Chromosomes, Plant
Plant Proteins
Polyploidy
Agropyron
Seeds
Glutens
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Plant Leaves
Poaceae
Bread
Brachypodium
Plant Roots
Hydroponics
Molecular Sequence Data
Plants, Genetically Modified
Secale cereale
Chromosome Mapping
Plant Stems
Oryza sativa
Gliadin
Biomass
Basidiomycota
Botany
Disease Resistance
Endosperm
Amino Acid Sequence
Expressed Sequence Tags
Wheat Germ Agglutinins
Prolamins
RNA, Plant
Aluminum
Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases
Crosses, Genetic
Hybridization, Genetic
Sequence Alignment
Vicia
Diploidy
Genetic Markers
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Plants
Plant Weeds
Ascomycota
Thioredoxin h
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
Base Sequence
Plant Infertility
1,4-alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme
Nitrogen
RNA, Transfer, Tyr
Germination
Lectins
Fusarium
Starch Synthase
Droughts
Zea mays
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Synteny
Abscisic Acid
Cloning, Molecular
Environment, Controlled
Salt-Tolerance
Starch
Evolution, Molecular
Contig Mapping
Species Specificity
Crops, Agricultural
Sorghum
Water
Photoperiod
Fertilizers
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Alleles
Soil
Gibberellins
Chloroplasts
Multigene Family
Photosynthesis
Genotype
Plant Lectins
Plant Transpiration
Plastids
Phenotype
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
DNA, Complementary
Ozone
Globulins
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Physical Chromosome Mapping
Chlorophyll
Gene Library
Haploidy
Seasons
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Glycoconjugates
Chromosomes
Herbicides
Plant Growth Regulators
Agriculture
Quantitative Trait, Heritable
Food Handling
Arabidopsis
Genetic Linkage
Breeding
Microsatellite Repeats
Conserved Sequence
Lignin
Adaptation, Physiological
Stress, Physiological
Transformation, Genetic
Gene Expression Profiling
Recombination, Genetic
Protoplasts
Gene Duplication
Zinc
Biological Transport
Fungi
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
Fabaceae
Gene Dosage
Models, Genetic
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Plants, Medicinal
Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase
Cadmium
DNA Primers
Glucosyltransferases
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Fertility
Carbon Dioxide
Plant Extracts
RNA, Messenger
Tobacco
Soil Microbiology
Histocytochemistry
Blotting, Southern
Nitrates
Haplotypes
Principal Component Analysis
Mutation
Gene Deletion
Polymorphism, Genetic
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Cell Wall
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Biological Evolution
Cluster Analysis
Models, Biological
Amino Acids
Immunity, Innate
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Temperature
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Transcription, Genetic
Gene Expression
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Swine
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Computational Biology
Algorithms
Transcription Factors
Promoter Regions, Genetic
A novel class of protein from wheat which inhibits xylanases. (1/3819)
We have purified a novel class of protein that can inhibit the activity of endo-beta-1,4-xylanases. The inhibitor from wheat (Triticum aestivum, var. Soisson) is a glycosylated, monomeric, basic protein with a pI of 8.7-8.9, a molecular mass of 29 kDa and a unique N-terminal sequence of AGGKTGQVTVFWGRN. We have shown that the protein can inhibit the activity of two family-11 endo-beta-1, 4-xylanases, a recombinant enzyme from Aspergillus niger and an enzyme from Trichoderma viride. The inhibitory activity is heat and protease sensitive. The kinetics of the inhibition have been characterized with the A. niger enzyme using soluble wheat arabinoxylan as a substrate. The Km for soluble arabinoxylan in the absence of inhibitor is 20+/-2 mg/ml with a kcat of 103+/-6 s-1. The kinetics of the inhibition of this reaction are competitive, with a Ki value of 0.35 microM, showing that the inhibitor binds at or close to the active site of free xylanase. This report describes the first isolation of a xylanase inhibitor from any organism. (+info)Purification of gibberellic acid-induced lysosomes from wheat aleurone cells. (2/3819)
Using isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, lysosomes were concentrated in a single region of a sucrose-Ficoll gradient (p = 1-10 g cm-3), well separated from most other cell organelles. Gibberellic acid-induced lysosomes were found to be rich in alpha-amylase and protease but not ribonuclease. The lysosomal band also contained a majority of the NADH2-cytochrome c reductase, a marker enzyme for endoplasmic reticulum, found in the gradient. Examination of electron micrographs revealed that a purified band of lyosomes contained at least 3 vesicle types, ranging in size from 0-1 to 0-5 mum. The significance of these findings to proposed mechanisms of action of gibberellic acid is discussed. (+info)Evolutionary dynamics of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in grass shown by reverse transcriptase domain analysis. (3/3819)
The evolutionary dynamics of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in grass were examined by reverse transcriptase (RT) domain analysis. Twenty-three rice RT sequences were newly determined for this report. Phylogenetic analysis of 177 RT sequences, mostly derived from wheat, rice, and, maize, showed four distinct families, which were designated G1, G2, G3, and G4. Three of these families have elements obtained from distantly related species, indicative of origins prior to the radiation of grass species. Results of Southern hybridization and detailed comparisons between the wheat and rice sequences indicated that each of the families had undergone a distinct pattern of evolution. Multiple families appear to have evolved in parallel in a host species. Analyses of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions suggested that there is a low percentage of elements carrying functional RT domains in the G4 family, indicating that the production of new G4 elements has been controlled by a small number of elements carrying functional RT domains. (+info)The influence of a diet rich in wheat fibre on the human faecal flora. (4/3819)
The effect on the faecal flora of adding wheat fibre to a controlled diet in four healthy volunteers for a 3-week period has been observed. No change in the concentration of the bacteria in the bacterial groups counted was found, although there was a slight increase in total output associated with increased faecal weight. The predominant organisms in all subjects were non-sporing anaerobes, but the dominant species in each subject was different and was unaffected by changing the diet. Similarly, the concentration of faecal beta-glucuronidase detected in two subjects was unaltered and the concentration of clostridia able to dehydrogenate the steroid nucleus found in one subject was unaltered. It is suggested that the faecal microflora is not primarily controlled by the presence of undigested food residues in the large bowel. (+info)Physical and functional heterogeneity in TYMV RNA: evidence for the existence of an independent messenger coding for coat protein. (5/3819)
Turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA can be separated into two distinct components of 2 times 10(6) and 300 000 daltons molecular weight after moderate heat treatment in the presence of SDS or EDTA. The two species cannot have arisen by accidental in vitro degradation of a larger RNA, as they both possess capped 5' ends. Analysis of the newly synthesized proteins resulting from translation of each RNA by a wheat germ extract shows that the 300 000 molecular weight RNA can be translated very efficiently into coat protein. When translated in vitro the longer RNA gave a series of high molecular weight polypeptides but only very small amounts of a polypeptide having about the same mass as the coat protein. Thus our results suggest that the small RNA is the functional messenger for coat protein synthesis in infected cells. (+info)Genetic selection of mutations in the high affinity K+ transporter HKT1 that define functions of a loop site for reduced Na+ permeability and increased Na+ tolerance. (6/3819)
Potassium is an important macronutrient required for plant growth, whereas sodium (Na+) can be toxic at high concentrations. The wheat K+ uptake transporter HKT1 has been shown to function in yeast and oocytes as a high affinity K+-Na+ cotransporter, and as a low affinity Na+ transporter at high external Na+. A previous study showed that point mutations in HKT1, which confer enhancement of Na+ tolerance to yeast, can be isolated by genetic selection. Here we report on the isolation of mutations in new domains of HKT1 showing further large increases in Na+ tolerance. By selection in a Na+ ATPase deletion mutant of yeast that shows a high Na+ sensitivity, new HKT1 mutants at positions Gln-270 and Asn-365 were isolated. Several independent mutations were isolated at the Asn-365 site. N365S dramatically increased Na+ tolerance in yeast compared with all other HKT1 mutants. Cation uptake experiments in yeast and biophysical characterization in Xenopus oocytes showed that the mechanisms underlying the Na+ tolerance conferred by the N365S mutant were: reduced inhibition of high affinity Rb+ (K+) uptake at high Na+ concentrations, reduced low affinity Na+ uptake, and reduced Na+ to K+ content ratios in yeast. In addition, the N365S mutant could be clearly distinguished from less Na+-tolerant HKT1 mutants by a markedly decreased relative permeability for Na+ at high Na+ concentrations. The new mutations contribute to the identification of new functional domains and an amino acid in a loop domain that is involved in cation specificity of a plant high affinity K+ transporter and will be valuable for molecular analyses of Na+ transport mechanisms and stress in plants. (+info)Cloning and expression of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phosphatidylserine synthase cDNA. Overexpression in plants alters the composition of phospholipids. (7/3819)
We describe the cloning of a wheat cDNA (TaPSS1) that encodes a phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS) and provides the first strong evidence for the existence of this enzyme in a higher eukaryotic cell. The cDNA was isolated on its ability to confer increased resistance to aluminum toxicity when expressed in yeast. The sequence of the predicted protein encoded by TaPSS1 shows homology to PSS from both yeast and bacteria but is distinct from the animal PSS enzymes that catalyze base-exchange reactions. In wheat, Southern blot analysis identified the presence of a small family of genes that cross-hybridized to TaPSS1, and Northern blots showed that aluminum induced TaPSS1 expression in root apices. Expression of TaPSS1 complemented the yeast cho1 mutant that lacks PSS activity and altered the phospholipid composition of wild type yeast, with the most marked effect being increased abundance of phosphatidylserine (PS). Arabidopsis thaliana leaves overexpressing TaPSS1 showed a marked enhancement in PSS activity, which was associated with increased biosynthesis of PS at the expense of both phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. Unlike mammalian cells where PS accumulation is tightly regulated even when the capacity for PS biosynthesis is increased, plant cells accumulated large amounts of PS when TaPSS1 was overexpressed. High levels of TaPSS1 expression in Arabidopsis and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) led to the appearance of necrotic lesions on leaves, which may have resulted from the excessive accumulation of PS. The cloning of TaPSS1 now provides evidence that the yeast pathway for PS synthesis exists in some plant tissues and provides a tool for understanding the pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis and their regulation in plants. (+info)Plant cell-directed control of virion sense gene expression in wheat dwarf virus. (8/3819)
We have used particle bombardment (biolistics) to deliver replication-competent wheat dwarf virus (WDV)-based constructs, carrying reporter gene sequences fused to the virion sense promoter (Pv) or the CaMV 35S promoter, to suspension culture cells and immature zygotic embryos of wheat. While the replication of WDV double-stranded DNA forms (replicons) was equivalent between wheat suspension culture cells and embryos, GUS reporter gene activity was 20-40 times higher in the embryo cultures. Maximum expression of WDV replicons occurred in the embryonic axis tissue of wheat embryos but their expression in suspension cells was compromised, compared with transiently maintained input plasmid DNA containing the same sequences. From these studies, we propose that WDV replicons are subject to a host cell-controlled competency for virion sense transcription. The term competency is used to distinguish between the phenomenon described here and control of gene expression by specific transcription factors. Control of competency is independent of Pv, the replacement 35S promoter and of the complementary sense control of virion sense expression involving specific sequences in Pv. We propose that factors controlling the competency for replicon expression may be present in cells which, as well as maintaining high rates of DNA synthesis, are totipotent. Cell type control of active chromatin, methylation of specific sequences in WDV minichromosomes and/or interaction of virus-encoded proteins with specific host factors are considered as possible mechanisms. (+info)Plant proteins are proteins that are derived from plants. They are an important source of dietary protein for many people and are a key component of a healthy diet. Plant proteins are found in a wide variety of plant-based foods, including legumes, nuts, seeds, grains, and vegetables. They are an important source of essential amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins and are necessary for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. Plant proteins are also a good source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and are generally lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than animal-based proteins. In the medical field, plant proteins are often recommended as part of a healthy diet for people with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
Polyploidy refers to a condition in which an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes in its cells. This can occur naturally or as a result of genetic mutations. In the medical field, polyploidy is often associated with certain types of cancer, particularly those that are aggressive and difficult to treat. For example, some forms of breast, ovarian, and colon cancer are known to be associated with polyploidy. In these cases, the extra copies of chromosomes can contribute to the growth and spread of the cancer cells. Polyploidy can also be a feature of some genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, in which individuals have an extra copy of chromosome 21.
In the medical field, gluten refers to a group of proteins found in certain grains, including wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten is a common ingredient in many foods, including bread, pasta, and baked goods. For people with celiac disease, gluten can cause an immune response that damages the lining of the small intestine, leading to a range of symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Gluten sensitivity, on the other hand, is a condition in which the body reacts to gluten, but it does not cause damage to the small intestine. People with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity are advised to follow a gluten-free diet to avoid symptoms and prevent long-term health complications.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic information of living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and in organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA is composed of four types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair up in a specific way to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with adenine always pairing with thymine and cytosine always pairing with guanine. The sequence of these bases in DNA determines the genetic information that is passed down from parent plants to offspring. This information includes traits such as plant height, leaf shape, flower color, and resistance to diseases and pests. In the medical field, plant DNA is often studied for its potential to be used in biotechnology applications such as crop improvement, biofuels production, and the development of new medicines. For example, scientists may use genetic engineering techniques to modify the DNA of plants to make them more resistant to pests or to produce higher yields.
Gliadin is a type of protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is a component of gluten, which is a mixture of proteins that gives bread and other baked goods their elasticity and texture. Gliadin is also a major allergen, and people with celiac disease have an immune response to gliadin that damages the lining of the small intestine. In addition, gliadin has been linked to other health conditions, such as non-celiac gluten sensitivity and autoimmune disorders.
In the medical field, disease resistance refers to the ability of an organism to resist or tolerate the effects of a disease-causing agent, such as a virus, bacteria, or parasite. This resistance can be innate, meaning that it is present from birth and is not acquired through previous exposure to the disease, or it can be acquired through exposure to the disease or through vaccination. Disease resistance can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, nutrition, lifestyle, and the presence of other infections or diseases. For example, certain genetic traits may make an individual more resistant to certain diseases, while a healthy diet and regular exercise can help to boost the immune system and increase resistance to infections. In some cases, disease resistance can be enhanced through the use of medications or other treatments. For example, antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of resistance developing, while vaccines can be used to stimulate the immune system and provide protection against specific diseases. Overall, disease resistance is an important factor in maintaining health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Wheat germ agglutinins (WGA) are a group of proteins found in the germ of wheat kernels. These proteins have the ability to agglutinate or clump together certain types of cells, particularly red blood cells. WGA are used in medical research as a tool to study cell surface antigens and to detect the presence of certain diseases. They are also used in diagnostic tests to detect the presence of antibodies in the blood. In addition, WGA have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, such as in the treatment of cancer and viral infections.
Prolamins are a type of storage protein found in plants, particularly in the seeds of cereals and legumes. They are a type of prolactin-related protein and are similar in structure to globulins and albumins. Prolamins are important sources of dietary protein and are also used in the production of various food products, such as bread, pasta, and cheese. In the medical field, prolamins have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their ability to improve gut health, reduce inflammation, and lower the risk of certain diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease.
RNA, Plant refers to the type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that is found in plants. RNA is a molecule that plays a crucial role in the expression of genes in cells, and there are several types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In plants, RNA plays a critical role in various biological processes, including photosynthesis, growth and development, and defense against pathogens. Plant RNA is also important for the production of proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of plant cells. RNA, Plant can be studied using various techniques, including transcriptomics, which involves the analysis of RNA molecules in a cell or tissue to identify the genes that are being expressed. This information can be used to better understand plant biology and to develop new strategies for improving crop yields, increasing plant resistance to diseases and pests, and developing new plant-based products.
In the medical field, aluminum is a metal that is commonly used in various medical devices and implants. It is often used in orthopedic implants, such as hip and knee replacements, due to its strength, durability, and biocompatibility. However, aluminum has also been linked to certain health problems, particularly in individuals with kidney disease or other conditions that affect the body's ability to excrete aluminum. Long-term exposure to high levels of aluminum has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurological disorders. Therefore, in the medical field, the use of aluminum in medical devices and implants is carefully regulated to minimize the risk of aluminum exposure and potential health effects.
Endo-1,4-beta xylanases are a class of enzymes that break down xylan, a complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants and some microorganisms. In the medical field, endo-1,4-beta xylanases have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, particularly in the treatment of digestive disorders. One potential use of endo-1,4-beta xylanases is in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a chronic digestive disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Some studies have suggested that xylanase supplementation may help to improve symptoms of IBS by breaking down xylan in the gut, which can help to reduce the viscosity of the gut contents and improve gut motility. Endo-1,4-beta xylanases have also been studied for their potential use in the treatment of other digestive disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease. In these conditions, the gut lining is damaged, which can lead to increased permeability and the passage of undigested food particles into the bloodstream. Some research has suggested that xylanase supplementation may help to reduce the permeability of the gut lining and improve symptoms of these conditions. Overall, while more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic applications of endo-1,4-beta xylanases in the medical field, they have shown promise as a potential treatment for a range of digestive disorders.
Thioredoxin h (Trxh) is a protein that plays a role in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis. It is a member of the thioredoxin family of proteins, which are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including protein folding, antioxidant defense, and signal transduction. Trxh is primarily found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells, where it is involved in the folding and assembly of proteins. It is also present in other cellular compartments, including the mitochondria and the cytosol. In addition to its role in protein folding, Trxh has been implicated in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis by reducing disulfide bonds in other proteins. This helps to maintain the proper redox state of the cell and prevent oxidative stress. Disruptions in the function of Trxh have been linked to a number of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. As such, Trxh is an important target for the development of new therapeutic strategies for these conditions.
1,4-alpha-Glucan branching enzyme (GBE) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of glycogen, a complex carbohydrate that serves as a storage form of glucose in animals and some bacteria. GBE catalyzes the transfer of a glucose residue from a donor molecule to a branch point on a growing glycogen chain, resulting in the formation of a new branch. This enzyme is essential for the proper regulation of blood glucose levels and is involved in the metabolism of glycogen in liver and muscle cells. GBE is also used in the food industry as a starch branching enzyme to modify the texture and viscosity of starch-based products such as bread, pasta, and beer.
In the medical field, nitrogen is a chemical element that is commonly used in various medical applications. Nitrogen is a non-metallic gas that is essential for life and is found in the air we breathe. It is also used in the production of various medical gases, such as nitrous oxide, which is used as an anesthetic during medical procedures. Nitrogen is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as nitrogen narcosis, which is a condition that occurs when a person breathes compressed air that contains high levels of nitrogen. Nitrogen narcosis can cause symptoms such as dizziness, confusion, and disorientation, and it is typically treated by reducing the amount of nitrogen in the air that the person is breathing. In addition, nitrogen is used in the production of various medical devices and equipment, such as medical imaging equipment and surgical instruments. It is also used in the production of certain medications, such as nitroglycerin, which is used to treat heart conditions. Overall, nitrogen plays an important role in the medical field and is used in a variety of medical applications.
RNA, Transfer, Tyr refers to a specific type of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that carries the amino acid tyrosine (Tyr) during protein synthesis. Transfer RNAs are small RNA molecules that play a crucial role in the process of translation, which is the process by which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize proteins. Each tRNA molecule has a specific sequence of nucleotides that allows it to recognize and bind to a specific codon on the mRNA molecule. The codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid. In the case of RNA, Transfer, Tyr, it binds to the codon UAC, which codes for the amino acid tyrosine. During translation, the tRNA molecule carrying the tyrosine amino acid binds to the mRNA molecule at the corresponding codon, and the ribosome then catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the tyrosine and the growing polypeptide chain. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA molecule, at which point the newly synthesized protein is released. Overall, RNA, Transfer, Tyr is an essential component of the process of protein synthesis, and its proper functioning is critical for the production of functional proteins in cells.
Lectins are a class of proteins that are found in many plants, animals, and microorganisms. They are characterized by their ability to bind to specific carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, on the surface of cells. In the medical field, lectins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, some lectins have been shown to have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, and may be useful in the development of new drugs to treat infections. Lectins have also been used as research tools to study cell-cell interactions and to identify specific cell surface markers. In addition, some lectins have been used in diagnostic tests to detect specific diseases or conditions, such as cancer or diabetes. However, it is important to note that not all lectins are safe or effective for medical use, and some may even be toxic. Therefore, the use of lectins in medicine requires careful consideration and testing to ensure their safety and efficacy.
Starch synthase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of starch, a complex carbohydrate that is the primary storage form of glucose in plants. In the medical field, starch synthase is of interest because it is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and has been implicated in various diseases, including diabetes and obesity. Starch synthase catalyzes the addition of glucose units to a growing chain of amylopectin, a type of starch that is found in plants. This process involves the transfer of a glucose molecule from a donor molecule, such as UDP-glucose, to the growing chain of amylopectin. The enzyme is highly specific and can only add glucose units in a particular orientation, which gives amylopectin its characteristic branching structure. In the medical field, starch synthase has been studied as a potential target for the development of new drugs to treat diabetes and obesity. For example, some researchers have developed small molecules that can inhibit the activity of starch synthase, which could help to reduce blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. Other studies have suggested that changes in the expression or activity of starch synthase may be involved in the development of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Overall, starch synthase is an important enzyme in the metabolism of carbohydrates and has potential applications in the treatment of various diseases.
Fluorine compounds are chemical compounds that contain the element fluorine. Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table, and as a result, it forms strong bonds with other elements. Fluorine compounds are widely used in the medical field for a variety of purposes, including: 1. Fluoride toothpaste: Fluoride is added to toothpaste to help prevent tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel. 2. Fluoride treatments: Fluoride treatments are used to prevent tooth decay in children and adults. 3. Fluorinated antacids: Fluorinated antacids are used to treat acid reflux and heartburn. 4. Fluorinated steroids: Fluorinated steroids are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including asthma, allergies, and skin conditions. 5. Fluorinated anesthetics: Fluorinated anesthetics are used to numb the body during medical procedures. 6. Fluorinated antibiotics: Fluorinated antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. 7. Fluorinated chemotherapy drugs: Fluorinated chemotherapy drugs are used to treat cancer. Overall, fluorine compounds play an important role in the medical field due to their unique chemical properties and wide range of applications.
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. It is produced in response to various environmental stresses, such as drought, extreme temperatures, and exposure to UV radiation. In the medical field, ABA has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, ABA has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and it may be useful in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. However, it is important to note that ABA is not currently used as a medication in humans, and more research is needed to fully understand its potential therapeutic effects and potential side effects.
Xylans are a type of polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) that are commonly found in plants, particularly in the cell walls of plants. In the medical field, xylans are often used as dietary supplements or as ingredients in various medical products. Xylans are known for their prebiotic properties, meaning they can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This can help improve digestive health and reduce the risk of certain diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Xylans are also used in medical products such as wound dressings, dental products, and pharmaceuticals. They can help improve the texture and stability of these products, as well as enhance their absorption and bioavailability. Overall, xylans have a number of potential health benefits and are an important component of many medical and dietary products.
In the medical field, starch refers to a type of carbohydrate that is found in plants, particularly in grains such as wheat, corn, and potatoes. Starch is a complex carbohydrate that is made up of long chains of glucose molecules. Starch is an important source of energy for the body and is broken down into glucose during digestion. It is also used in the production of various medical products, such as intravenous fluids, medications, and medical devices. In some cases, starch may be used as a thickening agent in medical products, such as eye drops or nasal sprays. It can also be used as a filler in certain medications to help with their texture or consistency. However, it is important to note that not all starches are created equal. Some types of starch, such as amylose, are more easily digested than others, such as amylopectin. Additionally, some people may have difficulty digesting certain types of starches, which can lead to digestive issues such as bloating or diarrhea.
In the medical field, water is a vital substance that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that makes up the majority of the body's fluids, including blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid. Water plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's temperature, transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, removing waste products, and lubricating joints. It also helps to regulate blood pressure and prevent dehydration, which can lead to a range of health problems. In medical settings, water is often used as a means of hydration therapy for patients who are dehydrated or have fluid imbalances. It may also be used as a diluent for medications or as a component of intravenous fluids. Overall, water is an essential component of human health and plays a critical role in maintaining the body's normal functions.
In the medical field, "soil" typically refers to the microorganisms and other biological material that can be found in soil. These microorganisms can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and can be present in various forms, such as in soil particles or as free-living organisms. Soil can also refer to the physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as its texture, pH, nutrient content, and water-holding capacity. These properties can affect the growth and health of plants, and can also impact the spread of soil-borne diseases and infections. In some cases, soil can also be used as a medium for growing plants in a controlled environment, such as in a greenhouse or laboratory setting. In these cases, the soil may be specially formulated to provide the necessary nutrients and conditions for optimal plant growth.
Gibberellins are a group of plant hormones that play important roles in plant growth and development. They are synthesized in the shoot apical meristem and other parts of the plant, and are transported to other parts of the plant where they regulate various aspects of growth and development. In the medical field, gibberellins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, some studies have suggested that gibberellins may have anti-cancer properties, as they have been shown to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells in vitro. Additionally, gibberellins have been studied for their potential to promote wound healing, as they have been shown to stimulate the production of growth factors and other molecules that are important for tissue repair. However, it is important to note that the use of gibberellins in medicine is still in the experimental stage, and more research is needed to fully understand their potential therapeutic effects and to determine the safety and efficacy of their use in humans.
Plant lectins are a class of proteins found in many plants that have a specific affinity for binding to carbohydrates. They are known to have a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor properties. In the medical field, plant lectins are being studied for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. They are also being investigated as adjuvants in vaccines to enhance the immune response. Some plant lectins have been approved for use as drugs, such as concanavalin A, which is used to diagnose hepatitis B and C infections.
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism. It is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, which is the process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). PGK catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), a molecule that is produced during the earlier stages of glycolysis. This reaction generates 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), which is a key intermediate in the glycolytic pathway. PGK is found in all living cells and is essential for the production of ATP, which is the primary source of energy for cellular processes. In addition to its role in glycolysis, PGK has been implicated in a number of other cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of red blood cell shape. In the medical field, PGK is sometimes used as a diagnostic marker for certain diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. Abnormal levels of PGK in the blood or other bodily fluids can be an indication of these conditions. Additionally, PGK is being studied as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
In the medical field, "DNA, Complementary" refers to the property of DNA molecules to pair up with each other in a specific way. Each strand of DNA has a unique sequence of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine), and the nucleotides on one strand can only pair up with specific nucleotides on the other strand in a complementary manner. For example, adenine (A) always pairs up with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs up with cytosine (C). This complementary pairing is essential for DNA replication and transcription, as it ensures that the genetic information encoded in one strand of DNA can be accurately copied onto a new strand. The complementary nature of DNA also plays a crucial role in genetic engineering and biotechnology, as scientists can use complementary DNA strands to create specific genetic sequences or modify existing ones.
In the medical field, ozone is a gas that is produced naturally in the Earth's atmosphere and is also used in medical treatments. It is composed of three oxygen atoms and is highly reactive, which makes it useful for a variety of medical applications. One of the most common uses of ozone in medicine is as an oxidant, which means it can help to break down and destroy harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. This makes ozone a useful tool in the treatment of infections, including those that are resistant to antibiotics. Ozone is also used in wound healing, as it can help to stimulate the growth of new tissue and promote the healing process. It is sometimes used in combination with other treatments, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, to enhance the body's natural healing abilities. In addition to its use in medical treatments, ozone is also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. It is believed to work by destroying cancer cells and preventing their growth and spread. Overall, ozone is a versatile and powerful tool in the medical field, with a wide range of potential applications in the treatment of various conditions and diseases.
Globulins are a type of protein found in the blood plasma. They are large, complex proteins that are responsible for a variety of functions in the body, including transporting hormones, vitamins, and other substances, as well as fighting infections and diseases. There are several different types of globulins, including albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta-1 globulin, beta-2 globulin, and gamma globulin. Each type of globulin has a specific function and is produced by different cells in the body. In the medical field, globulins are often measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) to assess overall health and identify potential problems. Abnormal levels of globulins can be a sign of various medical conditions, including liver disease, kidney disease, infections, and certain types of cancer.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria. It plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy to fuel their growth and metabolism. In the medical field, chlorophyll has been studied for its potential health benefits. Some research suggests that chlorophyll may have antioxidant properties, which could help protect against damage from free radicals and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Chlorophyll has also been studied for its potential to support liver health, improve digestion, and boost energy levels. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of chlorophyll, and it is not currently used as a medical treatment. It is typically consumed as a dietary supplement or found in foods that are rich in chlorophyll, such as leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and parsley.
Glycoconjugates are complex molecules that consist of carbohydrates (sugars) covalently attached to other molecules, such as proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. In the medical field, glycoconjugates play important roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, immune response, and disease pathogenesis. Glycoconjugates are found on the surface of cells and in the extracellular matrix, and they can be modified in response to various stimuli. For example, changes in the glycosylation patterns of proteins can affect their function and stability, and altered glycosylation has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. In addition to their biological functions, glycoconjugates are also important targets for drug discovery and development. Many drugs and vaccines target specific glycoconjugates on the surface of cells or viruses, and the development of glycoconjugate-based therapies is an active area of research in the medical field.
Lignin is a complex organic polymer that is found in the cell walls of plants. It is a major component of wood and other plant fibers, and it plays an important role in the structure and strength of these materials. In the medical field, lignin has been studied for its potential use in a variety of applications, including as a source of bioactive compounds, as a dietary fiber, and as a material for the development of new medical devices and implants. However, lignin is not typically used in medical treatments or therapies.
Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, is a chemical compound composed of sodium and chlorine ions. It is a white, odorless, and crystalline solid that is commonly used as a seasoning and preservative in food. In the medical field, sodium chloride is used as a medication to treat a variety of conditions, including dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and certain types of heart failure. It is also used as a contrast agent in diagnostic imaging procedures such as X-rays and CT scans. Sodium chloride is available in various forms, including oral solutions, intravenous solutions, and topical ointments. It is important to note that excessive consumption of sodium chloride can lead to high blood pressure and other health problems, so it is important to use it only as directed by a healthcare professional.
Zinc is a chemical element that is essential for human health. In the medical field, zinc is used in a variety of ways, including as a supplement to treat and prevent certain health conditions. Zinc is involved in many important bodily functions, including immune system function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. It is also important for the proper functioning of the senses of taste and smell. Zinc deficiency can lead to a range of health problems, including impaired immune function, delayed wound healing, and impaired growth and development in children. Zinc supplements are often recommended for people who are at risk of zinc deficiency, such as pregnant and breastfeeding women, people with certain medical conditions, and people who follow a vegetarian or vegan diet. In addition to its use as a supplement, zinc is also used in some medications, such as those used to treat acne and the common cold. It is also used in some over-the-counter products, such as antacids and nasal sprays. Overall, zinc is an important nutrient that plays a vital role in maintaining good health.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in the body. It catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which is the first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids from carbohydrates and lipids. In the medical field, ACC is of particular interest because it is a key enzyme in the regulation of energy metabolism and is involved in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. Inhibition of ACC has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these conditions. Additionally, ACC is also involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, the process by which the liver produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) is an enzyme that plays a central role in the process of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and some bacteria. It catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5-carbon sugar, to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), a 3-carbon compound. This reaction is the first step in the Calvin cycle, which is the primary pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. RuBisCO is the most abundant enzyme on Earth and is responsible for fixing approximately 60% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, it is also a slow enzyme and is often limited by the availability of carbon dioxide in the environment. This can lead to a phenomenon known as photorespiration, in which RuBisCO instead catalyzes the reaction between RuBP and oxygen, leading to the loss of carbon dioxide and the production of a variety of byproducts. In the medical field, RuBisCO has been studied as a potential target for the development of new drugs to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Some researchers have also explored the use of RuBisCO as a biosensor for detecting carbon dioxide levels in the environment or as a tool for producing biofuels.
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can cause a range of health problems when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. In the medical field, cadmium is primarily associated with its use in industrial processes and its potential to contaminate the environment. Cadmium exposure has been linked to a variety of health effects, including kidney damage, bone loss, and cancer. In the lungs, cadmium exposure can cause inflammation, scarring, and an increased risk of lung cancer. Long-term exposure to cadmium has also been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in men. In the medical field, cadmium is often measured in blood, urine, and hair samples to assess exposure levels and potential health risks. Treatment for cadmium poisoning typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further exposure. In some cases, chelation therapy may be used to remove cadmium from the body.
DNA primers are short, single-stranded DNA molecules that are used in a variety of molecular biology techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. They are designed to bind to specific regions of a DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of new DNA strands. In PCR, DNA primers are used to amplify specific regions of DNA by providing a starting point for the polymerase enzyme to begin synthesizing new DNA strands. The primers are complementary to the target DNA sequence, and are added to the reaction mixture along with the DNA template, nucleotides, and polymerase enzyme. The polymerase enzyme uses the primers as a template to synthesize new DNA strands, which are then extended by the addition of more nucleotides. This process is repeated multiple times, resulting in the amplification of the target DNA sequence. DNA primers are also used in DNA sequencing to identify the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. In this application, the primers are designed to bind to specific regions of the DNA molecule, and are used to initiate the synthesis of short DNA fragments. The fragments are then sequenced using a variety of techniques, such as Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing. Overall, DNA primers are an important tool in molecular biology, and are used in a wide range of applications to study and manipulate DNA.
Glucosyltransferases are a group of enzymes that transfer glucose molecules from a donor substrate to an acceptor substrate. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, including the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, glycosylation of proteins and lipids, and the metabolism of drugs and toxins. In the medical field, glucosyltransferases are often studied in the context of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. For example, certain types of cancer cells overexpress specific glucosyltransferases, which can contribute to the growth and spread of the tumor. Similarly, changes in the activity of glucosyltransferases have been implicated in the development of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. In addition, glucosyltransferases are also important targets for drug development. For example, inhibitors of specific glucosyltransferases have been shown to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, and are being investigated as potential therapeutic agents.
In the medical field, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas that is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration and is exhaled by the body. It is also used in medical applications such as carbon dioxide insufflation during colonoscopy and laparoscopic surgery, and as a component of medical gases used in anesthesia and respiratory therapy. High levels of CO2 in the blood (hypercapnia) can be a sign of respiratory or metabolic disorders, while low levels (hypocapnia) can be caused by respiratory failure or metabolic alkalosis.
Plant extracts refer to the active compounds or bioactive molecules that are extracted from plants and used in the medical field for various therapeutic purposes. These extracts are obtained through various extraction methods, such as solvent extraction, steam distillation, and cold pressing, and can be used in the form of powders, liquids, or capsules. Plant extracts have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and are now widely used in modern medicine as well. They are used to treat a wide range of conditions, including inflammation, pain, anxiety, depression, and cancer. Some examples of plant extracts used in medicine include aspirin (extracted from willow bark), quinine (extracted from cinchona bark), and morphine (extracted from opium poppy). Plant extracts are also used in the development of new drugs and therapies. Researchers extract compounds from plants and test them for their potential therapeutic effects. If a compound shows promise, it can be further developed into a drug that can be used to treat a specific condition. It is important to note that while plant extracts can be effective in treating certain conditions, they can also have side effects and may interact with other medications. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before using plant extracts as a form of treatment.
In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.
Nitrates are a group of compounds that contain the nitrate ion (NO3-). In the medical field, nitrates are commonly used to treat angina (chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle) and high blood pressure (hypertension). They work by relaxing the smooth muscles in blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces the workload on the heart. Nitrates are available in various forms, including tablets, ointments, and sprays. They are usually taken as needed to relieve symptoms, but may also be taken on a regular schedule to prevent angina attacks or lower blood pressure. It is important to note that nitrates can have side effects, such as headache, flushing, and low blood pressure, and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. They are composed of an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain (R group) that varies in size and structure. There are 20 different amino acids that are commonly found in proteins, each with a unique side chain that gives it distinct chemical and physical properties. In the medical field, amino acids are important for a variety of functions, including the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, and hormones. They are also involved in energy metabolism and the maintenance of healthy tissues. Deficiencies in certain amino acids can lead to a range of health problems, including muscle wasting, anemia, and neurological disorders. In some cases, amino acids may be prescribed as supplements to help treat these conditions or to support overall health and wellness.
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. They play a crucial role in the development and function of cells and tissues in the body. In the medical field, transcription factors are often studied as potential targets for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, where their activity is often dysregulated. For example, some transcription factors are overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, and inhibiting their activity may help to slow or stop the growth of these cells. Transcription factors are also important in the development of stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. By understanding how transcription factors regulate gene expression in stem cells, researchers may be able to develop new therapies for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Overall, transcription factors are a critical component of gene regulation and have important implications for the development and treatment of many diseases.
Triticum timopheevii
Triticum araraticum
Triticum aethiopicum
Triticum polonicum
Triticum carthlicum
Triticum urartu
Triticum turgidum
Triticum zhukovskyi
Triticum compactum
Triticum compactum erinaceum
Diuraphis tritici
Streptomyces tritici
Pyemotes tritici
Zymoseptoria tritici
Ascochyta tritici
Glycomyces tritici
Frankliniella tritici
Pseudomonas tritici
Frank Tritico
Anguina tritici
Brucella tritici
Contarinia tritici
Urocystis tritici
Rathayibacter tritici
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici
Flora of Malta
Aegilotriticum erebunii
Ignaz Friedrich Tausch
Wheat
Products That Contain TRITICUM VULGARE (WHEAT) GERM OIL || Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database
GrainGenes Species Report: Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
Agronomy | Free Full-Text | Response of Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and SPAD-502 Measurement to Salinity and Nutrient Stress in...
Influence of Treatment of Jatropha curcas L. Leachates and Potassium on Growth and Phytochemical Constituents of Wheat ...
Present progress in the characterization of Triticum aestivum/Aegilops ventricosa transfer lines - Archivo Digital UPM
Genética de la resistencia a roya amarilla causada por Puccinia striiiformis f. sp. tritici W. en tres genotipos de trigo ...
ارزیابی برخی صفات کمّی ارقام گندم نان(Triticum aestivum L.) در تاریخهای مختلف کاشت
Evaluation of synthetic wheat lines (Triticum durum/Aegilops tausсhii) for vegetative period and resistance to diseases
Triticum aestivum
Gene: Mycgr3G40143 - Summary - Zymoseptoria tritici - Ensembl Genomes 57
Triticum aestivum, Bread wheat
Triticum monococcum - Useful Temperate Plants
Web Tools - Triticum aestivum - Ensembl Genomes 57
III. Heat stress in Triticum: Kinetics of Na, K and P accumulation<...
Triticum aestivum L. var. nigrum Filat. GRIN-Global
Index of /CURRENT RELEASE/assembly chain/triticum aestivum
October, 2022 | Tritico Rainey, PLLC
Wheat seed gall nematode - Anguina tritici
LIPOPLASTIDINE TRITICUM FURFUR N-P Vevy Codex: 13.5301 - Vevy Europe
The induction of Triticum aestivum L. tolerance to Septoria | 4196
Sensitivity to wheat, gluten and FODMAPs in IBS: facts or fiction?
Transcriptomic changes in wheat during tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) disease | BMC Research Notes | Full Text
2016 fall fashion trends | Ballard Designs
The influence of different concentrations of herbicide systemic chevalier on physiological and biochemical parameters in spring...
Alice: Dano de Thyanta perditor (Hemiptera: pentatomidae) em trigo (Triticum aestivum L.).
EN
Tritici aestivi oleum, Ulje pšeničnih klica 200 g | Fagron Hrvatska
Mutations and functional analysis of 14-3-3 stress response protein from Triticum aestivum: An evolutionary analysis through in...
Aestivum4
- Mutations and functional analysis of 14-3-3 stress response protein from Triticum aestivum: An evolutionary analysis through in silico structural biochemistry approach. (bvsalud.org)
- Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), having high nutritional values is one of the staple food of most of the countries in the world. (bvsalud.org)
- This is the first novel work for analysing the mutational effect on the structure and function of a stress response protein (14-3-3) from Triticum aestivum and its related species. (bvsalud.org)
- Cellular and subcellular immunohistochemical localization and quantification of cadmium ions in wheat (Triticum aestivum). (cdc.gov)
Wheat8
- Here, we directly measured for wheat (Triticum sp. (usda.gov)
- For thousands of years, human beings have relied on a grass of the genus Triticum, better known as wheat. (aciar.gov.au)
- has become an important disease on durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L var. (academicjournals.org)
- Improved control of Septoria tritici blotch in durum wheat using cultivar mixtures, in review and bioRxiv. (ethz.ch)
- In-field detection and quantification of Septoria tritici blotch in diverse wheat germplasm using spectral-temporal features , in review and bioRxiv. (ethz.ch)
- ToxA has been horizontally transferred between three fungal wheat pathogens ( Parastagonospora nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Bipolaris sorokiniana ) as part of a conserved ∼14kb element, which contains coding and non-coding regions. (biorxiv.org)
- Wheat (Triticum spp. (tosou-kokuei.com)
- FAMILY: Poaceae ORIGIN: South-west Asia Introduction: Wheat (Triticum spp. (tosou-kokuei.com)
Zymoseptoria1
- Zymoseptoria tritici community meeting, September 6-7, 2018. (ethz.ch)