A species of bacteria in the family SPIROCHAETACEAE, frequently isolated from periodontal pockets (PERIODONTAL POCKET).
A genus of microorganisms of the order SPIROCHAETALES, many of which are pathogenic and parasitic for man and animals.
Infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA.
The causative agent of venereal and non-venereal syphilis as well as yaws.
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
An enzyme substrate which permits the measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g. trypsin and thrombin. The enzymes liberate 2-naphthylamine, which is measured by colorimetric procedures.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.
A species of CAMPYLOBACTER isolated from cases of human PERIODONTITIS. It is a microaerophile, capable of respiring with OXYGEN.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth.
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)
An order of slender, flexuous, helically coiled bacteria, with one or more complete turns in the helix.
A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. EC 4.4.1.1.
An acute or chronic GINGIVITIS characterized by redness and swelling, NECROSIS extending from the interdental papillae along the gingival margins, PAIN; HEMORRHAGE, necrotic odor, and often a pseudomembrane. The condition may extend to the ORAL MUCOSA; TONGUE; PALATE; or PHARYNX. The etiology is somewhat unclear, but may involve a complex of FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM along with spirochetes BORRELIA or TREPONEMA.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium is a common commensal in the gingival crevice and is often isolated from cases of gingivitis and other purulent lesions related to the mouth.
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.
Chronic inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is associated with the amount of DENTAL PLAQUE or DENTAL CALCULUS present. Chronic periodontitis occurs mostly in adults and was called adult periodontitis, but this disease can appear in young people.
Syphilis serodiagnosis employing as the antigen Treponema pallidum obtained from rabbit syphilis orchitis. Treponemes are kept alive for a few hours in a special medium. When syphilitic serum and complement are added and incubated, the treponemes are immobilized, i.e., stop moving.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria indigenous to dental surfaces. It is associated with PERIODONTITIS; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; and ACTINOMYCOSIS.
Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.
Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus not accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment.
Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gingival margin and sulcus and from infections of the upper respiratory tract and pleural cavity.
A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.
A family of neutral serine proteases with CHYMOTRYPSIN-like activity. Chymases are primarily found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of MAST CELLS and are released during mast cell degranulation.
Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.
A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by TREPONEMA PALLIDUM subspecies pertenue.
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Aliphatic acids that contain four carbons in a branched-chain configuration. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-carboxypropane structure.
The structures surrounding and supporting the tooth. Periodontium includes the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.
Inorganic fluorides of tin. They include both stannic fluoride (tin tetrafluoride) and stannous fluoride (tin difluoride). The latter is used in the prevention of dental caries.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.
Serologic tests for syphilis.
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
A family of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES isolated from Bacillus subtilis. EC 3.4.21.-
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
A family of spiral bacteria of the order SPIROCHAETALES.
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification. (1/115)

Polymerase chain reaction is the most widely used method for in vitro DNA amplification. However, it requires thermocycling to separate two DNA strands. In vivo, DNA is replicated by DNA polymerases with various accessory proteins, including a DNA helicase that acts to separate duplex DNA. We have devised a new in vitro isothermal DNA amplification method by mimicking this in vivo mechanism. Helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) utilizes a DNA helicase to generate single-stranded templates for primer hybridization and subsequent primer extension by a DNA polymerase. HDA does not require thermocycling. In addition, it offers several advantages over other isothermal DNA amplification methods by having a simple reaction scheme and being a true isothermal reaction that can be performed at one temperature for the entire process. These properties offer a great potential for the development of simple portable DNA diagnostic devices to be used in the field and at the point-of-care.  (+info)

Molecular detection of Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis in carotid and aortic atheromatous plaques by FISH: report of two cases. (2/115)

Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis have been identified in atheromatous plaques of two patients suffering from atherosclerosis by PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The use of the FISH technique suggested that these periodontopathic micro-organisms might be metabolically active within the wall of arteries, under the atherosclerotic lesion.  (+info)

Mutagenesis of a novel gene in the prcA-prtP protease locus affects expression of Treponema denticola membrane complexes. (3/115)

A novel gene was identified in the Treponema denticola prcA-prtP protease operon. Strains with mutations in either the prcA-prtP or the msp region showed altered expression of a product(s) of the other locus. Together, these results provide information on the assembly of outer membrane complexes involved in T. denticola interaction with host cells and tissue.  (+info)

Binding properties and adhesion-mediating regions of the major sheath protein of Treponema denticola ATCC 35405. (4/115)

There is growing evidence that a number of oral Treponema species, in particular Treponema denticola, are associated with the progression of human periodontal disease. The major sheath (or surface) protein (Msp) of T. denticola is implicated in adhesion of bacteria to host cells and tissue proteins and is likely to be an important virulence factor. However, the binding regions of the Msp are not known. We have purified from Escherichia coli recombinant Msp (rMsp) polypeptides corresponding to the following: full-length Msp (rMsp) minus 13 N-terminal amino acid (aa) residues, an amino-terminal fragment (rN-Msp, 189 aa residues), a 57-aa residue segment from the central region (rV-Msp), and a C-terminal fragment (rC-Msp, 272 aa residues). rMsp (530 aa residues) bound to immobilized fibronectin, keratin, laminin, collagen type I, fibrinogen, hyaluronic acid, and heparin. The N- and V-region polypeptides, but not rC-Msp, also bound to these substrates. Binding of rMsp to fibronectin was targeted to the N-terminal heparin I/fibrin I domain. Antibodies to the N-region or V-region polypeptides, but not antibodies to the rC-Msp fragment, blocked adhesion of T. denticola ATCC 35405 cells to a range of host protein molecules. These results suggest that the N-terminal half of Msp carries epitopes that are surface exposed and that are involved in mediating adhesion. Binding of rMsp onto the cell surface of low-level fibronectin-binding Treponema isolates conferred a 10-fold increase in fibronectin binding. This confirms that Msp functions autonomously as an adhesin and raises the possibility that phenotypic complementation of virulence functions might occur within mixed populations of Treponema species.  (+info)

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. (5/115)

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), a novel nucleic acid amplification method, was developed for the rapid detection of the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. The LAMP method amplifies DNA with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity under isothermal conditions using a set of four specially designed primers and a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity. In this study, we initially designed the primers for LAMP assays to detect these bacteria and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of these assays. The specificities of the primers for these bacteria were examined using various oral bacteria and various reaction times. The lower detection limits of the 60-min LAMP reaction without loop primers were 1 microg/tube for P. gingivalis, 10 fg/tube for T. forsythia, and 1 ng/tube for T. denticola. Addition of the loop primers for each bacterium improved the detection specificities and sensitivities by several magnitudes. Furthermore, LAMP assays were applied to the rapid detection of these periodontal pathogens in clinical specimens, and the results were compared with those of conventional PCR detection. The results of the LAMP assays corresponded to those of conventional PCR assays. These results indicate that the LAMP assay is an extremely rapid, highly sensitive, specific method. This method is very useful for the rapid detection of periodontopathic bacteria and the diagnosis of periodontal disease.  (+info)

Protein-protein interactions in the chemotaxis signalling pathway of Treponema denticola. (6/115)

Motile bacteria employ sophisticated chemotaxis signal transduction systems to transform environmental cues into corresponding behavioural responses. The proteins involved in this signalling pathway have been extensively studied on a molecular level in various model organisms, including enterobacteria and Bacillus subtilis, and specific protein-protein interactions have been identified. The chemotaxis operon of spirochaetes encodes a novel chemotaxis protein, CheX, in addition to homologues to the central components of established chemotaxis systems. Interestingly, the closest functionally characterized homologue of CheX is CheC of the complex B. subtilis chemotaxis pathway. In this study, the yeast two-hybrid system was applied to investigate protein-protein interactions within the chemotaxis signalling pathway of Treponema denticola, with special focus on CheX. CheX was found to interact with CheA and with itself. The other chemotaxis proteins exhibited interactions comparable to their homologues in known chemotaxis systems. Based on these findings, a model integrating CheX in the chemotaxis signal transduction pathway of T. denticola is proposed.  (+info)

Association between coinfection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola and periodontal tissue destruction in chronic periodontitis. (7/115)

BACKGROUND: The association between the infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola in chronic periodontitis (CP) and the severity of periodontal disease remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the subgingival infection frequencies of three periodontopathic bacteria in Chinese CP patients and to evaluate the correlations between infection by these bacteria and periodontal destruction. METHODS: A multiple PCR assay using primers derived from 16SrDNA genes of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola was established to measure simultaneously the presence of the three microbes in 162 subgingival samples from 81 Chinese CP patients. RESULTS: The positive rates of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola in the subgingival samples were 84.6%, 83.3% and 88.3%, respectively. Of the subgingival samples, 68% revealed the coinfection of all the three microbes. The infection rates with P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans or T. denticola alone was 5.9% (1/17), 17.6% (3/17) and 76.5% (13/17), respectively. A close association was present between the A. actinomycetemcomitans infection and gingival index (GI) (P < 0.01), but not between P. gingivalis or T. denticola infection and GI (P > 0.05). P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were more frequently detectable in middle and deep pockets than in shallow ones (P < 0.01), while T. denticola was found remarkably often in deep pockets (P < 0.05). The coinfection rate of the three microbes was significantly higher in sites with severe periodontitis than in those with mild periodontitis (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The multiple PCR established in this study can be used as a sensitive and specific method to simultaneously detect all three microbes in subgingival samples. A. actinomycetemcomitans infection may be associated with CP and play an important role in the periodontal tissue destruction. The coinfection of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. denticola can cause more serious periodontal destruction than infection of any one or two of the three microbes.  (+info)

Demonstration of factor H-like protein 1 binding to Treponema denticola, a pathogen associated with periodontal disease in humans. (8/115)

Treponema denticola is an important contributor to periodontal disease. In this study we investigated the ability of T. denticola to bind the complement regulatory proteins factor H and factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1). The binding of these proteins has been demonstrated to facilitate evasion of the alternative complement cascade and/or to play a role in adherence and invasion. Here we demonstrate that T. denticola specifically binds FHL-1 via a 14-kDa, surface-exposed protein that we designated FhbB. Consistent with its FHL-1 binding specificity, FhbB binds only to factor H recombinant fragments spanning short consensus repeats (SCRs) 1 to 7 (H7 construct) and not to SCR constructs spanning SCRs 8 to 15 and 16 to 20. Binding of H7 to FhbB was inhibited by heparin. The specific involvement of SCR 7 in the interaction was demonstrated using an H7 mutant (H7AB) in which specific charged residues in SCR 7 were replaced by alanine. This construct lost FhbB binding ability. Analyses of the ability of FHL-1 bound to the surface of T. denticola to serve as a cofactor for factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b revealed that C3b is cleaved in an FHL-1/factor I-independent manner, perhaps by an unidentified protease. Based on the data presented here, we hypothesize that the primary function of FHL-1 binding by T. denticola might be to facilitate adherence to FHL-1 present on anchorage-dependent cells and in the extracellular matrix.  (+info)

Treponema denticola is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that belongs to the genus Treponema. It is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal diseases such as chronic periodontitis. T. denticola is one of the "red complex" bacteria, which also includes Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, that are strongly associated with periodontal disease. These bacteria form a complex biofilm in the subgingival area and contribute to the breakdown of the periodontal tissues, leading to pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

T. denticola has several virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteases, fimbriae, and endotoxins, that allow it to evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It can also modulate the host's immune response, leading to a chronic inflammatory state that contributes to the progression of periodontal disease.

In addition to its role in periodontal disease, T. denticola has been linked to several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between T. denticola and these conditions.

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria, also known as spirochetes. These bacteria are gram-negative and have unique motility provided by endoflagella, which are located in the periplasmic space, running lengthwise between the cell's outer membrane and inner membrane.

Treponema species are responsible for several important diseases in humans, including syphilis (Treponema pallidum), yaws (Treponema pertenue), pinta (Treponema carateum), and endemic syphilis or bejel (Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum). These diseases are collectively known as treponematoses.

It is important to note that while these bacteria share some common characteristics, they differ in their clinical manifestations and geographical distributions. Proper diagnosis and treatment of treponemal infections require medical expertise and laboratory confirmation.

Treponemal infections are a group of diseases caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This includes syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta. These infections can affect various organ systems in the body and can have serious consequences if left untreated.

1. Syphilis: A sexually transmitted infection that can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. It is characterized by sores (chancres) on the genitals, anus, or mouth, followed by a rash and flu-like symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and nervous system.
2. Yaws: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects children in rural areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. The initial symptom is a painless bump on the skin that eventually ulcerates and heals, leaving a scar. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of bone and cartilage.
3. Bejel: Also known as endemic syphilis, this infection is spread through direct contact with infected saliva or mucous membranes. It primarily affects children in dry and arid regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The initial symptom is a painless sore on the mouth or skin, followed by a rash and other symptoms similar to syphilis.
4. Pinta: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects people in rural areas of Central and South America. The initial symptom is a red or brown spot on the skin, which eventually turns into a scaly rash. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of pigmentation in the skin.

Treponemal infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as penicillin, which can cure the infection if caught early enough. However, untreated treponemal infections can lead to serious health complications and even death.

"Treponema pallidum" is a species of spiral-shaped bacteria (a spirochete) that is the causative agent of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection. The bacterium is very thin and difficult to culture in the laboratory, which has made it challenging for researchers to study its biology and develop new treatments for syphilis.

The bacterium can infect various tissues and organs in the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms that can affect multiple systems, including the skin, bones, joints, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. The infection can be transmitted through sexual contact, from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth, or through blood transfusions or shared needles.

Syphilis is a serious disease that can have long-term health consequences if left untreated. However, it is also curable with appropriate antibiotic therapy, such as penicillin. It is important to diagnose and treat syphilis early to prevent the spread of the infection and avoid potential complications.

According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.

There are two major stages of periodontal disease:

1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.

Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.

Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide is a synthetic substance that is used in laboratory settings as a reagent for the detection and measurement of certain enzymes, specifically proteases such as trypsin. It is a colorless to pale yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. When treated with an enzyme that can cleave it, such as trypsin, it produces a colored product that can be measured and used to quantify the enzyme's activity. This compound is not used for medical purposes in humans or animals.

A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.

In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.

Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.

Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.

The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.

The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.

Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.

'Campylobacter rectus' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause periodontal disease, an infection and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth. It is normally found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. The bacteria are microaerophilic, meaning they require reduced levels of oxygen to grow. Infection with 'Campylobacter rectus' can lead to tissue destruction, bone loss, and potentially systemic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. Proper oral hygiene and dental care are important in preventing infection and controlling the spread of this bacterium.

"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.

P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.

Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.

The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.

Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.

Spirochaetales is an order of bacteria that are characterized by their unique spiral or corkscrew shape. This shape allows them to move in a flexing, twisting motion, which can be quite rapid. They are gram-negative, meaning they do not retain crystal violet stain in the Gram staining method, and they have a unique structure with endoflagella (also known as axial filaments) located inside their outer membrane.

The Spirochaetales order includes several families and genera of bacteria, some of which are free-living, while others are parasitic or symbiotic. The parasitic spirochetes can cause various diseases in humans and animals. For example, Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a serious sexually transmitted infection. Another species, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes Lyme disease, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks.

It's important to note that spirochetes are a diverse group with varying characteristics and pathogenic potential. While some species can cause significant harm, others are not associated with diseases and play essential roles in various ecosystems.

Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE or CGL) is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, specifically methionine and cysteine. It catalyzes the conversion of cystathionine to cysteine, releasing α-ketobutyrate and ammonia as byproducts. This reaction also results in the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signaling molecule that has been implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes.

Cystathionine gamma-lyase is primarily expressed in the liver, kidney, and brain, and its activity is regulated by several factors, including the availability of its substrates and allosteric modulators like S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and homocysteine. Dysregulation of CSE has been associated with various diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of cystathionine gamma-lyase is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting these diseases.

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), also known as trench mouth or acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis, is a severe and painful form of gingivitis that is characterized by the presence of necrosis (tissue death) and ulcers in the gum tissue. It is caused by a combination of factors, including poor oral hygiene, stress, smoking, and a weakened immune system. The condition is often associated with the presence of certain types of bacteria that produce toxins that can damage the gum tissue.

NUG is characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms such as severe pain, bleeding, bad breath, and a grayish-white or yellowish film covering the gums. The gums may also appear bright red, swollen, and shiny, and may bleed easily when brushed or touched. In some cases, the condition can progress to involve other areas of the mouth, such as the lining of the cheeks and lips.

NUG is typically treated with a combination of professional dental cleaning, antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection, and pain management. It is important to maintain good oral hygiene practices to prevent recurrence of the condition. If left untreated, NUG can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of the infection to other parts of the body.

Prevotella intermedia is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is a normal resident of the human microbiota but can also be an opportunistic pathogen, causing various types of infections such as periodontitis, endocarditis, and brain abscesses. P. intermedia has been associated with several diseases, including respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and joint infections. It is often found in mixed infections with other anaerobic bacteria. Proper identification of this organism is important for the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses in several stages if left untreated, with symptoms varying in each stage. The primary stage involves the appearance of a single, painless sore or multiple sores at the site where the bacteria entered the body, often on the genitals or around the mouth. During the secondary stage, individuals may experience rashes, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and other flu-like symptoms. In later stages, syphilis can lead to severe complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs, known as tertiary syphilis. Neurosyphilis is a form of tertiary syphilis that affects the nervous system, causing various neurological problems. Congenital syphilis occurs when a pregnant woman with syphilis transmits the infection to her unborn child, which can result in serious birth defects and health issues for the infant. Early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment can cure syphilis and prevent further complications.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

Chymotrypsin is a proteolytic enzyme, specifically a serine protease, that is produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine as an inactive precursor called chymotrypsinogen. Once activated, chymotrypsin helps to digest proteins in food by breaking down specific peptide bonds in protein molecules. Its activity is based on the recognition of large hydrophobic side chains in amino acids like phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Chymotrypsin plays a crucial role in maintaining normal digestion and absorption processes in the human body.

Chronic periodontitis is a type of gum disease that is characterized by the inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It is a slow-progressing condition that can lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which can result in loose teeth or tooth loss if left untreated.

Chronic periodontitis is caused by the buildup of dental plaque and calculus (tartar) on the teeth, which harbor bacteria that release toxins that irritate and inflame the gums. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of the periodontal tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The signs and symptoms of chronic periodontitis include:

* Red, swollen, or tender gums
* Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
* Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
* Receding gums (exposure of the tooth root)
* Loose teeth or changes in bite alignment
* Deep periodontal pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums)

Risk factors for chronic periodontitis include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves a thorough dental cleaning to remove plaque and calculus, followed by additional procedures such as scaling and root planing or surgery to eliminate infection and promote healing of the periodontal tissues. Good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and quitting smoking are essential for preventing chronic periodontitis and maintaining good oral health.

The Treponema pallidum Immunity (TPI) test, also known as the Treponema immobilization test, is not a commonly used diagnostic tool in modern medicine. It was previously used as a serological test to detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum, the spirochete bacterium that causes syphilis.

In this test, a sample of the patient's serum is incubated with a suspension of live Treponema pallidum organisms. If the patient has antibodies against T. pallidum, these antibodies will bind to the organisms and immobilize them. The degree of immobilization is then observed and measured under a microscope.

However, this test has largely been replaced by more sensitive and specific serological tests such as the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) assay. These tests are able to detect both IgG and IgM antibodies, providing information on both past and current infections. The TPI test, on the other hand, is less specific and may produce false-positive results in individuals who have been vaccinated against other treponemal diseases such as yaws or pinta.

Therefore, the Treponema Immobilization Test is not a widely used or recommended diagnostic tool for syphilis in current medical practice.

Bacteroides are a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are normally present in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are part of the normal gut microbiota and play an important role in breaking down complex carbohydrates and other substances in the gut. However, some species of Bacteroides can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or when they spread to other parts of the body. They are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria difficult to treat.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.

Porins are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. They form water-filled channels, or pores, that allow small molecules such as ions, nutrients, and waste products to pass through the otherwise impermeable outer membrane. Porins are important for the survival of gram-negative bacteria, as they enable the selective transport of essential molecules while providing a barrier against harmful substances.

There are different types of porins, classified based on their structure and function. Some examples include:

1. General porins (also known as nonspecific porins): These are the most common type of porins and form large, water-filled channels that allow passive diffusion of small molecules up to 600-700 Da in size. They typically have a trimeric structure, with three identical or similar subunits forming a pore in the membrane.
2. Specific porins: These porins are more selective in the molecules they allow to pass through and often have smaller pores than general porins. They can be involved in the active transport of specific molecules or ions, requiring energy from the cell.
3. Autotransporters: While not strictly considered porins, autotransporter proteins share some structural similarities with porins and are involved in the transport of protein domains across the outer membrane. They consist of an N-terminal passenger domain and a C-terminal translocator domain, which forms a β-barrel pore in the outer membrane through which the passenger domain is transported.

Porins have attracted interest as potential targets for antibiotic development, as they play crucial roles in bacterial survival and virulence. Inhibiting porin function or blocking the pores could disrupt essential processes in gram-negative bacteria, providing a new approach to treating infections caused by these organisms.

Pericoronitis is a dental condition characterized by inflammation of the tissue around the crown of a tooth, usually affecting the lower wisdom teeth that have only partially erupted through the gum line. The term "peri" means around, and "coron" refers to the crown of the tooth.

In pericoronitis, the gum tissues surrounding the affected tooth become red, swollen, and painful due to bacterial infection and accumulation of debris under the gum flap (operculum) covering the partially erupted tooth. This condition can lead to complications such as difficulty in chewing, swallowing, and speaking, as well as trismus (restricted jaw movement), pus discharge, and fever in severe cases.

Treatment for pericoronitis typically involves removing the source of irritation and infection, which may include professional dental cleaning, irrigation, and antibiotics to manage the infection. In some instances, surgical removal of the affected tooth or operculum may be necessary to alleviate symptoms and prevent future recurrences.

A gingival pocket, also known as a sulcus, is a small space or groove between the gum tissue (gingiva) and the tooth. It's a normal anatomical structure found in healthy teeth and gums, and it measures about 1-3 millimeters in depth. The purpose of the gingival pocket is to allow for the movement of the gum tissue during functions such as eating, speaking, and swallowing.

However, when the gums become inflamed due to bacterial buildup (plaque) or other factors, the pocket can deepen, leading to the formation of a pathological gingival pocket. Pathological pockets are typically deeper than 3 millimeters and may indicate the presence of periodontal disease. These pockets can harbor harmful bacteria that can cause further damage to the gum tissue and bone supporting the tooth, potentially leading to tooth loss if left untreated.

A periodontal abscess is a localized collection of pus in the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, caused by an infection. It's typically characterized by symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and sometimes drainage of pus from the affected area. The infection usually arises from dental plaque that accumulates on the teeth and gums, leading to periodontal disease. If left untreated, a periodontal abscess can result in tissue destruction, bone loss, and even tooth loss. Treatment typically involves draining the abscess, removing any infected tissue, and providing oral hygiene instruction to prevent future infections. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help clear up the infection.

"Fusobacterium nucleatum" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and plays a significant role in periodontal disease. It has also been implicated in various extraintestinal infections, including septicemia, brain abscesses, and lung and liver infections. This bacterium is known to have a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as the ability to adhere to and invade host cells, produce biofilms, and evade the immune response. It has been linked to several systemic diseases, including colorectal cancer, where it may promote tumor growth and progression through various mechanisms.

Benzoylarginine nitroanilide is a synthetic peptide derivative that is often used as a substrate in enzyme assays, particularly for testing the activity of proteases (enzymes that break down proteins). Proteases cleave the peptide bond between benzoyl and arginine in the molecule, releasing p-nitroaniline, which can be easily measured spectrophotometrically. This allows researchers to quantify the activity of protease enzymes in a sample. It is also known as Benzoyl-L-arginine ρ-nitroanilide hydrochloride or BAPNA.

Chymases are a type of enzyme that belong to the family of serine proteases. They are found in various tissues and organs, including the heart, lungs, and immune cells called mast cells. Chymases play a role in several physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, and blood pressure regulation.

One of the most well-known chymases is found in the mast cells and is often referred to as "mast cell chymase." This enzyme can cleave and activate various proteins, including angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. Chymases have also been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart failure, as well as respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

In summary, chymases are a group of serine protease enzymes that play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and blood pressure regulation.

Bacterial adhesion is the initial and crucial step in the process of bacterial colonization, where bacteria attach themselves to a surface or tissue. This process involves specific interactions between bacterial adhesins (proteins, fimbriae, or pili) and host receptors (glycoproteins, glycolipids, or extracellular matrix components). The attachment can be either reversible or irreversible, depending on the strength of interaction. Bacterial adhesion is a significant factor in initiating biofilm formation, which can lead to various infectious diseases and medical device-associated infections.

Yaws is a chronic, infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It primarily affects the skin, bones, and cartilage. The initial symptom is a small, hard bump (called a papule or mother yaw) that develops into an ulcer with a raised, red border and a yellow-crusted center. This lesion can be painful and pruritic (itchy). Yaws is usually contracted through direct contact with an infected person's lesion, typically during childhood. The disease is common in rural areas of tropical regions with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare, particularly in West and Central Africa, the Pacific Islands, and parts of South America and Asia.

Yaws is treatable with antibiotics, such as penicillin, which can kill the bacteria and halt the progression of the disease. In most cases, a single injection of long-acting penicillin is sufficient to cure the infection. However, it's essential to identify and treat yaws early to prevent severe complications, including disfigurement and disability.

It's important to note that yaws should not be confused with other treponemal diseases, such as syphilis (caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum) or pinta (caused by Treponema carateum). While these conditions share some similarities in their clinical presentation and transmission, they are distinct diseases with different geographic distributions and treatment approaches.

Dysentery is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the intestine, particularly the colon, leading to severe diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and/or pus. It is typically caused by infectious agents such as bacteria (like Shigella, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli) or parasites (such as Entamoeba histolytica). The infection can be acquired through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms may also include abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential complications.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Isobutyrates are not a medical term, but they are compounds that can be encountered in medicine and biochemistry.

The term "isobutyrate" refers to the salt or ester of isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid), an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CHCO2H. Isobutyric acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid, and its salts and esters are known as isobutyrates.

In medicine, isobutyrates may be encountered in the context of metabolic disorders or toxicology. For example, abnormal levels of isobutyric acid and its derivatives can indicate certain metabolic conditions such as short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) or methylmalonic acidemia. Additionally, isobutyrates may be encountered in cases of exposure to certain chemicals or substances that contain or break down into isobutyric acid.

However, it's important to note that "isobutyrates" do not have a specific medical definition and can refer to any salt or ester of isobutyric acid.

The periodontium is a complex structure in the oral cavity that surrounds and supports the teeth. It consists of four main components:
1. Gingiva (gums): The pink, soft tissue that covers the crown of the tooth and extends down to the neck of the tooth, where it meets the cementum.
2. Cementum: A specialized, calcified tissue that covers the root of the tooth and provides a surface for the periodontal ligament fibers to attach.
3. Periodontal ligament (PDL): A highly vascular and cell-rich connective tissue that attaches the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone, allowing for tooth mobility and absorption of forces during chewing.
4. Alveolar bone: The portion of the jawbone that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth. It is a spongy bone with a rich blood supply that responds to mechanical stresses from biting and chewing, undergoing remodeling throughout life.

Periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, affect the health and integrity of the periodontium, leading to inflammation, bleeding, pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.

Gingival hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It refers to the condition where the gums bleed, often as a result of trauma or injury, but also can be caused by various systemic conditions such as disorders of coagulation, leukemia, or scurvy.

Gingival hemorrhage is commonly seen in individuals with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which can cause inflammation and damage to the gums. This can lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding, even during routine activities such as brushing or flossing. It's important to address any underlying causes of gingival hemorrhage to prevent further complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tin Fluorides" is not a widely recognized medical term or concept. Tin (Sn) and Fluoride (F-) are both chemical elements that can form various compounds together, such as tin(II) fluoride (SnF2) and tin(IV) fluoride (SnF4). These compounds have uses in industrial applications, but they are not typically associated with medical definitions.

Tin(II) fluoride, for example, is used in some toothpastes and dental products as a fluoride source to help prevent tooth decay. However, it's important to note that the medical definition of a substance like this would be more focused on its clinical use or effect, rather than its chemical composition alone.

If you have any questions about specific tin-fluoride compounds and their potential uses or effects in a medical context, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional or a reliable source of information on pharmaceuticals or medical treatments.

Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.

In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.

Aggressive periodontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is characterized by rapid destruction of the periodontal tissues and can result in significant tooth loss if left untreated.

Aggressive periodontitis typically affects younger individuals, often before the age of 30, and can progress rapidly, even in the absence of obvious dental plaque or calculus accumulation. It is often associated with a genetic predisposition and may cluster in families.

The disease is classified as localized or generalized based on the distribution of affected sites. Localized aggressive periodontitis typically affects no more than two teeth next to each other, while generalized aggressive periodontitis involves at least three or four teeth in different areas of the mouth.

In addition to genetic factors, other risk factors for aggressive periodontitis include smoking, diabetes, and hormonal changes. Treatment typically involves a combination of thorough dental cleanings, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Regular maintenance care is essential to prevent recurrence and further progression of the disease.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. Infections caused by Bacteroidaceae are relatively rare, but can occur in cases of severe trauma, surgery, or compromised immune systems. These infections may include bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), abscesses, and wound infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against anaerobic bacteria. It is important to note that proper identification of the specific species causing the infection is necessary for appropriate treatment, as different species within Bacteroidaceae may have different susceptibilities to various antibiotics.

Syphilis serodiagnosis is a laboratory testing method used to diagnose syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It involves detecting specific antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the infection, rather than directly detecting the bacteria itself.

There are two main types of serological tests used for syphilis serodiagnosis: treponemal and nontreponemal tests.

1. Treponemal tests: These tests detect antibodies that specifically target Treponema pallidum. Examples include the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, T. pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay, and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) or chemiluminescence immunoassays (CIAs) for Treponema pallidum antibodies. These tests are highly specific but may remain reactive even after successful treatment, indicating past exposure or infection rather than a current active infection.

2. Nontreponemal tests: These tests detect antibodies produced against cardiolipin, a lipid found in the membranes of Treponema pallidum and other bacteria. Examples include the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test. These tests are less specific than treponemal tests but can be used to monitor disease progression and treatment response, as their results often correlate with disease activity. Nontreponemal test titers usually decrease or become nonreactive after successful treatment.

Syphilis serodiagnosis typically involves a two-step process, starting with a nontreponemal test followed by a treponemal test for confirmation. This approach helps distinguish between current and past infections while minimizing false positives. It is essential to interpret serological test results in conjunction with the patient's clinical history, physical examination findings, and any additional diagnostic tests.

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.

Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Flagella are long, thin, whip-like structures that some types of cells use to move themselves around. They are made up of a protein called tubulin and are surrounded by a membrane. In bacteria, flagella rotate like a propeller to push the cell through its environment. In eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus), such as sperm cells or certain types of algae, flagella move in a wave-like motion to achieve locomotion. The ability to produce flagella is called flagellation.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.

Complement Factor H is a protein involved in the regulation of the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to clear pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Specifically, Complement Factor H helps to regulate the activation and deactivation of the complement component C3b, preventing excessive or unwanted activation of the complement system and protecting host tissues from damage.

Complement Factor H is a crucial protein in maintaining the balance between the protective effects of the complement system and the potential for harm to the body's own cells and tissues. Deficiencies or mutations in Complement Factor H have been associated with several diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and C3 glomerulopathy.

Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.

OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.

Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.

Subtilisins are a group of serine proteases that are produced by certain bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis. They are named after the bacterium and the Latin word "subtilis," which means delicate or finely made. Subtilisins are alkaline proteases, meaning they work best in slightly basic conditions.

Subtilisins have a broad specificity for cleaving peptide bonds and can hydrolyze a wide range of protein substrates. They are widely used in industry for various applications such as detergents, food processing, leather treatment, and biotechnology due to their ability to function at high temperatures and in the presence of denaturing agents.

In medicine, subtilisins have been studied for their potential use in therapeutic applications, including as anti-inflammatory agents and in wound healing. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential benefits.

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Spirochaetaceae is a family of spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacteria known as spirochetes. These bacteria are characterized by their unique morphology, which includes a flexible helical shape and the presence of endoflagella, which are located inside the cell wall and run lengthwise along the entire length of the organism. This arrangement of flagella allows the spirochete to move in a corkscrew-like motion.

Spirochaetaceae includes several genera of medically important bacteria, such as:

* Treponema: This genus includes the bacterium that causes syphilis (Treponema pallidum) and other treponemal diseases like yaws and pinta.
* Borrelia: This genus includes the spirochetes responsible for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis).
* Leptospira: This genus contains the bacteria that cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted through the urine of infected animals.

Spirochetes are often found in aquatic environments and can be part of the normal microbiota of some animals, including humans. However, certain species can cause significant diseases in humans and animals, making them important pathogens. Proper identification and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing spirochetal infections.

Hemolysis is the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid (plasma). This process can occur due to various reasons such as chemical agents, infections, autoimmune disorders, mechanical trauma, or genetic abnormalities. Hemolysis may lead to anemia and jaundice, among other complications. It is essential to monitor hemolysis levels in patients undergoing medical treatments that might cause this condition.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Virulence factors are characteristics or components of a microorganism, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, that contribute to its ability to cause damage or disease in a host organism. These factors can include various structures, enzymes, or toxins that allow the pathogen to evade the host's immune system, attach to and invade host tissues, obtain nutrients from the host, or damage host cells directly.

Examples of virulence factors in bacteria include:

1. Endotoxins: lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that can trigger a strong immune response and inflammation.
2. Exotoxins: proteins secreted by some bacteria that have toxic effects on host cells, such as botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum or diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
3. Adhesins: structures that help the bacterium attach to host tissues, such as fimbriae or pili in Escherichia coli.
4. Capsules: thick layers of polysaccharides or proteins that surround some bacteria and protect them from the host's immune system, like those found in Streptococcus pneumoniae or Klebsiella pneumoniae.
5. Invasins: proteins that enable bacteria to invade and enter host cells, such as internalins in Listeria monocytogenes.
6. Enzymes: proteins that help bacteria obtain nutrients from the host by breaking down various molecules, like hemolysins that lyse red blood cells to release iron or hyaluronidases that degrade connective tissue.

Understanding virulence factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

T. denticola is associated with the incidence and severity of human periodontal disease. Treponema denticola is one of three ... Treponema socranskii and Treponema vincentii. T. denticola dwells in a complex and diverse microbial community within the oral ... denticola in patients with orthodontic appliances, particularly the fixed type. Treponema denticola is a potential etiological ... T. denticola is related to the syphilis-causing obligate human pathogen, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. It has also been ...
Treponema denticola • Trigeminal ganglion • Trismus • Tuftelin • Tufts University School of Dental Medicine • Turner's ...
2010). "Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola Mixed Microbial Infection in a Rat Model of Periodontal Disease". ... gingivalis and Treponema denticola. The role of P. gingivalis in periodontitis is studied using specific pathogen-free mouse ... "Treponema denticola improves adhesive capacities of Porphyromonas gingivalis". Molecular Oral Microbiology. 28 (1): 40-53. doi: ... denticola. The hemagglutinin adhesion domain-containing proteins act to increase adhesive capacities of P. gingivalis with ...
Izard J, Hsieh CE, Limberger RJ, Mannella CA, Marko M (July 2008). "Native cellular architecture of Treponema denticola ... "Cryo-electron tomography elucidates the molecular architecture of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete". Journal of ...
... e.g.Treponema denticola and Legionella pneumophila), Archaea, Archaean viruses (e.g. ANMV-1), temperate phages (e.g. Hankyphage ... and TvpA in Treponema denticola (oral-associated periopathogen). An error-prone reverse transcriptase is responsible for ... "Genomic and Metagenomic Analysis of Diversity-Generating Retroelements Associated with Treponema denticola". Frontiers in ... Le Coq, J.; Ghosh, P. (2011-08-22). "Conservation of the C-type lectin fold for massive sequence variation in a Treponema ...
April 2004). "Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes". Proceedings of ... Treponema carateum, the cause of pinta, remains a separate species because no isolate is available for DNA analysis. Disease ... The genus Treponema has ribbons of cytoskeletal cytoplasmic filaments that run the length of the cell just underneath the ... Treponema pallidum pallidum is a motile spirochaete that is generally acquired by close sexual contact, entering the host via ...
2004). "Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 1998). "Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete". Science. 281 (5375): 375-88. Bibcode:1998Sci ...
"Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles Mediate Coaggregation and Piggybacking of Treponema denticola and ...
"Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles Mediate Coaggregation and Piggybacking of Treponema denticola and ...
The three members of the red complex are: Porphyromonas gingivalis Tannerella forsythia Treponema denticola Rôças IN, Siqueira ... and Treponema denticola) in endodontic infections: a molecular approach". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral ...
Anaerobic species of bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, ...
2005). "Demonstration of factor H-like protein 1 binding to Treponema denticola, a pathogen associated with periodontal disease ...
Treponema denticola), parasitic protozoa (Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica), and plants (Arabidopsis thaliana). ...
Escherichia coli and Treponema denticola. One example of a large-scale research facility exploring this type of biofuel ...
Some bacteria, e.g. Prophyromona gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Bacteroides forsythus (Red complex) produce waste ... Treponema denticola, and Bacteroides forsythus". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 30 (2): 427-433. doi:10.1128/JCM.30.2.427- ... denticola and T. forsythia". Brazilian Oral Research. 24 (2): 224-230. doi:10.1590/S1806-83242010000200016. Loesche, W. J.; ...
Treponema denticola, and Treponema socranskii". Journal of Periodontology. 76 (5): 813-20. doi:10.1902/jop.2005.76.5.813. PMID ... Prevotella and Treponema species (these are all bacterial species associated with pulpal or periapical inflammation). ...
Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. S. sputigena was first noted by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1683 from his ...
Izard J, Sasaki H, Kent R (2012). "Pathogenicity of Treponema denticola Wild-Type and Mutant Strain Tested by an Active Mode of ... Izard J, Hsieh CE, Limberger RJ, Mannella CA, Marko M (July 2008). "Native cellular architecture of Treponema denticola ... Izard J, Samsonoff WA, Limberger RJ (February 2001). "Cytoplasmic filament-deficient mutant of Treponema denticola has ... Treponema denticola cells lacking the CfpA protein form long concatenated cells with a chromosomal DNA segregation defect, a ...
The TD-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found only in the species Treponema denticola, at least among bacteria whose ... The T. denticola genome contains 28 predicted TD-1 RNAs, and all but two of these are positioned such that they are likely to ...
Treponema denticola, and Streptococcus thermophilus. 5'-NGA-3' can be a highly efficient non-canonical PAM for human cells, but ...
... disiens Prevotella intermedia Slackia spp Sneathia sanguinegens Streptococcus viridans Tannerella forsythia Treponema denticola ...
... including Treponema denticola (year 2000), Treponema socranskii (year 2001), other treponemes (years 2003-2008), Filifactor ...
The TD-2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in Treponema denticola, as well as metagenome sequences extracted from a ...
... such as Treponema denticola, Treponema vincentii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Staphylococcus aureus, and ...
Treponema MeSH B03.440.425.410.711.795.700 - Treponema denticola MeSH B03.440.425.410.711.795.840 - Treponema pallidum MeSH ... Treponema MeSH B03.851.595.795.200 - Treponema denticola MeSH B03.851.595.795.840 - Treponema pallidum MeSH B03.900.350.040 - ...
Treponema denticola Fusobacterium nucleatum Prevotella intermedia Prevotella nigrescens Eikenella corrodens Eubacterium nodatum ...
When compared to other cultured Treponema species: denticola, pectinovorum, and vincentii, a major factor unique to socranskii ... Treponema socranskii subsp. socranskii subsp. nov. Treponema socranskii subsp. buccale subsp. nov., and Treponema socranskii ... Parte, A.C. "Treponema". LPSN. Smibert, R. M., Johnson, J. L., & Ranney, R. R. (October 1984). "Treponema socranskii sp. nov. ... Treponema, socranskii. The subspecies were named socranskii, buccale, and paredis. Treponema socranskii is unique to its genus ...
T. denticola is associated with the incidence and severity of human periodontal disease. Treponema denticola is one of three ... Treponema socranskii and Treponema vincentii. T. denticola dwells in a complex and diverse microbial community within the oral ... denticola in patients with orthodontic appliances, particularly the fixed type. Treponema denticola is a potential etiological ... T. denticola is related to the syphilis-causing obligate human pathogen, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. It has also been ...
Pages that link to "Treponema denticola". From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource ... Retrieved from "https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Special:WhatLinksHere/Treponema_denticola" ...
Base of the evolutionary tree for Treponema denticola ATCC 35405. ← parent Species Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 ...
Treponema denticola appears capable of limited synthesis of cellular fatty acids from oleate. Fifty percent of the total ... The protein required for T. denticola growth was separated from the other alpha globulin proteins by Affi-Gel Blue (Bio-Rad ... The principal cellular fatty acids of T. denticola grown in an oleate medium were myristic, pentadecanoic, and palmitic acids. ... Whole cells of T. denticola were shown to have proteolytic activity toward casein and alpha globulin proteins. Alpha globulin ...
... Int J Appl Dent Sci 2019;5(3): ... Aim: Review of literature on the influence of Treponema denticola on apical periodontitis due to infection of endodontal origin ... Influence of Treponema denticola on apical periodontitis due to infection of endodontal origin. ... Conclusion: T. denticola has a series of molecular determinants that could allow it to cause tissue damage and evade the host ...
Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Bacteroides forsythus are the odor-causing bacteria found on the teeth, ... These are as follows: P gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and T denticola. The ...
Cloning and Expression of Treponema Denticola Fibronectin-binding Protein (Fbp) Cite this Research Publication : M. R, B, S., Z ... Sanjay Pal, E, K., and X, X., "Cloning and Expression of Treponema Denticola Fibronectin-binding Protein (Fbp)", J Dent Res , ...
Scaling and root planning effects on alveolar bone density and amount of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. In: ... Scaling and root planning effects on alveolar bone density and amount of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. / ... N2 - Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td) are the main etiology of alveolar bone loss. The elimination of ... AB - Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td) are the main etiology of alveolar bone loss. The elimination of ...
A novel prokaryotic trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase from the spirochete Treponema denticola.. Tucci, Sara; Martin, William. FEBS ... An NADH-dependent trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (EC1.1.1.36) from the Gram negative spirochete Treponema denticola was identified ... Proteínas de Bactérias/química NADH NADPH Oxirredutases/química Proteínas Recombinantes/química Treponema denticola/enzimologia ...
... and Treponema denticola were determined using RT-PCR. Results: Smokers had greater overall mean PD (P = 0.001) and attachment ...
They noted that Treponema denticola and some gastrointestinal cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, share an enzyme: Treponema ... Treponema denticola. , which is the bacterium that causes periodontitis, may also be responsible for the development of some ... denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase. (Td-CTLP).. This enzyme, which was observed in certain cancerous tumors, is typically ...
Treponema denticola, Campylobacter spp, and A. actinomycetemcomitans.. Studies have highlighted that if dental hygiene is not ...
Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Bacteroides forsythus are the odor-causing bacteria found on the teeth, ... These are as follows: P gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and T denticola. The ...
Gram-negative anaerobic microorganisms, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia ... Oral bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola, and ...
Treponema denticola. Tuber aestivum. Tuber magnatum. Tuber melanosporum. Paenibacillus polymyxa E681. Alcaligenes faecalis. ...
Treponema denticola. 296. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis). 297. Ureaplasma urealyticum. 298. Vibrio parahemolyticus ...
Treponema denticola. 296. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis). 297. Trichinella spiralis. 448. Trichomonas vaginalis. 449. ...
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial ... and the spirochete Treponema denticola, which together build up the so-called "red complex" [Paster et al., 2006]. The late ... denticola, and P. gingivalis, lack orthologs of the E. coli AmpG permease. This indicates that T. forsythia might benefit from ... denticola (Table 1), consistent with the finding that the NamZ family glycosidases (CAZy family GH171; www.cazy.org/GH171) are ...
Bacteroides intermedius and Treponema denticola by plant extracts. J Clin Periodontol 1992;19:305-10. View abstract. ...
Oral bacteria called Treponema denticola frequently gang up in communities with other pathogenic oral bacteria to produce ... "CTLP gives Treponema access to other periodontal communities, allowing the bacteria to grow and survive. Inhibiting CTLP would ... Researchers from the University of Bristol have discovered that a molecule on the surface of Treponema called CTLP acts as the ... deny Treponema access to the bacterial communities responsible for dental plaque, which in turn would reduce bleeding gums and ...
Characterization of Treponema denticola Pathogenic Potential in a Periodontal Disease Setting; Cytoskeletal and Intracellular ...
Characterization of Treponema denticola Pathogenic Potential in a Periodontal Disease Setting; Cytoskeletal and Intracellular ...
... actinomycetemcomitans og Treponema denticola. (iv) Antibiotika blir inaktivert, for eksempel gjennom enzymatisk degradering. ...
Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes. Proceedings of the National ...
Activation of the Innate Immune System by Treponema denticola Periplasmic Flagella through Toll-Like Receptor 2. Infect Immun. ...
Oral bacteria called Treponema denticola frequently gang up in communities with other pathogenic oral bacteria to produce ... Researchers from the University of Bristol have discovered that a molecule on the surface of Treponema called CTLP acts as the ...
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial ... Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia) and the total bacteria in saliva were measured by using real- ... denticola and T. forsythia belong to the red complex bacterial species [12], and their close associations with periodontitis ... denticola and T. forsythia significantly decreased at 4 weeks compared to baseline. This finding suggests that the test ...
So there are very specific pathogens and you can start with Porphyromonas gingivalis is one, [Treponema] denticola, [ ...
  • Treponema denticola is one of three bacteria that form the Red Complex, the other two being Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td) are the main etiology of alveolar bone loss. (ui.ac.id)
  • The presence and quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola were determined using RT-PCR. (nih.gov)
  • Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Eikenella corrodens have been detected by realtime polymerase chain reaction. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Lowering the levels of bacteria such as Treponema denticola, Td, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pg and Prevotella intermedia, Pi will lessen the causes of bad breath. (washdent.com)
  • In our study, we investigated the effects of soluble extracts of the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and, Treponema denticola on cell proliferation, mineralization, as well as on osteoblastic markers present in HPF cultured in vitro, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and collagen content. (go.jp)
  • The first genome of T. denticola to be sequenced was strain 35405 which was initially isolated and designated as the type strain by Chan et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical evidence and research shows that periodontal pockets contain large numbers of treponema denticola together with other proteolytic gram negative bacteria, playing an important role in the development of periodontal disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The toxic products of these bacteria, especially treponema denticola may damage the surface lining periodontal cells making them more prone to damage as well as lysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oral bacteria called Treponema denticola frequently gang up in communities with other pathogenic oral bacteria to produce destructive dental plaque. (medindia.net)
  • Researchers from the University of Bristol have discovered that a molecule on the surface of Treponema called CTLP acts as the key pass that grants the bacterium access to the community, by allowing it to latch onto other oral bacteria. (medindia.net)
  • CTLP gives Treponema access to other periodontal communities, allowing the bacteria to grow and survive. (medindia.net)
  • It is one of four species of oral spirochetes to be reliably cultured, the others being Treponema pectinovorum, Treponema socranskii and Treponema vincentii. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spirochetes, including Treponema denticola , are therefore able to navigate through particularly viscous environments, unlike that of other prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • T. denticola is one of the most frequently identified microorganisms within the root canals and these spirochetes are partly responsible for the pathogenesis of periapical bone lesions such as apical periodontitis. (oraljournal.com)
  • The etiology is somewhat unclear, but may involve a complex of FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM along with spirochetes BORRELIA or TREPONEMA . (lookformedical.com)
  • Having elevated T. denticola levels in the mouth is considered one of the main etiological agents of periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treponema denticola, a subgingival oral spirochete has been associated with many periodontal disease conditions such as: the early stage of periodontitis, acute pericoronitis (infection under the gum tissue covering a partially erupted tooth)3, as well as necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (severe inflammation of the gum more common in immunocompromised patients). (wikipedia.org)
  • In November 2017, Timo Sorsa - at the University of Helsinki - and team published a study in the British Journal of Cancer showing that Treponema denticola , which is the bacterium that causes periodontitis, may also be responsible for the development of some types of cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Both healthy and periodontitis affected dogs were Treponema positive. (slu.se)
  • generando en la comunidad odontológica estudios con enfoque en: reducción de la incidencia de caries, mejorar el pronóstico de periodontitis y disminución de halitosis y candidiasis. (scielo.edu.uy)
  • I en undersøkelse fra 2004 ble det påvist at opptil 42 % av Prevotella- species (n=303) utviklet resistens overfor amoksicillin (11). (tannlegetidende.no)
  • T. denticola is related to the syphilis-causing obligate human pathogen, Treponema pallidum subsp. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treponema pallidum subsp. (ncrnadatabases.org)
  • 2004. Comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen Treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes . (umd.edu)
  • Treponema denticola is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic, motile and highly proteolytic spirochete bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
  • This new research shows that interrupting the way selenoproteins are made can halt the growth of the bacterium Treponema denticola ( Journal of Bacteriology , June 2009, Vol. 191:12, pp. 4035-4040). (drbicuspid.com)
  • Treponema denticola and Treponema vincentii were grown in a medium supplemented with 0.4% (wt/vol) alpha globulin in place of whole serum. (vt.edu)
  • A weight ratio of albumin to sodium oleate of 50:1 (0.4% delipified albumin - 0.08 mg/ml oleate) supported optimal growth of T. denticola and T. vincentii. (vt.edu)
  • This is in stark contrast to the minimal genome of Treponema pallidum which encodes only 1,040 ORFs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treponema denticola attaches to fibroblasts and epithelial cells as well as to extracellular matrix components which are found in periodontal tissues and release its own bacterial contents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whole cells of T. denticola were shown to have proteolytic activity toward casein and alpha globulin proteins. (vt.edu)
  • The extracts from P. gingivalis, B. forsythus and T denticola caused a decrease in ALP activity within 24 h of application. (go.jp)
  • While extracts obtained from P. gingivalis and B. forsythus induced a reduction in collagen content in BAD-and DA-stimulated HPF cells, T denticola extracts led to an increase in collagen. (go.jp)
  • T. denticola is associated with the incidence and severity of human periodontal disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inhibiting CTLP would deny Treponema access to the bacterial communities responsible for dental plaque, which in turn would reduce bleeding gums and slow down the onset of periodontal disease and tooth loss. (medindia.net)
  • T. denticola is one of the leading causes of periodontal disease and costs individuals thousands of dollars in dental care each year, according to UCF. (drbicuspid.com)
  • An NADH -dependent trans-2-enoyl- CoA reductase (EC1.1.1.36) from the Gram negative spirochete Treponema denticola was identified, expressed and biochemically characterized. (bvsalud.org)
  • The bacterial components are:[citation needed] Outer sheath associated peptidases Chymotrypsin proteinases Trypsin proteinases Hemolytic activities Hemagglutinating activities outer-sheath protein with pore-forming properties A number of studies have observed an increase of T. denticola in patients with orthodontic appliances, particularly the fixed type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treponema denticola is a potential etiological bacterial agent for oral cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 53-kDa surface protein on T. denticola is responsible for transporting its components into the host cell, exhibiting a cytotoxic effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein required for T. denticola growth was separated from the other alpha globulin proteins by Affi-Gel Blue (Bio-Rad Laboratories) affinity chromatography which selectively adsorbed albumin. (vt.edu)
  • T. denticola dwells in a complex and diverse microbial community within the oral cavity and is highly specialized to survive in this environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • T. denticola has a series of molecular determinants that could allow it to cause tissue damage and evade the host immune response. (oraljournal.com)
  • This is the first study -- to our knowledge -- that presents data in support of a molecular mechanism for the sensitivity of T. denticola to stannous salts," he said. (drbicuspid.com)
  • The main site for T. denticola habitation in the oral cavity is the gingival crevice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Til tross for god forutsigbarhet ved oral rehabilitering med tannimplantater, opplever en liten, men signifikant gruppe pasienter mislykket behandling. (tannlegetidende.no)
  • Phylogenetic analysis, based on ISR2 sequences, revealed a large diversity of treponemes in the study population that were found to be distributed mainly in two groups, corresponding to the human oral treponeme phylogroups II (Treponema denticola ) and IV ( Treponema maltophilum ) genetic groups. (slu.se)
  • The principal cellular fatty acids of T. denticola grown in an oleate medium were myristic, pentadecanoic, and palmitic acids. (vt.edu)
  • Treponema denticola appears capable of limited synthesis of cellular fatty acids from oleate. (vt.edu)
  • Some of these species have specifically been pointed out as potential periodontal pathogens, such as Treponema spp. (slu.se)
  • Accumulation of T. denticola in this manner facilitates the disease-causing process, including membrane blebbing and red blood cell lysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha globulin proteins were also found avidly attached to T. denticola cells that had been suspended in alpha globulin. (vt.edu)
  • This finding became the basis for the June study on T. denticola , Self noted. (drbicuspid.com)
  • Another important finding of the study was the mechanism with which stannous salts -- found in many antimicrobial toothpastes -- impact T. denticola . (drbicuspid.com)
  • It is a well-established fact that stannous salts prevent tooth decay and inhibit the growth of T. denticola , and this study demonstrated that stannous salts achieve this by impairing selenium metabolism, Self said. (drbicuspid.com)
  • This study provides evidence that the antimicrobial action of stannous salts and auranofin against T. denticola is mediated through inhibiting the metabolism of selenium for selenoprotein synthesis, the authors concluded. (drbicuspid.com)
  • It has been known for years that T. denticola requires selenium for growth, he added. (drbicuspid.com)
  • For example, E. coli only needs selenium for an enzyme involved in hydrogen production, "and we clearly show that auranofin blocks this process without affecting growth, whereas T. denticola requires selenium for enzymes involved in ATP [adenosine triphosphate] production and is sensitive to the drug," he explained. (drbicuspid.com)