methods include using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

TB empyema is a rare complication of pulmonary TB, occurring in approximately 1-5% of all cases of pulmonary TB. It is more common in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive medications following organ transplantation.

The symptoms of TB empyema may include cough, fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fatigue. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of chest radiography, computed tomography (CT) scans, and microbiological tests such as sputum smears or cultures.

Treatment of TB empyema typically involves a combination of antituberculous medications and drainage of the purulent material. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the infected tissue. Treatment outcomes are generally good if the diagnosis is made early and appropriate therapy is initiated promptly. However, delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and death.

A laboratory infection is an infection that occurs in a healthcare worker or laboratory personnel while working in a laboratory setting, typically with infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. These infections can be acquired through exposure to infected samples, equipment, or surfaces in the laboratory.

The risk of laboratory infection is higher in settings where high-risk agents are handled, such as in the study of highly infectious diseases like Ebola or SARS. The transmission of infectious agents in laboratories can occur through various routes, including:

1. Direct contact with infected samples or materials.
2. Contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment.
3. Inhalation of aerosols generated during procedures such as centrifugation or pipetting.
4. Exposure to infected personnel or animals in the laboratory.

To prevent laboratory infections, healthcare workers and laboratory personnel must follow strict safety protocols, including wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gowns, and masks, and adhering to proper sterilization and decontamination techniques. Laboratories should also have ventilation systems that filter out infectious agents and should be designed with containment levels to minimize the risk of exposure.

Laboratory infections can have serious consequences for both the individuals involved and the broader community, including the potential for transmitting infectious diseases to others outside of the laboratory setting. Therefore, it is essential to have strict safety protocols and proper training for laboratory personnel to minimize the risk of laboratory-acquired infections.

Leprosy can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. Skin lesions: Leprosy can cause skin lesions, including lighter or darker patches on the skin, and thickening of the skin.
2. Nerve damage: The bacteria can damage the nerves, leading to numbness, pain, and muscle weakness.
3. Eye problems: Leprosy can cause eye inflammation, vision loss, and dryness of the eyes.
4. Respiratory problems: In severe cases, leprosy can cause breathing difficulties and respiratory failure.
5. Enlarged lymph nodes: The lymph nodes may become enlarged in some cases.
6. Joint pain and swelling: Leprosy can cause joint pain and swelling.
7. Neuritis: Inflammation of the nerves can occur, leading to pain, numbness, and tingling sensations.
8. Ulcers: Leprosy can cause ulcers on the skin and mucous membranes.

Leprosy is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical imaging. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and other medications to manage symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged nerves.

Leprosy can be transmitted through respiratory droplets, close contact with an infected person, or through contaminated objects such as clothing or bedding. However, leprosy is not highly contagious and the risk of transmission is low if proper precautions are taken.

While there is no cure for leprosy, early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and disability. However, due to the stigma surrounding the disease, many people may delay seeking medical attention, leading to a higher risk of long-term complications.

Overall, while leprosy is a serious disease, it is also a preventable and treatable one. With proper awareness and education, we can work towards reducing the stigma surrounding leprosy and ensuring that those affected receive the medical attention they need.

The condition is characterized by an exaggerated immune response, which can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. IRIS can manifest as a range of symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, pain, and swelling in the affected areas.

The exact cause of IRIS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the restoration of immune function after being suppressed by HIV. When ART is initiated, the immune system begins to recover, and the body mounts an immune response against previously latent viral reservoirs. This can lead to inflammation and tissue damage in some individuals.

The diagnosis of IRIS is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections, anti-inflammatory medications, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention strategies for IRIS include careful monitoring of patients on ART, early detection and treatment of opportunistic infections, and the use of corticosteroids to prevent or treat inflammation. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the risk of IRIS and to monitor patients closely, particularly during the early stages of ART. With appropriate management, most cases of IRIS resolve without long-term complications.

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... refers to certain forms of chronic melioidosis that look clinically very similar to tuberculosis. It is ...
A tuberculosis hut or TB hut is a small wooden building, that was used in the early twentieth century by tuberculosis patients ... Until the late 1940s tuberculosis patients were often put in tuberculosis huts. With the introduction of effective medication ... Tuberculosis huts existed in various forms, but in general they were simple premanufactured wooden buildings, that could be put ... By the end of the 19th century, one out of four deaths in Europe was related to tuberculosis. The disease was associated with ...
To give treatment for latent tuberculosis to someone with active tuberculosis is a serious error: the tuberculosis will not be ... There are 4 types of tuberculosis recognized in the world today: Tuberculosis (TB) Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) ... but does not have active tuberculosis. Active tuberculosis can be contagious while latent tuberculosis is not, and it is ... Because tuberculosis is not common in the United States, doctors may not suspect tuberculosis; therefore, they may not test. If ...
TB database: an integrated platform for Tuberculosis research Photoblog about Tuberculosis "Mycobacterium tuberculosis". NCBI ... The M. tuberculosis complex evolved in Africa and most probably in the Horn of Africa. In addition to M. tuberculosis, the M. ... The M. tuberculosis genome was sequenced in 1998. In 2019, M. tuberculosis was found in a genetically related complex group of ... M. tuberculosis can be grown in the laboratory. Compared to other commonly studied bacteria, M. tuberculosis has a remarkably ...
... is a form of tuberculosis that affects the urogenital system. Persistent cystitis, unresponsive to ... It usually strikes young adults with tuberculosis in other places of the body as well. It is common in Asia, but less common in ... Urogenital tuberculosis may cause strictures of the ureter, which, however, may heal when infection is treated. The infection ... The surgery of tuberculosis Archived 2017-06-20 at the Wayback Machine Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn ( ...
... tuberculosis elimination will require not just treating active tuberculosis but also latent cases, and eliminating tuberculosis ... As of 2017, tuberculosis has not been eliminated from any country. Tuberculosis has been a curable illness since the 1940s when ... Tuberculosis elimination is the effort to reduce the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases to less than one per 1 million ... So far, tuberculosis has not been eliminated from any country. According to European Respiratory Review, tuberculosis ...
Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are vaccinations intended for the prevention of tuberculosis. Immunotherapy as a defence against TB ... Other tuberculosis vaccines are at various stages of development, including: MVA85A rBCG30 72F fusion protein MTBVAC New ... "Childhood Tuberculosis: Old And New Vaccines." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 8.2 (2007): 148-154. Print. Verma, Indu, and Ajay ... "Targeting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) by therapeutic vaccines." Med Microbiol Immunol 202 (2013): 95-1041. Print ...
Tuberculosis radiology for CXR details Tuberculosis diagnosis Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults ... The current clinical classification system for tuberculosis (TB) is based on the pathogenesis of the disease. Health care ... CDC Immigration Requirements: Technical Instructions for Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment. October 1, 2009. Classifications ...
Latent tuberculosis or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is treated with three to nine months of isoniazid alone. This long- ... Central nervous system tuberculosis takes two major forms: tuberculous meningitis and tuberculoma. Tuberculosis may affect the ... Tuberculosis management describes the techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB). The medical standard ... DOTS not only aims to provide structure for tuberculosis programs, but also to ensure that citizens diagnosed with tuberculosis ...
... is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the ... Miliary tuberculosis is present in about 2% of all reported cases of tuberculosis and accounts for up to 20% of all extra- ... pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Patients with miliary tuberculosis often experience non-specific signs, such as coughing and ... Miliary tuberculosis can also present with enlarged liver (40% of cases), enlarged spleen (15%), inflammation of the pancreas ( ...
... specificity in diagnosing abdominal tuberculosis when tuberculosis is bacteriologically confirmed in HIV-positive individuals. ... "Abdominal ultrasound for diagnosing abdominal tuberculosis or disseminated tuberculosis with abdominal involvement in HIV- ... Old healed tuberculosis usually presents as pulmonary nodules in the hilar area or upper lobes, with or without fibrotic scars ... Miliary tuberculosis This category includes findings that are suggestive of prior TB, that is inactive. Assessments of the ...
Hepatic tuberculosis: Hepatic tuberculosis can present as miliary hepatic tuberculosis and local hepatic tuberculosis. The ... It can occur most commonly following re-activation of a latent focus of tuberculosis. Intestinal tuberculosis: Tuberculosis of ... Approximately 20% of individuals with abdominal tuberculosis have active tuberculosis. The incidence of abdominal tuberculosis ... Abdominal tuberculosis accounts for It makes up for 5% of the tuberculosis cases worldwide, out of which 1-3% is ...
Tuberculosis is diagnosed by finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in a clinical specimen taken from the patient. While ... Pulmonary tuberculosis featuring necrotizing granulomas, H&E stain. Pulmonary tuberculosis featuring necrotizing granulomas, ... of tuberculosis. A recent study shows that "rats increased pediatric tuberculosis detection by 67.6%" and that training these ... A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis can only be made by culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms from a specimen taken ...
... is tuberculosis (TB) within a location in the body other than the lungs. It accounts for an ... A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", also known as miliary tuberculosis. ... Ketata W, Rekik WK, Ayadi H, Kammoun S (2015). "Les tuberculoses extrapulmonaires [Extrapulmonary tuberculosis]". Revue de ... it is known as skeletal tuberculosis, a form of osteomyelitis. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times. ...
The 2007 tuberculosis scare occurred when Atlanta personal-injury lawyer Andrew "Drew" Speaker flew from Atlanta, Georgia to ... Once Speaker was in Europe, however, test results showed his strain of tuberculosis was even rarer than originally thought, ... Speaker's earlier diagnosis was incorrect and that he instead had multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), a more treatable ... "Flight Itinerary of U.S. Traveler with Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB) (May 30, 2007)". Cdc.gov. Archived from ...
Krishna Murthy VV (1991). Facts and figures on tuberculosis and National Tuberculosis Programme. TNIB. Krishna Murthy MS, ... 1994 India portal Robert Koch World Tuberculosis Day Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis "acronym". Retrieved 14 July 2014. "TB". ... 1990 Introduction to District Tuberculosis Programme - 1994 Manual for District Tuberculosis Officers - 1994 Manual for ... The National Tuberculosis Institute owes its origin to the findings of a 1955-58 survey conducted by the Indian Council of ...
The Tuberculosis sanatorium Hohenstein (German: Lungenheilstätte Hohenstein) was a sanatorium in Hohenstein, East Prussia ( ... Tuberculosis sanatoria in Germany, East Prussia, Pages using the Kartographer extension). ... Olsztynek, Poland) specialized in pulmonology and Tuberculosis treatment for male patients. Founded in 1903, it was located ...
The SDS Tuberculosis and Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Chest diseases (formerly SDS Tuberculosis Sanatorium) is a government run ... Tuberculosis sanatoria, Tuberculosis in India, 1948 establishments in India, Pages using the Kartographer extension). ... Specialised treatment of tuberculosis and its varied complications are dealt with medically and if be need surgically yet being ... SDS Tuberculosis Sanatorium is named after the wife of philanthropist Devarao Shivaram as Shanthabai Devarao Shivaram ...
... was a sanatorium located on Marquam Hill in Portland, Oregon, United States, established in ... The hospital was active until 1963, when the number of tuberculosis patients in the state had dwindled, and the Oregon State ... "Oregon State Tuberculosis Hospital Collection, 1920-1960". ArchivesWest. Retrieved May 12, 2017. "Housing the Victims of the ... "From the Archives: The University-State Tuberculosis Hospital". Oregon Health & Sciences University. Retrieved May 12, 2017. " ...
Tuberculosis. Medical Research Council (MRC) Tuberculosis (SciDev.Net) Tuberculosis (CS1 errors: generic name, All articles ... the failure to control tuberculosis in the past-when tuberculosis services were not free-and the success in tuberculosis ... other diseases caused by mycobacteria Latent tuberculosis List of tuberculosis victims Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural ... Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem in China. China has the world's third largest cases of tuberculosis (after ...
Save Lives" Epidemiology of tuberculosis The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria "Global Tuberculosis Report" ( ... Tuberculosis: a killer that can't be kept behind bars, ICRC News release, 22 March 2010 Tuberculosis: stopping a killer that ... Tuberculosis is a common ailment that affects the lungs and is damaging.Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told. ... World Tuberculosis Day, 24 March 2018 "World Tuberculosis Day 2019". World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 March 2019. "World ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains at least nine small RNA families in its genome. The small RNA (sRNA) families were ... Pelly S, Bishai WR, Lamichhane G (May 2012). "A screen for non-coding RNA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a cAMP- ... Overexpression of G2 sRNA, for example, prevented growth of M. tuberculosis and greatly reduced the growth of M. smegmatis; ... Hfq protein homologues have yet to be found in M. tuberculosis; an alternative pathway - potentially involving conserved C-rich ...
Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The nature of the host-pathogen interaction ... Tuberculosis. Recent Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified three genetic risk loci, including at positions ... "Early progression to active tuberculosis is a highly heritable trait driven by 3q23 in Peruvians". Nature Communications. 10 (1 ... "Common variants at 11p13 are associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis". Nature Genetics. 44 (3): 257-9. doi:10.1038/ng. ...
... (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to ... Because MDR tuberculosis is an airborne pathogen, persons with active, pulmonary tuberculosis caused by a multidrug-resistant ... As of 2013, 3.7% of new tuberculosis cases have MDR-TB. Levels are much higher in those previously treated for tuberculosis - ... XDR-TB: TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains that fulfill the definition of MDR/RR-TB and which ...
... (also known as "acute tuberculous ulcer") is a form of cutaneous tuberculosis that occurs at the ...
The Lima Tuberculosis Hospital was a tuberculosis sanatorium built in 1911 to deal with the leading causes of death in the ... Youtube: Abandoned Tuberculosis Hospital - Lima, Ohio v t e (Webarchive template wayback links, Articles with short description ... Lima Tuberculosis Hospital: The White Plague Architecturalafterlife.com Retrieved on March 28, 2016. Lima TB Hospital Archived ... The hospital was renamed Ottawa Valley Tuberculosis Hospital in 1960. By 1970 it was nearly empty. In 1972 use of the second ...
The first genuine success in immunizing against tuberculosis was developed from attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis by Albert ... Smith, F. B. Retreat of Tuberculosis, 1850-1950 (1988) 271p Waksman, Selman A. (1964). The Conquest of Tuberculosis. University ... "Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries." The Economic Journal Graham JE (1893). "The Treatment of Tuberculosis ... which he named tuberculosis bacillus, was in fact the cause of tuberculosis. He made his result public at the Physiological ...
Global tuberculosis control. WHO report. WHO/HTM/TB/2006.362. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006. Global Tuberculosis ... Scholia has a topic profile for Tuberculosis in India. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuberculosis in India. Central ... As part of its efforts to eliminate tuberculosis, the Union Government changed the name of Revised National Tuberculosis ... the lessons of HIV/AIDS activism in the struggle to eradicate tuberculosis". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung ...
... , also called Muirdale Tuberculosis Hospital, was built in 1914-15 by Milwaukee County, ... Muirdale ceased treating tuberculosis patients in 1970 and, although the main structure still remains, many of the outlying ... By the mid-1930s, thoracic surgery had become an increasingly important option in the treatment of tuberculosis. To provide ... "Muirdale Tuberculosis Santatorium". Wisconsin Historical Society. January 2012. Retrieved 2018-11-12. unknown authors, Annals ...
Self-Study Modules on Tuberculosis, 1-5 Slide Sets. *The Tuberculosis (TB) in Correctional Settingsplus icon*Facilitator Guide ... Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Correctional Facilities, United States, 1993-2017. *Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis in ... Epidemiology of Pediatric Tuberculosis in the United States. *Targeted Tuberculosis Testing and Treatment of Latent ... Tuberculosis (TB) is preventable and treatable, but too many people still suffer from TB. ...
Criteria for the control of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:8180-5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Tuberculosis. We developed a decision tree model to estimate the impact of reduced treatment coverage on the TB burdens in ... Effects of Response to 2014-2015 Ebola Outbreak on Deaths from Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Tuberculosis, West Africa On This Page ... Tuberculosis. Using a 50% reduction in treatment coverage for both drug susceptible and multidrug-resistant TB, we estimated ...
... : Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) adjusted for age, sex, and race by NORA industrial sector, U.S. ... Respiratory tuberculosis: Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) adjusted for age, sex, and race by usual industry, U.S. residents ... Respiratory tuberculosis: Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) adjusted for age, sex, and race by usual occupation, U.S. ...
Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States. JAMA 2008;300:405-12. CrossRefExternal. PubMedExternal. ... Tuberculosis (TB) case counts and incidence,* by national origin and race/ ethnicity - United States, 2013-2016†. U.S. ... Recent transmission of tuberculosis-United States, 2011-2014. PLoS One 2016;11:e0153728. CrossRefExternal. PubMedExternal. ... Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is defined by the World Health Organization as a case of TB in a person with a ...
1993)‎. Programa de lucha contra la tuberculosis. Organización Mundial de la Salud. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/ ...
The material on this site is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a qualified health care provider ...
The Lancet published Tuberculosis 2014, a series featuring papers from The Lancet Infectious Diseases and The Lancet ... extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis, and new anti-tuberculosis drugs, [and] highlighting not only past successes, but also ... Lancet Series Addresses Tuberculosis Diagnosis, Treatment, Drug Resistance * Editorial, Opinion Piece Discuss Efforts To End ... In recognition of World TB Day, The Lancet published Tuberculosis 2014, a series featuring papers from The Lancet Infectious ...
Tuberculosis minimum requirement in the InterAction Choose to Invest recommendations for the FY 2021 U.S. International Affairs ... Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis poses a special national security threat. Roughly 36% of people with active TB go untreated ... Tuberculosis (TB) funding, in partnership with private and public donors, supports interventions that prevent, detect, and cure ... and treatment services for millions of people affected by TB and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). ...
1998)‎. Tuberculosis. Organización Mundial de la Salud. https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/85178 ...
Health Information on Tuberculosis: MedlinePlus Multiple Languages Collection ... What Is Tuberculosis? Should I Be Tested? - English PDF What Is Tuberculosis? Should I Be Tested? - Русский (Russian) PDF ... What Is Tuberculosis? Should I Be Tested? - English PDF What Is Tuberculosis? Should I Be Tested? - español (Spanish) PDF ... Tuberculosis (TB) Blood Test (IGRA) - English PDF Tuberculosis (TB) Blood Test (IGRA) - Afan Oromoo (Oromo) PDF ...
1994)‎. SEA/RC47/5 Add.1 - Resurgence of Tuberculosis - The Challenge. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/ ...
People with latent tuberculosis infection are at risk of progressing to active tuberculosis. ... complex but does not have active tuberculosis disease. ... Latent tuberculosis infection is a condition in which a person ... Latent tuberculosis infection is a condition in which a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-complex but does not ... People with latent tuberculosis infection are at risk of progressing to active tuberculosis. Therefore, it is essential that ...
Oceans, tuberculosis and killer robots - the UNs diverse agenda in.... Lyndal Rowlands - January 11, 2017. ...
Vitamin D in Treatment of Cutaneous Tuberculosis Br Med J 1948; 1 :430 doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4548.430 ... Vitamin D in Treatment of Cutaneous Tuberculosis. Br Med J 1948; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4548.430 (Published 06 ...
... for Global Infectious Disease Research colleagues discovered how nutrients cross the outer wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... Gaining these types of insights into tuberculosis is critical, given the widespread nature of this "permanent pandemic," said ... shedding light on a longstanding mystery in the biology of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, a potentially life- ... Research Institute have discovered how nutrients traverse the fortress-like outer cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ...
The abstract of a medical journal article.
Factsheet Key Facts Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause from a single ... Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable ... Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, ... Tuberculosis mostly affects adults in their most productive years. However, all age groups are at risk. Over 25% of cases and ...
... tuberculosis strains from 27 countries to reveal causes of drug resistance ... CRyPTIC: cataloguing drug resistance mutations in M. tuberculosis. Drug resistance mutations in M. tuberculosis. Credit: Karen ...
A BCG vaccine is given to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection. The vaccine contains bacteria called BCG (bacille Calmette- ... A BCG vaccine is given to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection. The vaccine contains bacteria called BCG (bacille Calmette- ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,/i,, which cause devastating human diseases. A distinctive com … ... Comparing Galactan Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae J Biol Chem. 2017 Feb 17;292(7): ... To this end, we compare and contrast galactan biosynthesis in C. diphtheriae and M. tuberculosis In each species, the galactan ... The C. diphtheriae GlfT2 gave rise to shorter polysaccharides than those obtained with the M. tuberculosis GlfT2. These data ...
... Health minister says govt committed to eradicating TB on a priority ... ISLAMABAD: Terming tuberculosis an infectious disease with the largest body count in the country, the federal Health minister ... as stated in the Declaration of the United Nations High-Level Meeting on Tuberculosis.. "The declaration is being strictly ... on Wednesday said that the government is launching the Tuberculosis-Free Pakistan Initiative to eradicate the disease.. ...
Nuffield Health looks after your health and wellbeing in ways that go beyond getting you fit and getting you back on your feet, thats what makes us specialists in you.. ...
Pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer: A complex interaction Insaf Mejri, Besma Ourari, Hela Cherif, Jihen B. Amar, Heifa ... Smoking in tuberculosis - Dont we have the knowledge? Rita Daniela Peixoto Boaventura, David Araújo, Leonor Meira, Leonor ... Tuberculosis and HIV infection in combination with multidrug resistant MBT on Northwest of Russia Goar Balasaniantc, Vladimir ... Addressing the tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) co-epidemic among TB patients in Luanda, Angola Giulia Segafredo, ...
NIH statement on World Tuberculosis Day 2016. On World Tuberculosis (TB) Day 2016, the National Institute of Allergy and ... NIAIDs Tuberculosis Research Units program has helped identify biomarkers that define the various stages of infection and is ... March 24 marks the day in 1882 when German microbiologist Robert Koch announced he had discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( ... is chief of the Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases Section in the NIAID Division of Microbiology and Infectious ...
... leaders and activists demanded Monday that the world invest more to develop new vaccines and tackle a surge in tuberculosis ... FILE - A relative adjusts the oxygen mask of a tuberculosis patient at a TB hospital on World Tuberculosis Day in Hyderabad, ... FILE - A relative adjusts the oxygen mask of a tuberculosis patient at a TB hospital on World Tuberculosis Day in Hyderabad, ... FILE - A relative adjusts the oxygen mask of a tuberculosis patient at a TB hospital on World Tuberculosis Day in Hyderabad, ...
  • TB is caused by bacteria (germs) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis . (kidshealth.org)
  • We analyzed 98 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity. (cdc.gov)
  • Scanning electron micrograph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. (who.int)
  • Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers in the Center for Global Infectious Disease Research at Seattle Children's Research Institute have discovered how nutrients traverse the fortress-like outer cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , shedding light on a longstanding mystery in the biology of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, a potentially life-threatening disease primarily of the lungs. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • The suborder Corynebacterineae encompasses species like Corynebacterium glutamicum , which has been harnessed for industrial production of amino acids, as well as Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis , which cause devastating human diseases. (nih.gov)
  • March 24 marks the day in 1882 when German microbiologist Robert Koch announced he had discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes TB - an airborne disease that most often attacks the lungs. (nih.gov)
  • This technique, along with his postulates, was crucial in allowing Koch to implicate a bacillus later dubbed Mycobacterium tuberculosis , as the cause of tuberculosis in 1882. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In recognition of World TB Day, The Lancet published Tuberculosis 2014 , a series featuring papers from The Lancet Infectious Diseases and The Lancet Respiratory Medicine "discussing topics ranging from host-directed therapies and vaccines, extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis, and new anti-tuberculosis drugs, [and] highlighting not only past successes, but also the challenges that need to be met to win the battle against tuberculosis" (3/24). (kff.org)
  • Specialists at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center have successfully treated a case of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a young child, now 5. (nih.gov)
  • A long-standing Fogarty-funded training partnership between Emory University and Georgian National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NCTLD) played a critical role in the ZeNix trial testing a three-medication antibiotic regimen called 'BPaL' to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in record time. (nih.gov)
  • The Emory-Georgia TB Research Training Program was established in 2004 in response to the Georgia's public health emergency due to high drug-resistant tuberculosis rates. (nih.gov)
  • The NIAID Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Research prioritizes expanding fundamental knowledge of TB by using modern tools, such as state-of-the-art imaging and systems biology methods, to better understand how TB infection remains latent in some individuals and then progresses to active disease, as well as the host and microbial factors that affect TB disease, transmission, and epidemiology. (nih.gov)
  • NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., is available to discuss the article and the NIAID Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Research. (nih.gov)
  • 2021)‎. Tuberculosis. (who.int)
  • The U.N. deputy secretary-general said global response efforts to tuberculosis have saved 74 million lives since 2000, but over 10.5 million people got the disease and an estimated 6.1 million died in 2021, and it is now the leading cause of death for people with HIV. (wgntv.com)
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j. from 93 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 5 ] Magnetic resonance imaging may be used to evaluate complications of thoracic disease, such as the extent of thoracic wall involvement with empyema, but is of limited value in the evaluation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. (medscape.com)
  • Angiography is not used in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. (medscape.com)
  • Angiographic techniques, such as bronchial arteriography and embolization in patients with hemoptysis, may be used to treat the complications of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary imaging findings in individuals with primary tuberculosis are nonspecific. (medscape.com)
  • Atelectasis may occur in primary pulmonary tuberculosis, often as a consequence of tuberculous airway involvement. (medscape.com)
  • A latent tuberculosis infection causes no signs or symptoms, and a chest X-ray won't show any signs of infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • This Request for Applications (RFA), Tuberculosis Diagnostics, is related to the priority areas of immunity, infectious diseases, and HIV infection. (nih.gov)
  • Robert Blount, M.D., a physician scientist at the University of Iowa Environmental Health Sciences Research Center (EHSRC) , studies how exposure to air pollution affects tuberculosis risk and the body's immune response to the lung infection. (nih.gov)
  • If a person's immune system is weakened, they are less able to defend the body against a tuberculosis infection," said Blount. (nih.gov)
  • A BCG vaccine is given to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • NIAID's Tuberculosis Research Units program has helped identify biomarkers that define the various stages of infection and is conducting animal and human studies to examine why most people with latent TB infection do not develop disease. (nih.gov)
  • The resurgence of tuberculosis is a matter of grave concern for physicians and other health care workers, especially those charged with care of patients with active disease. (nih.gov)
  • On World Tuberculosis (TB) Day 2016, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, reaffirms its commitment to researching ways to better understand, prevent, diagnose and treat TB. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by bacteria which attack the lungs. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is preventable and treatable, but too many people still suffer from TB. (cdc.gov)
  • Tuberculosis is curable and preventable. (who.int)
  • The Central Tuberculosis Prevention Institute of Shanghai and the Shanghai Anti-Tuberculosis Association, material contributed by the Tuberculosis Prevention Institute of Jing An District of Shanghai, n.d., ca. 1964. (nih.gov)
  • How to Prevent Tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease that usually attacks the lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background On April 23, 1993, the World Health Organization declared tuberculosis a global public health emergency, a distinction never accorded another disease. (nih.gov)
  • In the United States, after decades of successful control and decreasing rates of disease, tuberculosis is making a comeback. (nih.gov)
  • During 1992, 26,678 cases of active tuberculosis were reported to the Centers for Disease Control up 20 percent from 1985 when resurgence of the disease began. (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) funding, in partnership with private and public donors, supports interventions that prevent, detect, and cure tuberculosis-an airborne, bacterial disease. (interaction.org)
  • Addressing the Tuberculosis Epidemic: 21st Century Research for an Ancient Disease Journal of the American Medical Association DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.12852. (nih.gov)
  • Organized public health programmes for case-finding, i.e. even if we treated cases the control of tuberculosis were made pos- very well, if we did not find a large propor- sible by the development of modern che- tion of the cases, we could not affect the motherapy to treat the disease. (who.int)
  • 1International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France. (who.int)
  • Terming tuberculosis an infectious disease with the largest body count in the country, the federal Health minister on Wednesday said that the government is launching the 'Tuberculosis-Free Pakistan Initiative' to eradicate the disease. (com.pk)
  • Tuberculosis is the biggest infectious disease killer in the world today, taking the lives of around 4,400 people every day around the world including 700 children, Dr. Lucica Ditiu, executive director of the Stop TB Partnership, said ahead of Monday's hearing to prepare for a high-level meeting on Sept. 22 during the annual gathering of world leaders at the U.N. General Assembly. (wgntv.com)
  • Newswise - Led by Tony Hu, the Weatherhead Presidential Chair in Biotechnology Innovation at Tulane University School of Medicine, researchers at Tulane, Baylor College of Medicine and NanoPin Technologies, Inc. are now developing a rapid, reliable and highly specific test to allow rapid diagnosis of all forms of Tuberculosis (TB), the leading worldwide cause of death from infectious disease. (newswise.com)
  • Are epidemiological statistics on extrapulmonary tuberculosis correct? (ersjournals.com)
  • Tuberculosis (often called "TB") mainly infects the lungs , but can affect other organs. (kidshealth.org)
  • To learn about risk factors for tuberculosis and current prevention and treatment strategies visit the MedlinePlus tuberculosis site . (nih.gov)
  • It is anticipated that new and improved diagnostic tools to assist in the detection, prevention, and treatment of tuberculosis will improve the speed, sensitivity, specificity, and/or reliability of existing diagnostic procedures. (nih.gov)
  • World TB Day celebrated on 24 March each year, is an opportunity to raise awareness about the burden of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide and the status of TB prevention and care efforts. (who.int)
  • The U.S. works in 23 countries to build the capacity of screening, diagnosis, and treatment services for millions of people affected by TB and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). (interaction.org)
  • Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis poses a special national security threat. (interaction.org)
  • After it defined the National Tuberculo- of poor treatment prior to the introduction sis Control Programme, WHO moved of multidrug chemotherapy was evident quickly to model the tuberculosis epidemic with a rise in prevalence [ 4 ]. (who.int)
  • Introduction The low incidence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) in the UK means that few specialists treating tuberculosis have much experience of managing patients with MDRTB and no mechanism for collecting data on the progress of such patients exists. (bmj.com)
  • An annual decline in the number of cases and incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States was found beginning in 1993 and continuing until 2015, when the case count increased and the incidence remained the same as the previous year. (cdc.gov)
  • About 10 million people in the U.S. are infected by the tuberculosis bacillus. (nih.gov)
  • Hilar lymphadenopathy is a hallmark radiologic finding of tuberculosis, with other common findings being perihilar and right-sided infiltration and pleural effusion. (medscape.com)
  • Response to the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa overwhelmed the healthcare systems of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, reducing access to health services for diagnosis and treatment for the major diseases that are endemic to the region: malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa debilitated the healthcare systems of affected countries, hampering diagnosis and treatment for endemic diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis (TB) ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In Okinawa, Japan, on Saturday a team of global health advocates and leaders from "The Global Fund ― From Okinawa" team carried the Olympic torch aloft, lighting the way for a world free from the burden of HIV, tuberculosis, malaria and COVID-19. (theglobalfund.org)
  • According to Blount, he selected Hanoi as his study site because it has both high levels of PM and a high burden of tuberculosis. (nih.gov)
  • Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been gradually applied to the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) due to its rapid and highly sensitive characteristics. (nih.gov)
  • If patients with primary tuberculosis undergo imaging, a conventional chest radiograph may be sufficient for diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting. (medscape.com)
  • Chest radiographic results are not specific for tuberculosis, and other entities must remain in the differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • A third of the world's population is said to have contracted M tuberculosis , with estimates of 10 million new infections globally each year. (medscape.com)
  • Jassal, M.S. and Bishai, W.R. (2010) Epidemiology and challenges to the elimination of global tuberculosis. (scirp.org)
  • With support from a 2018 pilot project grant from the Center, Blount is examining how exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution affects tuberculosis risk and lung immune response in children living in Hanoi, Vietnam. (nih.gov)
  • With additional funding from NIEHS through a career development award, Blount worked with the Vietnam National Tuberculosis Program to enroll 300 Vietnamese children living with an adult diagnosed with tuberculosis in the study. (nih.gov)
  • This is a case of primary tuberculosis in an adult. (medscape.com)
  • What is the treatment for tuberculosis (TB)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people with tuberculosis don't need treatment in a hospital and can be cared for at home. (kidshealth.org)
  • The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine estimates that tuberculosis will claim more than 30 million lives during the coming decade unless efforts to control its transmission and deliver treatment in a timely fashion are improved. (nih.gov)
  • While Mikiashvili's career has centered around tuberculosis treatment and research in Georgia, she credits the growth in her research career to her mentors, former trainee and current MPI of the Emory-Georgia program, Dr. Nestani Tukvadze of the NCTLD, and Dr. Russell Kempker, Associate Director of the Emory-Georgia TB Program, from Emory University, whom she met during her time training under the Fogarty program in 2017. (nih.gov)
  • SUMMARY The current international strategy for the control of tuberculosis emphasizes two different tar- gets: a high success rate for the treatment of tuberculosis cases with an emphasis on positive sputum smear cases and a high case detection rate. (who.int)
  • One government responsibility for tuberculosis community, for example, determined tar- control, ambulatory chemotherapy for tu- gets according to the model, promptly set berculosis patients, standardization of out with a mobile X-ray van to find the req- treatment regimens, passive case detection, uisite number of cases and, when the cases bacteriological monitoring and the use of were recorded, returned to home base. (who.int)
  • FILE - A relative adjusts the oxygen mask of a tuberculosis patient at a TB hospital on World Tuberculosis Day in Hyderabad, India, March 24, 2018. (wgntv.com)
  • Shortly prevalence of tuberculosis, the driving state after chemotherapy was shown to be able of transmission. (who.int)
  • Why Is the Study of Tuberculosis a Priority for NIAID? (nih.gov)
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. (who.int)
  • Top U.N. officials and health industry leaders are trying to tackle an alarming surge in tuberculosis, which is now killing more people worldwide than COVID-19 or AIDS. (wgntv.com)
  • Wuhan Tuberculosis Hospital, 1978. (nih.gov)
  • The Staff of the Royal Caroline Institute takes great pleasure in giving this year's Nobel Prize for Medicine to the man who takes precedence among those now alive as a pioneer in bacteriological research, the prize being awarded to Geheimrat Robert Koch for his work and discoveries concerning tuberculosis. (encyclopedia.com)
  • As many as 15% of patients with primary tuberculosis have normal chest radiographic findings. (medscape.com)
  • Studies utilizing the mNGS for tuberculosis detection were included. (nih.gov)
  • UNITED NATIONS (AP) - Top U.N. officials, health industry leaders and activists demanded Monday that the world invest more to develop new vaccines and tackle a surge in tuberculosis fueled by the impact of COVID-19 and conflicts including Ukraine and Sudan. (wgntv.com)
  • In patients with progressive primary or postprimary tuberculosis , computed tomography scanning is often performed, in addition to chest radiography. (medscape.com)
  • Most tuberculosis cases occur in developing countries where poor, crowded living conditions and inadequate nutrition prevail, and where public health programs are limited. (nih.gov)
  • His research suggests that people with tuberculosis are susceptible to the adverse health effects of traffic-related air pollution. (nih.gov)
  • Journal of Tuberculosis Research , 1 , 9-10. (scirp.org)
  • He will test the children for tuberculosis four times over the course of a year and use personal monitoring methods to assess their PM exposure. (nih.gov)
  • To this end, we compare and contrast galactan biosynthesis in C. diphtheriae and M. tuberculosis In each species, the galactan is constructed from uridine 5'-diphosphate-α-d-galactofuranose (UDP-Gal f ), which is generated by the enzyme UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM or Glf). (nih.gov)
  • UGM and the galactan are essential in M. tuberculosis, but their importance in Corynebacterium species was not known. (nih.gov)
  • This is when people have the M. tuberculosis bacteria in their bodies, but they don't feel sick or have symptoms. (kidshealth.org)
  • This is when people with M. tuberculosis bacteria become sick and have symptoms. (kidshealth.org)
  • Once believed by health officials to be contained, tuberculosis is now recognized as out of control in many parts of the world. (nih.gov)
  • The day after emocha® Mobile Health, Inc., launched in 2013, CEO Sebastian Seiguer (pronounced SAY-ger) heard about a 3-year-old tuberculosis (TB) patient being treated at a Baltimore clinic. (nih.gov)
  • During 1991, more than 56 percent of the active cases of tuberculosis were reported among Hispanic or African Americans. (nih.gov)
  • Gaining these types of insights into tuberculosis is critical, given the widespread nature of this "permanent pandemic," said Grundner, who has been studying TB for two decades. (seattlechildrens.org)