Trigeminal nerve. Medical search

The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.

Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.

Traumatic injuries to the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. It may result in extreme pain, abnormal sensation in the areas the nerve innervates on face, jaw, gums and tongue and can cause difficulties with speech and chewing. It is sometimes associated with various dental treatments.

A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)

Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.

A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus.

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.

Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.

The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.

The semilunar-shaped ganglion containing the cells of origin of most of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve. It is situated within the dural cleft on the cerebral surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and gives off the ophthalmic, maxillary, and part of the mandibular nerves.

A macular lesion on the side of the FACE, involving the CONJUNCTIVA and EYELIDS, as well as the adjacent facial skin, SCLERA; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; and PERIOSTEUM. Histological features vary from those of a MONGOLIAN SPOT to those of a BLUE NEVUS.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)

Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Traumatic injuries to the LINGUAL NERVE. It may be a complication following dental treatments.

Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.

Junction between the cerebellum and the pons.

A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.

HERPES ZOSTER but without eruption of vesicles. Patients exhibit the characteristic pain minus the skin rash, sometimes making diagnosis difficult.

The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.

Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.

Surgery performed to relieve pressure from MICROVESSELS that are located around nerves and are causing NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES.

The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.

The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

The caudal portion of the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), a nucleus involved with pain and temperature sensation.

The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.

Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator.

A small space in the skull between the MAXILLA and the SPHENOID BONE, medial to the pterygomaxillary fissure, and connecting to the NASAL CAVITY via the sphenopalatine foramen.

Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.

The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.

Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.

Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)

Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles that include the numerous muscles supplied by the facial nerve that are attached to and move the skin of the face. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.

A syndrome associated with defective sympathetic innervation to one side of the face, including the eye. Clinical features include MIOSIS; mild BLEPHAROPTOSIS; and hemifacial ANHIDROSIS (decreased sweating)(see HYPOHIDROSIS). Lesions of the BRAIN STEM; cervical SPINAL CORD; first thoracic nerve root; apex of the LUNG; CAROTID ARTERY; CAVERNOUS SINUS; and apex of the ORBIT may cause this condition. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp500-11)

Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.

A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of EYE DISEASES; MIGRAINE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; MENINGITIS; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with DEPRESSION and other MENTAL DISORDERS.

A primary headache disorder that is characterized by severe, strictly unilateral PAIN which is orbital, supraorbital, temporal or in any combination of these sites, lasting 15-180 min. occurring 1 to 8 times a day. The attacks are associated with one or more of the following, all of which are ipsilateral: conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, facial SWEATING, eyelid EDEMA, and miosis. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.

The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.

INFARCTION of the dorsolateral aspect of MEDULLA OBLONGATA in the BRAIN STEM. It is caused by occlusion of the VERTEBRAL ARTERY and/or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Clinical manifestations vary with the size of infarction, but may include loss of pain and temperature sensation in the ipsilateral face and contralateral body below the chin; ipsilateral HORNER SYNDROME; ipsilateral ATAXIA; DYSARTHRIA; VERTIGO; nausea, hiccup; dysphagia; and VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p801)

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.

The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.

Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.

Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An increased response to stimulation that is mediated by amplification of signaling in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS).

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.

A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.

The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.

Stiff hairs projecting from the face around the nose of most mammals, acting as touch receptors.

Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.

A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. (1/736)

Primary headache syndromes, such as cluster headache and migraine, are widely described as vascular headaches, although considerable clinical evidence suggests that both are primarily driven from the brain. The shared anatomical and physiologic substrate for both of these clinical problems is the neural innervation of the cranial circulation. Functional imaging with positron emission tomography has shed light on the genesis of both syndromes, documenting activation in the midbrain and pons in migraine and in the hypothalamic gray in cluster headache. These areas are involved in the pain process in a permissive or triggering manner rather than as a response to first-division nociceptive pain impulses. In a positron emission tomography study in cluster headache, however, activation in the region of the major basal arteries was observed. This is likely to result from vasodilation of these vessels during the acute pain attack as opposed to the rest state in cluster headache, and represents the first convincing activation of neural vasodilator mechanisms in humans. The observation of vasodilation was also made in an experimental trigeminal pain study, which concluded that the observed dilation of these vessels in trigeminal pain is not inherent to a specific headache syndrome, but rather is a feature of the trigeminal neural innervation of the cranial circulation. Clinical and animal data suggest that the observed vasodilation is, in part, an effect of a trigeminoparasympathetic reflex. The data presented here review these developments in the physiology of the trigeminovascular system, which demand renewed consideration of the neural influences at work in many primary headaches and, thus, further consideration of the physiology of the neural innervation of the cranial circulation. We take the view that the known physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms of the systems involved dictate that these disorders should be collectively regarded as neurovascular headaches to emphasize the interaction between nerves and vessels, which is the underlying characteristic of these syndromes. Moreover, the syndromes can be understood only by a detailed study of the cerebrovascular physiologic mechanisms that underpin their expression. (+info)

Cardiovascular and neuronal responses to head stimulation reflect central sensitization and cutaneous allodynia in a rat model of migraine. (2/736)

Reduction of the threshold of cardiovascular and neuronal responses to facial and intracranial stimulation reflects central sensitization and cutaneous allodynia in a rat model of migraine. Current theories propose that migraine pain is caused by chemical activation of meningeal perivascular fibers. We previously found that chemical irritation of the dura causes trigeminovascular fibers innervating the dura and central trigeminal neurons receiving convergent input from the dura and skin to respond to low-intensity mechanical and thermal stimuli that previously induced minimal or no responses. One conclusion of these studies was that when low- and high-intensity stimuli induce responses of similar magnitude in nociceptive neurons, low-intensity stimuli must be as painful as the high-intensity stimuli. The present study investigates in anesthetized rats the significance of the changes in the responses of central trigeminal neurons (i.e., in nucleus caudalis) by correlating them with the occurrence and type of the simultaneously recorded cardiovascular responses. Before chemical stimulation of the dura, simultaneous increases in neuronal firing rates and blood pressure were induced by dural indentation with forces >/= 2.35 g and by noxious cutaneous stimuli such as pinching the skin and warming > 46 degrees C. After chemical stimulation, similar neuronal responses and blood pressure increases were evoked by much smaller forces for dural indentation and by innocuous cutaneous stimuli such as brushing the skin and warming it to >/= 43 degrees C. The onsets of neuronal responses preceded the onsets of depressor responses by 1.7 s and pressor responses by 4.0 s. The duration of neuronal responses was 15 s, whereas the duration of depressor responses was shorter (5.8 s) and pressor responses longer (22.7 s) than the neuronal responses. We conclude that the facilitated cardiovascular and central trigeminal neuronal responses to innocuous stimulation of the skin indicate that when dural stimulation induces central sensitization, innocuous stimuli are as nociceptive as noxious stimuli had been before dural stimulation and that a similar process might occur during the development of cutaneous allodynia during migraine. (+info)

Quantitative structure-activity relationships for nasal pungency thresholds of volatile organic compounds. (3/736)

A model was developed for describing the triggering of nasal pungency in humans, based on the partition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between the air phase and the biophase. Two partition parameters are used in the model: the water-air partition coefficient and the octanol-water partition coefficient. The model was validated using data from the literature, principally on alcohols, acetates and ketones. The model suggests that all test compounds, regardless of their chemical functional groups, bind to a common receptor site within the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer membrane of the trigeminal nerve endings. There is probably only a slight, non-specific interaction between the VOC molecule and the receptor molecule, whereas this type of non-specific interaction for the detection of odor is much stronger. In practical terms, the suggestion that all VOCs share a common irritation receptor site implies that nasal-pungency thresholds of individual VOCs may be additive. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for nasal-pungency thresholds were also developed from the model, which can be used to predict nasal-pungency thresholds of common VOCs. Although the present model does not offer additional precision over that of M.H. Abraham et al., 1996, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 71-76, it requires fewer descriptors and offers a physiological basis to the QSAR. Another advantage of the present model is that it also provides a basis for comparison between the olfactory process and nasal pungency. (+info)

Trigeminal and carotid body inputs controlling vascular resistance in muscle during post-contraction hyperaemia in cats. (4/736)

1. In anaesthetized cats, the effects of stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa and carotid body chemoreceptors on vascular resistance in hindlimb skeletal muscle were studied to see whether the responses were the same in active as in resting muscle. The measurements of vascular resistance were taken, first, in resting muscle, and second, in the immediate post-contraction hyperaemic phase that followed a 30 s period of isometric contractions. 2. Stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa caused reflex apnoea and vasoconstriction in muscle. The latter response was attenuated when the test was repeated during post-contraction hyperaemia. 3. Stimulations of the carotid bodies were made during a period of apnoea evoked reflexly by electrical stimulation of both superior laryngeal nerves. This apnoea prevented any effects of changes in respiration on the carotid body reflex vascular responses. Stimulation of the carotid bodies evoked hindlimb muscle vasoconstriction. In the post-contraction hyperaemic period, the response was reduced or abolished. A similar attenuation of the reflex vasoconstrictor responses occurred in decentralized muscles stimulated through their motor roots in the cauda equina. 4. Evidence is presented that the attenuation of the vasoconstrictor responses evoked by the two reflexes is a phenomenon localized to the contracting muscles themselves resulting from an interaction between sympathetic neuronal activity and the local production of metabolites. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolic needs of tissues in relation to asphyxial defence mechanisms such as occur in the diving response. (+info)

Trigeminal nerve ganglion stimulation-induced neurovascular reflexes in the anaesthetized cat: role of endothelin(B) receptors in carotid vasodilatation. (5/736)

1. The effects of intravenous administration of endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists SB-209670 (0.001-10.0 mg kg(-1)), SB-217242, SB-234551 (0.01-10.0 mg kg(-1)) and BQ-788 (0.001-1.0 mg kg(-1)) were investigated on trigeminal nerve ganglion stimulation-induced neurovascular reflexes in the carotid vasculature of the anaesthetized cat. Comparisons were made with sumatriptan (0.003-3.0 mg kg(-1)) and alpha-CGRP8-37 (0.001-0.1 mg kg(-1)). 2. Trigeminal nerve ganglion stimulation produced frequency related increases in carotid blood flow, reductions in carotid vascular resistance and non-frequency related increases in blood pressure. Guanethidine (3 mg kg(-1), i.v.) blocked trigeminal nerve ganglion-induced increases in blood pressure but had no effect on changes in carotid flow or resistance. Maximal reductions in carotid vascular resistance was observed at 10 Hz, and this frequency was selected to investigate the effects of drugs on trigeminal nerve ganglion stimulation-induced responses in guanethidine treated cats. 3. Saline, alpha-CGRP8-37 SB-209670 and BQ-788 had little or no effect on resting haemodynamic parameters. SB-217242 (10 mg kg(-1), n=3) produced a 56% reduction in arterial blood pressure whereas SB-233451 (10 mg kg(-1), n=3) produced a 30% reduction in carotid vascular resistance. Sumatriptan produced dose-related reductions in resting carotid flow and increases (max. 104% at 0.3 mg kg(-1), n = 5) in vascular resistance. 4. SB-209670 (n=6-7), SB-217242 (n=3) and BQ-788 (n=3) produced inhibition of trigeminal nerve ganglion stimulation-induced reductions in carotid vascular resistance. Saline, SB-234551, alpha-CGRP8-37 and sumatriptan had no effect. 5. These data demonstrate ET(B) receptor blockade attenuates the vasodilator effects of trigeminal nerve ganglion stimulation in the carotid vascular bed of guanethidine pretreated anaesthetized cats. (+info)

Properties of conditioned abducens nerve responses in a highly reduced in vitro brain stem preparation from the turtle. (6/736)

Previous work suggested that the cerebellum and red nucleus are not necessary for the acquisition, extinction, and reacquistion of the in vitro classically conditioned abducens nerve response in the turtle. These findings are extended in the present study by obtaining conditioned responses (CRs) in preparations that received a partial ablation of the brain stem circuitry. In addition to removing all tissue rostral to and including the midbrain and cerebellum, a transection was made just caudal to the emergence of the IXth nerve. Such ablations result in a 4-mm-thick section of brain stem tissue that functionally eliminates the sustained component of the unconditioned response (UR) while leaving only a phasic component. We refer to this region of brain stem tissue caudal to the IXth nerve as the "caudal premotor blink region." Neural discharge was recorded from the abducens nerve following a single shock unconditioned stimulus (US) applied to the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve. When the US was paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) applied to the posterior eighth, or auditory, nerve using a delay conditioning paradigm, a positive slope of CR acquisition was recorded in the abducens nerve, and CR extinction was recorded when the stimuli were alternated. Resumption of paired stimuli resulted in reacquisition. Quantitative analysis of the CRs in preparations in which the caudal premotor blink region had been removed and those with cerebellar/red nucleus lesions showed that both types of preparations had abnormally short latency CR onsets compared with preparations in which these regions were intact. Preparations with brain stem transections had significantly earlier CR offsets as more CRs terminated as short bursts when compared with intact or cerebellar lesioned preparations. These data suggest that a highly reduced in vitro brain stem preparation from the turtle can be classically conditioned. Furthermore, the caudal brain stem is not a site of acquisition in this reduced preparation, but it contributes to the sustained activity of both the UR and CR. Finally, the unusually short CR onset latencies following lesions to the cerebellum are not further exacerbated by removal of the caudal brain stem. These studies suggest that convergence of CS and US synaptic inputs onto the abducens nerve reflex circuitry may underlie acquisition in this reduced preparation, but that mechanisms that control learned CR timing arise from the cerebellorubral system. (+info)

MR imaging of Dejerine-Sottas disease. (7/736)

We report the MR findings in two patients with clinically and histologically proved Dejerine-Sottas disease. One patient had spinal involvement with multiple thickened and clumped nerve roots of the cauda equina; the second had multiple enlarged and enhancing cranial nerves. Although these findings are not specific for Dejerine-Sottas disease, they are suggestive of the diagnosis, which is further corroborated with history and confirmed with sural nerve biopsy and laboratory studies. (+info)

Trigeminal nerve and brainstem catecholamine systems in cerebral vasospasm. (8/736)

Cisternal blood injection in the rat and squirrel monkey produces a biphasic cerebral vasospasm, a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and an increase in glucose uptake (CMRglu) due to an anaerobic glucolysis actually representing a decrease in metabolism. Lesioning of the A2-nucleus, its ascending cathecolamine pathways or their projection site, the median eminence in the hypothalamus, prevents the occurrence of spasm. A unilateral postganglionic trigeminal lesion causes an ipsilateral constriction of the cerebral arteries while a preganglionic lesion does not affect the baseline arterial diameter. Both kinds of trigeminal lesions induce a global increase in glucose uptake of about 50% without influencing CBF. Following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) the decrease in CBF in both groups of lesioned animals is similar to that seen in controls. After SAH there is no further change in CMRglu in the animals with a preganglionic lesion, while in the postganglionically lesioned animals there is an additional increase in CMRglu of about 50% as compared to controls or animals with a preganglionic lesion. Treatment with the peptidergic substance P (SP) antagonist, spantide, or gammaglobulin against SP prevents or significantly reduces the degree of spasm and the changes in flow and metabolism normally seen post-SAH. The non-peptidergic neurokinins NK1 and NK3 antagonists do not influence flow and metabolism in SAH animals. The NK2 seems to change both flow and metabolism post-SAH in rats. (+info)

In neuroanatomy, the trigeminal nerve (lit. triplet nerve), also known as the fifth cranial nerve, cranial nerve V, or simply ... The three major branches of the trigeminal nerve-the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2) and the mandibular nerve ( ... Diagram of facial sensory nerves (front view) Trigeminal nerve in yellow Trigeminal ganglion Cerebrum (deep inferior dissection ... the glossopharyngeal nerve) and X (the vagus nerve). All sensory fibers from these nerves terminate in the trigeminal nucleus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve

The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, ... Atlas image: n2a4p5 at the University of Michigan Health System Washington University (Cranial nerve nuclei, Trigeminal nerve) ... Photic sneeze reflex Trigeminal nerve Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. ... The spinal trigeminal nucleus The spinal trigeminal nucleus is further subdivided into three parts, from rostral to caudal: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei

The mesencephalic nucleus is one of four trigeminal nerve nuclei, three sensory and one motor. The other two sensory nuclei are ... The mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve is involved with reflex proprioception of the periodontium and of the muscles of ... Cody FW, Lee RW, Taylor A (1972). "A functional analysis of the components of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve in ... The trigeminal motor nucleus innervates the muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve

The principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (or chief sensory nucleus of V, main trigeminal sensory nucleus) is a group ... Articles with TA98 identifiers, Cranial nerve nuclei, Trigeminal nerve, Pons). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve

The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ... The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) ... and trochlear nerve (IV); the pons has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and ... glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII). Cranial nerves are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves

"The distribution and probable significance of unmyelinated nerve fibers in the trigeminal nerve of the cat". Journal of ... See trigeminal nerve.) Windle, W.F.; Becker, R.F. (1943). "Asphyxia neonatorum". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ... His Ph.D. thesis Studies on the trigeminal nerve with particular reference to the pathway for painful afferent impulses was ... doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(43)90778-1. Windle, William F.; Groat, Richard A. (1945). "Disappearance of nerve cells after concussion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Windle

See Trigeminal Nerve.) These transcription factors respond to SHH gradient concentration. Depending upon the nature of their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog_protein

Holland GR (1996). "Experimental trigeminal nerve injury". Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 7 (3): 237-58. PMID 8909880. Piercecchi- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_chromatolysis

The trigeminal tubercle, or tuberculum cinereum is a raised area between the rootlets of the accessory nerve and posterolateral ... It overlies the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is an elevation in the lower part of medulla, lateral to the cuneate ... fasciculus, produced by a mass of grey matter called the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Swanson (2015). Neuroanatomical Terminology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_tubercle

The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It branches at ... The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve, itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It travels through the ... The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck. Branches of the trigeminal nerve. The zygomatic nerve is visible branching ... The zygomatic nerve can be blocked indirectly by anaesthetising the maxillary nerve (CN V2). The zygomatic nerve and its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_nerve

Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. ... The tensor veli palatini muscle is supplied by the mandibular nerve (CN V3). This is the third branch of the trigeminal nerve ( ... Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, seen from the middle line. Levator veli palatini This article incorporates text in the ... which is formed by the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves. The tensor veli palatini tenses the soft palate and by doing so, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle

Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. ... They join with filaments from the lacrimal nerve and the zygomaticofacial nerve from the maxillary nerve (CN V2). They also ... The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (malar branches) are nerves of the face. They run across the zygomatic bone to the ... The zygomatic branches of the facial nerve have many nerve connections. Along their course, there may be connections with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_branches_of_the_facial_nerve

The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, itself a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) from the trigeminal ... The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve, itself a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) from the trigeminal ... Anatomy of the Trigeminal Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and Diagnostics. ... Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection. Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection. Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supratrochlear_nerve

The ophthalmic nerve (V1) is a sensory nerve of the face. It is one of three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It has ... Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve Pathways in the ciliary ganglion. Ophthalmic nerve Ophthalmic nerve Extrinsic ... The ophthalmic nerve is the first branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). It is joined by filaments from the cavernous plexus of ... Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection. Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection. Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve

... also the inferior dental nerve) is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve. ... Trauma and related mandibular fractures are also often related to inferior alveolar nerve injuries. Trigeminal sensory nerve ... The mylohyoid nerve is a motor nerve supplying the mylohyoid and the anterior belly of the digastric. Inferior nerve injury ... The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve. After branching from the mandibular nerve, the inferior ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_nerve

... vcm-trigeminal nerve and vena capitis medialis; cnVI, abducens nerve; cnVII, facial nerve; cnIX-XI, glossopharyngeal and ... vagoaccessory nerves; cnXII, hypoglossal nerve; en, epiphyseal nerve; fb, forebrain; fcl, flocculus; ibic, internal branch of ... Evolution of mammals Therocephalia ce, cerebellum; cnI, olfactory nerve; cnV + ... a large epyphysial nerve (found in creatures with a parietal eye on the top of the head), an enlarged pituitary gland, and an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonopsia

The crown also covers a range of bone sutures, and contains blood vessels and branches of the trigeminal nerve. The structure ... The crown also contains branches of the trigeminal nerve. Organisms such as whales and birds have different crown structures ... Other structures of the human crown include blood vessels and nerves, which are essential for the allocation of nutrients to ... Other diseases include meningioma, a tumor surrounding essential blood vessels and nerves that may be near the crown, causing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(anatomy)

Robert RC, Bacchetti P, Pogrel MA (June 2005). "Frequency of trigeminal nerve injuries following third molar removal". Journal ... Sometimes, when there is a high risk to the inferior alveolar nerve, only the crown of the tooth will be removed (intentionally ... Injury to the inferior alveolar nerve resulting in numbness or partial numbness of the lower lip and chin has reported rates ... Coronectomy, while lessening the immediate risk to the inferior alveolar nerve function has its own complication rates and can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacted_wisdom_teeth

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, seen from the middle line. External carotid artery with branches This article ... It descends with the inferior alveolar nerve to the mandibular foramen on the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible. It ... The mental branch escapes with the nerve at the mental foramen, supplies the chin, and anastomoses with the submental and ... runs along the mandibular canal in the substance of the bone, accompanied by the nerve, and opposite the first premolar tooth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_artery

"The Zygomaticotemporal Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve: An Anatomical Study". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 115 (1): 273- ... The zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of the zygomatic nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It runs along the lateral ... The zygomaticotemporal nerve communicates with 2 other nerves, although the function of this is unknown. These nerves include: ... is a small nerve of the face. It is derived from the zygomatic nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2). It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticotemporal_nerve

A slowly enlarging, uninflammed ulcer can occur in the area that has had trigeminal nerve damage; including but not limited to ... 65 These sores affect the skin supplied by the sensory component of the trigeminal nerve. Similar lesions may also occur in the ... Trigeminal trophic syndrome is a rare disease caused by the interruption of peripheral or central sensory pathways of the ... May 2004). "Trigeminal trophic syndrome--report of four cases and review of the literature". Dermatol Surg. 30 (5): 807-12, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_trophic_syndrome

... or type 2 trigeminal neuralgia, is a form of trigeminal neuralgia, a disorder of the fifth cranial nerve. This form of nerve ... Others may experience intense pain in one or in all three trigeminal nerve branches, affecting teeth, ears, sinuses, cheeks, ... These effects are believed to be caused by infection, demyelinating diseases, or compression of the trigeminal nerve (by an ... ATN is usually attributed to inflammation or demyelination, with increased sensitivity of the trigeminal nerve. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_trigeminal_neuralgia

The sciatic nerve and trigeminal nerve are the sites of latency. A reactivated latent carrier is normally the source of ... After primary infection of BoHV-1, the latent infection is quite often found in the trigeminal ganglion of the cow, although on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_alphaherpesvirus_1

The trigeminal nerve supplies the cornea via the long ciliary nerves. There are pain receptors in the outer layers and pressure ... Corneal ulcers are painful due to nerve exposure, and can cause tearing, squinting, and pawing at the eye. There may also be ... Central ulcers are typically caused by trauma, dry eye, or exposure from facial nerve paralysis or exophthalmos. Ulcers in the ... This can be greatly facilitated by the use of local nerve blocks and topical anaesthesia. There is almost invariably a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_ulcers_in_animals

... a branch of the trigeminal nerve). accessory meningeal artery. lesser petrosal nerve (a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve). ... It transmits the mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve. The foramen ovale is an opening in the greater wing of the ... These are performed to treat trigeminal neuralgia. In the procedure, the electrode is introduced through the cheek of an ... The following structures pass through foramen ovale: mandibular nerve ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(skull)

Cranial nerve nuclei, Medulla oblongata, Facial nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, Trigeminal nerve, Vagus nerve, All stub articles ... In addition to the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus nerves (CN X) also convey ... Thus the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives input from cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X. The spinal nucleus is composed of ... In mice, this thalamic nucleus has significant amounts of expression of leptin receptors, NPY and GLP-1. Trigeminal nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus

Trigeminal nerve The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary branch. It supplies not only the upper lip but also much ... by the nerve of the second pharyngeal arch, the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve). The muscles of facial expression are all ... The mental nerve is a branch of the mandibular branch ( via the inferior alveolar nerve). It supplies the skin and mucous ... The lip has many nerve endings and reacts as part of the tactile (touch) senses. Lips are very sensitive to touch, warmth, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip

Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity. Diagram of segmental distribution of ... The supraclavicular nerve can be blocked during shoulder surgery. The supraclavicular nerves arise from C3 and C4 spinal nerve ... The lateral supraclavicular nerve or posterior supraclavicular nerves(nn. supraclaviculares posteriores; supra-acromial nerves ... The medial supraclavicular nerves or anterior supraclavicular nerves (nn. supraclaviculares anteriores; suprasternal nerves) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraclavicular_nerves

... terminal nerve masses, or TNMs). The receptors are therefore not discrete cells, but a part of the trigeminal nerve itself. The ... In all cases, the facial pit is innervated by the trigeminal nerve. In crotalines, information from the pit organ is relayed to ... The nerve fibers in the pit organ are constantly firing at a very low rate. Objects that are within a neutral temperature range ... The sensitivity of the nerve fibers is estimated to be >0.001 °C. The pit organ will adapt to a repeated stimulus; if an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes

Primary cell bodies are in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. These fibers transmit information to secondary ... v t e (Cerebellar connections, Trigeminal nerve, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... afferent cell bodies in the oralis and interpolaris portions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus plus the principal nucleus. Axons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminocerebellar_fibers

... as well as the motor part of the trigeminal nerve nucleus. This list documents nuclei by the part of the brain they are found ... All the nuclei except that of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) supply nerves of the same side of the body. In general, motor nuclei ... motor Trigeminal motor nucleus (V) - motor Main trigeminal nucleus (V) - sensory (fine touch and vibration) Nuclei present in ... A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus

CT scanning shows that these openings lead to canals that connect to the trigeminal nerve, which controls facial sensitivity. ... carrying the trigeminal nerve, would probably have extended across the fossa, outside of the outline of the skull. Benoit et al ... would primarily have supported the trigeminal nerve as well as blood vessels. However, the fact that the canals also directly ... All of these canals would have brought nerves and nutrient-rich tissue to the root of the canines and the rest of the upper jaw ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchambersia

The masseteric nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve (V3), itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve. It passes laterally, ... The masseteric nerve is a nerve of the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (V3). It crosses the mandibular notch to ... The masseteric nerve may be harvested and used to repair paralysis of the facial nerve. Masseteric artery This article ... Spira, M (1978-03-01). "Anastomosis of masseteric nerve to lower division of facial nerve for correction of lower facial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseteric_nerve

Additionally, it is of high levels in the trigeminal nerve and spinal cord. Further, there is also high concentrations of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM178B

... is also shown to decrease the activity of the trigeminal nerve, which presumably accounts for sumatriptan's ... CGRP is believed to cause sensitization of trigeminal nociceptive neurons, contributing to the pain experienced in migraine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatriptan

The scalp is innervated by motor nerves and sensory nerves. The trigeminal nerve (CNV) is one of the important cranial sensory ... nerve and Supraorbital nerve Zygomaticotemporal nerve Auriculotemporal nerve Lesser occipital nerve Greater occipital nerve ... All large blood vessels and nerves of the scalp are located in this layer. The next layer is the galea Aponeurotica, which ... The large blood vessels and nerves of the scalp don't pierce this layer.Loose connective tissue between the periosteum and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalp_reconstruction

The mandibular nerve, the third branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3), also known as the "inferior maxillary nerve", enters ... meningeal nerve buccal nerve auriculotemporal nerve lingual nerve inferior alveolar nerve auricle external acoustic meatus ... The infratemporal fossa contains the mandibular nerve, the inferior alveolar nerve, the lingual nerve, the buccal nerve, the ... These are the masseteric nerve to masseter muscle, the deep temporal nerve to temporalis muscle, the lateral pterygoid nerve to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa

Trigeminal nerve fibers that innervate these IR-sensitive receptors may be involved in detection of infrared thermal radiation ... More recent studies using in situ hybridization studies have located large diameter neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) that ... Temperature threshold measurements were directly measured by stimulating nerve fibers of thermoreceptors in the nose-leaf and ... Later in 1984, Kürten and collaborators made electrophysiological recordings from nerve fibers of temperature-sensitive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats

... the tumor may extend laterally and involve this sinus involving the mandibular nerve. This produces a triad of symptoms known ... Ipsilateral immobility of the soft palate Trigeminal neuralgia Gray's Anatomy 1918, Chapter: The Pharynx Archived 2012-01-21 at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_of_Morgagni_(pharynx)

The trigeminal nucleus is also spared, since most of it is higher up in the pons, and the spinal part of it found in the ... and the hypoglossal nerve fibers that pass through the medulla. The spinothalamic tract is spared because it is located more ... The condition usually consists of: Sensation to the face is preserved, due to the sparing of the trigeminal nucleus. The ... hypoglossal nerve)[citation needed] Contralateral signs and symptoms-spastic (umn) paralysis of trunk and limbs (contralateral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_medullary_syndrome

... which then send signals back to the brain via the trigeminal nerve, one of the major nerves of the facial area. This nerve also ... It is caused by having something cold touch the roof of the mouth, and is believed to result from a nerve response causing ... Research suggests that the same vascular mechanism and nerve implicated in "brain freeze" cause the aura (sensory disturbance) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-stimulus_headache

The eponymous "Gubler's line" is a line of superficial origin of the trigeminal nerve on the pons, a lesion below which results ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe-Marie_Gubler

... trigeminal neuralgia, breath-holding spells, epilepsy, malaria, tabes dorsalis, and Behçet's disease, paroxysmal nocturnal ... Paroxysmal attacks in various disorders have been reported extensively and ephaptic coupling of demyelinated nerves has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack

The mechanism of action is thought to be stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Systemic immediate release opioids are beneficial ... Neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, phrenic nerve injuries, Guillain-Barré syndrome, amyotrophic lateral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath

The axons of the neurons which provide general sensory information synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The axons of the ... It is larger than and below the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve. The neurons in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve ... The neurons in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve innervate the taste buds on the epiglottis, the chemoreceptors of the ... The inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve, (nodose ganglion) is a sensory ganglion of the peripheral nervous system. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve

... pain in the nasal sinuses upon percussion and pressure sensitivity of the trigeminal nerve exit points. The patients were also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELOM-080

Overstimulation of the photoreceptors in the retina Excessive electric impulses to the optic nerve Excessive response in the ... Autism spectrum disorders Chiari malformation Dyslexia Encephalitis including myalgic encephalomyelitis Meningitis Trigeminal ... seen with damage to the oculomotor nerve). Due to albinism, the lack of pigment in the colored part of the eyes (irises) makes ... or optic nerve hypoplasia Hydrophthalmos, or congenital glaucoma Iritis Isotretinoin has been associated with photophobia Optic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophobia

... partial fusion of the trigeminal nerve (V) with the facial (VII) and auditory (VII) nerves, the proximal nerve roots coming off ... Pareyson D, Taroni F, Botti S, Morbin M, Baratta S, Lauria G, Ciano C, Sghirlanzoni A (April 2000). "Cranial nerve involvement ... nerve complex. The early growth response protein 2 is a transcription factor with three tandem C2H2-type zinc fingers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGR2

... of the skin between the supranasal and nasal scales and is connected to the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. The ... nerve endings here resemble those in the labial pits of boas. The supernasal sac is present in the genera Daboia, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viperinae

He examined the degeneration of nerve endings in Eimer's organ in moles following sectioning of the trigeminal nerve. His group ... In 1925 he and a colleague examined the regeneration of sensation of a colleague who had lacerated a nerve at his wrist. Blair ... While in Naples he met the Hungarian histologist István Apáthy who introduced him to the complexity of nerves and the problems ... In 1940 he published Problems of nervous anatomy which review nerve histology in relation to physiology. Boeke was born in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Boeke

... innervation to the upper facial motor neurons is rarely tested by humans because of the afferent fibers in the trigeminal nerve ... This condition is often the result of damage of the upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. The facial motor nucleus contains ... It usually results from damage to upper motor neurons of the facial nerve. The facial motor nucleus has dorsal and ventral ... At high stimulation strengths, this often excites the trigeminal sensory afferents and triggers a blink reflex. From the blink ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_facial_palsy

trigeminal nerve (CN V) mandibular nerve (V3) anterior division of mandibular nerve deep temporal nerves (anterior and ... The anterior deep temporal nerve is sometimes a branch of the buccal nerve. The posterior deep temporal nerve is sometimes a ... The deep temporal nerves are two branches of the anterior division of the mandibular nerve that innervate the temporalis. The ... In this case the extra nerve is situated between the anterior and posterior and called the middle deep temporal nerve. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_temporal_nerves

... external Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation or eTNS) for treatment of ADHD. eTNS is a nerve stimulation and not a neurofeedback ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofeedback

The intense cranial pain during migraines is due to the connection of the trigeminal nerve with the thalamus and thalamic ... in the cerebral cortex during migraine attacks can eventually activate the trigeminal nerve's regulation of the vascular system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome

Nerve damage from ionizing radiation occurs in phases, the initial phase from microvascular injury, capillary damage and nerve ... Radiation therapy has several applications in non-malignant conditions, such as the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, acoustic ... Radiation-induced polyneuropathy Radiation treatments may damage nerves near the target area or within the delivery path as ... In the PNS, injury to the plexus nerves presents as radiation-induced brachial plexopathy or radiation-induced lumbosacral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

The facial nerve passes through the anterior acoustic foramen in the auditory capsule; the trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhylidae

The jaw jerk reflex or the masseter reflex is a stretch reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve (cranial ... It is performed when there are other signs of damage to the trigeminal nerve. The clinical presentation of cervical spondylotic ... with sensory neurons of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus sending axons to the trigeminal motor nucleus, which in turn ... This reflex is used to judge the integrity of the upper motor neurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus. Both the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_jerk_reflex

Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) Trigeminal trophic lesion (trigeminal trophic syndrome) Vulvodynia (vestibulodynia) ... myxoma of the nerve sheath, myxomatous perineurioma, nerve sheath myxoma) Nevus flammeus (capillary malformation, port-wine ... solitary nerve sheath tumor, sporadic neurofibroma) Spider angioma (nevus araneus, spider telangiectasia, spider nevus, ... granular cell nerve sheath tumor, granular cell schwannoma) Hamartoma Hemangiopericytoma Hemangiosarcoma Hibernoma (fetal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

Examination of the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia revealed peripheral chromatolysis in these cells. The cells exhibited ... Nuclei of cranial nerves, arcuate nuclei, and posterior horn cells were also affected. Studies examining patients with ... At the cellular level, IBNC is marked by the degeneration of neurons and axons within the brainstem and cranial nerves. The ... Hanz, Shlomit; Fainzilber, Mike (2006). "Retrograde signaling in injured nerve-- the axon reaction revisited". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatolysis

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry annual meeting indicated efficacy of monotherapy external trigeminal nerve ...

https://chadd.org/adhd-in-the-news/external-trigeminal-nerve-stimulation-effective-for-pediatric-adhd/

The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves (CNs). It supplies sensations to the face, mucous ... The mandibular nerve. The mandibular nerve is the largest branch of the trigeminal nerve, as seen in the image below. It has ... The ophthalmic nerve. The ophthalmic nerve is the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. It arises from the convex surface of ... Branches of the Trigeminal Nerve. The ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve leave the skull ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1873373-overview

Diagnostic is a medical classification as listed by CMS under Central Nervous System and Cranial Nerves range. ... ICD-10-PCS code 00BK4ZX for Excision of Trigeminal Nerve, Percutaneous Endoscopic Approach, ... Mandibular nerve , Maxillary nerve , Ophthalmic nerve , Trifacial nerve","3")>Trigeminal Nerve. Definition: Entry, by puncture ... Excision of Trigeminal Nerve, Percutaneous Endoscopic Approach, Diagnostic 00BK4ZX. ICD-10-PCS code 00BK4ZX for Excision of ...

https://www.aapc.com/codes/pcs-code/00BK4ZX

... Categories: Neurophysiologic Monitoring - Skull ...

https://snacc.org/document/neurophysiologic-intraoperative-monitoring-of-trigeminal-and-facial-nerves/

Sections of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve were found to comprise a range of fibre types including Adelta and C ... In higher vertebrates, A-delta and C fibres in the trigeminal nerve convey both somatosensory and nociceptive information to ... bodies of the trigeminal ganglion reflected the fibre range since they correlated with the size range of axons in the nerve ... The trigeminal nerve in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, was examined for the presence of A-delta and C fibres. ...

https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_vsm/47/

JAA, Arruda et al. Zoster with Trigeminal Nerve Damage: Case Report. Rev. cir. traumatol. buco-maxilo-fac. [online]. 2016, vol. ... with commitment of the trigeminal nerve comprehending the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches. There was tissue ... usually determined by vesicle-bullous lesions involving the skin over the brachial nerve pathway. The aim of this study is to ...

http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1808-52102016000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

The trigeminal nerve is 1 of the 12 cranial nerves; stimulation of the nerve allows access to brain areas important to ... The system uses an adhesive electrode pad that is placed on the forehead over the trigeminal nerve and is connected by thin ... Cite this: Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation an Option for ADHD? - Medscape - May 20, 2013. ... SAN FRANCISCO - Results of a small pilot trial suggest that trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS), a noninvasive treatment already ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/viewarticle/804440

It is innervated by the largest cranial nerve of the body, the trigeminal nerve (CN V). Here, well learn about its origin, ... Trigeminal Nerve Block. Nerve block means anesthetizing a nerve. A trigeminal nerve block is a procedure used in routine ... Illustration showing the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Trigeminal Nerve. As the name implies, cranial nerves are the ... There are 12 pairs of these cranial nerves. The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve, and it is the chief sensory nerve ...

https://brainmadesimple.com/trigeminal-nerve/

CRANIAL NERVE ASSESSMENT, TRIGEMINAL Hi guys,. Hope you had a good week. CRANIAL NERVE ASSESSMENT IS a very useful tool when ...

http://dearnurses.blogspot.com/2007/11/cranial-nerve-assessment-trigeminal.html

Motor trigeminal nucleus Forum. • Trigeminal ganglion Forum. • Trigeminocerebellar fibers Forum. • Ventral tegmentum Forum. • ... Cranial nerve nucleus Forum. • General somatic afferent fibers Forum. • General somatic efferent fibers Forum. • Oculomotor ...

http://www.forumjar.com/forums/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve

... the main morphological data about the trigeminal complex (i.e., trigeminal nerve, ganglion and nucleus). Indeed, this ... You are at:Home»Embj»SOMATOTOPY OF THE TRIGEMINAL COMPLEX: NERVE, GANGLION, NUCLEUS. ...

http://www.embj.org/embj/somatotopy-trigeminal-complex-nerve/

Granulocytic sarcoma of nasopharynx with perineural spread along the trigeminal nerve.. Authors: Selvarajan, Santoshkumar. ... Granulocytic sarcoma of nasopharynx with perineural spread along the trigeminal nerve. Neurology India. 2008 Apr-Jun; 56(2): ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/120755

Rat studies suggest that the mechanism involves the trigeminal nerve, which is the largest cranial nerve. "In these experiments ... the trigeminal nerve actually became sensitized during declines of estrogen," said Dr. Martin. ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/827400

Pages in category "Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation". This category contains only the following page. ... Category:Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation. From HCE Wiki - The Human Cognitive Enhancement Wiki ... This page lists all entries under the Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation category. For general synopsis about this technology, head ... Retrieved from "http://hcewiki.zcu.cz/hcewiki/index.php?title=Category:Trigeminal_Nerve_Stimulation&oldid=5100" ...

http://hcewiki.zcu.cz/hcewiki/index.php/Category:Trigeminal_Nerve_Stimulation

Disorders of trigeminal nerve. G89. Pain, not elsewhere classified. G99.8. Other specified disorders of nervous system in ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2015-2016/RXQ_RX_I.htm

Trigeminal and Cranial Nerves. Maxillary Nerves. Add color and vibe to the walls of your waiting room and improve your patient ... Trigeminal and Cranial Nerves. Maxillary Nerves. Add color and vibe to the walls of your waiting room and improve your ...

https://www.mimiwatercolorprints.com/collections/all/products/trigeminal-nerve-anatomy-art-watercolor-print

... or painless paraesthesia in the trigeminal distribution. Our aim is to review the incidence of trigeminal involvement on MRI in ... patients is usually associated with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) ... We observed enhancement in the cisternal portion of the nerves ... Trigeminal involvement detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) ... or painless paraesthesia in the trigeminal distribution. Our aim is to review the incidence of trigeminal involvement on MRI in ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15957508/?dopt=Abstract

... is a nerve disorder. It causes a stabbing or electric shock-like pain in parts of the face. ... The pain of TN comes from the trigeminal nerve. This nerve carries the sensations of touch and pain from the face, eyes, ... Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a nerve disorder. It causes a stabbing or electric shock-like pain in parts of the face. ... Trigeminal nerve block (injection) with local anesthetic and steroid is an excellent treatment option to rapidly relieve pain ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000742.htm

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving trigeminal nerve. Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change ... involving peripheral nerve. JCINAO 118,4049,2008. subcutaneous/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 72 mg/kg. HBAMAK 4,1289 ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/BP456D70.html

上午十時至下午二時. 星期日及公眾假期:休息

https://www.brainandspine.com.hk/tag/trigeminal-nerve/

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve + ++ Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve ++ +++ Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve + ++ ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/06-0750-t2.htm

Changes in trigeminal nerve function or morphology. *Impairment of vestibular function. Limited evidence, primarily from ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/trichloroethylene/clinical_effects.html

This nerve performs two major functions. It conveys some sensory information from the tongue and the interior of the mouth. ... The facial nerve is also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN7). ... FInd information about the trigeminal nerve, including its functions, how doctors test it, and the conditions associated. ... Accessory nerve. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network. The accessory nerve is a cranial nerve that controls the ...

https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/facial-nerve

nerve answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and ... lingual nerve. lingual nerve A sensory branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3). lt is joined by the ... alveolar nerve. Any of the sensory nerves to the teeth; they are branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The superior alveolar ... mandibular nerve. ABBR: CN V3 1. The inferior trunk of the trigeminal cranial nerve. The mandibular nerve is both sensory and ...

https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/730433/all/sinuvertebral_nerve

The Pain and the Trigeminal Nerve. *The Hypothalamus. *Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Cluster Headache ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-human-hypothalamus/swaab/978-0-12-819973-2

... glossopharyngeal nerve; irritation; magnetic resonance imaging; psychophysics; rhinomanometry; thresholds; trigeminal nerve; ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=heart+or+cardiac+or+cardiovascular+or+cardiopulmonary+or+cerebrovascular+or+fatality&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=heart+or+cardiac+or+cardiovascular+or+cardiopulmonary+or+cerebrovascular+&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&whichdate=DP&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=168&RecNo=1675&View=f&

Course of trigeminal nerve within brain stem. The brachium pontis has been dissected so that the course of the trigeminal nerve ... Course of trigeminal nerve within brain stem. For permissions information regarding the use of these images, please contact ... Note that the spinal tract passes above the course of the facial nerve (7) and deep to the incoming fibers of the vestibular ...

https://lane.stanford.edu/biomed-resources/bassett/raw/bassettLargerView.html?t=largerView&bn=28-2

We also found a high frequency of cranial nerve involvement2,49. Whereas the trigeminal nerve seems to have been more ... Five patients had sensory trigeminal nerve involvement, and 4 patients had regressive facial nerve involvement. Two patients ... followed by cranial nerve involvement affecting trigeminal, facial, or cochlear nerves (n = 16). Multiple mononeuropathy (n = 7 ... cranial nerve involvement (especially cochlear and trigeminal nerves), acute or chronic myelopathy, or multifocal CNS ...

https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Fulltext/2004/09000/Neurologic_Manifestations_in_Primary_Sj_gren.3.aspx

Simon is an expert in the surgical management of trigeminal nerve repairs. He provides the major clinical input to maintain ... Fiona is also working on projects for the improvement of nerve regeneration. This work investigates methods of improving nerve ... arising as a consequence of trigeminal nerve injury. This is with the aim of identifying new biomarkers and therapeutic targets ... Immunocytochemical studies on neuromas of branches of the trigeminal nerve. She has over 20 years of research experience ...

https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/dentalschool/research/integrated-bioscience/trigeminal-nerve-repair/contact

White matter brain and trigeminal nerve abnormalities in temporomandibular disorder. Pain 153, 1467-1477 (2012). ... Nerve injury causes long-term attentional deficits in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 529, 103-107 (2012). ... Stress and IL-1β contribute to the development of depressive-like behavior following peripheral nerve injury. Mol. Psychiatry ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3516?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bbdbb8b6-0182-4de8-8021-00139b2e2353

This muscle is innervated by the largest cranial nerve of the body, the trigeminal nerve (CN V). In the following text, we shall learn about the trigeminal nerve's origin, course, classification, functional components, and divisions. (brainmadesimple.com)
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve, and it is the chief sensory nerve of the forehead and face area. (brainmadesimple.com)
It is the largest cranial nerve based on its size. (brainmadesimple.com)
According to length, the Vagus nerve (CN X) is the longest cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
The nuclei of cranial nerves are the collection of cell bodies of axons forming that cranial nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
CRANIAL NERVE ASSESSMENT IS a very useful tool when assessing a brain patient , regardless of where you work. (blogspot.com)
Rat studies suggest that the mechanism involves the trigeminal nerve, which is the largest cranial nerve. (medscape.com)
Wallenstein J.. Brain and cranial nerve disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
The facial nerve is also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN7) . (healthline.com)
The accessory nerve is a cranial nerve that controls the movement of certain neck muscles. (healthline.com)
Symptoms of nerve injury include paresthesias, loss of sensation and position sense, impaired motor function, cranial nerve malfunction, changes in reflexes, and impairments in glandular secretion. (tabers.com)
cranial nerve for illus. (tabers.com)
The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (tabers.com)
Symmetric axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy with a predominance of sensory symptoms or pure sensory neuropathy occurred most frequently (n = 28), followed by cranial nerve involvement affecting trigeminal, facial, or cochlear nerves (n = 16). (lww.com)
Microvascular decompression relieves abnormal compression of a cranial nerve. (upmc.com)
Cranial nerve (CN) V3, VII-XII grossly intact. (uiowa.edu)
The sixth cranial nerve is the least commonly involved because of its most lateral location within the sinus. (medscape.com)
The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and supplies sensory innervations to the face via its branches (see the image below). (medscape.com)
The 5th and largest cranial nerve. (bvsalud.org)
Other less common types of anomalous carotid/basilar anastomoses include persistent hypoglossal artery (adjacent to cranial nerve XII), persistent otic artery, and proatlantal intersegment artery. (radiologykey.com)
In the nervous system, there are three primary areas that regulate our balance: the cerebellum (located in the back of the brain), the dorsal columns (located in the back of the spinal cord), and the inner ear (the "vestibular" part of our cranial nerve VIII). (drdavidwarwick.com)

The semilunar (gasserian or trigeminal) ganglion is the great sensory ganglion of CN V. It contains the sensory cell bodies of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary divisions). (medscape.com)
The motor root passes under the ganglion to join the sensory division of the mandibular nerve and exits the skull through foramen ovale. (medscape.com)
The size range of the cell bodies of the trigeminal ganglion reflected the fibre range since they correlated with the size range of axons in the nerve branches. (wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org)
It passes forwards over the petrous part of the temporal bone in the middle cranial fossa, where it ends in a crescent-shaped ganglion, the trigeminal ganglion. (brainmadesimple.com)
The maxillary division is the second division of the trigeminal nerve arising from the trigeminal ganglion. (brainmadesimple.com)
The third and largest division of the trigeminal nerve arising from the trigeminal ganglion is the mandibular division. (brainmadesimple.com)
This paper summarizes, in a modern fashion and with a number of molecular, functional and magnetic resonance imaging details, the main morphological data about the trigeminal complex (i.e., trigeminal nerve, ganglion and nucleus). (embj.org)
The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (tabers.com)
Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are thought to mediate light-induced pain but recent evidence raises the possibility of an alternative light responsive pathway independent of the retina and optic nerve. (frontiersin.org)
Trigeminal ganglion and sensory nerves suggest tactile specialization of elephants. (ruhr-uni-bochum.de)
Included in this report are devices that stimulate the spinal cord (including dorsal root ganglion), brain, vagus nerve, sacral nerve, tibial nerve, trigeminal nerve, and many others. (idtechex.com)
The trigeminal nerve ganglion (also referred to as the gasserian ganglion) lies in the trigeminal cave (also known as the Meckel cave), which is a dural invagination in the petrous part of the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
This ganglion is formed by 2 roots that exit the ventral surface of the brainstem at the midpontine level and travel forwards and laterally to enter the trigeminal cave. (medscape.com)
The dural pouch (trigeminal cistern) contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lies behind the ganglion. (medscape.com)
Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. (bvsalud.org)
Another common site treated with Radiofrequency Ablation is the sphenopalatine ganglion, a bundle of nerves that provides innervation to the face and head. (wakespine.com)
SP and CGRP immunoreactivity (IR) was measured in the cell bodies of trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons projecting to the nasal cavity. (cdc.gov)

What is the Vagus Nerve? (healthline.com)
The vagus nerve is the longest of the 12 cranial nerves. (healthline.com)
In 2005, the FDA approved a device that stimulates another nerve that leads to the brain - the vagus nerve. (npr.org)
But stimulating the vagus nerve requires surgery to implant a device near the collarbone. (npr.org)
In this area, companies are particularly interested in electrical neuromodulation of the vagus nerve. (idtechex.com)
Modulation of the vagus nerve promises to treat a myriad of diseases, including diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. (idtechex.com)
It contains theobromin-e, a bitter-tasting compound known to suppress dry coughs by acting on the vagus nerve - another nerve that carries crucial informatio-n between the body and brain. (pressreader.com)
In this case, erroneous crosstalk between the vagus nerve and the trigeminal nerve may somehow set off a sneeze. (pressreader.com)
The Vagus nerve originates in the brain-stem, just behind the ears, it travels down each side of the neck, across the chest and down through the abdomen. (thetideswellnesspro.com)
Vagus is Latin for wandering and this bundle of nerve fibers roves through the body, networking the brain with the stomach and digestive tract, the lungs, heart, spleen, intestines, liver and kidneys, also including a range of other nerves that are involved in speech, eye contact, facial expressions and even your ability to tune in to other people's voices. (thetideswellnesspro.com)
Inflammation of the lining of the lower airways can stimulate the vagus nerve, which then transmits a signal to the cost center in the brain stem when the muscles contract when coughing. (youtuberead.com)

Data presented at the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry annual meeting indicated efficacy of monotherapy external trigeminal nerve stimulation for ADHD in children. (chadd.org)
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation an Option for ADHD? (medscape.com)
SAN FRANCISCO - Results of a small pilot trial suggest that trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS), a noninvasive treatment already approved in Europe and Canada for refractory epilepsy and major depression, may also provide a nonpharmacologic treatment option for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (medscape.com)
stimulation of the nerve allows access to brain areas important to functions such as attention, emotional processing, concentration, anxiety, and seizure generation, Dr. Cook said. (medscape.com)
Using positron emission tomography (PET), these researchers had previously shown that electrical stimulation of trigeminal nerves using an adhesive patch on the forehead attached to a stimulator resulted in increases in blood flow within 60 seconds in areas such as the anterior cingulate, parts of the medial-frontal gyrus, and the inferior-frontal gyrus, as well as simultaneous decreases in flow to the primary motor cortex and temporal-parietal cortical areas. (medscape.com)
This page lists all entries under the Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation category. (zcu.cz)
For general synopsis about this technology, head to the Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation entry itself. (zcu.cz)
The patch uses a technique called trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS). (popsci.com)
Targeting this nerve in particular makes TNS different from other neuromodulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), used to stimulate neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which triggers brain cells to release painkilling compounds. (popsci.com)
And DeGiorgio says he's found an interesting benefit to trigeminal nerve stimulation. (npr.org)
Carbamazepine greatly reduces or abolishes pain induced by stimulation of the infraorbital nerve in cats and rats. (nih.gov)
This report focuses on emerging areas of electrical neuromodulation, or the application of electrical stimulation to specific nerves within human body. (idtechex.com)
The neurological mechanism that causes a sneeze begins with physical stimulation of the extensive trigeminal nerve, which stretches across the face and skull. (wyndly.com)
This nerve reacts to mechanical, chemical, and tactile stimulation, as well as pain and temperature sensations. (wyndly.com)

It receives ordinary sensations from the main 3 branches of the trigeminal . (medscape.com)
The image below depicts the pertinent nerve branches related to the trigeminal nerve and the pterygopalatine fossa. (medscape.com)
This pictorial diagram lists the pertinent nerve branches related to the trigeminal nerve and the pterygopalatine fossa, as well as the facial nerve and its relation to the pterygopalatine fossa. (medscape.com)
Sections of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve were found to comprise a range of fibre types including Adelta and C fibres. (wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org)
The aim of this study is to report a case of a 21-year-old patient, diagnosed with zoster, with commitment of the trigeminal nerve comprehending the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches. (bvsalud.org)
The ilioinguinal nerve branches off the first lumbar nerve, which is near the lower back. (healthline.com)
In the upper arm and near the shoulder, the median nerve branches off of the brachial plexus. (healthline.com)
The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (tabers.com)
The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (tabers.com)
The findings are usually in the symptomatic division but may occur in the other two ipsilateral trigeminal branches, which suggests central mechanisms. (medscape.com)
They found the trigeminal ganglia to be huge, larger than a macaque monkey brain, and the maxillary branches, which lead down to the trunk, were thicker than the spinal cord, indicating that the connections to the trunk are more substantial than the nerves to the rest of the body. (ruhr-uni-bochum.de)
There are numerous branches of the trigeminal nerve-the main sensory nerve of the head-that reach the lining of our nose,' he says. (parade.com)
This large and complex nerve has three branches that transmit informatio-n to the brain from the eyes, nose and jaw. (pressreader.com)
Medial branch nerves are small nerve branches that communicate pain caused by the facet joints in the spine to the brain. (wakespine.com)
In this tree analogy, the spinal cord is the trunk and the peripheral nerves are the tapering branches that travel into arms, legs and all other body parts. (nuraclinics.com)
Lumbar microdiscectomy is a minimally-invasive neurosurgical procedure to remove portions of a herniated lumbar disc to relieve pressure on the spine or nerve branches. (battlebornbrainandspine.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Granulocytic sarcoma of nasopharynx with perineural spread along the trigeminal nerve. (who.int)

Our neurosurgeons run multiple tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , to evaluate the cause of trigeminal neuralgia before choosing a treatment option. (utah.edu)
He also worked closely with Dr. Peter Jannetta during Dr. Jennettas early research on vascular compression of the cranial nerves as a cause of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. (infiniteunknown.net)

Other techniques involve destroying or cutting parts of the trigeminal nerve root. (medlineplus.gov)
It's hooked up to a 9-volt battery with which it generates small electrical currents that move through the forehead to parts of the trigeminal nerve, the largest nerve in the brain. (popsci.com)

Each year, more than 500 people with trigeminal neuralgia are treated at UPMC, including about 100 who undergo microvascular decompression. (upmc.com)
This treatment can potentially cure facial pain in people with trigeminal neuralgia. (utah.edu)

Atypical trigeminal neuralgia shares several symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia. (upmc.com)
In most cases, the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia disappear once the damage or trauma to the trigeminal nerve has healed. (vetinfo.com)

It is the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication and contains proprioceptive fibers. (medscape.com)
Burkett et al successfully visualized trigeminal fibers entering the pons at the nerve root entry zone (NREZ) and descending through the spinal trigeminal tract using robust diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). (medscape.com)
Because of their extensive and intricate network of nerve fibers within the head and neck, the trigeminal and facial nerves are the nerves most commonly affected. (medscape.com)
The maxillary division also contains only sensory fibers, just like the ophthalmic nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
It is a mixed nerve as it contains both sensory and motor fibers. (brainmadesimple.com)
Note that the spinal tract passes above the course of the facial nerve (7) and deep to the incoming fibers of the vestibular nerve (6). (stanford.edu)
In mice, they represent 3% of small TG neurons that are preferentially localized in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and are likely nociceptive C fibers and high-threshold mechanoreceptor Aδ fibers based on a strong size-function association. (frontiersin.org)
The postganglionic fibers are the sensory nerves to the face and exit via various foramina at the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
The nerve fibers leave the midbrain through the most medial part of the cerebral peduncle and enter the interpeduncular cistern. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
The oculomotor nuclear complex (ONC) and the initial parts of the nerve fibers are located within the tegmentum of the midbrain, which is in turn situated at the level of the tentorial notch, where it is surrounded by parts of the diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebral hemisphere (Parent and Carpenter, 1995). (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

The nerve extends from the brain stem, at the pons and the medulla. (healthline.com)
A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (tabers.com)

The infraorbital nerve, which runs through the trunk, was several times as thick as other sensory nerves. (ruhr-uni-bochum.de)
However, it is rarely associated with the trigeminal nerve, and especially, schwannomas related to the infraorbital nerve are very rare. (koreamed.org)
we report a rare case of a schwannoma involving the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve in a 45-year old male adult. (koreamed.org)
Infraorbital nerve schwannoma is difficult to distinguish from other diseases by means of clinical symptoms, physical findings, or imaging. (koreamed.org)
In spite of its rarity, infraorbital nerve schwannoma may be considered a possible diagnosis in the case of mass on cheek. (koreamed.org)
Behavioral evidence of trigeminal pain following chronic constriction injury to the rat s infraorbital nerve. (bvsalud.org)

The nerve is connected to many different parts of the brain, including the nucleus tractus solitarius, a structure found in the brainstem that is thought to integrate information from several disparate parts of the brain, including those in which patients with PTSD have abnormal activity. (popsci.com)
The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. (bvsalud.org)
The intramesencephalic segment extends from the nucleus to the point of exit of the oculomotor nerve from the midbrain. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
The oculomotor nerve complex, which is positioned in the most ventral part of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) at the level of the superior colliculi, comprises the somatic cell column, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and an additional dorsal (supraoculomotor) nucleus in each half of the midbrain (Figs. 1A-1C) (Vitosevic et al. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

Microvascular decompression surgery may be indicated in certain cases, but the effectiveness of this treatment for atypical trigeminal neuralgia is less favorable. (upmc.com)
UPMC's high volume of trigeminal neuralgia patients has allowed our surgeons to research treatment effectiveness, making UPMC a world leader in the management and treatment of both trigeminal neuralgia and atypical trigeminal neuralgia . (upmc.com)
Kaysville resident Lora Romney tried everything, including brain surgery and facial stimulator implants, to relieve the severe pain caused by Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia, a rare disorder that causes nerve pain in the face. (cannabisnewsworld.com)

We shall have a look at trigeminal nuclei, trigeminal lemniscus, and functions of the trigeminal nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
But the lemniscus is not in direct contact with the fasciculus longitudinalis, for a bundle of fibres, the continuation of which has been seen in the anterior funiculus of the medulla spinalis, the fasciculus tectospinalis, separates them, as well as fibres coming from sensory nuclei of the cerebral nerves which are crossing the raphe to join the medial lemniscus (Fig. 495). (co.ma)
The funiculus posterior, which ends in the cuneate and gracile nuclei, is derived from the posterior roots of the spinal nerves. (co.ma)

The ophthalmic division is the smallest of all three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. (brainmadesimple.com)
supraorbital nerve is the branch of ophthalmic division. (brainmadesimple.com)
Peripheral nerve block using 4% tetracaine dissolved with 0.5% bupivacaine was beneficial in relieving PHI in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. (springeropen.com)

The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (tabers.com)
A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (tabers.com)
In this time, he and the team from Berlin investigated the trigeminal system of the elephant brain and compared it with other sensory nerves as well as the spinal cord. (ruhr-uni-bochum.de)
and b) alleged delay in surgical treatment of the spinal infection, perhaps resulting in severe spinal cord compression with nerve damage and significant, permanent disability to Black. (ukdiss.com)
This bulging material can press on the spinal cord or other nerves, causing pain. (battlebornbrainandspine.com)

Simon is an expert in the surgical management of trigeminal nerve repairs. (sheffield.ac.uk)
This high volume allows doctors here to pursue research aimed at improving treatment effectiveness, making UPMC a world leader in the management of trigeminal neuralgia. (upmc.com)

Anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle showing the relationship of the various cranial nerves. (mrcophth.com)
For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Trigeminal Nerve Anatomy. (medscape.com)
Therefore, knowledge of the detailed anatomy and pathway of the oculomotor nerve is critical for the management of lesions located in the middle cranial fossa and the clival, cavernous, and orbital regions. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
This review describes the microsurgical anatomy of the oculomotor nerve and presents pictures illustrating this nerve and its surrounding connective and neurovascular structures. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

The diagnosis, in most cases, is eminently clinical, usually determined by vesicle-bullous lesions involving the skin over the brachial nerve pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Read on to learn more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in dogs. (vetinfo.com)
Trigeminal nerve block provides hemifacial anesthesia and is used predominantly in the diagnosis and treatment of neuralgia. (medscape.com)
After continuous observation and critical diagnosis of the injury, in cases involving significant disruption of lingual nerve function, microneurosurgical reconstruction of the nerve is recommended. (springeropen.com)
A clinical diagnosis of acute herpes zoster on the left ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve was confirmed by a dermatologist, and the patient was treated with acyclovir (400 mg, five times a day) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for 1 week. (springeropen.com)
In certain chronic pain conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome and neuralgia peripheral nerves can become damaged or diseased, and blockade of these peripheral nerves can be used for diagnosis and therapy in the interventional pain clinic. (nuraclinics.com)
Pain doctors may sometime use peripheral nerve blocks to diagnosis the true source for pain. (nuraclinics.com)

Patients can experience pain, burning, or dysethetic sensations following the course of the nerve involved. (medscape.com)
The pain of TN comes from the trigeminal nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
This nerve carries the sensations of touch and pain from the face, eyes, sinuses, and mouth to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
Trigeminal nerve block (injection) with local anesthetic and steroid is an excellent treatment option to rapidly relieve pain while waiting for medicines to take effect. (medlineplus.gov)
Fiona's research focus is in the changes that occur following nerve injury and inflammation, and which contributes to the development of chronic pain including that in the orofacial region. (sheffield.ac.uk)
These studies have used human tissues to identify potential targets for the development of new pain therapies and anti-inflammatory agents for nerve damage. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Emma's main research focus is the mechanisms underlying nerve injury-induced and inflammatory pain, specifically in the orofacial region, arising as a consequence of trigeminal nerve injury. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Using the nociceptive blink reflex and pain-related evoked potentials, impairment of the trigeminal nociceptive system due to demyelination and/or axonal dysfunction on the symptomatic side was located close to the DREZ in the brainstem. (medscape.com)
[ 104 ] Neurovascular contact is reported in pain-free controls and in patients with ITN, but with no significant secondary anatomical/structural changes in the nerve. (medscape.com)
MVD of the nerve leads to prolonged pain relief in more than 90% of the cases [ 116 , 117 ] and reversal of sensory loss in many patients. (medscape.com)
Many of our specialists see a high number of patients with facial nerve pain, increasing our experience and expertise. (utah.edu)
We offer the full range of treatments for trigeminal neuralgia and have the advanced knowledge needed to treat other types of craniofacial pain. (utah.edu)
If you have idiopathic or secondary trigeminal neuralgia (nerve pain that develops because of another condition or no known reason) another treatment such as percutaneous rhizotomy or stereotactic radiosurgery may be more effective for you. (utah.edu)
Microvascular decompressions surgery successfully reduces trigeminal nerve pain in up to 75 percent of patients for up to five years after surgery. (utah.edu)
Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by spontaneous, paroxysmal lancinating pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. (medscape.com)
Tegrital 300 MG Tablet essentially treats nerve pain like trigeminal neuralgia as well as diabetic neuropathy . (lybrate.com)
Tegrital 300 MG Tablet functions as an anticonvulsant and decreases the occurrence of abnormal nerve impulses in the brain which can lead to severe reactions like seizures and acute pain . (lybrate.com)
Back Pain influences various individuals on the planet, it is generally around by virtue of position issues, weight gives that the back doesn't keep up with and touches off the nerves, so treating such issues in time is a facilitating for everybody, that is the clarification treatment of back Pain is shown and subsequently some if they are with the experts of Oklahoma Pain Physicians. (okpainphysicians.com)
As if it is not torturous already, the Trigeminal Nerve associated with your brain further disrupts your pain tolerance. (healthylifestyletips365.com)
Sensory signals about pain, touch and temperature are sent from the nerve endings supplying the face and travel to your brain via an important nerve called the trigeminal nerve. (trymable.com)
With RFA, a heated needle tip is used to disrupt nerve conduction, which prevents transmission of pain signals and reduces discomfort in a painful area. (wakespine.com)
Medial branch RFA is a minimally invasive outpatient procedure that reduces cervical (neck), thoracic (mid-back), and lumbar (low back) pain by interrupting the nerve supply from painful facet joints (Murtagh & Foerster, 2006). (wakespine.com)
According to the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, multiple RFA injections for medial branch blocks provide long-term pain relief, and the evidence for pain relief with radiofrequency neurotomy of cervical and lumbar medial branch nerves is moderate for short and long-term pain relief (Boswell et al, 2007). (wakespine.com)
When the lesion is placed over a painful nerve, pain signals are interrupted and pain perception by the brain is decreased. (wakespine.com)
The medical treatment is to manage the pain and/or destroy the Trigeminal nerve. (theneckcenter.com)
Problems that cause chronic pain include headache, low back strain, or nerve damage. (medicineshoppe.com)
Several antiepileptic drugs like carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, felbamate are effective in neuropathic pain and trigeminal neuralgia. (ijp-online.com)
Neuropathic pain results from injury to the central or peripheral nerves and is difficult to treat. (ijp-online.com)
And if inflammation is playing a role in nerve pain, steroid can put out the fire of inflammation if deposited directly onto the problem nerve. (nuraclinics.com)
Similarly, groin nerve blocks may help determine if groin pain is caused by a superficial nerve injury from hernia surgery or from a visceral organ deep inside the abdominal cavity. (nuraclinics.com)
If the pain is relieved when the nerve is anesthetized, it can be assumed that the pain is caused by the blocked nerve. (nuraclinics.com)
In the lumbar, or lower, spine, this is frequently the cause of sciatic nerve pain that radiates down through the buttocks and legs, typically on one side or the other. (battlebornbrainandspine.com)

2006 PMID 17277687 -- "Trigeminal nerve radiosurgical treatment in intractable chronic cluster headache: unexpected high toxicity. (wikibooks.org)
Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic condition affecting the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for carrying sensation from your face to your brain. (upmc.com)
Chronic dry eyes can lead to exposure of corneal nerves. (dryeyedirectory.com)
Here, we present a case of severe chronic PHI successfully treated with supraorbital nerve block using a high concentration of tetracaine dissolved in bupivacaine. (springeropen.com)
An 82-year-old man presented with severe chronic itching in the ophthalmic branch of the left trigeminal nerve dermatome, following acute herpes zoster. (springeropen.com)

Medications such as local anesthetic-steroid mixtures are then injected into the area around the affected nerve for the purpose of anesthetizing the nerve and reducing inflammation. (nuraclinics.com)
Sometimes when nerves are put to sleep (anesthetized) with local anesthetic, they wake up healthier and less hypersensitive. (nuraclinics.com)

The retina detects light but is devoid of nociceptors while the trigeminal sensory ganglia (TG) contain nociceptors but not photoreceptors. (frontiersin.org)
Since inhaled irritants can increase substance P (SP) production in airway neurons, the effects of asphalt fumes on SP production in trigeminal ganglia (TG) sensory neurons innervating the nasal mucosa were investigated. (cdc.gov)

Our results demonstrate a novel light-responsive neural function independent of the optic nerve that may originate in the peripheral nervous system to provide the first direct mechanism for an alternative light detection pathway that influences motivated behavior. (frontiersin.org)

For CTN, there are several lines of evidence supporting compression of the trigeminal root at or near the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) by a blood vessel as a major causative or contributing factor. (medscape.com)
Blood-vessel compression of the trigeminal nerve causes trigeminal neuralgia. (upmc.com)
It is the most effective treatment option if you have trigeminal neuralgia due to nerve compression. (utah.edu)
Laterally, the increased pressure causes compression of the structures in the cavernous sinus, namely the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves, with the third being most commonly affected as a result of its vulnerable position (parallel to the lateral wall of the pituitary gland). (medscape.com)
Occasionally, tumor infiltration, vascular compression of the nerve, or diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be the causative factors. (medscape.com)
Degeneration and arthritis of the bones can lead to painful friction between facet joints and compression of nerves that exit the vertebral column. (wakespine.com)

Our results confirm a high and clinically silent incidence of trigeminal involvement in MS patients, and suggest a simultaneous role of the central and peripheral type of myelin in trigeminal demyelination. (nih.gov)

Lastly, some diseases related to the trigeminal nerve and their treatment will be discussed. (brainmadesimple.com)
It is very useful for rheumatic diseases, sexual weakness, blood pressure, nerve weakness and helps to arrest the ageing process. (lotusgoa.com)

The substance triggers nerve endings that communicate with a brainstem region called the medulla, which manages automatic activities like breathing, digestion, and heart rhythm. (wyndly.com)
Research suggests that Verapamil has an effect on many different types of calcium channels, some of which are found in high numbers in the trigeminal system, and other parts of the brain and brainstem. (trymable.com)

The ipsilateral fifth nerve function is impaired (motor, sensory and reflexes ie. (mrcophth.com)

MRI also provides a more accurate assessment of intracranial spread to the Meckel cave, the cavernous sinus, the cisternal portion of the trigeminal nerve, and the facial nerve in the internal auditory canal (IAC) or cerebellopontine angle (CPA). (medscape.com)
Most problems involving the facial nerve include paralysis, commonly with Bell's palsy . (healthline.com)
The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (tabers.com)

The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory. (medscape.com)
Maxillary Nerves. (mimiwatercolorprints.com)
The greater petrosal nerve serves the lacrimal gland (the gland that produces tears) and the nasal cavity, as well sphenoid, frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses (cavities in the skull). (healthline.com)
The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. (bvsalud.org)

Nerve blocks of the occipital nerve may help determine if headache is coming from the brain or from a problem outside the skull. (nuraclinics.com)

Microvascular decompression is a surgery to treat trigeminal neuralgia . (utah.edu)
Microvascular decompression is the most effective surgical treatment for patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia. (utah.edu)

Superiorly, the increased pressure compresses the optic chiasm, optic tract, or optic nerve, leading to decreased visual acuity or visual field defects (classically, bitemporal hemianopsia). (medscape.com)
We conclude from our study that the CNS can be targeted by airborne solid ultrafine particles and that the most likely mechanism is from deposits on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopha- ryngeal region of the respiratory tract and subsequent translocation via the olfactory nerve. (cdc.gov)

Bone deformities, tumors and injuries can cause trigeminal neuralgia in dogs. (vetinfo.com)

A study of 50 people with drug-resistant epilepsy found that the trigeminal nerve stimulator was able to greatly reduce seizures for about 40 percent of them. (npr.org)

GKS target cisternal segment of trigeminal nerve. (wikibooks.org)
E: Superolateral view of the right oculomotor nerve from the cisternal segment to the orbital segment. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

In higher vertebrates, A-delta and C fibres in the trigeminal nerve convey both somatosensory and nociceptive information to the brain. (wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org)
The oculomotor nerve is the third of 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the brain. (healthline.com)
10 patients with refractory CH. GKS 75 Gy at 100% isodose to most proximal part of trigeminal nerve, with 50% isodose line outside brain stem. (wikibooks.org)
The Nose-Brain Pathway: Exploring the Role of Trigeminal Nerves in Delivering In. (tus.ac.jp)
The experimental device uses small patches placed on the surface of the skin, above the eyebrows, to electrically stimulate a nerve that leads into the brain. (npr.org)
Electrical signals follow that nerve to areas in the brain where seizures often begin, researchers say. (npr.org)
The mammalian visual system uses distinct photoreceptors for image- and non-imaging-forming vision that send coded information to the brain via the optic nerve. (frontiersin.org)
Nerves conduct signals from one part of the brain to another by transporting electrical charge across their surface. (trymable.com)

The most accepted current theory is that nerves provide a pathway of least resistance for tumor growth. (medscape.com)

Despite the findings indicating dysfunction of the trigeminal system, patients with CTN do not always have clinically detectable neurosensory dysfunction. (medscape.com)
Many times the mechanical irritation of the cranio-cervical misalignment will cause.the swelling and dysfunction of the Trigeminal nerve. (theneckcenter.com)

Trigeminal neuralgia in dogs typically occurs due to injury or inflammation of the trigeminal nerve, which helps your dog use the muscles of his face to blink, eat and drink. (vetinfo.com)
Your vet can prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs, most often steroids, to treat inflammation of the trigeminal nerve. (vetinfo.com)

The medial cutaneous nerve is located in the arm. (healthline.com)
A cutaneous nerve of the forearm. (tabers.com)

this type of trigeminal neuralgia is known to vets as idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. (vetinfo.com)

Mandibular division trigeminal nerve injuries following primary endodontic treatment. (bvsalud.org)
Misdiagnosed conservative treatments for serious lingual nerve (LN) injuries can induce the patient to serious mental disability. (springeropen.com)
As a complication of tooth extraction, injuries of the lingual nerve (LN) may cause grave lingual sensory and taste disorders. (springeropen.com)

Perineural spread of a tumor, or spread of tumor along a nerve, is one of the more insidious forms of tumor growth. (medscape.com)
A case study by Fukai et al of a patient with perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma along the mandibular nerve suggested that progression of this lesion is associated with elevated expression of ephrin type-A receptor 2 and a transition of the tumor cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. (medscape.com)

The assessment of nerve injury includes a careful neurological examination, sometimes accompanied by tests, e.g., electromyography or nerve conduction studies. (tabers.com)
Reduced gray matter volume was observed in a cohort of patients with CTN, [ 125 ] similar to those described in other nerve injury models. (medscape.com)

The mandibular nerve has sensory and motor functions. (medscape.com)
A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (tabers.com)

The oculomotor nerve supplies the extraocular muscles. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
After the oculomotor nerve emerges from the interpeduncular fossa, it enters the cavernous sinus slightly lateral and anterior to the dorsum sellae. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
The oculomotor nerve is a pure motor nerve and primarily triggers movements of the eyeball, hence its name (from the Latin oculus for eye and motous for motion) (Dorland, 2003). (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

Anatomy45

Organisms3

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes4

The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. (1/736)

Cardiovascular and neuronal responses to head stimulation reflect central sensitization and cutaneous allodynia in a rat model of migraine. (2/736)

Quantitative structure-activity relationships for nasal pungency thresholds of volatile organic compounds. (3/736)

Trigeminal and carotid body inputs controlling vascular resistance in muscle during post-contraction hyperaemia in cats. (4/736)

Trigeminal nerve ganglion stimulation-induced neurovascular reflexes in the anaesthetized cat: role of endothelin(B) receptors in carotid vasodilatation. (5/736)

Properties of conditioned abducens nerve responses in a highly reduced in vitro brain stem preparation from the turtle. (6/736)

MR imaging of Dejerine-Sottas disease. (7/736)

Trigeminal nerve and brainstem catecholamine systems in cerebral vasospasm. (8/736)

Trigeminal Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve Diseases

Trigeminal Nerve Injuries

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Cranial Nerve Neoplasms

Ophthalmic Nerve

Maxillary Nerve

Trigeminal Nuclei

Peripheral Nerves

Nerve Compression Syndromes

Sciatic Nerve

Facial Pain

Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal

Facial Nerve

Trigeminal Ganglion

Nevus of Ota

Nerve Fibers

Mandibular Nerve

Neurilemmoma

Cranial Nerve Diseases

Cranial Nerves

Optic Nerve

Lingual Nerve Injuries

Masticatory Muscles

Lingual Nerve

Cerebellopontine Angle

Neuritis

Zoster Sine Herpete

Abducens Nerve

Hypesthesia

Microvascular Decompression Surgery

Petrous Bone

Cranial Fossa, Middle

Nerve Regeneration

Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus

Olfactory Nerve

Spinal Nerve Roots

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Pterygopalatine Fossa

Blinking

Dura Mater

Electrocoagulation

Nerve Block

Cavernous Sinus

Denervation

Nerve Endings

Electric Stimulation

Brain Stem

Sural Nerve

Median Nerve

Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms

Monotremata

Facial Muscles

Nerve Crush

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Tibial Nerve

Ulnar Nerve

Horner Syndrome

Paresthesia

Ethylnitrosourea

Afferent Pathways

Photophobia

Cluster Headache

Femoral Nerve

Neurons, Afferent

Neuralgia

Diazonium Compounds

Spinal Nerves

Toothache

Lateral Medullary Syndrome

Axons

Reflex

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Granuloma, Plasma Cell

Microsurgery

Irritants

Rhizotomy

Central Nervous System Sensitization

Facial Neoplasms

Nerve Growth Factor