Trypanosoma vivax
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma congolense
Malaria, Vivax
Plasmodium vivax
Trypanosomiasis, African
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Enzyme-substrate interactions in the purine-specific nucleoside hydrolase from Trypanosoma vivax. (1/35)
Nucleoside hydrolases are key enzymes in the purine salvage pathway of Trypanosomatidae and are considered as targets for drug design. We previously reported the first x-ray structure of an inosine-adenosine-guanosine preferring nucleoside hydrolase (IAG-NH) from Trypanosoma vivax (). Here we report the 2.0-A crystal structure of the slow D10A mutant in complex with the inhibitor 3-deaza-adenosine and the 1.6-A crystal structure of the same enzyme in complex with a genuine substrate inosine. The enzyme-substrate complex shows the substrate bound to the enzyme in a different conformation from 3-deaza-adenosine and provides a snapshot along the reaction coordinate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The chemical groups on the substrate important for binding and catalysis are mapped. The 2'-OH, 3'-OH, and 5'-OH contribute 4.6, 7.5, and 5.4 kcal/mol to k(cat)/K(m), respectively. Specific interactions with the exocyclic groups on the purine ring are not required for catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that the purine specificity of the IAG-NHs is imposed by a parallel aromatic stacking interaction involving Trp(83) and Trp(260). The pH profiles of k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) indicate the existence of one or more proton donors, possibly involved in leaving group activation. However, mutagenesis of the active site residues around the nucleoside base and an alanine scan of a flexible loop near the active site fail to identify this general acid. The parallel aromatic stacking seems to provide the most likely alternative mechanism for leaving group activation. (+info)A light and electron microscopic study of changes in blood and bone marrow in acute hemorrhagic Trypanosoma vivax infection in calves. (2/35)
Eleven 6-month-old calves were tsetse fly challenged with a stock of Trypanosoma vivax (IL 2337) that causes hemorrhagic infection. The calves were randomly euthanatized every 4 to 6 days; two other calves served as controls. Peripheral blood changes included anemia, thrombocytopenia, and an initial leukopenia. Later in the course of infection, leukocytosis associated with lymphocytosis and neutropenia developed. Moderate reticulocytosis (highest mean count 3.6 +/- 3.7%, maximum count 9.4%) accompanied the first wave of parasitemia, but poor response (highest mean 0.4 +/- 0.0%) occurred during the second wave, despite the persistence of severe anemia. Light microscopic examination of bone marrow samples showed a drop in the myeloid: erythroid ratio with a decrease in granulocytes, particularly metamyelocytes, bands, and segmenters. Increase in lymphocyte counts corresponded with the appearance of lymphoid nodules within the marrow. Megakaryocytic volume increased significantly in infected animals, and some megakaryocytes showed emperipolesis of red cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the bone marrow revealed that trypanosomes had crossed the sinusoidal endothelium into the hematopoietic compartment as early as the second day of parasitemia. Macrophages proliferated in the bone marrow; and from the second day of parasitemia until the end of the experimental infection, on day 46, the macrophages had phagocytosed normoblasts, eosinophil and neutrophil myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands, and segmenters, as well as reticulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes. Therefore, dyserythropoiesis and dysgranulocytopoiesis were responsible, in part, for the observed anemia and granulocytopenia, respectively. (+info)The single dynamin-like protein of Trypanosoma brucei regulates mitochondrial division and is not required for endocytosis. (3/35)
Members of the evolutionarily conserved dynamin-related GTPase family mediate numerous cellular membrane remodeling events. Dynamin family functions include the scission of clathrin-coated pits from the plasma membrane, mitochondrial fission, and chloroplast division. Here we report that the divergent eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei possesses a single dynamin family gene, which we have designated TbDLP. Furthermore, a single dynamin family gene is also found in the Leishmania major and Trypanosoma vivax genomes, indicating that this is a conserved feature among the kinetoplastida. TbDLP is most homologous to the DMN/DRP family of dynamin-like proteins. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that TbDLP is distributed in punctate structures within the cell that partially co-localize with the mitochondrion when labeled with MitoTracker. To define TbDLP function, we have used RNA interference to silence the TbDLP gene. Reduction of TbDLP protein levels causes a profound alteration in mitochondrial morphology without affecting the structure of other membrane-bound compartments, including the endocytic and exocytic apparatus. The mitochondrial profiles present in wild type trypanosomes fuse and collapse in the mutant cells, and by electron microscopy the mitochondria are found to contain an accumulation of constriction sites. These findings demonstrate TbDLP functions in division of the mitochondrial membrane. Most significantly, as TbDLP is the sole member of the dynamin family in this organism, scission of clathrin-coated pits involved in protein trafficking through the highly active endocytic system in trypanosomes must function in the absence of dynamin. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed. (+info)Substrate-assisted leaving group activation in enzyme-catalyzed N-glycosidic bond cleavage. (4/35)
In enzymatic depurination of nucleosides, the 5'-OH group of the ribose moiety of the substrate is often shown to contribute substantially to catalysis. The purine-specific nucleoside hydrolase from Trypanosoma vivax (TvNH) fixes the 5'-OH group in a gauche,trans orientation about the C4'-C5' bond, enabling the 5'-oxygen to accept an intramolecular hydrogen bond from the C8-atom of the purine leaving group. High level ab initio quantum chemical calculations indicate that this interaction promotes protonation of the purine at N7. Steady state kinetics comprising engineered substrates confirm that a considerable fraction of the catalytic 5'-OH effect can be attributed to leaving group activation. (+info)GARSA: genomic analysis resources for sequence annotation. (5/35)
SUMMARY: Growth of genome data and analysis possibilities have brought new levels of difficulty for scientists to understand, integrate and deal with all this ever-increasing information. In this scenario, GARSA has been conceived aiming to facilitate the tasks of integrating, analyzing and presenting genomic information from several bioinformatics tools and genomic databases, in a flexible way. GARSA is a user-friendly web-based system designed to analyze genomic data in the context of a pipeline. EST and GGS data can be analyzed using the system since it accepts (1) chromatograms, (2) download of sequences from GenBank, (3) Fasta files stored locally or (4) a combination of all three. Quality evaluation of chromatograms, vector removing and clusterization are easily performed as part of the pipeline. A number of local and customizable Blast and CDD analyses can be performed as well as Interpro, complemented with phylogeny analyses. GARSA is being used for the analyses of Trypanosoma vivax (GSS and EST), Trypanosoma rangeli (GSS, EST and ORESTES), Bothrops jararaca (EST), Piaractus mesopotamicus (EST) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (EST). AVAILABILITY: The GARSA system is freely available under GPL license (http://www.biowebdb.org/garsa/). For download requests visit http://www.biowebdb.org/garsa/ or contact Dr Alberto Davila. (+info)Effect of Trypanosoma vivax infection on body temperature, feed intake, and metabolic rate of West African dwarf goats. (6/35)
Thirty-two mature dwarf goats weighing between 16 and 30 kg (22.7 +/- 3.7, SD) were used to study the effect of Trypanosoma vivax infection on rectal temperature (RT), feed intake (DMI), and metabolic rate. Sixteen of the goats were infected intravenously with 14 X 10(6) T. vivax each; the 16 others served as controls. Animals were fed at about 1.1 times maintenance. Heat production was measured from 1 wk preinfection to 6 wk postinfection. From data on successive 9-min periods, heat production was calculated per 24-h period and separately for 0700 to 2000 (day period) and for 2000 to 0700 (night period). Rectal temperature was measured twice weekly. Compared with controls, animals infected with T. vivax developed and maintained a 1 degree C higher RT and a higher metabolic rate. After the prepatent period of 5 to 7 d, during which RT remained normal, all infected goats had a period of about 7 d with constant high temperatures. After that initial episode, RT fluctuated. Heat production of infected animals was increased by 15.6 kcal.d-1.kg-.75, or about 16%. This increase in heat production was greater during the night (22 kcal.d-1.kg-.75) than during the day (14 kcal.d-1.kg-.75). After T. vivax infection, large differences in DMI among animals were apparent. In four animals, a clear relation between DMI and RT was noted, but in 12 animals no such relationship was apparent. (+info)The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Trypanosoma vivax antibodies and its use in epidemiological surveys. (7/35)
There are data indicating that the distribution of Trypanosoma vivax in the Brazilian territory is expanding with potential to reach other areas, where the vectors are present. The detection of anti-trypanosomal antibodies in serum provides important information of the trypanosomal status in cattle herds. For this reason, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Tv-ELISA-Ab) with crude antigen from one Brazilian isolate of T. vivax was developed and evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity were respectively 97.6 and 96.9%. In the evaluation of cross-reactions, three calves inoculated with T. evansi trypimastigotes blood forms showed optical densities (OD) under the cut-off during the whole experimental period, except one at 45 days post-inoculation. With relation to Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, which are endemic hemoparasites in the studied area, the cross-reactions were shown to be 5.7, 5.3, and 1.1%, respectively. The first serological survey of Pantanal and state of Para showed that T. vivax is widespread, although regions within both areas had significantly different prevalences. Therefore, this Tv-ELISA-Ab may be a more appropriate test for epidemiological studies in developing countries because the diagnostic laboratories in most countries may be able to perform an ELISA, which is not true for polymerase chain reaction. (+info)Examination of the mechanism and energetic contribution of leaving group activation in the purine-specific nucleoside hydrolase from Trypanosoma vivax. (8/35)
The mechanism and energetics of the purine-specific nucleoside hydrolase from Trypanosoma vivax (TvNH) are examined by stopped-flow at low temperatures. TvNH is shown to follow an ordered uni-bi kinetic mechanism and high forward commitment with inosine as substrate (C(f) = 1.9 +/- 0.6). Measurement of partitioning of the Michaelis complex, which exists at negligible concentrations in the steady state, is achieved using a novel sequential-mixing stopped-flow method. A product burst is observed with p-nitrophenyl riboside (pNPR) in the pre-steady state, indicating that a step after chemistry rate determines k(cat). Comparison of the kinetics of inosine and pNPR turnover shows that the dominant energetic contribution towards catalysis in TvNH comes from ribosyl and water activation (11 kcal/mol); however, leaving group activation still makes a considerable (8 kcal/mol) contribution. A solvent isotope effect ((D2O)k = 1.7) on the chemistry transient tau1 with guanosine as substrate was observed. Therefore, the leaving group is unlikely to be protonated prior to N-glycosidic bond cleavage. We propose that leaving group protonation is, by itself, unlikely to account for the large energetic contribution of leaving group activation. Instead, we postulate that active site binding interactions to the purine leaving group are required for efficient ribosyl and/or water activation. (+info)Trypanosoma vivax is a species of protozoan parasite that causes the disease surra in horses, mules, and donkeys, as well as other animals such as camels, dogs, and cats. It belongs to the family Trypanosomatidae and the order Kinetoplastida.
The parasite is transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and occurs in parts of Africa and Asia. The parasites multiply in the bloodstream and lymphatic system of the host, causing symptoms such as fever, anemia, weakness, and edema.
In advanced stages, surra can lead to severe neurological signs, coma, and death if left untreated. Diagnosis is typically made through microscopic examination of blood or tissue samples, and treatment involves the use of drugs such as diminazene accurate or suramin. Prevention measures include avoiding exposure to tsetse flies and using insect repellents or protective clothing.
Bovine trypanosomiasis, also known as Nagana, is a parasitic disease that affects cattle and other animals. It is caused by various species of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma, which are transmitted through the bite of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.).
The disease is characterized by fever, anemia, weight loss, decreased milk production, abortion in pregnant animals, and eventually death if left untreated. The parasites invade the bloodstream and lymphatic system, causing damage to various organs and tissues.
Bovine trypanosomiasis is a major constraint to livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa, where it affects millions of animals and causes significant economic losses to farmers and pastoralists. Control measures include the use of trypanocidal drugs, insecticide-treated cattle, and the reduction or elimination of tsetse fly populations through various methods such as trapping and habitat modification.
Trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the protozoan genus Trypanosoma. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly (in African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness) or reduviid bug (in American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease). The parasites enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system, causing symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, skin lesions, and muscle pain. Untreated, it can lead to severe neurological complications and death in both forms of the disease. Prevention measures include avoiding insect bites, using insect repellents, and sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets.
Trypanosoma is a genus of flagellated protozoan parasites belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. These microscopic single-celled organisms are known to cause various tropical diseases in humans and animals, including Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) and African sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosoma brucei).
The life cycle of Trypanosoma involves alternating between an insect vector (like a tsetse fly or kissing bug) and a mammalian host. The parasites undergo complex morphological changes as they move through the different hosts and developmental stages, often exhibiting distinct forms in the insect vector compared to the mammalian host.
Trypanosoma species have an undulating membrane and a single flagellum that helps them move through their environment. They can be transmitted through various routes, including insect vectors, contaminated food or water, or congenital transmission from mother to offspring. The diseases caused by these parasites can lead to severe health complications and may even be fatal if left untreated.
Trypanosoma congolense is a species of protozoan parasite that belongs to the genus Trypanosoma. It is the primary causative agent of African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), also known as Nagana, which affects both wild and domestic animals in sub-Saharan Africa.
The life cycle of T. congolense involves two main hosts: the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) and a mammalian host, such as cattle, sheep, goats, or wild animals. The parasite is transmitted to the mammalian host through the bite of an infected tsetse fly. Once inside the host's body, T. congolense multiplies in various bodily fluids, including blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid, causing a range of symptoms such as fever, anemia, weight loss, and weakness.
In severe cases, AAT can lead to death, particularly in young or debilitated animals. The disease has significant economic impacts on agriculture and livestock production in affected regions, making it a major public health concern.
Malaria, Vivax:
A type of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium vivax. It is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria, Vivax is characterized by recurring fevers, chills, and flu-like symptoms, which can occur every other day or every third day. This type of malaria can have mild to severe symptoms and can sometimes lead to complications such as anemia and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). One distinguishing feature of Malaria, Vivax is its ability to form dormant stages in the liver (called hypnozoites), which can reactivate and cause relapses even after years of apparent cure. Effective treatment includes medication to kill both the blood and liver stages of the parasite. Preventive measures include using mosquito nets, insect repellents, and antimalarial drugs for prophylaxis in areas with high transmission rates.
"Plasmodium vivax" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It's one of the five malaria parasites that can infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most deadly.
P. vivax typically enters the human body through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the human host, the parasite travels to the liver where it multiplies and matures. After a period of development that can range from weeks to several months, the mature parasites are released into the bloodstream, where they infect red blood cells and continue to multiply.
The symptoms of P. vivax malaria include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue. One distinctive feature of P. vivax is its ability to form dormant stages (hypnozoites) in the liver, which can reactivate and cause relapses of the disease months or even years after the initial infection.
P. vivax malaria is treatable with medications such as chloroquine, but resistance to this drug has been reported in some parts of the world. Prevention measures include using insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying to reduce mosquito populations, as well as taking prophylactic medications for travelers visiting areas where malaria is common.
African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina spp.). The disease has two stages: an early hemolymphatic stage characterized by fever, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes; and a late neurological stage characterized by sleep disturbances, personality changes, and motor abnormalities. If left untreated, it can be fatal. The disease is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where an estimated 65 million people are at risk of infection.
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. It's transmitted to humans and other mammals through the feces of triatomine bugs, often called "kissing bugs." The parasite can also be spread through contaminated food, drink, or from mother to baby during pregnancy or birth.
The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves two main forms: the infective metacyclic trypomastigote that is found in the bug's feces and the replicative intracellular amastigote that resides within host cells. The metacyclic trypomastigotes enter the host through mucous membranes or skin lesions, where they invade various types of cells and differentiate into amastigotes. These amastigotes multiply by binary fission and then differentiate back into trypomastigotes, which are released into the bloodstream when the host cell ruptures. The circulating trypomastigotes can then infect other cells or be taken up by another triatomine bug during a blood meal, continuing the life cycle.
Clinical manifestations of Chagas disease range from an acute phase with non-specific symptoms like fever, swelling, and fatigue to a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and gastrointestinal complications, which can develop decades after the initial infection. Early detection and treatment of Chagas disease are crucial for preventing long-term health consequences.
Trypanosoma brucei brucei is a species of protozoan flagellate parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana in animals. This parasite is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina spp.). The life cycle of T. b. brucei involves two main stages: the insect-dwelling procyclic trypomastigote stage and the mammalian-dwelling bloodstream trypomastigote stage.
The distinguishing feature of T. b. brucei is its ability to change its surface coat, which helps it evade the host's immune system. This allows the parasite to establish a long-term infection in the mammalian host. However, T. b. brucei is not infectious to humans; instead, two other subspecies, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, are responsible for human African trypanosomiasis.
In summary, Trypanosoma brucei brucei is a non-human-infective subspecies of the parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis in animals and serves as an essential model organism for understanding the biology and pathogenesis of related human-infective trypanosomes.
Diminazene is an antiparasitic drug, primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat and prevent infections caused by trypanosomes, which are protozoan parasites that can affect both animals and humans. The drug works by inhibiting the protein synthesis of the parasite, leading to its death.
In human medicine, diminazene is used as an alternative treatment for acute African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in areas where other treatments are not available or have failed. It is usually given by intramuscular injection and is often used in combination with suramin.
It's important to note that the use of diminazene in human medicine is limited due to its potential toxicity, and it should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:
1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.
These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.
Trypanosoma vivax - Wikipedia
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Cruzi18
- High Triatoma brasiliensis Densities and Trypanosoma cruzi Prevalence in Domestic and Peridomestic Habitats in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil: The Source for Chagas Disease Outbreaks? (ajtmh.org)
- Trypanosoma cruzi" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Trypanosoma cruzi" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Trypanosoma cruzi" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Trypanosoma cruzi" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
- Fatty acid elongases 1-3 have distinct roles in mitochondrial function, growth, and lipid homeostasis in Trypanosoma cruzi. (harvard.edu)
- Proximity-Dependent Biotinylation and Identification of Flagellar Proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi. (harvard.edu)
- The Intracellular Amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi Maintains an Actively Beating Flagellum. (harvard.edu)
- Cardiomyocyte infection by Trypanosoma cruzi promotes innate immune response and glycolysis activation. (harvard.edu)
- mTOR signaling inhibition decreases lysosome migration and impairs the success of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and replication in cardiomyocytes. (harvard.edu)
- Human Trypanosoma cruzi chronic infection leads to individual level steady-state parasitemia: Implications for drug-trial optimization in Chagas disease. (harvard.edu)
- Trypanosoma cruzi IV causing outbreaks of acute Chagas disease and infections by different haplotypes in the Western Brazilian Amazonia. (unl.pt)
- In this region, the sylvatic cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission, which constitutes a reservoir of parasites that might be associated with specific molecular, epidemiological and clinical traits, has been little explored. (unl.pt)
- In the Brazilian Amazon, clinical and epidemiological frameworks of Chagas disease are very dissimilar in relation to the endemic classical areas of transmission, possibly due to genetic and biological characteristics of the circulating Trypanosoma cruzi stocks. (unl.pt)
- Components of the antioxidant defense system in Trypanosoma cruzi are potential targets for new drug development. (biomedcentral.com)
- The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is the causative agent of Chagas disease. (biomedcentral.com)
- For instance Chagas disease, which is a neglected tropical disease caused by another parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, can be highly benefited by T cell inducing vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)
- In Trypanosoma , the two major human parasites are T. cruzi , the causative agent of Chagas' disease, and T. brucei , the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. (biomedcentral.com)
- T. cruzi belongs to a major grouping within the genus Trypanosoma known as the American trypanosomes (or Stercoraria), while T. brucei belongs to another major grouping known as the African trypanosomes (or Salivaria). (biomedcentral.com)
Plasmodium9
- In 1903, together with Alphonse Laveran (1845-1922), he showed that the parasite responsible for the visceral leishmaniasis (or "Kala-azar", a fever in India), first described by William Boog Leishman (1865-1926), is a new protozoa, different from Trypanosoma , the agent of the sleeping sickness, and from Plasmodium , the agent of paludism (malaria). (astro.com)
- In 1920, he and Émile Roubaud achieved the first experimental infection of chimpanzees with Plasmodium vivax . (astro.com)
- Chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ) are still the drugs of choice to treat Plasmodium vivax malaria in many endemic areas, Brazil included. (unl.pt)
- In Latin America, data on chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium vivax is limited, even with the current research efforts to sustain an efficient malaria control program in all these endemic countries, where malaria still is a major public health issue. (unl.pt)
- These are known as Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. (ox.ac.uk)
- Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed form of malaria in the world and it can be present not only in Africa but also in the Western Pacific, and importantly in highly populated areas of Latin America and Asia, where it is a big problem. (ox.ac.uk)
- Q: What challenges does Plasmodium vivax pose? (ox.ac.uk)
- After different attempts for elimination only Plasmodium falciparum could be eliminated but vivax remained, and this is because it forms this kind of structure but falciparum does not. (ox.ac.uk)
- Vivax vaccine development is in the early stages of development in comparison to Plasmodium falciparum which is more advanced. (ox.ac.uk)
Congolense5
- Luckins A.G., The immune response of zebu cattle to infection with Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax , Ann. (gse-journal.org)
- The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. (kab.ac.ug)
- These bloodstream forms develop and multiply within the fly and then migrate to the mouthparts ( T. vivax and T. congolense ) or the salivary glands ( T. brucei ). (tsetse.org)
- This process takes 5-13 days for Trypanosoma vivax , 15-23 days for T. congolense and 12-23 days for T. brucei. (tsetse.org)
- Infection rates in tsetse populations are generally low, ranging from about 5% for T. vivax and T. congolense to less than 1% for T. brucei. (tsetse.org)
Brucei1
- OBJECTIVES The study was to investigate the effects of Allium sativum extract on Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasites' morphometric parameters, parasitemia and the clinical outcome in white infected Albino laboratory rats in order to determine its trypanocidal effects. (bvsalud.org)
Infection4
- Studies on effects of lactose on experimental Trypanosoma vivax infection in Zebu cattle. (ojvr.org)
- Molecular Diagnosis of Subclinical African Trypanosoma Vivax Infection and Association with Physiological Indices and Serum Metabolites in Extensively Managed Goats in the Tropics. (rit.edu)
- The PCR revealed T. vivax DNA in 7/56 semen samples of post-infection T01 cattle. (bvsalud.org)
- Trypanosoma vivax infection in Sudanese cattle in central Sudan. (livedna.net)
Evansi2
- Sequencing of the ITS1 region of the Trypanosoma species detected herein revealed that camels were infected with T. evansi and T. simiae. (researchgate.net)
- Conclusions: Trypanosoma evansi is highly prevalent in camels from the Banadir region of Somalia, particularly in nomadic herds. (researchgate.net)
Prevalence1
- Considering the lack of state-of-the-art knowledge on camel trypanosomiasis in Somalia, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. (researchgate.net)
Cattle7
- Trypanosoma vivax is a significant drag on Africa's cattle production every year, and increasingly is a concern in South America: One outbreak in 1995 in the Pantanal in Brazil and Bolivia cost the industry over US$160 million. (wikipedia.org)
- The present work investigated the presence of Trypanosoma vivax in semen and reproductive tissues of experimentally infected cattle and evaluated changes in seminal parameters. (bvsalud.org)
- Two groups of cattle were established: T01 - experimentally infected with T. vivax (n = 8) and T02 - not experimentally infected with T. vivax (n = 8). (bvsalud.org)
- The results highlight the presence of T. vivax DNA in semen of infected cattle and the importance of this disease for male breeding cattle. (bvsalud.org)
- Further research is needed to determine whether T. vivax can be sexually transmitted in cattle. (bvsalud.org)
- The present study evaluated the efficacy of enrofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg) against A. marginale in naturally infected cattle and cattle experimentally co-infected with T. vivax by observation of the variation in A. marginale parasitemia and packed cell volume (PCV) for 39 days. (bvsalud.org)
- Trypanosoma vivax causes bovine trypanosomosis in cattle and resulting in economic losses to farmers. (bvsalud.org)
Parasite2
- Trypanosoma vivax is a parasite species in the genus Trypanosoma. (wikipedia.org)
- P. vivax is difficult to eradicate since the parasite can evolve into a hypnozoite, a small structure that can hide dormant in the liver of an infected person for a long time. (ox.ac.uk)
Leishmania1
- The major human parasites include a number of species in the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma . (biomedcentral.com)
Trypanosome3
- Unusual for a trypanosome, T. vivax does not infect the Glossina vector midgut. (wikipedia.org)
- Previous studies on detection of Trypanosoma species in Somali camels have only been performed during the 1990s using standard trypanosome detection methods (STDM). (researchgate.net)
- This question is of more than theoretical interest because Trypanosoma includes both African and American trypanosome parasites of humans. (biomedcentral.com)
Malaria1
- There is in vivo evidence for the P. vivax resistance to CQ in the Brazilian Amazon, where the increase in the proportion of P. vivax malaria parallels the increase of unusual clinical complications related to this species. (unl.pt)
Species1
- In particular, we address the issue of the relationship between American and African trypanosomes and whether or not the genus Trypanosoma , as currently recognized, represents a clade or monophyletic group (i.e., whether Trypanosoma includes all the descendants of a single ancestral species and only the descendants of that ancestral species). (biomedcentral.com)
Genus2
- Using a variety of phylogenetic methods, 18S rRNA phylogenies indicate that the genus Trypanosoma is not monophyletic. (biomedcentral.com)
- By contrast, phylogenetic analyses of available sequences in 42 protein families gene generally supported monophyly of the genus Trypanosoma . (biomedcentral.com)
Diagnostic2
- Description: Trypanosoma Vivax Diagnostic antigen protein, recombinant protein. (microarraystation.com)
- Evolution and diagnostic utility of major surface proteases from trypanosoma vivax, t. (ac.ke)
Vitro2
- To evaluate the effectiveness of different disinfectants for T. vivax, in vitro and in vivo analyses were performed. (bvsalud.org)
- In this study, in vitro CQ and mefloquine (MQ)-susceptibility of P. vivax isolates from the Western Brazilian Amazon was tested using the double-site enzyme-linked lactate dehydrogenase immunodetection (DELI) assay. (unl.pt)
Camels1
- Five out of 182 (2.7%, 95% CI: 0.9-6.3%) camels tested positive for Trypanosoma sp. (researchgate.net)
Transmission1
- Transmission of South American Trypanosoma vivax by the neotropical hosefly Tabanus nebulosus. (envycare.ca)
Parasitemia1
- In conclusion, bovines co-infected T. vivax needed four more treatments with enrofloxacin to reduce A. marginale parasitemia and keep PCV values within reference standards. (bvsalud.org)
Animals2
- Trypanosoma vivax DNA was detected in the semen of 5/8 animals at 7, 14, 56, 70 and 120 DPI, in the testis of four, and in the epididymis and fat located around the testis of two others. (bvsalud.org)
- T02 = animals immunosuppressed with dexamethasone, with latent anaplasmosis and experimentally co-infected with T. vivax on day 0 (D0). (bvsalud.org)
Results1
- Results: All samples were negative for Trypanosoma spp. (researchgate.net)
Found2
- The smallest variable surface glycoprotein (40 kDa in size) to date has been found in T. vivax, which bears little carbohydrate. (wikipedia.org)
- Trypomastigote forms of T. vivax were not found in any semen sample. (bvsalud.org)
Negative1
- Thirty calves negative for T. vivax were divided into six groups and were inoculated with disinfectant solutions (46% alcohol, 70% alcohol, or 0.5% iodine) + 1 × 106 trypomastigotes of the protozoa. (bvsalud.org)
Importance1
- A novel proline racemase of medical and veterinary importance has been described in T. vivax (B8LFE4). (wikipedia.org)
Gambiense3
- His Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma vivax study, which is part of a larger body of work in Trypanosomiasis, is frequently linked to Infection rate, bridging the gap between disciplines. (research.com)
- In Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Flobert Njiokou works on issues like Zoonosis, which are connected to Trypanosoma. (research.com)
- His Veterinary medicine study integrates concerns from other disciplines, such as Livestock, Malaria and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. (research.com)
Trypanosomiasis4
- African trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma brucei - Mechanical transmission using many vectors. (powershow.com)
- during 2010 and 2011, the notification capability of the GeoSentinel network was used in the identification and public health response to East African trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia and North Central Zimbabwe, P. vivax malaria in Greece, and muscular sarcocystosis on Tioman Island, Malaysia. (cdc.gov)
- His research in Trypanosomiasis intersects with topics in Tsetse fly and Trypanosoma. (research.com)
- His research investigates the connection between African trypanosomiasis and topics such as Glossina palpalis that intersect with problems in Entomology, Virology, Trypanosoma vivax and 16S ribosomal RNA. (research.com)
Recombinant2
- Description: Trypanosoma Vivax Diagnostic antigen protein, recombinant protein. (iowaodes.com)
- Recombinant and native tvi catl from trypanosoma vivax cape girardeau : enzymatic characterisation pampa and evaluation as a diagnostic target for animal african trypanosomosis. (dakne.co)
Tsetse2
- Trypanosoma vivax infections in one of the areas surveyed became more prevalent as distance from the tsetse-belt increased. (gla.ac.uk)
- His Wigglesworthia research integrates issues from Tsetse fly and Trypanosoma. (research.com)
Goats4
- This study aimed to identify the presence of Trypanosoma vivax DNA in the colostrum of infected goats and to explore the possibility of transmission for neonates fed using colostrum collected from infected goats. (pvb.org.br)
- Six goats were inoculated intravenously with 0.5mL of blood containing approximately 1.25x105 trypomastigotes of T. vivax, and six remained uninfected. (pvb.org.br)
- The possibility of T. vivax transmission by colostrum was assessed by feeding six neonates born of serologically negative goats using colostrum from infected goats. (pvb.org.br)
- The results of a direct examination of colostrum were negative, but PCR confirmed the presence of T. vivax DNA in all infected goats. (pvb.org.br)
Glossina1
- Unusual for a trypanosome, T. vivax does not infect the Glossina vector midgut. (wikipedia.org)
Occurrence1
- Occurrence of Trypanosoma Sp. (vin.com)
Veterinary1
- A novel proline racemase of medical and veterinary importance has been described in T. vivax (B8LFE4). (wikipedia.org)
Protein1
- The Trypanosoma brucei FKBP12 homologue (TbFKBP12) was found to be a cytoskeleton-associated protein with specific localization in the flagellar pocket area of the bloodstream form. (pasteur.fr)
Smears1
- Peripheral blood from neonates was collected daily for thirty days to assess the T. vivax presence through the examination of Giemsa-stained smears of leukocyte layers with the buffy coat technique (BCT) and by PCR. (pvb.org.br)
Brazil1
- In Brazil, the parasitism by Trypanosoma sp. (vin.com)
Cure1
- Primaquine phosphate is indicated for the radical cure (prevention of relapse) of vivax malaria. (nih.gov)